Metallurgical bases of Russia. Metallurgy - what is it? Centers of the metallurgical industry

Metallurgy is one of the main basic industries, providing other industries with structural materials (ferrous and non-ferrous metals).

For quite a long time, the size of metal smelting almost in the first place determined the economic power of any country. And all over the world they are growing rapidly. But in the 70s of the XX century, the growth rate of metallurgy slowed down. But steel remains the main structural material in the global economy.

Metallurgy includes all processes from ore mining to the production of finished products. The metallurgical industry includes two branches: ferrous and non-ferrous.

Ferrous metallurgy. Iron ore is mined in 50 countries of the world, but its main production falls on a small number of countries. Approximately ½ of all ore is exported. The location of ferrous metallurgy enterprises is determined by the following factors:

Natural - resource (orientation to territorial combinations of deposits of coal and iron);

Transport (orientation to the cargo flows of coking coal and iron ore);

Consumer (associated with the development of mini-factories and conversion metallurgy). China, Brazil, Australia, Russia, Ukraine, and India are leaders in iron ore mining. But in steelmaking - Japan, Russia, USA, China, Ukraine, Germany.

Non-ferrous metallurgy. The location of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises is determined by the following factors:

raw materials (smelting of heavy metals from ores with a low content of a useful component (1-2%) - copper, tin, zinc, lead);

energy (smelting of light metals from rich ore - energy-intensive production - aluminum, titanium, magnesium, etc.);

transport (delivery of raw materials);

consumer (use of secondary raw materials).

Non-ferrous metallurgy has received the greatest development in countries that have a stock of non-ferrous metal ores: Russia, China, USA, Canada, Australia, Brazil. And in Japan and European countries - on imported raw materials.

The leaders in copper smelting are Chile, USA, Canada, Zambia, Peru, Australia. The main exporters of aluminum are Canada, Norway, Australia, Iceland, Switzerland. Tin is mined in East and Southeast Asia. Lead and zinc are smelted by the USA, Japan, Canada, Australia, Germany and Brazil.

Metallurgy belongs to the group of industries that have a negative impact on all components of nature. It is necessary to apply environmental technologies, such as recycling water supply, low-waste production, chemical cleaning methods.

An important step in this direction is the reduction of blast-furnace production and the transition to electrometallurgy and the use of secondary raw materials.

Question 20

Mechanical engineering of the world.

Mechanical engineering is the main branch of the world industry, it accounts for about 35% of the value of world industrial output. Among industries, mechanical engineering is the most labor-intensive production. Instrument-making, the electrical and aerospace industries, nuclear engineering, and other industries producing complex equipment are particularly labor-intensive. In this regard, one of the main conditions for the placement of mechanical engineering is to provide it with a skilled workforce, the presence of a certain level of production culture, and centers for research and development.

Proximity to the raw material base is important only for some branches of heavy engineering (production of metallurgical, mining equipment, boiler building, etc.).

In the mechanical engineering of the world, the dominant position is occupied by a small group of developed countries - the United States, which account for almost 30% of the cost of engineering products, Japan - 15%, Germany - about 10%, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada. Almost all types of modern machine building are developed in these countries, their share in the world export of machines is high (the developed countries as a whole account for over 80% of the world export of machines and equipment). With an almost complete range of engineering products, a key role in the development of engineering in this group of countries belongs to the aerospace industry, microelectronics, robotics, nuclear power engineering, machine tool building, heavy engineering, and the automotive industry.

The group of world mechanical engineering leaders also includes Russia (6% of the value of engineering products), China (3%) and several small industrialized countries - Switzerland, Sweden, Spain, the Netherlands, etc. Mechanical engineering has also made great progress in its development in developing countries. Unlike developed countries, whose mechanical engineering is based on a high level of research and development (R&D), highly skilled labor force and is mainly focused on the production of technically complex and high-quality products, the mechanical engineering of developing countries, based on the cheapness of local labor , specializes, as a rule, in the production of mass, labor-intensive, technically simple, low-quality types of products. Among the enterprises there are many purely assembly plants that receive complete sets of machines in disassembled form from industrialized countries. A few developing countries have modern machine-building plants, primarily new industrial ones - South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, India, Turkey, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico. The main directions of development of their mechanical engineering are the production of household electrical equipment, the automotive industry, and shipbuilding.

Mechanical engineering is subdivided into general engineering, including machine tool building, heavy engineering, agricultural engineering and other industries, transport engineering, and electrical engineering, including electronics. The largest producers and exporters of general engineering products in general are developed countries: Germany, the USA, Japan, etc. Developed countries are also the main manufacturers and suppliers of machine tools to the world market (Japan, Germany, USA, Italy and Switzerland stand out). The production of agricultural machinery and simple equipment predominates in the general engineering industry of the developing countries.

World leaders in the field of electrical engineering and electronics - the USA, Japan, Russia, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands. The production of household electrical appliances and consumer electronics products has also developed in developing countries, especially in East and South-East Asia.

Among the branches of transport engineering, the automotive industry is developing most dynamically. The area of ​​its spatial distribution is constantly growing and currently includes, along with the traditional, main car manufacturers (Japan, USA, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain, Sweden, Spain, Russia, etc.), relatively new countries for the industry - South Korea, Brazil, Argentina, China, Turkey, India, Malaysia, Poland.

Unlike the automotive industry, the aircraft industry, shipbuilding, and the production of railway rolling stock are experiencing stagnation. The main reason for this is the lack of demand for their products.

Shipbuilding has moved from developed countries to developing ones. The largest ship manufacturers were South Korea (outstripped Japan and took first place in the world), Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, China, and Taiwan. At the same time, the United States, the countries of Western Europe (Great Britain, Germany, etc.), as a result of the reduction in the production of ships, ceased to play a significant role in world shipbuilding.

The aviation industry is concentrated in countries with a high level of science and skilled labor - the US, Russia, France, Great Britain, Germany, the Netherlands.

In the territorial structure of the world mechanical engineering, there are four main regions - North America, foreign Europe, East and Southeast Asia and the CIS.

North America (USA, Canada, Mexico, Puerto Rico) accounts for approximately 1/3 of the value of engineering products. In the international division of labor, the region acts as the largest manufacturer and exporter of highly sophisticated machines, heavy engineering products and science-intensive industries. Thus, in the United States, which occupies a leading position in the region and the world in terms of the total value of engineering products, a large role belongs to aerospace engineering, military-industrial electronics, computer production, nuclear power engineering, military shipbuilding, etc.

The countries of Europe (excluding the CIS) also account for about 1/3 of the world's engineering products. The region is represented by mechanical engineering of all kinds, but is especially distinguished by general mechanical engineering (machine tool building, production of equipment for metallurgy, textile, paper, watch and other industries), electrical engineering and electronics, transport engineering (automotive industry, aircraft building, shipbuilding). The leader of European mechanical engineering Germany is the largest exporter in the region and the world of general engineering products.

The region, which includes the countries of East and Southeast Asia, provides about a quarter of the world's engineering products. The main stimulating factor in the development of mechanical engineering in the countries of the region is the relative cheapness of labor. The leader of the region - Japan - is the second machine-building power in the world, the largest exporter of products of the most qualified industries (microelectronics, electrical engineering, aircraft engineering, robotics, etc.). Other countries - China, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, etc. produce labor-intensive, but less complex products (production of household electrical appliances, cars, ships, etc.) and are also very actively involved in the work on the foreign market. .

CIS countries form a special region of the world mechanical engineering. They have a complete range of machine-building production. The branches of the military-industrial complex, the aviation and space-rocket industries, consumer electronics, and individual simple branches of general engineering (production of agricultural machinery, metal-intensive machine tools, power equipment, etc.) have received especially great development here. At the same time, a number of industries, especially science-intensive ones, are seriously lagging behind. The leader of the CIS - Russia, despite the huge opportunities for the development of mechanical engineering (significant production, scientific and technical, intellectual and resource potential, a capacious domestic market, showing great demand for a variety of engineering products, etc.), stands out in the international division of labor only in the production of weapons and the latest space technology and is even forced to import many types of machines.

Outside the main machine-building regions, there are machine-building centers that are quite large in terms of scale and complexity of the structure of production - India, Brazil, Argentina. Their mechanical engineering works mainly for the domestic market. These countries export cars, ships, bicycles, simple types of household appliances (refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, vacuum cleaners, calculators, watches, etc.).

Metallurgical production is a field of science, technology and an industry that covers various processes for obtaining metals from ores or other materials, as well as processes that improve the properties of metals and alloys.

The introduction of alloying elements in certain amounts into the melt makes it possible to change the composition and structure of the alloys, improve their mechanical properties, and obtain the desired physical and chemical properties.

It includes -

mines and quarries for the extraction of ores and coal;

mining and processing plants, where ores are enriched, preparing them for smelting;

coking plants, where they prepare coal, coke it and extract useful chemical products from it;

energy workshops for the production of compressed air (for blowing blast furnaces), oxygen, purification of metallurgical gases;

blast furnace shops for smelting iron and ferroalloys or shops for the production of iron ore metallized pellets;

plants for the production of ferroalloys; steel-smelting shops (converter, open-hearth, electric steel-smelting) for steel production;

rolling shops, in which steel ingots are processed into rolled products: beams, rails, rods, wire, sheet.

The main products of ferrous metallurgy:

cast irons

conversion, used for redistribution into steel,

foundry - for the production of shaped iron castings at machine-building plants;

iron ore metallized pellets for steelmaking;

ferroalloys (iron alloys with a high content of Mn, Si, V, Ti, etc.) for smelting alloyed steels;

steel ingots for the production of rolled products, sheets, pipes, etc.;

steel ingots for the manufacture of large forged shafts, turbine rotors, disks, etc., called forging ingots.

Non-ferrous metallurgy products:

non-ferrous metal ingots for the production of rolled products (corner, strip, bars);

ingots (pigs) of non-ferrous metals for the manufacture of castings at machine-building plants;

ligatures - non-ferrous metal alloys with alloying elements, necessary for the production of complex alloyed alloys for castings;

ingots of pure and ultra-pure metals for instrument-making, electronic engineering and other branches of mechanical engineering.

2. MATERIALS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF METALS AND ALLOYS

For the production of iron, steel and non-ferrous metals use ore, fluxes, fuel and refractory materials.

industrial ore is a natural mineral formation containing any metal or several metals in concentrations at which it is economically feasible to extract them. The ore consists from ore mineral containing one valuable element(e.g. iron, manganese) or several valuablemetals- complex ores (polymetallic), for example, copper-nickel ores, ferromanganese, chromium-nickel, etc. In addition to ore minerals, the composition of the ore includes waste rock - minerly, which are separated from ore minerals during enrichment or pass into slag during smelting.

Depending on the content of the extracted metal, ores are rich and poornye. Before using ore enrich, i.e. part of the waste rock is removed from the ore. The result is a concentrate with a high content of mined metal. The use of the concentrate improves the technical and economic performance of metallurgical furnaces.

Fluxes are materials uploaded into the melting furnace for the formation of kov - fusible compounds with gangue ore or concentrate and fuel ash.

The slag is usually less dense than the metal, so it sits above the metal in the furnace and can be removed during the smelting process. The slag protects the metal from furnace gases and air. Slag is called sour, if in its composition the ratio of basic oxides (CaO, MgO, etc.) to acid oxides (SiO 2, P 2 O 5) is not more than 1.5, and basic, if this ratio is 2.15 ... 4.

Fuel are combustible substances, the main component of which isxia carbon, which are used to obtain thermal energy by burning them. In metallurgical furnaces isuse coke, natural gas, fuel oil, up toexchangeable (top) gas.

Coke is obtained at coking plants in coke ovens by dry distillation at a temperature > 1000 °C (without air access) of coking grades of coal. Coke contains 80 ... 88% carbon, 8 ... 12% ash, 2 ... 5% moisture, 0.5 ... 0.8% sulfur, 0.02 ... 0.2% phosphorus and 0.7 ... 2% volatile products. For blast-furnace smelting, coke must contain a minimum amount of sulfur and ash. Pieces of coke should have dimensions of 25 ... 60 mm. The coke must have sufficient strength not to collapse under the action of charge materials.

Natural gas contains 90 ... 98% hydrocarbons (CH 4 and C 2 H 6) and 1% nitrogen. Fuel oil contains 84 ... 88% carbon, 10 ... 12% hydrogen, a small amount of sulfur and oxygen. In addition, blast furnace or top gas is used, which is a by-product of the blast furnace process.

Refractory materials - these are materials and products mainly based on mineral raw materials with a fire resistance of at least 1580 ° C. They are used for the manufacture of the inner lining (lining) of metallurgical furnaces and ladles for molten metal. the refractoriness of a material is the ability to withstand, without melting, exposure to high temperatures. For chemicalproperties of refractory materials sectionlay on

sour,(dinas, quartz clay), Materials containing a large amount of silica SiO 2., for example, quartz sand (95% SiO 2), dinas bricks, the fire resistance of which is up to 1700 ° C

basic, containing basic oxides (CaO, MgO), - basic (magnesite brick and metallurgical powder, magnesite-chromite brick, the fire resistance of which is more than 2000 ° C).

neutral. (chamotte brick--A1 2 oz, )

IRON PRODUCTION

The metallurgical complex is of great importance for the Russian economy. It ranks third in the structure of industrial production after fuel and energy and machine-building. It includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Russia ranks third in the world in the production of pig iron, fourth in the production of steel and finished rolled ferrous metals, and fifth in the extraction of iron ore. The metallurgical complex, in terms of the importance of products in the country's exports, is in second place after fuel resources, it provides a significant part (about 20%) of foreign exchange earnings. The industries are competitive on the world market - 60% of ferrous and 80% of non-ferrous metallurgy products are exported. The export of metals and precious stones in 2009 amounted to more than 38.6 billion dollars, the share in the country's exports was 12.8%, and this is the second position after mineral products.

Many large metallurgical enterprises are the basis for supporting the economy of entire regions of Russia. More than 70% of the enterprises of the complex are city-forming. They form an important part of regional and local budgets, determine the level and quality of life of the population in their regions, and have a stabilizing effect on employment.

The metallurgical complex is the largest consumer of products from industries such as fuel, electricity, transport, engineering, providing 35% of the country's freight turnover, 14% fuel consumption, 16% electricity. Thus, the metallurgical complex stimulates the development of these industries, supports them in a crisis, providing them with effective demand.

Ferrous metallurgy

Ferrous metallurgy is one of the most dynamically developing branches of Russian industry. This is all the more valuable because the industry is technologically and marketingally complex and has strong competitors on the world market - Japan, Ukraine and Brazil. However, our manufacturers manage to maintain their main competitive advantage - low production costs. To maintain the leading positions in the world in the industry, strategic plans are being developed to concentrate production, improve anti-crisis management, and work with distressed assets.

The raw material base of the industry is represented by iron ores (the potential is estimated at 206.1 billion tons), coking coal, ferrous scrap, non-metallic materials and refractories. 70% of explored and 80% of probable iron ore reserves are in the European part of Russia.

Ferrous metallurgy includes: extraction and enrichment of ores, their agglomeration, production of coke, extraction of auxiliary materials (flux limestone, magnesite), production of refractories; production of cast iron, steel, rolled products, production of blast-furnace ferroalloys, electroferroalloys; secondary redistribution of ferrous metals; production of metal products for industrial purposes - hardware (steel tape, metal cord, wire, mesh, etc.), as well as the collection and preparation for melting of scrap metal. In this complex, the core role is played by the actual metallurgical processing of iron - steel - rolled products, the rest of the production is auxiliary, related, accompanying.

Recently, the dynamics of the industry development testifies to crisis phenomena and accumulated problems (Table 9.1).

Table 9.1. Production of main types of metallurgical products, mmt

	1990	1995	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	200S	2009
metals
Steel pipes: mln t mln m

The global financial crisis affected the performance, but high depreciation of fixed assets, depletion of the raw material base, low quality of the bulk of products, lack of investment and working capital, limited solvent demand in the domestic market also affect the overall situation.

Metallurgy stands out in the structure of ferrous metallurgy full cycle producing cast iron - steel - rolled products. Raw materials and fuel play a particularly important role in the location of full-cycle metallurgy enterprises, which account for up to 90% of all costs for iron smelting, of which approximately 50% is for coke, 40% for iron ore. 1.2-1.5 tons of coal, at least 1.5 tons of iron ore, over 0.5 tons of flux limestones and up to 30 m 3 of circulating water are consumed per 1 ton of cast iron. All this testifies to the importance of the mutual arrangement of raw materials and fuel resources, water supply, and auxiliary materials. The role of iron ores and coking coals is especially great. Ferrous metallurgy with a complete technological cycle tends to sources of raw materials (Ural, Center), to fuel bases (Kuzbass) or to points in between (Cherepovets).

Enterprises incomplete cycle produce iron or steel or rolled products. Companies that produce steel without iron are called conversion . Pipe-rolling plants also belong to this group. Converting metallurgy focuses mainly on sources of secondary raw materials (waste from metallurgical production, waste from consumed rolled products, depreciation scrap) and on the consumer of finished products, i.e. for mechanical engineering. In this case, both the source of raw materials and the consumer are presented in a single person, since the largest amount of scrap metal accumulates in areas of developed mechanical engineering.

A special group according to technical and economic characteristics is made up of enterprises producing ferroalloys and electric steels. Ferroalloys are alloys of iron with alloying metals (manganese, chromium, tungsten, silicon, etc.). Their main types are ferrosilicon, ferrochromium. Without ferroalloys, the development of high-quality metallurgy is unthinkable. They are obtained in blast furnaces or by electrometallurgical means. In the first case, the production of ferroalloys is carried out at full-cycle metallurgical plants, as well as with two (iron - steel) or one (iron) redistribution (Chusovoi), in the second - their production is represented by specialized plants. Electrometallurgy of ferroalloys, due to the high consumption of electricity (up to 9 thousand kWh per 1 ton of products), finds optimal conditions in those areas where cheap energy is combined with resources of alloying metals (Chelyabinsk). The production of electric steels is developed in areas that have the necessary sources of energy and scrap metal.

Metallurgical plants of small capacity - mini-mills - are becoming increasingly important due to the vast resources of scrap metal available in the country and the needs of modern engineering in high-quality metal of certain and different grades, but in small lots. Such plants can ensure prompt smelting of metal of the desired grade and in a fairly limited amount for machine-building enterprises. They are able to quickly respond to changing market conditions, and most fully satisfy the needs of consumers. The high quality of steels produced at mini-mills is ensured by the most advanced electric arc melting method.

Small metallurgy - metallurgical shops as part of machine-building plants. They are, of course, consumer-oriented, as they are an integral part of a machine-building enterprise.

The location of the industry is associated with the formation of metallurgical bases. Metallurgical base - a group of metallurgical enterprises using common ore and fuel resources and providing the main needs of the country's economy in metal.

In Russia, there is one old metallurgical base - the Urals and emerging - Siberian and Central. Outside the main metallurgical bases, there is a large center of ferrous metallurgy with a full cycle of production "Severstal" - the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, which uses iron ore from the Kola-Karelian deposits (Kovdorsky, Olenegorsky, Kostomukshsky GOKs) and coking coal of the Pechora basin. Severstal occupies an honorable 12th place in the rating of the largest enterprises in Russia, and the first among metallurgical enterprises. Outside the bases, there are also ferrous metallurgy enterprises of the converting type, for example, in the Volga region (Volgograd), in the North Caucasus (Taganrog), etc.

Ural Metallurgical Base - the oldest and largest in the country (the first plant began operating in 1631). It accounts for about 38% of steel production in Russia. In terms of steel production, it is almost twice as large as Central and three times as large as Siberian. Now the Ural Metallurgical Base uses coal

Kuzbass, mainly imported ore from the KMA, the Kola Peninsula. Strengthening of its own raw material base is connected with the development of the Kachkanarskoye and Bakalskoye deposits. Many iron ores of the Urals are complex and contain valuable alloying components. There are reserves of manganese ores - the Polunochnoye deposit. Over 15 million tons of iron ore are imported annually. The main role here is played by full-cycle enterprises, the level of concentration of production is very high.

The leading enterprises - giants of the Ural metallurgical base include:

• o OAO Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (MMK);
• o OAO "Mechel" Chelyabinsk Iron and Steel Works;
• o OAO Nizhny Tagil Iron and Steel Works (NTMK);
• o JSC "Nosta" - Orsk-Khalilovsky metallurgical plant.

At the same time, many small factories have survived in the Urals. The quality profile of the Ural metallurgy is quite high, which largely depends on the specifics of raw materials. The volume of production of ferroalloys in Russia is growing. The main alloy, ferrosilicon, has exceeded the pre-crisis level and is being exported. The pipe-rolling complex is strategically important for Russia. It has four large plants: Sinarsky (output - over 500 thousand tons), which produces all pipes of the oil range, Seversky, Pervouralsky (output - over 600 thousand tons), which, in addition to steel pipes, also produces aluminum pipes for the automotive industry and refrigerators , Chelyabinsk (over 600 thousand tons). The pipe market is complex, saturated, and the competition is extremely fierce. Export destinations - Hungary, Israel, Iran, Turkey. The Vyksa Steel Works also produces over 600,000 tons of rub.

Central metallurgical base operates on KMA iron ores, scrap metal accumulations, imported metal and imported coal from Donbass and the Pechora basin. The center is one of the main metallurgical bases of the country. More than 12 million tons of steel are produced here. The largest enterprise is OJSC "Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works" (NLMK). JSC "Tulachermet" is also one of the leading enterprises of Russian metallurgy, the country's largest exporter of commercial pig iron, which, according to various sources, accounts for 60 to 85% of sales of domestic pig iron on the world market. OJSC "Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant" (OEMK) produces metal, which is much superior in quality to ordinary metal and supplied according to special specifications. The main consumers of the plant's metal products in the domestic and foreign markets are enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, heavy and automotive engineering, the construction industry, and bearing plants. The production of cold-rolled strip was set up at the Oryol Steel Rolling Plant. Volzhsky and Seversky plants merged into the Pipe Metallurgical Company.

Siberian metallurgical base (together with the Far East) works on the coal of Kuzbass and the iron ores of the Angara, Gornaya Shoria, Gorny Altai. This database is under construction. Modern production is represented by two powerful enterprises with a full cycle - the Kuznetsk Iron and Steel Works and the West Siberian Iron and Steel Works (both located in Novokuznetsk), as well as a number of conversion plants in Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Komsomolsk-on-Amur. JSC "West-Siberian Metallurgical Plant" produces construction and machine-building rolled metal profiles. It produces 8% of rolled products in Russia, and in the production of building rolled products, the plant is the leader in Russia, as it provides 44% of the total production of fittings, 45% of the production of wire. The plant exports its products to 30 countries of the world. The West Siberian and Kuznetsk metallurgical plants, together with Nizhny Tagil, formed Evrazholding.

The largest enterprise in Russia for the smelting of ferroalloy - ferrosilicon - the Kuznetsk Ferroalloy Plant is located in the Siberian Base.

On the Far East prospects for the development of ferrous metallurgy are associated with the creation of a full cycle enterprise. There are several options for its placement. It is believed that South Yakutia has the best conditions. There is already an energy base here - the Neryungri State District Power Plant, its own construction industry is developing, there are established work teams capable of solving major problems. There are coking coals and large deposits of iron ores. Both are mined or will be mined in an open way. In addition to the Aldan iron ore deposit, or rather a whole group of deposits, there is the Charo-Tokka basin, which lies along the BAM route.

Metal has long been an indispensable element in everyday life. Thanks to him, we have the opportunity to use electricity, transport, gadgets and other benefits of civilization. That is why metallurgy can be considered the key industry of each state. Metallurgy is a branch of heavy industry, which involves a lot of financial, material, energy and human resources.

Modern metallurgy has reached a significant development. Thanks to the achievements of science, we have the opportunity to use not only the metals given to us by nature, but also innovative composite materials and alloys. They have improved properties and characteristics.

Classification of varieties of metallurgy

Metal smelting requires an enormous amount of energy and resources, so most mining enterprises work precisely to meet the needs of metallurgy.

For further study of the features of this industry, its main types should be distinguished. Today, there are two main industries: ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Chernaya is responsible for the production of iron-based alloys. At the same time, it includes other elements such as chromium and manganese. All other production of products from other metals is called non-ferrous.

The production technology has a similar cycle, regardless of the type of raw material, and consists of several stages, as indicated below:

1. Extraction of raw materials and its processing. Most metals are not found in nature in their pure form, but are part of various ores, the processing of which is called enrichment. In the process of enrichment, the ore is crushed into small components, from which metal elements and waste rock are separated during the separation process. Alloys are produced from the isolated elements.
2. Repartition. The metallurgical limit is the process of manufacturing semi-finished products, which in turn are used to make finished products. In the process of redistribution, the composition, structure and properties of alloys, as well as the state of aggregation, change. The redistribution includes rolling and compression, pipe production, melting and casting.
3. Waste recycling. Most waste from metallurgical production is either disposed of or recycled to obtain other useful products. Some of the waste rock and slag are deposited in large open-air storage areas. But today, manufacturers are trying to process by-products as efficiently as possible. Some of the slag is recycled into a secondary product, some is used to make agricultural fertilizers, but most is used to make building materials that are widely used in everyday life.

Most of the metal produced goes through the rolling stage, that is, the manufacture of semi-finished products for the production of finished products. A similar operation is performed on a special device, which is a system of rotating rolls. Metal is passed between them, which under high pressure changes the thickness, width and length.

There are cold and hot rolled products, the differences of which lie in the different temperatures of the processed raw materials. Cold rolling is used for raw materials with a high level of ductility, which allows you to maintain the structure of the metal and not change its physical properties.

The rolling process is not always the final stage in the production of semi-finished products. For example, for ferrous metal products, processing methods such as coating with a protective layer or hardening can be used. This improves corrosion resistance, increases strength and reduces wear.

It should be noted that most of the products produced by the metallurgical industry are steel pipes. The second place is occupied by sheet and sectional metal used in mechanical engineering.

Among the main consumers of products in this area, it is worth highlighting the construction industry, mechanical engineering and metalworking.

At the same time, practically every sphere of the national economy cannot dispense with the use of metallurgy products, as well as blanks and semi-finished products from it.

Ferrous metallurgy is based on the processing of iron, namely the ores in which it is contained. Most iron ores are natural oxides. That is why the first stage of production is the separation of iron from oxide. For this, large blast furnaces are used. This method of production of cast iron is carried out at temperatures above 1000 degrees.

In this case, the properties of the obtained raw materials directly depend on the temperature of the blast furnace and the melting time. With further processing of cast iron, steel or cast iron is obtained, with the help of which the casting of blanks and products is performed.

For the production of steel, iron and carbon are used, the addition of which gives the resulting alloy the desired properties. Various alloying components may also be used to obtain certain characteristics of the steel.

There are several methods of steel production, which are based on the smelting of metal in a liquid state. The following should be distinguished: open-hearth, oxygen-converter and electrosmelting.

Each type of steel is called a grade, which indicates its composition and properties. To change the properties of steel, the alloying method is used, that is, adding additional components to the alloy. The most commonly used elements for such purposes are chromium, manganese, boron, nickel, tungsten, titanium, cobalt, copper and aluminum. Typically, such components are added to molten steel.

But there is another way, which consists in pressing a fine-grained powder of the components, followed by baking at high temperatures.

The production of such products is not much different from ferrous metallurgy technologies. The cycle of non-ferrous metallurgy also consists of ore dressing, metal smelting, reworking and rolling. But in some cases, metal refining can also be used, that is, the purification of primary products from impurities.

Purification of non-ferrous metal ore is a more difficult task, since it contains much more third-party impurities, including other useful components. As in ferrous metallurgy, non-ferrous by-products are widely used in the processing industry, especially in the chemical industry.

Two sub-sectors should be distinguished: metallurgy of heavy and light metals. The principle of such a division is based on the various properties of the processed non-ferrous metals. The production of heavy metals requires significantly less energy.

Sometimes a third group is distinguished, the so-called rare earth metals. This name is due to the fact that earlier such elements were little studied and were rarely found in natural conditions. Although in fact their number is not inferior to many heavy or light non-ferrous metals. They are usually used in the production of high-tech devices.

Products of this industry are widely used in mechanical engineering, space industry, chemical industry and instrument making.

Mining metallurgy

This is an industry responsible for the extraction of valuable metals from ores, the remelting of the obtained raw materials and the receipt of the finished product. The separation of metal from waste rock and other slags can be carried out by chemical, electrolytic or physical action.

The main task of this branch of metallurgy is to optimize the process of extracting pure metal, to qualitatively separate useful components from waste rock, and to minimize losses.

Metals are used for various purposes, both for the manufacture of various jewelry and bijouterie, and in high-tech areas. For example, in the construction of high-precision instruments, modern gadgets, computers and other electrical appliances. And also in the space industry, aircraft industry, and other areas where special properties are required that only valuable metals have.

It should be noted that earlier metallurgy focused strictly on the processing of extracted raw materials. But recently, due to the fact that metals are not a renewable resource, the problem of processing secondary raw materials has become acute.

Non-ferrous and ferrous metals are recyclable. Therefore, manufacturers are trying to collect and recycle metal products that have gone out of service as efficiently and fully as possible. The scrap metal market is constantly growing, in connection with which the number of large and small processing enterprises is growing. Their task is to purify metals from related materials and subsequent remelting. To preserve the quality structure and properties, recycled materials are melted together with freshly mined raw materials.

Further development is impossible only with the use of natural resources, the number of which is constantly decreasing. Therefore, the main task today can be considered the processing of recyclable materials and the search for analogues that can fully replace metals.

The development of metallurgy is directly related to the intellectual development of mankind and its needs. Since new technologies require improved properties and characteristics from existing metals, as well as the creation of innovative alloys that have no analogues before.

And non-ferrous metals industry] - an industry that covers the processes of obtaining metals from ores or other materials, as well as those associated with a change in the chemical composition, structure and properties of metal alloys. The metallurgical industry includes the following main productions: preliminary extraction of ores mined from the bowels of the earth; obtaining and and alloys; giving them a certain form, structure and properties. The metallurgical industry is the basic branch of industry in Russia, which largely determines the viability of the economy as a whole. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals consume about 14% of fuel, 16% of electricity, 40% of raw materials and mineral resources of the total consumption in the country. Almost 30% of the goods transported in the country by rail meet the needs of metallurgy. and alloys - the main structural material (> 90% of the total use), determine the technical progress in most sectors of the economy.
The metallurgical industry is divided into ferrous and non-ferrous. The FM covers the production of iron, steel and ferroalloys. CM includes the production of most other metals and alloys based on them (See also, Ferrous metallurgy,).
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Encyclopedic Dictionary of Metallurgy. - M.: Intermet Engineering. Chief editor N.P. Lyakishev. 2000 .

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