Economic indicators and their importance in forex trading. Economic performance of the enterprise

The performance of the enterprise can be characterized by the following indicators: - economic effect; - performance indicators; - payback period of capital; - the break-even point of management.

Economic effect- this is an absolute indicator (profit, income from sales, etc.) that characterizes the result of the enterprise. The main indicator characterizing the economic effect of the activities of a manufacturing enterprise is profit. The order of formation of profit is shown in Figure 3.7.

Profit from the sale of products (from the main activity) (P r)

Profit from other sales (P pr)

Profit from non-operating operations (P ext)

Balance (gross) profit P b \u003d P r + P pr + P vn

Taxes and fees (deducted)

Net profit P h \u003d P b - deducted.

Dividends (DV)

Interest on loans (percent)

Retained earnings P nr \u003d P h - DV- prots.

Rice. 3.7. The procedure for the formation of profit

Profit P p from the sale of products (sales) is the difference between the sales proceeds (B p) the costs of production and marketing of products (full cost Z pr), the amount of value added tax (VAT) and excises (AKC):

P p \u003d V p - Z pr - VAT - ACC.

Profit from other sales (P pr) is the profit received from the sale of fixed assets and other property, waste, intangible assets. It is defined as the difference between the proceeds from the sale (B pr) and the costs of this sale (Z p):

P pr \u003d B pr - Z r.

Profit from non-operating operations is the difference between income from non-operating operations (D ext) and expenses on non-operating operations (R ext):

P vn = D vn -R vn.

Income from non-sales transactions is income from equity participation in the activities of another enterprise, dividends on shares, income from bonds and other securities, income from the lease of property, fines received, as well as other income from operations not directly related to the sale of products .

Costs for non-sales operations are the costs of production that did not produce products.

Balance sheet profit: P b \u003d P r + P pr + P ext. Net profit: Pch \u003d Pb - otchsl. Retained earnings: Pnr \u003d Pch -DV - percent.

Profit distribution procedure

Profit can be distributed in the directions indicated in Figure 3.8.

Rice. 3.8. Profit distribution

The reserve fund is created by the enterprise in case of termination of its activities to cover accounts payable. The formation of a reserve fund for enterprises of certain organizational and legal forms is mandatory. Allocations to the reserve fund are made in accordance with the current regulations.

The accumulation fund is intended for the creation of new property, the acquisition of fixed and working capital. The value of the accumulation fund characterizes the enterprise's development and expansion capabilities.

The consumption fund is intended for the implementation of measures for social development and material incentives for the company's personnel.

The limitation of economic effect indicators lies in the fact that they cannot be used to draw a conclusion about the qualitative level of resource use and the level of profitability of the enterprise.

Economic efficiency is a relative indicator that measures the effect obtained with the costs that caused this effect, or with the resources used to achieve this effect:

Some of these indicators have been considered. For example, these are indicators of capital productivity and the turnover ratio of working capital, which characterize, respectively, the efficiency of the use of fixed assets and working capital.

The degree of profitability of the enterprise can be assessed using profitability indicators. The following main indicators can be distinguished:

a) product profitability(certain types) (R p) is calculated as the ratio of profit from the sale of products (P p) to the costs of its production and sale (Z pr):

b) profitability of the main activity(R od) - the ratio of profit from the sale of products to the costs of its production and sale:

where P r.v.p - profit from the sale of all products;

З pr.v.p - the cost of production and sale of products;

in) return on assets(Ra) - the ratio of the balance sheet profit to the result of the average balance sheet (K cf). This indicator characterizes how effectively fixed and current assets of the enterprise are used. This indicator is of interest to credit and financial institutions, business partners, etc.:

G) return on fixed capital(R o.k) - the ratio of balance sheet profit (P b) to the average cost of fixed capital (Of s.g):

e) return on equity(R s.k.) - the ratio of net profit (P h) to the average cost of equity (K s.s.):

This indicator characterizes how much profit each ruble invested by the owner of the capital gives;

e) payback period(T) is the ratio of capital (K) to net profit (P h).

This parameter shows how many years the funds invested in this enterprise will pay off under unchanged conditions of production and financial activity.

Break-even point of business. The concept of a break-even business can be expressed as a simple question: how many units of production must be sold in order to recover the costs incurred in doing so.

Accordingly, product prices are set in such a way as to reimburse all semi-variable costs and receive a markup sufficient to cover semi-fixed costs and make a profit.

As soon as the number of units of production (Q kr) sufficient to reimburse conditionally fixed and conditionally variable costs (full cost) is sold, each unit of production sold in excess of this will be profitable. At the same time, the increase in this profit depends on the ratio of conditionally fixed and conditionally variable costs in the structure of the total cost.

Thus, as soon as the volume of sold units of production reaches the minimum value sufficient to cover the full cost, the enterprise receives a profit that begins to grow faster than this volume. The same effect occurs in the case of a reduction in the volume of economic activity, that is, the rate of decrease in profits and increase in losses outpaces the rate of decrease in sales. Definition of a point of break-even housekeeping is presented on fig. 3.9.

Rice. 3.9. Determination of the break-even point of business

It is a system of indicators reflecting the digital characteristics of various economic phenomena and processes, as well as the economy as a whole. The term "system of indicators" refers to some ordered set of interrelated and mutually agreed indicators that characterize the main aspects of the economic process and the economy as a whole. Consistency between the various indicators is achieved through the harmonization and coordination of definitions and classifications, on the basis of which they are calculated. Consistency of indicators allows using them in combinations, as well as calculating various derivative coefficients of great analytical value. For example, the consistency of methods for calculating the indicators of GDP and the state budget deficit makes it possible to determine the coefficient that characterizes the ratio of these values. Indicators of economic statistics that characterize certain aspects of the economic process form subsystems (blocks) of the general system of economic statistics. Thus, the system of indicators of economic statistics is a set of interrelated subsystems of economic information, for example, such subsystems as (SNA), price statistics, financial statistics, etc.

The term "statistic" has two meanings. Firstly, this is a specific numerical characteristic of a particular phenomenon, for example, the population of Russia as of January 1, 1999, or the consumer price growth index for a particular period, etc. Secondly, this is a general definition of the content of a particular indicator, i.e. e. elements to be included in the indicator. For example, the definition of GDP establishes the types of payments made by enterprises and organizations that should be included in the calculation of this indicator. Determining the content of the indicator and methods for its assessment is usually called the development of methodology. The development of a methodology usually includes the following steps:

Identification of phenomena and processes subject to statistical study (determining the type of data that needs to be developed), formulating the goals for which certain indicators should be calculated (for example, the purpose of calculating GDP is to measure the production of goods and services, as well as economic growth rates). Identification of indicators can be carried out on the basis of direct instructions and requests from various government bodies, but often it is carried out by studying state programs and plans for socio-economic development, documents that formulate the directions of socio-economic policy. Identification of indicators to be developed may also be the result of studying international experience, the country's obligations to international economic organizations to provide this or that information;

Definition of the content of indicators. So, when calculating the indicator of national wealth, the types of economic assets that are to be included in this indicator should be precisely defined: financial and non-financial, produced and non-produced assets, etc.;

Determining methods for evaluating individual indicators, for example, the type of prices that should be used to evaluate various types of economic assets when calculating national wealth: acquisition prices, replacement prices, etc.;

Determination of the main classifications that should be applied for the distribution of the studied economic phenomena into heterogeneous groups based on certain criteria. For example, according to one of the most important classifications, the country's population is divided into social groups;

Identification of the main sources of data necessary for the calculation of indicators, as well as procedures for processing the collected data in order to obtain generalizing indicators.

It should be noted that the methodology for calculating the indicators, as a rule, represents some compromise between what would be reasonable to achieve from a theoretical point of view and what can be achieved in practice, given the available data. For example, from a theoretical point of view, when calculating GDP, it should include the cost of services provided by housewives for cooking, keeping houses clean, etc., however, in practice, it is very difficult to obtain reliable estimates of these services, therefore, the accepted methodology does not yet include the cost of housewives.

In addition, all indicators are calculated with varying degrees of accuracy, with varying degrees of approximation to reality, which is difficult to measure. The degree of accuracy in the calculation of various indicators is different and depends on a number of factors: on the complexity of the phenomena being studied, the degree of difference in their characteristics, as well as on the requirements for the accuracy of the Data on the part of information consumers, which in turn depends on the purposes of their use.

Many indicators are needed only to identify general trends in economic development, and therefore it is not necessary to calculate them with "drug" accuracy. Recognizing the approximate nature of many statistical estimates, statistical authorities should take special care to avoid biases of a systematic nature. In statistics, a distinction is usually made between random and systematic errors. Random errors, as a rule, occur when using sampling methods of observation; they cancel each other out when moving to higher levels of aggregated data. For example, calculations of price indices for individual groups of goods may contain errors of a random nature, but it can be assumed that, due to their random nature, they cancel each other out to a large extent when calculating the average consumer price index. At the same time, the greater the number of product groups for which private price indices are calculated, the higher the probability of eliminating random errors when calculating the average consumer price index.

By definition, systematic errors do not have this ability to cancel when moving to a higher level of aggregated data. If, for example, in determining the overall consumer basket that establishes the structure of household expenditures, a sample survey does not ensure sufficient representativeness of all population groups, systematic errors inevitably arise. In other words, the average price index in this case will systematically overestimate or underestimate the price dynamics.

As noted above, the system of indicators of economic statistics must meet certain requirements in order to be able to describe and analyze economic development. First, it must be comprehensive, i.e. apply to all aspects of the economic process: resources and their use, the production of the most important goods or groups of goods, the distribution and redistribution of income, the final use of income, investment, the functioning of the financial system, foreign economic relations, etc. The all-encompassing nature of statistics means also. That all business entities, all types of economic operations that they perform should be covered. Secondly, the indicators of the system related to various aspects of the economic process must be methodologically mutually consistent, i.e. they should be based on harmonized concepts, definitions and classifications.

The system of indicators of economic statistics has a hierarchical structure. At the top of this system is a block of the most common macroeconomic indicators - SNA, consisting of subsystems, each of which is a more detailed description of certain aspects of the economic process. The SNA and its subsystems are connected with other blocks of economic statistics, which allows for a deeper analysis in a number of areas.

Main macroeconomic indicators

The main macroeconomic indicators are:

1. Gross domestic product (GDP) is an indicator of the SNA, which characterizes the value of final goods and services produced by residents of the country for a given period. GDP is equal to the sum of the final use of goods and services at purchasers' prices minus the value of imports of goods, as well as the sum of primary incomes.

Primary income in the SNA is usually classified as wages, profits, income from property, as well as taxes on production and imports.

2. Gross national income (GNI) - an indicator that represents the sum of primary incomes received by residents of a given country for a given period. Quantitatively, GNI differs from GDP in the balance of primary income received from abroad or transferred abroad.

3. Gross national disposable income (GNDI) - an indicator that characterizes the movement of current transfers in value and in kind and is calculated as the sum of GNI with current transfers received by residents of a given country from abroad, minus current transfers that are transferred by residents of the country abroad . 4. The object of final consumption of goods and services is the expenditures of households on their own final consumption, the expenditures of state institutions on meeting the individual and collective needs of society, and the expenditures on individual final consumption of non-profit organizations to serve households.

5. Gross capital formation as a component of GDP is the sum of:

1) the amount of accumulation of fixed capital in the form of investment by residents of funds in production to create new income in the future;

2) the value of the value of stocks of intangible working capital;

3) the amount of net acquisition of values.

6. The balance of exports and imports is an important element of the final use of GDP and is defined as the difference between exports and imports of goods and services.

7. National saving is the part of gross national disposable income that is not subject to consumption.

Saving is a source of funding for accumulation, i.e. growth of fixed assets, inventories and valuables.

8. Net lending (net borrowing) is an indicator that characterizes the volume of financial resources temporarily provided by a given country to other countries or temporarily received from them.

9. National wealth is the sum of the net capital of all economic entities in the country. National wealth is equal to the sum of all the country's assets (non-financial and financial) minus financial liabilities.

Source - Economic statistics. 2nd ed., additional: Textbook / Ed. Yu.N. Ivanova. - M.: INFRA-M, 2002. - 480 p.
Economic statistics. Cribs. Shcherbak A.I. M.: Eksmo, 2008. - 32 p.

1.1. Goals and objectives of the analysis of the economic results of the enterprise.

One of the main requirements for the functioning of enterprises and their associations in a market economy is the break-even of economic and other activities, the reimbursement of expenses by their own income and the provision of a certain amount of profitability, profitability of management. The main task of the enterprise is economic activity aimed at making a profit to satisfy the social and economic interests of the members of the workforce and the interests of the owner of the enterprise's property. The main indicators characterizing the results of the commercial activities of trading enterprises are turnover, gross income, other income, distribution costs, profit and profitability.

The purpose of the analysis of volumetric performance indicators is to identify, study and mobilize reserves for income growth, profit, increase profitability while improving the quality of customer service. In the process of analysis, they check the degree of fulfillment of plans for turnover, income, costs, profits, profitability, study their dynamics, determine and measure the influence of factors on the results of commercial activities of enterprises, identify and mobilize reserves for their growth, especially forecast ones. One of the main tasks of the analysis is also to study the economic feasibility and efficiency of the distribution and use of profits.

To achieve these goals, trade enterprises must solve the following tasks:

Assess the extent to which profit maximization was ensured;

In cases of unprofitable work, the reasons for such management are identified and ways out of the current situation are determined;

Consider income on the basis of their comparison with expenses and identify profit from sales;

Study the trends in income changes for the main product groups and in general from trading activities;

Reveal what part of the income is used to reimburse the costs of circulation, taxes and the formation of profits;

Calculate the deviation of the amount of balance sheet profit compared with the amount of profit from sales and determine the reasons for these deviations;

Explore various profitability indicators for the reporting period and in dynamics;

Identify reserves to increase profits and increase profitability and determine how and when it is possible to use these reserves;

They study the directions of using profits and assess whether financing is provided at the expense of own funds for the development of economic activities.

In practice, external and internal analysis is used.

External Analysis is based on published reporting data and therefore contains a limited part of information about the activities of enterprises. aim its is to assess the profitability of the enterprise, the efficiency of capital use. The results of this assessment are taken into account in the relationship of the enterprise with shareholders, creditors, tax authorities and serve as the basis for determining the position of this enterprise in the market, in the industry and in the business world. Naturally, the published information does not affect all areas of the enterprise, contains aggregated data, mainly on their financial activities, and therefore has the ability to smooth out and veil the negative phenomena that take place in the activities of enterprises.

Therefore, external consumers of analytical material try, if possible, to obtain additional information about the activities of enterprises beyond what they publish.

Of greatest importance in evaluating performance and determining measures to increase profits and increase profitability is internal analysis. It is based on the use of the whole complex of economic information, primary documents and analytical, statistical, accounting and reporting data. The analyst has the opportunity to realistically assess the state of affairs in the enterprise. He can obtain from the primary source reliable information about the pricing policy of the enterprise and its income, about the formation of profit from sales, about the structure of distribution costs and other expenses, assess the position of the enterprise in commodity markets, about gross (balance sheet) profit, etc.

It is the internal analysis that allows us to study the mechanism for achieving maximum profit by the enterprise. This type of analysis plays a decisive role in the development of the most important issues of the enterprise's competitive policy, which are used in assessing the fulfillment of the tasks set and in developing development programs for the future.

This type of analysis, associated with the study of trends that have developed in the past, is called retrospective, and aimed at studying the future - prospective.

An integrated approach to the study of the final results of commercial activities allows you to make informed management decisions in the course of current activities, contributes to the choice of the best options for action in the future.

1.2. The main economic indicators of the enterprise

The performance of the enterprise can be characterized by the following indicators:

Economic effect;

Performance indicators;

Payback period of capital;

Liquidity;

Business break-even point.

Economic effect- this is an absolute indicator (profit, income from sales, etc.) that characterizes the result of the enterprise. The main indicator that characterizes the economic effect of the activities of a manufacturing enterprise is profit. Profit is what entrepreneurial activity is for. Profit generation procedure:

P p \u003d V p - Z pr - VAT - ACC.

P pr \u003d B pr - Z r.

Profit from non-operating operations is the difference between income from non-operating operations (D ext) and expenses on non-operating operations (R ext):

P vn = D vn -R vn.

Costs for non-sales operations are the costs of production that did not produce products.

Balance sheet profit: P b \u003d P r + P pr + P ext.

Net profit: Pch \u003d Pb - otchsl.

Retained earnings: Pnr \u003d Pch -DV - percent.

Profit can be distributed in the directions indicated in Figure 3.8.

Rice. 1.1. Profit distribution

The consumption fund is intended for the implementation of measures for social development and material incentives for the company's personnel. The consumption fund consists of two parts: the public consumption fund and the personal consumption fund, the ratio between which largely depends on the state structure, historically established national traditions, and other political factors. In terms of its natural material content, the consumption fund is embodied in consumer goods and services . According to the method of education and socio-economic forms of use, the consumption fund is divided into: the wage and income fund, the social consumption fund, the fund for the maintenance of public organizations and the administrative apparatus. The progress of society is usually accompanied by an increase in real wages and incomes, an improvement in the quality of consumer goods and services, a faster development of consumer durables and cultural and household purposes, and means of developing the non-productive sphere. However, the growth of the consumption fund has objective limits, its excessive growth will inevitably lead to an unreasonable reduction in the accumulation fund, which will undermine the material foundations of expanded reproduction and economic growth. Therefore, it is necessary to strive for an optimal combination of the consumption fund and the accumulation fund in order to ensure both high and stable rates of economic growth and an increase in living standards, real incomes and consumption of the people.

Economic efficiency is a relative indicator that measures the effect obtained with the costs that caused this effect, or with the resources used to achieve this effect:

The degree of profitability of the enterprise can be assessed using profitability indicators. Profitability comprehensively reflects the degree of efficiency in the use of material, labor and financial resources, as well as natural resources. The profitability ratio is calculated as the ratio of profit to the assets, resources or flows that form it. It can be expressed both in profit per unit of invested funds, and in the profit that each received monetary unit carries. The following main indicators can be distinguished:

a) product profitability(certain types) (R p) is calculated as the ratio of profit from the sale of products (P p) to the costs of its production and sale (Z pr):

b) profitability of the main activity(R od) - the ratio of profit from the sale of products to the costs of its production and sale:

where P r.v.p - profit from the sale of all products;

З pr.v.p - the cost of production and sale of products;

G) return on fixed capital(R o.k) - the ratio of balance sheet profit (P b) to the average cost of fixed capital (Of s.g):

e) return on equity(R s.k.) - the ratio of net profit (P h) to the average cost of equity (K s.s.):

This indicator characterizes how much profit each ruble invested by the owner of the capital gives;

e) payback period(T) is the ratio of capital (K) to net profit (P h).

This parameter shows how many years the funds invested in this enterprise will pay off under unchanged conditions of production and financial activity. Such a multifaceted description of production and economic processes can be classified according to the main areas that ensure a further increase in profitability, taking into account external economic or internal production factors that affect its value. The first group includes:

Natural changes entailing an unforeseen decline in the supply of raw materials, disruption of transportation, destruction or damage to significant parts of the production complex;

Regulation of market prices at the level of state administration, introduction of new interest rates, tariffs for the provision of energy resources, penalties, etc.

Such factors arise independently of the company's activities and cannot be taken into account in advance, showing a significant impact already at the stage of their occurrence. The degree of increase in the company's profitability will strongly depend on the specialization, for example, an increase in the price of sugar will increase the profitability of agricultural and processing enterprises, while worsening this indicator for confectionery enterprises.

The second group of factors affecting the profitability of an enterprise includes the following subspecies:

Extensive factors of production;

Intensive production factors; - non-manufacturing internal factors.

Extensive development of the company implies an increase in gross turnover by attracting additional labor, temporary work for personnel and equipment, using more advanced funds without increasing the relative efficiency of individual production and sales operations.

The intensification of economic intra-production processes means improving the quality of the final product, strengthening measures to promote services or products on the market through the work of the marketing department, reducing energy costs per unit of production or the ratio of time spent on providing services to the total time fund, optimizing the use of advanced funds and accelerating resource efficiency, which in most cases increases profitability.

Timely identification of reserve or additional sources of investment attraction and their competent distribution among promising areas - modernization of equipment, application of new marketing methods, timely response to changes in demand and the introduction of new attractive positions in the company's assortment will certainly increase the final margin of trading operations, thereby increasing profitability. It is also important to carefully plan the entire production cycle to avoid wasting time and take into account non-production factors, including the social protection of workers and the environment.

Liquidity- the ability of assets to be quickly sold at a price close to the market. Liquidity is the ability to turn into money.

Usually, highly liquid, low liquid and illiquid values (assets) are distinguished. The easier and faster you can get the full value of an asset, the more liquid it is. For a product, liquidity will correspond to the speed of its sale at a nominal price.

In the Russian balance sheet, the company's assets are arranged in descending order of liquidity. They can be divided into the following groups:

A1. Highly liquid assets (cash and short-term financial investments)

A2. Marketable assets (short-term receivables, i.e. debt, payments on which are expected within 12 months after the reporting date)

A3. Slow-moving assets (accounts receivable, payments on which are expected more than 12 months after the reporting date, as well as other current assets not mentioned above);

A4. Hard-to-sell assets (all non-current assets)

Liabilities of the balance according to the degree of increase in the maturities of obligations are grouped as follows:

P1. The most urgent liabilities (raised funds, which include current accounts payable to suppliers and contractors, personnel, budget, etc.)

P2. Medium-term liabilities (short-term loans and borrowings, reserves for future expenses, other short-term liabilities)

P3. Long-term liabilities (section IV of the balance sheet "Long-term liabilities")

P4. Permanent liabilities (own capital of the organization).

To determine the liquidity of the balance sheet, the totals for each group of assets and liabilities should be compared. Liquidity is considered ideal if the following conditions are met:

Accordingly, product prices are set in such a way as to reimburse all semi-variable costs and receive a markup sufficient to cover semi-fixed costs and make a profit.

Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Railway Transport

Far Eastern State Transport University

Department of Economics

UNDERGRADUATE PRACTICE

Analysis of the economic performance of the enterprise LLC "Victoria"

Completed: 6th year student

Edinarkhova D.S.

Checked by: Ostrovskaya T.I.

Khabarovsk - 2014

Introduction

Technical and economic characteristics of the enterprise.

1 Brief description of the enterprise

2 Organization of accounting and financial work at the enterprise

3 Main technical and economic indicators

Analysis of economic performance of the enterprise

1 Estimation of the property status of the enterprise

2 Indicators of financial condition and liquidity

3 Assessment of the financial performance of the enterprise

4 Indicators of profitability and business activity

Competitive environment of the enterprise and increasing competitiveness

1 Competitiveness analysis

2 Diagnosis of the organization's strategic position

3 Ways to increase the competitiveness of Victoria LLC

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

Annex A Consolidated balance sheet of Victoria LLC

Appendix B Consolidated profit and loss statement of Victoria LLC

INTRODUCTION

Competitiveness in the broadest sense of the word is an evaluation category that characterizes the ability of the evaluated object to compete successfully. Those. statements about the competitiveness of a state, a company, a product or the price of this product can be equally correct. It all depends on the specific situation and tasks for which the concept of "competitiveness" is used.

In relation to marketing, competitiveness is a relative assessment of the potential ability to successfully compete in the market for limited effective demand. At the same time, we can talk about the competitiveness of individual products or the company as a whole.

High competitiveness means that a product or company has the potential to be commercially successful in a given market. A low competitive score usually implies a low likelihood of potential commercial success.

In real life, the competitiveness of a company and its products are closely intertwined. Thus, the low competitiveness of a product can be compensated by the competitive advantages of the company (in the form of using a popular brand for the product, or effective sales channels), ensuring commercial success in a particular market, and vice versa.

The competitiveness of an enterprise is its advantage in relation to other enterprises in the industry within the country and abroad. Competitiveness is not an immanent quality of a firm, which means that the competitiveness of a firm can only be assessed within a group of firms belonging to the same industry, or firms producing similar goods (services). Competitiveness can only be revealed by comparing these firms with each other, both on a national scale and on a global market scale.

Thus, the competitiveness of a firm is a relative concept: the same firm within, for example, a regional industry group can be recognized as competitive, but not within the global market or its segment. Assessment of the degree of competitiveness, i.e. identifying the nature of the competitive advantage of the company in comparison with other companies, is primarily in the choice of basic objects for comparison, in other words, in the choice of a leading company in the country's industry or abroad.

The main objectives of undergraduate practice is to obtain professional skills for independent production work at the enterprise and the collection of information necessary for the development of a graduation project.

1. TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

.1 Brief description of the enterprise

Limited Liability Company "Victoria", hereinafter referred to as the "Company", was established and operates in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Limited Liability Companies" No. 14-FZ dated February 8, 1998 and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Location of the Company Khabarovsk Territory, Komsomolsky district, with. Khurba, st. Gaidar, 17.

The main activities of the Company are:

organization of wholesale and retail trade in industrial and industrial goods, fuels and lubricants, consumer goods, vehicles, food, wine, vodka and tobacco products, medicines in accordance with applicable law;

opening of outlets, commission trade, tray trade;

acquisition in Russia and by import, sale in Russia for export of products (works, services) of the Company and its subsidiaries and branches, as well as conducting commercial operations in accordance with legislative acts, including foreign trade, foreign exchange and intermediary, compensation and barter transactions, factoring , leasing, etc.;

conducting operations with real estate (buildings, structures and their separate parts), including the purchase, sale, acquisition and lease;

leasing of trade, warehouse and other auxiliary premises, property, vehicles;

land reclamation;

preparation of design estimates;

performance of construction and installation works;

distribution of medicines and medical products;

foreign economic activity;

transportation;

provision of transport and other services to the population;

supply and marketing and trade and procurement activities;

timber harvesting;

sale of materials to the population;

organization of public catering;

provision of household services;

intermediary and representative services;

marketing;

other types of activities not prohibited by the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

Firm name of the company: Limited Liability Company "Victoria".

The purpose of society is to make a profit.

The Company has civil rights and bears the obligations necessary for the implementation of any types of activities not prohibited by law. Certain types of activities, the list of which is determined by law, can be carried out by the company only on the basis of a license.

The Company is a legal entity and owns separate property reflected on its independent balance sheet. The Company may, on its own behalf, acquire and exercise property and personal non-property rights, bear obligations, be a plaintiff and a defendant in court.

The Company has the right to open bank accounts in the territory of the Russian Federation and abroad in accordance with the established procedure.

Sales of products, performance of work and provision of services are carried out at prices and tariffs established by the company independently, except as otherwise provided by law.

The Company may participate in activities and create on the territory of the Russian Federation, outside of it, including in foreign states, economic companies, partnerships and production cooperatives with the rights of a legal entity.

The Company shall be liable for its obligations with all its property. The Company is not liable for the obligations of its shareholders.

The governing bodies of the company are:

Board of Directors

CEO

Who are elected by the general meeting of shareholders in the manner prescribed by this charter and the regulations on the general director.

The audit commission is the body of control over the financial and economic activities of the company.

The authorized capital of the company is 10,030 thousand rubles.

The profit remaining with the company after paying taxes, other payments and fees to the budget and extra-budgetary funds, goes to its full disposal and is used by the company independently.

The company creates a reserve fund in the amount of 25% of the authorized capital of the company. The reserve fund is formed by mandatory annual deductions. The amount of annual deductions cannot be less than 5% of net profit until the amount established by the company's charter is reached. The reserve fund is used to cover his losses.

The company has not been very profitable throughout the years of operation, as evidenced by its financial statements.

Employment contracts are concluded with employees at the enterprise.

An employment contract in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation is an agreement that is concluded between an employee and an employer, and according to which the employee is obliged to perform the work of a certain specialty and his corresponding qualifications. And the employer, in turn, undertakes to pay the employee wages and provide him with normal working conditions provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The employment contract specifies:

surname, name and patronymic of the employee;

surname, name and patronymic of the employer who concluded the employment contract;

documents proving the identity of the employee and employer;

TIN (for employers);

date and place of conclusion of the employment contract.

At the enterprise with sellers agreements of material liability are concluded.

Material liability under labor law can be defined as the obligation of one party to an employment relationship (employee or employer) to compensate for the damage caused by it to the other party by the failure to perform or improper performance by the party of the labor duties assigned to it.

Failure to perform or improper performance by the party of the employment contract of the obligations assigned to it, if this entailed damage, is the basis for liability. The party to the employment contract (employee, employer) that caused damage to the other party compensates for the damage in accordance with the norms of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and other federal laws (Article 232 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

Liability as a type of legal liability arises only if there are a number of mandatory conditions for legal liability. First of all, it is the presence of material damage. Other mandatory conditions for the onset of material liability of a party to an employment contract are:

a) unlawfulness of the action (inaction) that caused the damage;

b) a causal relationship between the illegal act and material damage;

c) guilt in committing an unlawful action (inaction) (Article 233 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

An exception is the liability of the employer for the delay in payment of wages (Article 236 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

The director of the store is engaged in the organization of trade and economic activities of Victoria LLC.

The personnel directly involved in the trade services to citizens include the following employees of Victoria LLC: head of a department (section); store manager; merchandiser; salesman; shop cashier; cashier controller.

In addition, Victoria LLC has support staff: packers; packers; movers, etc.

The service personnel must ensure the proper quality of the shopping service to customers, including compliance with the rules for the sale of goods and the culture of customer service.

The personnel of Victoria LLC at their workplaces must wear uniforms or sanitary clothes, which must be in a neat and serviceable condition.

Functions, rights and duties of the personnel should be set out in job descriptions, as well as in employment contracts.

The seller LLC "Victoria" is obliged to fulfill the following requirements:

be in the trading floor in uniform, monitor your hair, clean hands and nails;

to provide customer service, to prevent the formation of queues, and if there are queues, to observe the order of customer service.

The right to extraordinary service is granted to participants of the Great Patriotic War, disabled people of the Afghan events, Heroes of the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation, visually impaired groups 1 and 2 and with pathology of the movement organs and some other categories of citizens;

greet customers cordially, listen to them carefully, address them with “you” when talking with them;

leave the workplace only if it is replaced by another seller;

with an increase in temperature, the appearance of signs of gastrointestinal diseases, inform the store administration about this.

The seller is prohibited from eating and smoking at the workplace, communicating with acquaintances, if this is not related to trading services, and carrying out personal hygiene activities (combing, nail care, etc.). The seller must not create obstacles for the buyers to enter reviews and suggestions into the book and enter into disputes and disputes with the inspectors.

Rice. 1.1 The professional composition of the personnel of Victoria LLC

In the professional structure of the labor resources of LLC "Victoria", secondary special and secondary vocational education dominates.

Rice. 1.2 Age structure of the personnel of Victoria LLC

The age structure of the personnel of Victoria LLC is dominated by employees aged 20 to 30 years and 30 to 40 years.

1.2 Organization of accounting and financial work at the enterprise

The enterprise is headed by a general director who organizes all the work of his enterprise and bears full personal responsibility for its condition and activities to the state and the labor collective.

The organization of accounting and financial work at the enterprise is assigned to the accounting department.

The accounting department is an independent structural subdivision of the enterprise and reports directly to the director of the enterprise. In its activities, the accounting department is guided by the Regulations on Accounting and Reporting in the Russian Federation. The regulation defines the procedure for organizing and maintaining accounting, compiling and submitting financial statements, as well as the relationship of organizations on these issues. Responsibility for the organization of accounting is borne by an individual entrepreneur. He also approves the structure and staff of the accounting department, taking into account the volume of work and the characteristics of the enterprise.

The main tasks are:

1.organization of accounting of financial and economic activities of the enterprise;

2.exercising control over the safety of property, the correct spending of money and material assets, compliance with the strictest regime of economy and cost accounting.

To carry out the tasks assigned to the department, it performs the following functions:

the enterprise is obliged to keep accounting records of its property, liabilities and business operations on the basis of natural meters in monetary terms;

the main tasks of accounting are: the formation of complete and reliable information about the business processes and financial results of the organization, necessary for operational management and management, as well as for its use by investors, suppliers, buyers, creditors, tax and financial services, banks and other interested organizations and persons;

ensuring control over the availability and movement of property, the use of material, labor and financial resources in accordance with approved norms, standards and estimates;

timely prevention of negative phenomena in economic and financial activities, identification and mobilization of on-farm reserves;

an enterprise, when setting up accounting, independently establishes the organizational form of accounting work, based on the type of organization and specific business conditions, determines in the prescribed manner the form and methods of accounting, as well as the technology for processing accounting information, develops a system of internal production accounting, reporting and control;

organization of accounting of fixed assets, raw materials, materials, fuel, finished products, cash and other values of the enterprise, production and distribution costs, execution of cost estimates; preparation of reporting costing and production, balance sheets and financial statements.

Rice. 1.3 Financial structure of the enterprise

The chief accountant bears full responsibility for the quality and timeliness of the tasks and functions assigned to the department. The degree of responsibility of other employees is established by the chief accountant.

Chief Accountant.

Carries out the organization of accounting of economic and financial activities and control over the economical use of material, labor and financial resources, the safety of the property of the enterprise.

Forms an accounting policy in accordance with the legislation on accounting, based on the structure and characteristics of the enterprise, the need to ensure its financial stability.

Leads the work on the preparation and adoption of a working chart of accounts, forms of primary accounting documents used to process business transactions for which standard forms are not provided, the development of forms of internal accounting documents, as well as ensuring the procedure for conducting inventories, monitoring business transactions, compliance with technology processing of accounting information and workflow procedures.

Provides a rational organization of accounting and reporting at the enterprise and its divisions based on the maximum centralization of accounting and computing work and the use of modern technical means and information technologies, progressive forms and methods of accounting and control, the formation and timely presentation of complete and reliable accounting information about the activities of the enterprise , his property status, income and expenses, as well as the development and implementation of measures aimed at strengthening financial discipline.

Organizes accounting of property, liabilities and business transactions, incoming fixed assets, inventory items and cash, timely reflection on the accounting accounts of operations related to their movement, accounting for production and distribution costs, execution of cost estimates, sales of products, performance of work ( services), the results of the economic and financial activities of the enterprise, as well as financial, settlement and credit operations.

Ensures the legality, timeliness and correctness of paperwork, the preparation of economically sound reporting cost estimates for products, work (services) performed, payroll calculations, the correct calculation and transfer of taxes and fees to the federal, regional and local budgets, insurance premiums to state non-budgetary social funds , payments to banking institutions, funds to finance capital investments, repayment of debts to banks on loans in a timely manner, as well as deductions of funds for material incentives for employees of the enterprise.

Carries out control over compliance with the procedure for processing primary and accounting documents, settlements and payment obligations, spending the payroll fund, establishing official salaries for employees of the enterprise, conducting inventories of fixed assets, inventory items and cash, checking the organization of accounting and reporting, as well as documentary audits in the divisions of the enterprise.

Participates in the economic analysis of the economic and financial activities of the enterprise according to accounting and reporting data in order to identify on-farm reserves, eliminate losses and unproductive costs.

Takes measures to prevent shortages, illegal spending of funds and inventory items, violations of financial and economic legislation. Participates in the preparation of materials on shortages and theft of funds and inventory items, controls the transfer, if necessary, of these materials to the investigative and judicial authorities.

Takes measures to accumulate financial resources to ensure the financial stability of the enterprise.

Interacts with banks on the placement of free financial resources on bank deposits (certificates) and the acquisition of highly liquid government securities, control over the conduct of accounting transactions with deposit and loan agreements, securities.

Works to ensure strict observance of staff, financial and cash discipline, estimates of administrative and other expenses, the legality of write-offs from accounting accounts of shortages, receivables and other losses, the safety of accounting documents, their execution and delivery in the prescribed manner to the archive.

Participates in the development and implementation of rational planning and accounting documentation, progressive forms and methods of accounting based on the use of modern computer technology.

1.3 Main technical and economic indicators

In this section, we will consider the main technical and economic indicators of the activity of Victoria LLC for the analyzed period (2011-2013). These indicators are: the number of personnel, turnover, profit, profitability, capital productivity, labor productivity, the level of distribution costs per 1 p. turnover.

Table 1.1

The main technical and economic indicators of the enterprise

Indicator 2011 2012 2013 Absolute change, thousand rubles Relative change, % Turnover, thousand rubles .56 Cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles 3903853725639792494163.89 Profitability, % 4.602.433.24-1.35-29.43 per person 3753.483604.861920.52-1832.97-48.83 turnover0.950.950.92-0.03-3.67

As the data in Table 1.1 show, the turnover of Victoria LLC for 2011-2013. decreased by 45.5%. Against the background of a decrease in turnover, an increase in the staffing of the enterprise is observed, which negatively affects labor productivity. Labor productivity for 2011-2013 decreased significantly from 3,753.5 to 1,920.5 thousand rubles.

Due to the reduction in turnover and an increase in the cost of fixed assets by 63.89%, the return on assets of Victoria LLC also significantly decreased.

Rice. 1.4 Dynamics of return on assets of Victoria LLC

A positive moment in the consideration of the main indicators of the enterprise's activity can be noted a reduction in the level of distribution costs by 1 p. turnover from 0.95 to 0.92 rubles, which indicates that the company successfully optimizes distribution costs.

2. ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE ENTERPRISE

.1 Assessment of the property status of the enterprise

We will assess the property status of Victoria LLC on the basis of the analytical table 2.1 compiled according to the financial statements of the enterprise.

Table 2.1

Asset structure of Victoria LLC

Name of indicator 2011 2013 Deviation thousand rubles % thousand rubles % thousand rubles %I. Non-current assets39 03856.0463 97951.0524 941-4.99 Fixed assets39 03856.0463 97951.0524 941-4.99II. Curvas assets 30 62043,9661 33548,9530 7154.99Zapasa21 84831,3650 82140,5528 9739,19999999999965 9464,74121-365 9464,74121-365 9464,74121-365 5683,651 621-0,58421212100.00125 314100, 0055 6560.00 Net working capital (net of current liabilities) -28 545-40.98-37 719-30.10-9 17410.88

The assets of the enterprise for the analyzed period increased by 55,656 thousand rubles. (from 69,658 to 125,314 thousand rubles), or 79.90%. The increase in assets was due to the growth of non-current assets by 24,941 thousand rubles. or by 63.89%, current assets by 30,715 thousand rubles. or 100.31%.

In general, the growth of the property of Victoria LLC is a positive fact. However, this increase in property was provided mainly by increasing financial liabilities. The main part in the property structure was occupied by non-current assets. The outpacing of the growth rate of current assets over non-current assets may indicate the expansion of the main activity of the enterprise.

The share of fixed assets in property at the end of the analyzed period amounted to 51.05%. Thus, the company has a "heavy" asset structure. As a rule, this indicates significant overhead costs and high sensitivity of the company's profit to changes in revenue.

Rice. 2.1 Dynamics of the assets of Victoria LLC

In this case, in order to maintain financial stability, the enterprise needs to have a high share of equity capital and long-term debt capital in the sources of financing.

Rice. 2.2 The structure of the property of the enterprise

At the end of the analyzed period, the property structure is characterized by a relatively high share of non-current assets, which practically did not change, amounting to 56.04% at the beginning and 51.05% at the end of the analyzed period.

Rice. 2.3 Dynamics of fixed assets of the enterprise

Non-current assets of the enterprise for the analyzed period increased from 39,038 to 63,979 thousand rubles.

The increase in non-current assets occurred due to an increase in the following components:

fixed assets for 24,941 thousand rubles. (from 39,038 to 63,979 thousand rubles) or 63.89%.

The structure of non-current assets for the analyzed period remained quite stable. At the same time, in the analyzed period, the main part of non-current assets invariably accounted for fixed assets (100%). During the analyzed period, the share of fixed assets in the structure of non-current assets did not change, remaining at the level of 100%.

At the end of the analyzed period, the property structure is characterized by a relatively low share of current assets, which practically did not change, amounting to 43.96% at the beginning and 48.95% at the end of the analyzed period.

Current assets of the Enterprise for the analyzed period increased from 30,620 to 61,335 thousand rubles. The increase in current assets occurred due to an increase in the following components:

accounts receivable;

Money.

The growth of working capital (that is, inventories, short-term and long-term receivables) and the slowdown in their turnover indicate an irrationally chosen economic strategy, as a result of which a significant part of current assets is immobilized, which can ultimately lead to an increase in accounts payable and a deterioration in the financial condition of the enterprise.

Rice. 2.4 Structure of current assets

The structure of current assets for the analyzed period has changed significantly. At the same time, in the analyzed period, the bulk of current assets invariably accounted for stocks (82.86%).

Such a structure may indicate the irrationality of the chosen economic strategy, as a result of which a significant part of current assets is immobilized in stocks. The share of inventories in current assets increased from 71.35% to 82.86%.

The cost of inventories for the analyzed period increased by 28,973 thousand rubles. (from 21,848 to 50,821), which is a negative change, as the duration of inventory turnover increased.

Such a sharp increase in reserves (by 132.61%) makes it necessary to further in-depth analysis of their composition and structure according to analytical accounting data.

The share of receivables (short-term and long-term) in current assets decreased from 19.02% to 9.69%.

During the analyzed period, the volume of receivables remained almost unchanged and amounted to 5,946 thousand rubles, possibly because the policy of sales and provision of consumer credit to buyers remained unchanged.

At the end of the period under review, accounts receivable included only debts of short-term (with a maturity within 12 months) debtors. So, for the analyzed period, short-term accounts receivable almost did not change and amounted to 5,946 thousand rubles, and its share in current assets decreased from 19.02% to 9.69%.

Rice. 2.5 Comparison of receivables and payables

The negative point is the increase in the duration of the turnover of short-term receivables by 2 days. compared to the beginning of the period.

Comparison of the amounts of short-term receivables and payables shows that the Company during the analyzed period had a passive balance of debt, that is, accounts payable exceeded accounts receivable by 21,848 thousand rubles. at the beginning and 26,140 thousand rubles. at the end of the analyzed period. Thus, the Enterprise financed the payment deferrals of its debtors at the expense of non-payments to creditors (that is, the budget, extra-budgetary funds, etc.).

The value of net working capital (that is, the difference between inventories, short-term receivables, cash, short-term financial investments and all short-term liabilities (accounts payable and financial debt) shows that during the analyzed period the company did not have its own working capital. The amount of cash in the analyzed period had an upward trend from 2,947 thousand rubles to 4,568 thousand rubles.

The main source of formation of the property of the Enterprise in the analyzed period are borrowed funds, the share of which in the balance sheet decreased from 84.94% to 79.04%.

Rice. 2.6 Capital structure of Victoria LLC

Table 2.2

Liabilities structure of Victoria LLC

Name of indicator 2011 2013 Deviation ths. R. %ths. R. %ths. р.%I. Equity capital10 49315.0626 26020.9615 7675.90Share capital10 03014.4010 0308.000-6.40Reserves, funds, retained earnings (actual)4630.6616 23012.9515 76712.29III. Short-term liabilities59 16584,9499 05479,0439 889-5,90 block-term loans31 49245,2166 96853,4435 4768,23 Account payable payables27 67339,7332 08625,604 413-14,13V -13.59 before the personnel of the organization7 60910.9211 9359.524 326-1.40 before the state. off-budget funds2600.374670.372070.00 before the budget5750.832 2321.781 6570.95 before other creditors720.10270.02-45-0.08Total liabilities69 658100.00125 314100.0055 6560.00

Equity capital at the beginning of the analyzed period amounted to 10,493 thousand rubles, and at the end of the period it was equal to 26,260 thousand rubles. During the analyzed period, the value of equity increased by 15,767 thousand rubles. while reducing the ratio of debt and equity capital by 1.87. Thus, the financial stability of the enterprise has increased. It should be noted that the increase in permanent sources of financing (equity and long-term borrowings, 150.26%) is higher than the increase in non-current assets of the enterprise (63.89%) for the analyzed period. financial property liquidity competitiveness

The equity capital of Victoria LLC increased over the analyzed period. The increase in equity capital occurred due to an increase in reserves, funds and retained earnings (actual) by 15,767 thousand rubles. (from 463 to 16,230 thousand rubles) or 3,405.40%.

In the analyzed period, the following indicators remained at the same level: authorized capital (10,030 thousand rubles).

In general, the increase in reserves, funds and retained earnings is the result of the efficient operation of the enterprise.

During the analyzed period, the share of reserves, funds and retained earnings in the structure of equity capital tended to increase (from 4.41% to 61.81%). The enterprise during the analyzed period had no losses on the balance sheet.

There were no long-term liabilities in the structure of borrowed capital in the analyzed period.

Short-term liabilities for the analyzed period increased by 39,889 thousand rubles.

By the end of the analyzed period, short-term liabilities were represented by 67.61% as financial liabilities and by 32.39% as commercial liabilities.

Short-term loans and borrowings (financial liabilities) for the analyzed period increased from 31,492 thousand rubles. up to 66,968 thousand rubles or by 112.65%. The build-up of short-term financial debt is a negative moment in the activity of the enterprise.

Accounts payable for the analyzed period increased by 4,413 thousand rubles. (from 27,673 to 32,086 thousand rubles).

Rice. 2.7 The structure of accounts payable of Victoria LLC

The structure of accounts payable at the end of the analyzed period is dominated by liabilities to suppliers and contractors (17,425 thousand rubles), accounting for 54.31%. The second largest are liabilities to the organization's personnel (11,935 thousand rubles), which account for 37.20%.

In the analyzed period, the enterprise had no debts on promissory notes payable, to subsidiaries and affiliates, on advances received.

During the analyzed period, short-term liabilities changed as follows:

before the budget increased by 1,657 thousand rubles. (from 575 to 2,232 thousand rubles),

before suppliers and contractors decreased by 1,732 thousand rubles. (from 19,157 to 17,425 thousand rubles),

to the personnel of the organization increased by 4,326 thousand rubles. (from 7,609 to 11,935 thousand rubles),

before off-budget funds increased by 207 thousand rubles. (from 260 to 467 thousand rubles),

before other creditors decreased by 45 thousand rubles. (from 72 to 27 thousand rubles).

In the analyzed period, the highest growth rates are characterized by debt to the budget, according to advances received, to the state. off-budget funds.

2.2 Indicators of financial condition and liquidity

An analysis of the financial stability of Victoria LLC suggests an insignificant margin of safety due to the low level of equity capital, which at the end of the analyzed period amounted to 0.210 (with a recommended value of at least 0.6). Thus, by the end of the analyzed period, the enterprise had limited opportunities to attract additional borrowed funds without the risk of losing financial stability.

Table 2.3

Indicators of the financial stability of the enterprise

Name 2011 2012 2013 Change Level of equity 0.1510.2330.2100.059 Level of borrowed capital 0.8490.7670.790-0.059 Ratio of debt and equity capital 5.6383.2983.772-1.866 Coverage ratio of non-current assets with equity 0, 2690.3860.4100.141 Coverage ratio of non-current assets with equity and long-term borrowed capital 0.2690.3860.4100.141 Net working capital to total assets-0.410-0.370-0.3010.109

The increase in the level of equity capital for the analyzed period contributed to the growth of the financial stability of the enterprise.

The coverage ratio of non-current assets with equity capital at the end of the period amounted to 0.410 (0.269 at the beginning) (with a value of at least 1 recommended to comply with the financial stability requirement). Consequently, at the end of the analyzed period, only a part of long-term assets is financed from long-term sources, which can ensure a relatively low level of solvency of the enterprise in the long run. At the same time, the dynamics of this indicator can be assessed as positive.

The ratio of borrowed and equity capital at the beginning of the analyzed period was 5.638, at the end of the period 3.772.

Quick liquidity ratio (reflecting the share of current liabilities covered by cash and sale of short-term securities) at the end of the period amounted to 0.046, which is 0.004 points lower than its value at the beginning of the period (0.050).

Table 2.4

Enterprise liquidity indicators

Name201120122013ChangeCoverage ratio (current liquidity)0.5180.5170.6190.101Intermediate coverage ratio0.1480.0940.106-0.042Term liquidity0.0500.0720.046-0.004Absolute liquidity0.0500.0720 .046-0.004

The intermediate coverage ratio (reflecting the share of current liabilities covered by current assets minus inventories) at the end of the period was 0.106, which is 0.042 points lower than its value at the beginning of the period (0.148).

Rice. 2.8 Dynamics of liquidity indicators of the enterprise

The coverage ratio of short-term debt by current assets at the end of the period was 0.619, which is 0.102 points higher than its value at the beginning of the period (0.517), with a recommended value of 1.00 to 2.00. Thus, for the analyzed period, the Company remained unable to pay off current liabilities at the expense of inventories, finished products, cash, receivables and other current assets.

Table 2.5

Solvency indicators of the enterprise

Name201120122013ChangeSelf-financing interval, days14.23912.66326.24712.008Cash inflow coverage ratio0.1810.0870.049-0.132Current liabilities coverage ratio0.1810.0870.049-0.132Duration turnover of net working capital, days-7.46648.426 Altman index4.1413.7121.992-2.149 Chesser model0.5760.6340.7060.130 The Beaver coefficient, equal to the ratio of cash inflow to the total amount of debt, at the end of the analyzed period amounted to 0.049, at the beginning of 0.181. According to international standards, the recommended value of this indicator is in the range of 0.170 - 0.400. The obtained value of the indicator makes it possible to attribute the enterprise to the high group of "risk of loss of solvency", that is, the level of debt coverage by the amount of net profit and depreciation of the enterprise is low.

The interval of self-financing (or solvency) of Victoria LLC at the end of the period was 26 days. (at the beginning of the period 14 days), which indicates a low level of reserves from the enterprise to finance its costs (without depreciation) as part of the cost and other costs at the expense of available cash, short-term financial investments and proceeds from debtors.

In international practice, it is considered normal if this indicator exceeds 360 days.

2.3 Assessment of the financial results of the enterprise

According to the income statement, the revenue of Victoria LLC for the analyzed period decreased by 105,962 thousand rubles. or 45.53% (from 232,716 to 126,754 thousand rubles). The main activity for the implementation of which the enterprise was created was profitable for the analyzed period.

The cost of goods sold by Victoria LLC for the analyzed period decreased by 105,420 thousand rubles. or 47.53% (from 221,785 to 116,365 thousand rubles).

Table 2.6

Dynamics of financial results of Victoria LLC

Naimenovanie2011 g.2012 g.2013 g.Izmenenie, thousand. R.Temp growth,% Proceeds from sales tovarov232716227106126754-10596254,47Sebestoimost of goods sold (services) 20488419538396056-10882846,88Valovaya pribyl2783231723306982866110,30Kommercheskie raskhody1296015777143751415110,92Upravlencheskie raskhody3941527559341993150,57Pribyl (loss) prodazh109311067110389-54295,04Prochie dohody32922374996366344292,71Prochie raskhody8472750914884140371757,26Pribyl (loss) before tax on nalogooblozheniya1337669115141-823538,43Tekuschy pribyl267513821028-164738,43Chistaya profit (loss) 1070155294113-658838,44

As a result, the efficiency of the Company's core business increased, as the rate of change in revenue outpaced the rate of change in the cost of sales.

The gross profit of the enterprise for the analyzed period increased by 2,866 thousand rubles. or 10.30% (from 27,832 to 30,698 thousand rubles).

Rice. 2.9 Dynamics of revenue and cost of Victoria LLC

At the end of the period, in the structure of total income received from the implementation of all types of activities of the enterprise, the largest share fell on income from core activities.

It should be noted that the costs of other activities of the enterprise are growing faster than the income from these activities.

At the beginning of the analyzed period, the enterprise had a profit from its main activity in the amount of 10,931 thousand rubles. The result from other activities at the same time amounted to 2,445 thousand rubles.

At the end of the analyzed period, the enterprise had a profit from its main activity in the amount of 10,389 thousand rubles. The result from other activities at the same time amounted to -5,248 thousand rubles. A negative result from the operating activities of the enterprise at the end of the analyzed period arises, among other things, due to the accrual of taxes attributable to financial results.

From the implementation of all types of activities at the end of the analyzed period, the company received a profit in the amount of 5,141 thousand rubles, which is 61.57% less than the profit at the beginning of the period, which amounted to 13,376 thousand rubles.

Rice. 2.10 Dynamics of profit of Victoria LLC

Tax and other obligatory payments at the end of the analyzed period accounted for 20.00% of the profit before tax. The presence in the analyzed period of the Enterprise's net profit testifies to the existing source of replenishment of working capital.

2.4 Indicators of profitability and business activity

The profitability of the company's own capital (which determines the effectiveness of investments of the owners' funds) throughout the analyzed period was positive and changed dramatically, declining from 101.98% to 17.51%, which indicates the unprofitability of investments in the enterprise.

The value of the return on assets in terms of net profit at the end of the analyzed period indicates a very low efficiency of the use of property. The level of return on assets in terms of net profit in the amount of 3.84% at the end of the analyzed period is ensured by the high turnover of assets, which amounted to 1.272 turnovers per year at the end of the period, with an average (3.02%) profitability of all operations (in terms of net profit).

Table 2.7

Indicators of profitability of the capital of the enterprise

Name 2011 2012 2013 Change Return on assets based on profit before tax 0.1920.0870.048-0.144 Return on assets based on net profit 0.1540.0700.038-0.116 -0.063 Profitability of net production assets based on the results of operations 0.2800.2090.137-0.143 Return on net assets based on profit before tax 0.3190.1260.064-0.255

In general, the dynamics of asset turnover, which shows the speed with which the full cycle of production and circulation is completed, and also reflects the level of business activity of the enterprise, is negative (during the analyzed period, there is a sharp decrease in the value of the indicator from 3.388 to 1.272 turnover per year).

Table 2.8

Profitability indicators of the enterprise

Name 2011 2012 2013 Change Profitability of all operations in terms of profit before tax 0.0570.0280.038-0.019 Profitability of all operations in terms of net profit 0.0450.0220.030-0.015 net profit 0.0460.0240.032-0.014 Profitability of core and operating activities 0.0570.0280.038-0.019 Product profitability 0.0490.0490.0890.040

Evaluation of the effectiveness of managing the core activities of the enterprise in terms of profit is given by the profitability indicator, calculated on the basis of the results of the core activities. The profitability of production assets (showing how much profit each ruble invested in the production assets of the enterprise brings) at the beginning of the analyzed period was 16.39%, and at the end of the period it was 10.14%. This value of the profitability indicator consists of the profitability of sales (main activity), which at the end of the analyzed period amounted to 8.2%, and the turnover of production assets, equal to 1.237 turnover per year.

A decrease in the turnover of production assets with an increase in the profitability of sales indicates the presence of problems in the management of working capital and requires a deeper analysis of its components.

The profitability of all operations (in terms of profit before taxation) of the Enterprise at the end of the analyzed period amounted to 3.77% and was 4,430 points lower than the profitability of sales (main activity). Thus, Victoria LLC loses part of its efficiency due to other activities.

The ratio of net profit and sales proceeds, that is, the profitability of sales in terms of net profit, reflects the part of the proceeds that remains at the disposal of the Enterprise from each ruble of sold products. The value of the indicator in the analyzed period decreased from 4.6% to 3.24%. Thus, if the trend continues, the company will lose the opportunity to independently finance its activities and make a profit. This ratio is considered in combination with indicators such as sales and net profit per employee, sales per unit area, etc. To do this, you need to further analyze the costing of the enterprise.

Table 2.9

Indicators of business activity of the enterprise

Name 2011 2012 2013 Change Total assets turnover, vol. 3,3883,1601,272-2,116 Duration of assets turnover, days 2,251 Duration of turnover of production assets, days103,199119,592291,007187,808 Turnover of fixed assets, rev.5,9614,8962,154-3,807 Duration of turnover of fixed assets, days .10,6528,9463,179-7,473 Duration of inventory and other current assets turnover, days 0115,82710,6121,601 Accounts payable turnover, volume 8,4109,3264,772-3,638 Accounts payable turnover duration, days stocks, days33.79840.2421 13.24779.449

The duration of the turnover of inventories and other current assets at the end of the period is 113 days, short-term receivables 11 days, and accounts payable 75 days.

It should be noted that the average value of the duration of the turnover of net production working capital for the analyzed period is positive, which ensures the solvency of the enterprise in the long run.

If we take into account that the net production working capital of the Enterprise at the end of the analyzed period is 24,681 thousand rubles, then reducing the duration of its turnover by one day will release funds in the amount of an average daily proceeds of 352,094 thousand rubles. Reducing the duration of the turnover can be achieved by reducing the volume of purchased raw materials, their shelf life, reducing the duration of the production cycle, reducing delays in payments to buyers, and increasing the duration and volume of commercial credit to suppliers.

3. COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT OF THE ENTERPRISE AND INCREASING COMPETITIVENESS

.1 Competitiveness analysis

We will analyze competitors on a tenth scale among competing enterprises of the city: Victoria LLC, Super Good, Unimart network, Amba network.

Competitiveness is assessed on a ten-point scale, with a score of 10 being the maximum.

Table 3.1

Competitiveness Criteria

Evaluation criterionVictoriaSuper GoodUnimartAmbaLocation6489Breadth of retail network42810Product quality9886Quickness of service6777Assortment10784Price level87610Parking101046Discounts, promotions2865Working hours810107Payment by bank cards1884Total64717368

As Table 3.1 shows, despite the breadth of the assortment, the quality of the goods presented and the convenient and large parking lot are inferior to other market participants in terms of competitiveness, according to the parameters defined in paragraph 5 of the practice report.

Consider the main parameters by which Victoria LLC is inferior to its competitors.

Location: better than Super Hood but worse than Amba and Unimart, mainly due to the fact that they are represented by a wider network of stores, therefore, the coverage on the city map is more significant.

Rice. 3.1 Competitiveness polygon

A significant omission of Victoria LLC is the inability to pay for goods with bank cards, because this factor is very convenient for a consumer who wants to make not a current stock of products, but for a longer period or for a holiday; accordingly, it is more difficult to plan the amount of expenses in order to know how much to withdraw in advance from an ATM.

Thus, the organization of acceptance of payments by bank cards would significantly increase the competitiveness of Victoria LLC in the market of the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

3.2 Diagnosing an organization's strategic position

I. Ansoff's product/market development model (Ansoff's matrix) allows using several strategies simultaneously. It is based on the premise that the most appropriate strategy for intensive sales growth can be determined by the decision to sell existing or new products in existing or new markets. This Ansoff matrix is a chart designed to help managers make strategy decisions and also serves as a diagnostic tool. Igor Ansoff's matrix is intended to describe the possible strategies of an enterprise in a growing market. On one axis, the matrix considers the type of product - old or new, on the other axis - the type of market, also old or new.

Table 3.2

Ansoff matrix

Market type Old market New market Old product Business development Market development strategy New product Commodity expansion Diversification

According to the analysis of the strategic position of Victoria LLC, the company offers old goods in old markets.

Strategy for improving performance (market penetration). When choosing this strategy, the company is recommended to pay attention to marketing activities for existing products in existing markets: conduct a study of the target market of the enterprise, develop measures to promote products and increase the efficiency of activities in the existing market.

Product Expansion (Product Development) is a strategy for developing new or improving existing products in order to increase sales. A company can implement such a strategy in an already known market by finding and filling market niches. Income in this case is provided by maintaining market share in the future. Such a strategy is most preferable in terms of risk minimization, since the company operates in a familiar market.

Market development strategy. This strategy is aimed at finding a new market or a new market segment for already mastered goods. Income is provided through the expansion of the sales market within the geographic region, and beyond it. Such a strategy is associated with significant costs and is more risky than both previous ones, but more profitable. However, it is difficult to enter new geographic markets directly, as they are occupied by other companies.

The diversification strategy involves the development of new types of products at the same time as the development of new markets. At the same time, goods can be new for all companies operating in the target market or only for this business entity. Such a strategy provides profit, stability and sustainability of the company in the distant future, but it is the most risky and costly.

The advantages of using planning according to the I. Ansoff matrix are visibility and ease of use. The disadvantages of using planning according to the I. Ansoff matrix are a one-sided orientation to growth and restrictions in the context of two characteristics (product - market).

Thus, the strategic position of OOO "Victoria" is "old goods - old market", which requires a strategy for penetrating the market or improving activities.

3.3 Ways to improve competitiveness

In order to increase the competitiveness of LLC "Victoria", it is necessary at the same time to increase the income from sales (while trying not to increase costs), or at the same time increase income from the sale of goods and services and reduce costs.

The following are alternatives to increase profitability that are highly relevant.

An increase in prices with the same value of costs. Income from the sale of goods and services can be increased in several ways: - Raising the price of the product; - Raising the level of sales; - Increasing the difference between the price and the cost of goods.

Prices set may be reviewed once or twice a year, but it is necessary to increase the price of a product in order to remain competitive. Another important criterion to consider before raising prices is the type of product or service being sold. There are categories to which buyers are loyal and are willing to pay a little more for them, if only the quality and taste of the goods remain on top.

Reducing costs or prime cost while maintaining the value of income from sales of goods. The second alternative is to reduce the amount of total costs. This can be achieved by reducing the cost of goods. But we should not forget that reducing the cost of goods or services should not affect the deterioration of their quality. Simultaneous price increase and cost reduction. This can be achieved through bulk sales. The principle of economies of scale can lead to the desired goal.

Through the release and additional use of capital (expansion of the range, construction of a new warehouse, purchase of a new vehicle, etc.).

It is also possible to achieve a reduction in the unit cost of storage, the organization of a system of pre-orders and a reduction in demand variation (which will ensure a reduction in the required safety stock)”, a reduction in time and variation in the time of transportation and order preparation” - by optimizing the assortment.

Actions to increase market share in existing segments

Creation of additional properties, values, service and quality. This tactic should be accompanied by lower production costs and should not be seen as an alternative. It must be said that this is a much more popular tactic than lowering the price, and those who achieve success by following it, as a rule, are much less. This is not because this tactic is bad, but simply because it is much more difficult to implement. However, those firms that are successful over a longer or shorter period of time almost always try to provide their customers with something more - more than they provided a year ago, and more than their competitors.

Investing more and smarter than the competition. Market share eventually goes to the competitor who is more committed to the idea, who has invested the largest amount. Traditionally, investment refers to investment in physical capital in the form of distribution networks, retail outlets and/or computer systems.

The second way to increase profits in the long run is to enter new segments, especially those that are “adjacent” to those segments in which the company is currently present and which are profitable for it.

CONCLUSION

In general, according to the results of the study of the activities of Victoria LLC, we can say that the company is reducing the volume of sales of products, as a result of which its revenue has decreased from 232,716 to 126,754 thousand rubles. or by 45.53%. The activity of LLC "Victoria" is profitable. Moreover, the amount of profit decreased by 61.56%.

The presence of the company's net profit testifies to the existing source of replenishment of working capital.

Debts of product consumers to the Enterprise (payments on which are expected within 12 months) remained almost unchanged (growth amounted to 2.08%).

The debt of the enterprise itself increased by 15.95%. Liabilities to suppliers and contractors (17,425 thousand rubles) are predominant in the structure of accounts payable.

It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the enterprise, due to non-payments to its creditors (that is, the budget, extra-budgetary funds, etc.), provided deferred payments to debtors. This is evidenced by the passive balance of debt (in the amount of 26,140 thousand rubles), showing the excess of short-term accounts payable over short-term receivables.

An analysis of the financial stability of the enterprise allows us to speak of an insignificant margin of safety due to the low level of equity capital, which at the end of the analyzed period amounted to 0.210 (with a recommended value of at least 0.600).

Thus, the company has limited opportunities to attract additional borrowed funds.

The equity ratio was -0.615 at the end of the period, which is worse than the established normative value (0.10).

If necessary, the company will not be able to repay its current obligations to the budget and suppliers in the short term at the expense of its own funds, inventories, finished products, receivables and other current assets. This is evidenced by the value of the indicator "Coverage ratio" (the ratio of coverage of short-term debt by current assets), which amounted to 0.619 with the recommended value from 1.00 to 2.00.

REFERENCES

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APPENDIX A (mandatory)

Consolidated balance sheet of Victoria LLC

Naimenovanie2011, thousand. R.2012, thousand. R.2013, thousand. Noncurrent r.I aktivyOsnovnye sredstva390385372563979Nezavershennoe stroitelstvoDolgosrochnye financial vlozheniyaOtlozhennye tax aktivyProchie noncurrent aktivyITOGO under section I390385372563979II Current aktivyZapasy218482892650821Debitorskaya zadolzhennost582515275946Kratkosrochnye financial vlozheniyaDenezhnye sredstva294749274568Prochie current aktivyITOGO under section II306203538061335BALANS6965889105125314III Capital and rezervyUstavny kapital100301003010030Dobavochny kapitalRezervny kapitalNeraspredelennaya pribyl4631070116230ITOGO under section III104932073126260IV obyazatelstvaZaymy long-term and long-term kredityOtlozhennye tax obyazatelstvaProchie obyazatelstvaITOGO under section IV000V Short obyazatelstvaZaymy and kredity314924734166968Kreditorskaya zadolzhennost276732103332086- suppliers and podryadchiki191571546617425- personalom7609482911935- debt to debt to state vnebyudzhe funds260103467- debts on taxes and fees5756132232- other creditors722227Deferred incomeReserves for future expensesOther short-term liabilitiesTOTAL under section V591656837499054BALANCE 6965889105125314

APPENDIX B (mandatory)

Consolidated Profit and Loss Statement of Victoria LLC

Naimenovanie2011, thousand. R.2012, thousand. R.2013, thousand. R.I Revenues and expenses from ordinary deyatelnostiVyruchka tovarov232716227106126754Sebestoimost from the sale of goods sold (services) 20488419538396056Valovaya pribyl278323172330698Kommercheskie raskhody129601577714375Upravlencheskie raskhody394152755934Pribyl (loss) from Other prodazh109311067110389II income and expensesInterest receivableInterest payableIncome from participation in other organizationsOther income3292237499636Other expenses8472750914884Profit (loss) before tax1337669115141Current income tax267513821028Net profit (loss)1070155294113

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1.2.3 The main economic indicators of the enterprise

The performance of the enterprise can be characterized by the following indicators:

Economic effect;

Profitability indicators;

Payback period of capital;

Business break-even point.

The economic effect is an absolute indicator (profit, sales income, etc.) that characterizes the result of the enterprise:

Pr \u003d Vpr - Zpr,

where Pr - profit from the sale of products;

Vpr - proceeds from the sale of products;

Zpr - the cost of production and marketing of products.

The disadvantage of this indicator is that it is impossible to draw a conclusion about the level of profitability of the enterprise according to this indicator.

Economic efficiency is a relative indicator that measures the effect obtained with the costs that caused this effect, or with the resources used to achieve this effect.

The degree of profitability of the enterprise can be assessed using profitability indicators. The following main indicators can be distinguished:

a) the profitability of products (individual types) (Rp) is calculated as the ratio of profit from sales (Pr) to the costs of its production and sale (Zpr).

b) the profitability of the main activity (Rod) is calculated as the ratio of profit from the sale of products to the costs of production of the sold products.

where Pr.v.p - profit from the sale of all products;

Zpr.v.p - costs for the production of products;

c) return on assets (Ra) is calculated as the ratio of balance sheet profit to the result of the average balance sheet (Kav). This indicator characterizes how effectively fixed and current assets of the enterprise are used. This indicator is of interest to credit and financial institutions; business partners, etc.

d) return on fixed capital (Rok) - the ratio of balance sheet profit (Pb) to the average cost of fixed capital (Ofs.g).

e) return on equity (Rsk) is the ratio of net profit (Pch) to the average cost of equity (Kss).

This indicator characterizes how much profit each ruble invested by the owner of the capital gives;

f) the payback period of capital (T) is the ratio of capital (K) to net profit (Pch).

Shows how many years the funds invested in this enterprise will pay off under unchanged conditions of production and financial activities.

Break even point of business

The concept of "break-even housekeeping" can be expressed in a simple question: how many units (Q) of products must be sold in order to recover the semi-fixed costs incurred at the same time (U.Pos).

Accordingly, product prices (C) are set in such a way as to reimburse all conditionally variable costs (U.Per) and receive a premium sufficient to cover conditionally fixed costs and make a profit (Pr).

At the same time, the increase in this profit depends on the ratio of conditionally fixed and conditionally variable costs in the structure of the total cost.

Thus, as soon as the volume of units sold reaches the minimum value sufficient to cover the full cost, the enterprise receives a profit that begins to grow faster than the growth in volume. The same effect occurs in the case of a reduction in the volume of economic activity, that is, the rate of decrease in profits and increase in losses outpaces the rate of decrease in sales.

Table number 3.

The main economic indicators of the enterprise.

Indicators	GO forms	2006	2007	2007 As a percentage of 2006
1. VP at current prices - total, thousand rubles.	6 APK	15752	18084	114,8
2. The average number of employees employed in agricultural production, people.	5 APK	189	190	100,5
3. Proceeds from the sale of products - total, thousand rubles.	7 APK	10056	11784	117,2
4. Cost of goods sold, thousand rubles.	7 APK	10325	13136	127,2
5. Profit from the sale of products, thousand rubles.	2 APK	-269	-1352	502,6
6. The level of profitability of the enterprise,%.		-	-

After evaluating the main economic indicators of the enterprise, we can come to the conclusion: Gross output at current prices in 2006. amounted to 15752 thousand rubles, and in 2007. - 18084 thousand rubles. From this it follows that gross output at current prices increased by 14.8%. The average number of employees employed in agricultural production in 2006 amounted to 189 people, and in 2007. their number increased by 0.5%, amounting to 190 people. Revenue from product sales in 2006 amounted to 10056 thousand rubles, in 2007. - 11784 thousand rubles, an increase of 17.2%. The cost of sold products amounted to 10,325 thousand rubles. in 2006, and in the reporting year 13,136 thousand rubles. It increased by 27.2%. Loss from product sales in 2006 amounted to 262 thousand rubles, and in 2007. 1352 thousand rubles The loss increased by 402.6%. The analyzed enterprise is not profitable.

Squares. The capital-labor ratio of labor in agriculture is determined by the ratio of the average annual cost of fixed agricultural production assets per worker. The economic efficiency of the use of fixed production assets in agriculture is characterized by a system of indicators. The main cost performance indicators...

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Equipment (30.8%) has a service life of over 20 years. Water conduits with a service life of more than 20 years make up 26.5%, collectors - 33.3%. 2.3 Indicators for evaluating the efficiency of the use of fixed production assets An analysis of the study of the movement and technical condition of the fixed assets is important, for this we calculate the following indicators using formulas (1.7), (1.8), (1.9), (1.10), (1.11), ...

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Economic indicators and their importance in forex trading. Economic performance of the enterprise

Main macroeconomic indicators

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