What is irrational nature management examples. Geography Rational and irrational nature management

nature management is a set of measures taken by society in order to study, protect, develop and transform the environment.

Rational nature management- this type of relationship between human society and the environment, in which society manages its relationship with nature, prevents undesirable consequences of its activities. An example is the creation of cultural landscapes; the use of technologies that allow more complete processing of raw materials; reuse production waste, protection of animal and plant species, creation of nature reserves, etc.

Irrational nature management is a type of relationship with nature, which does not take into account the requirements of environmental protection, its improvement (consumer attitude towards nature). Examples of such an attitude are immoderate grazing, slash-and-burn agriculture, extermination certain types plants and animals, radioactive, thermal pollution of the environment. Also, damage to the environment is caused by rafting of timber along rivers with individual logs (mole rafting), drainage of swamps in the upper reaches of rivers, open-pit mining, etc. Natural gas as a raw material for thermal power plants - a more environmentally friendly fuel than hard or brown coal.

Currently, most countries are pursuing a policy of rational environmental management, special environmental protection bodies have been created, and environmental programs and laws are being developed. It is important for countries to work together to protect nature, to create international projects that would address the following issues:

1) assessing the productivity of stocks in waters under national jurisdiction, both inland and marine, bringing fishing capacity in these waters to a level comparable to the long-term productivity of stocks, and taking appropriate measures in a timely manner to restore overfished stocks to a sustainable state, as well as cooperation in in accordance with international law to take similar measures with respect to stocks found on the high seas;

2) the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and its components in the aquatic environment and, in particular, the prevention of practices leading to irreversible changes, such as the destruction of species by genetic erosion or large-scale destruction of habitats;

3) to promote the development of mariculture and aquaculture in coastal marine and inland waters by establishing appropriate legal mechanisms, coordinating the use of land and water with other activities, using the best and most appropriate genetic material in accordance with the requirements for conservation and sustainable use external environment and the conservation of biological diversity, the application of social impact assessment and the impact on environment.

Pollution of the environment and ecological problems of mankind. Environmental pollution- this is an undesirable change in its properties, which leads or may lead to harmful effects on humans or natural complexes. The most well-known type of pollution is chemical (release into the environment harmful substances and compounds), but no less potential threat is posed by such types of pollution as radioactive, thermal (uncontrolled release of heat into the environment can lead to global changes in the climate of nature), noise. Basically, environmental pollution is associated with human economic activity (anthropogenic pollution of the environment), but pollution is possible as a result of natural phenomena, for example, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, meteorite falls, etc. All the shells of the Earth are polluted.

The lithosphere (as well as the soil cover) is polluted as a result of the entry of heavy metal compounds, fertilizers, and pesticides into it. Up to 12 billion tons of garbage is annually removed from large cities. Mining leads to the destruction of natural soil cover over vast areas. The hydrosphere is polluted by effluents from industrial enterprises (especially chemical and metallurgical ones), effluents from fields and livestock complexes, and domestic effluents from cities. Oil pollution is especially dangerous - up to 15 million tons of oil and oil products enter the waters of the World Ocean annually.

The atmosphere is polluted mainly as a result of the annual burning of huge amounts of mineral fuels, emissions from the metallurgical and chemical industries. The main pollutants are carbon dioxide, oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, and radioactive compounds.

As a result of growing environmental pollution, many environmental problems arise both at the local and regional levels (in large industrial areas and urban agglomerations) and at the global level (global climate warming, a decrease in the ozone layer of the atmosphere, depletion of reserves natural resources).

The main ways to solve environmental problems can be not only the construction of various treatment facilities and devices, but also the introduction of new low-waste technologies, the conversion of industries, their transfer to a new location in order to reduce the “concentration” of pressure on nature.

Specially Protected Natural Territories (PAs) belong to objects of national heritage and represent plots of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have a special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance, which are withdrawn by decisions of the authorities state power fully or partially from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.

According to the leading international organizations, there are about 10 thousand large protected natural areas of all kinds in the world. Total number national parks at the same time approached 2000, and biosphere reserves - to 350.

Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime and the status of nature protection institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are usually distinguished: state nature reserves, including biosphere ones; National parks; natural parks; state nature reserves; monuments of nature; dendrological parks and botanical gardens; health-improving areas and resorts.

Examples of USE Assignments with Comments

1. Which of the following countries has the largest proven coal reserves?

1) Algeria 3) South Africa

2) Pakistan 4) Peru

The answer is 3.

2. Which of the listed types of natural resources are exhaustible non-renewable?

1) copper ores 3) soil

2) peat 4) forest

The answer is 1.

3. On the coast of which bay are large oil and gas fields being developed?

1) Bengal 3) Greater Australian

2) Mexican 4) Hudson

The answer is 2.

4. Which of the following countries has the greatest hydropower potential?

1) Brazil 3) Netherlands

2) Sudan 4) Australia

To successfully answer questions of this type, one should apply knowledge of what the hydropower potential of rivers is and what it depends on (the number of rivers, their full flow and terrain - the greater the slope of the river, the higher its hydro potential. In this case, Brazil has many full-flowing rivers flowing through the plateaus.Sudan is located in the Sahara, there are no rivers.There are rivers in the Netherlands, but they are smaller in full flow and in length than in Brazil, in addition, the slope of the rivers is small, because the territory of the country does not have large elevation changes ", it is quite flat. Australia is a country of deserts. There are rivers only in the east - they originate in the mountains of the Great Dividing Range, have a sufficient slope. But their hydro potential is significantly lower than the rivers of Brazil, because they are less full-flowing.

The answer is 1.

5. Which of the following has the greatest negative impact on the state natural environment?

1) construction of tall pipes at thermal power plants

2) the use of brown coal as fuel at thermal power plants

3) the use of solar energy for heating homes

4) land reclamation

The answer is 2.

6. Which of the following cities has the highest level of air pollution?

1) Tambov 3) Rostov-on-Don

2) Petrozavodsk 4) Chelyabinsk

To answer questions of this type, it is necessary to apply knowledge about which industries pollute the atmospheric air to a greater extent and which industries are developed in the cities listed. Thus, the largest air pollutants are metallurgy enterprises (ferrous and non-ferrous), thermal power plants operating on brown or hard coal. Of these cities, Chelyabinsk has full-cycle ferrous metallurgy enterprises.

The answer is 4.

7. As a result global warming climate change, the territory of which of the following countries can decrease?

1) Netherlands 3) Switzerland

2) Turkmenistan 4) Sudan

Questions of this type test the ability to apply knowledge about the effects of global warming and about geographical location countries to solve a specific problem. As a result of global warming, the level of the oceans is rising. Accordingly, the low-lying coastal territory of countries with access to the coast of the World Ocean may be flooded. Of the countries listed in the text of the task, only the Netherlands has access to the ocean, and part of the coast is a lowland. As a result of rising ocean levels, part of the country's territory will be flooded.

The answer is 1.

8. Which of the following industries is the most polluting inland waters?

1) shoe 3) food

2) textile 4) pulp and paper

The answer is 4.

9. On which of the territories indicated on the map will the water erosion of the soil layer develop most intensively?

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

Questions of this type require the ability to apply knowledge about the causes of the development of water erosion of soils to analyze the possibility of its development in certain areas. It must be remembered that the development of water erosion depends on the relief, the composition of rocks, the degree of fixation of the soil by vegetation, the amount of precipitation, etc. With a leveled low-lying relief, erosion develops with less intensity. To answer correctly, you need to remember what relief is typical for the territories shown on the map. So, territory A is located approximately within the Central Russian Upland, and the rest - within the lowlands, which are characterized by swampiness.

The answer is 1.

10. Using the data from the table below, compare the endowments of countries with fresh water resources. Arrange the countries in order of increasing resource endowment.

Canada290031.1 93Bangladesh2360129.2 18Brazil6950170.1 40Write down the resulting sequence of letters in the table.

To answer such questions, one should remember what resource availability is and calculate it for the countries presented in the table. Resource availability is the ratio between the amount of (explored) natural resources and the amount of their use. It is expressed either in the number of years for which the resource should last, or in per capita reserves at current rates of extraction or use. In this case, the table gives fresh water resources and population, therefore, it is necessary to compare indicators of resource availability per capita. To do this, divide the amount of fresh water resources, given in km3, by the population of the country, given in million people. and find out how much of this resource is per capita. You can calculate the indicators and compare them. And you can not count exactly, but approximately compare which countries will have the largest and lowest performance. In this task, Canada will clearly have the highest indicator, and Bangladesh will have the lowest.

A typical mistake is the answer written in the reverse order of that required in the task. For example, you need to arrange the countries in the order increase indicator of resource availability, and students write down the answer in order decrease, because they first identified the country with the highest rate. In order not to make such mistakes, you should carefully read the text of the task, and, having determined the indicators of all countries, once again look at the order in which they should be written in the answer. Answer: BVA.

11. What are the features of agriculture in the basin Sea of Azov became the reasons for the increase in salinity and pollution of the waters of the Sea of Azov in recent decades?

The Sea of Azov is small and shallow. It is connected to the Black Sea by the narrow Kerch Strait. Of the major rivers flowing into the Sea of Azov, the Don and Kuban stand out. The fresh waters of the rivers desalinate the salty waters of the sea.

A large amount of river water is taken for irrigation,

because agriculture develops on irrigated lands. Fresh river water enters the sea less, the salinity of the sea water increases. Sea pollution is on the rise

due to the fact that many chemical fertilizers are used in crop production, and some of them, together with river and

groundwater enters the sea.

Tasks for Self-Check

1. Which of the listed types of natural resources are inexhaustible?

1) tidal energy

2) hard coal

3) natural soil fertility

4) tin ores

2. Which of the following cities has the highest level of air pollution?

1) Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 3) Blagoveshchensk

2) Smolensk 4) Kemerovo

3. In which of the regions of Russia can there be problems due to the fact that as a result of global warming the permafrost is thawing?

1) Krasnoyarsk Territory 3) Primorsky Territory

2) Rostov region 4) Republic of Karelia

4. Which of the following sectors of the economy most pollutes the atmosphere?

1) air Transport

2) rail transport

3) thermal power industry

4) nuclear power industry

5. In which of the following countries do rivers have the greatest hydropower potential?

1) Mauritania and Panama 3) Iran and Niger

2) Mongolia and Pakistan 4) DR Congo and Canada

6. The greenhouse effect in the Earth's atmosphere increases with an increase in the content of

1) nitrogen 3) hydrogen

2) oxygen 4) carbon dioxide

7. On which of the territories indicated on the map will wind erosion of the soil layer develop most intensively?

8. Establish a correspondence between each of the natural resources and the species to which it belongs.

NATURAL RESOURCES TYPES OF NATURAL RESOURCES

A) forest 1) inexhaustible

B) wind energy 2) exhaustible renewable

B) fuel 3) exhaustible non-renewable

D) metal ores

Write in the table the numbers corresponding to the selected answers.

9. Using the data from the table below, compare the provision of regions with fresh water resources. Arrange the regions in order of increasing resource endowment.

Overseas Asia 11.03682 South America 10.5345 Australia and Oceania 1.630 Write down the resulting sequence of letters in the table.

10. Using the table, compare the resource availability of countries with oil. Arrange the countries in order of increasing resource endowment.

Answers

Russia11480Venezuela11145Norway1,1128Write down the resulting sequence of letters in the table.

11. Explain why during anticyclones in cities the concentration of exhaust gases in the surface air layer increases sharply? Give two reasons.

12. What are the features of the nature of the Yamal Peninsula on its territory? List two features.

13. Why in the tundra zone on the West Siberian Plain, changes associated with anthropogenic human activity are less than in the natural zone of the steppes?

14. Why is the Laptev Sea less polluted than the Black Sea? Give two reasons.

Answers

14134678910422133ABVVAB11. With an anticyclone, there is no wind or its strength is very small. Exhaust gases remain in the surface layer of air. In addition, during anticyclones, a downward movement of air is observed, thus, exhaust gases are “pressed” to the surface of the earth.

12. The Yamal Peninsula is characterized by the spread of permafrost, in addition, there are swamps. Winters are very harsh low temperatures air. All this complicates the construction, because. you have to use special technologies and special equipment.

13. The tundra zone of the West Siberian Plain began to change intensively by man not so long ago - in connection with the discovery and start of exploitation of gas and oil fields. Agricultural production is not developed. And in the steppe zone, development has been going on for a long time - it was settled earlier, the population density is higher here. In the south of the West Siberian Plain, the degree of agricultural development of the territory is high - large areas of land have been plowed up, natural vegetation has been reduced.

14. You can name one reason related to human activities, and one related to the characteristics of nature. Human economic activity on the coast of the Laptev Sea does little to contribute to its pollution. There are few cities on its shores, transport routes along its water area are not intensively used. The shores of the Black Sea have long been inhabited, there are many cities and towns, railways and roads on its coast. Numerous routes of cargo and transport ships pass through its water area. The agricultural activity of the population on the coasts of the sea and in the basins of the rivers flowing into it also contributed to the pollution of the sea. Also, the Laptev Sea is less polluted, because. it is marginal, and the waters of the sea mix freely with the waters of the Arctic Ocean. The Black Sea is inland, and the processes of water exchange here are very slow.

Section VI.

Country Studies

In geographical science, the term "nature management" is understood as a set of human activities aimed at satisfying their needs through the use of environmental resources. There are two types of nature management: rational and irrational nature management.

Irrational nature management

Irrational nature management is the use by a person of the most accessible natural resources for him. The result of systematic irrational nature management is the rapid and irreversible depletion of natural resources.

Often, irrational nature management is characteristic of an extensive economy, the main feature of which is the development of new lands and construction. At first, an extensive economy brings tangible results, but after a certain period natural resources excised, which leads to significant losses not only for the environment, but also for society.

Today, irrational nature management is typical for the inhabitants of Southeast Asia and Africa. A striking example of irrational nature management in these regions is the burning of forests to expand agricultural area.

Moreover, Asian countries often host the production bases of the world's largest corporations, which not only use local resources, but also pollute the atmosphere.

Rational nature management

Rational use of natural resources is the moderate use of natural resources by society, which tend to recover over time. Also, the rational use of natural resources can include the process of using non-renewable natural resources with a tendency to reduce the amount consumed.

Rational nature management is an integral part of intensive farming. In the vision of intensive farming, zero-waste production is widely used through the application of new scientific developments. Rational nature management is typical for states with a fairly developed economic system.

Predatory nature management

Unfortunately, today it is possible to single out one more form of nature management - the predatory form, which is the extreme degree of irrational nature management. A striking example of a predatory form of nature management is whaling.

For the first time, mass whale hunting began in 1868. Over a hundred years, more than 2 million whales have been destroyed. Some species have disappeared from the planet forever. By pursuing commercial interests, many people cause irreparable harm environment.

Thanks to the policy of many world organizations and communities for the protection of nature, poaching, as a radical form of irrational nature management, is prosecuted by law.

nature management- relationship between society and geographic environment resulting from economic activity person in specific historical conditions.

Ideally, the coexistence of man and the natural environment should be harmonious, and nature management should become exclusive.

Rational use of natural resources is when it ensures the preservation and enhancement of natural resources, a certain balance between the economic development of society and the sustainability of the natural environment, maintaining the health of the population. Rational nature management can be only if it is based on knowledge and consideration of the natural features of the territory and the stability of its nature to human impact. Rational nature management covers several interrelated areas: the protection of non-renewable natural resources, the protection of wildlife, and the protection of the environment.

The protection of non-renewable natural resources presupposes the full and integrated use of secondary resources, a resource-saving policy, the disposal of inevitable waste, and the widespread use of new materials and fuels. The effective protection of non-renewable natural resources is closely related to the technology of low-waste production. The first stage in the development of such a technology should be its low resource consumption. The second stage of development is the creation of closed cycle production. It lies in the fact that the waste of some industries can be raw materials for others. The third stage in the development of low-waste production technology is waste disposal, organization of disposal and neutralization of non-removable waste.

Wildlife protection involves the development of a system of specially protected areas, artificial breeding rare species of animals and plants, other environmental protection measures of a legal, economic, educational nature.

The third direction of rational nature management provides for the preservation and creation of favorable natural conditions for the life and health of people. This environmental activity implements the idea of humanization of nature management, that is, the preservation of the natural environment in such a state that it satisfies various human needs.

leads to a decrease in quality, depletion of natural resources and the restorative forces of nature, deterioration, primarily pollution of the natural environment, to the occurrence.

At the center of environmental problems is the correspondence of the natural environment to the conditions of human life. The severity of environmental problems is determined by three groups of indicators:

The main types of environmental problems:

air pollution;
depletion and pollution of land and sea waters;
deforestation, degradation of forests and fodder lands;
depletion of biological resources;
water and wind erosion, secondary soil salinization;
violation of the permafrost regime of soils;
complex disturbance of lands during the development of mineral raw materials, loss of productive lands;
reduction and loss of recreational qualities of natural complexes, violation of the regime of specially protected areas;
radiation damage to the territory.

Different territories differ in the set of environmental problems inherent in them and in their severity.

Irrational use of natural resources is also the cause of environmental disasters.

The ecological crisis is characterized not so much by the increased impact of man on nature as by a sharp increase in the influence of nature changed by people on social development.

Nature management is a set of human actions associated with the use of natural resources. They are soil, bowels, etc. Distinguish n rational and rational nature management. Consider their features.

General information

Rational use is such nature management, in which conditions are formed for human life and obtaining material benefits, the most efficient exploitation of each natural complex. At the same time, human actions are aimed at preventing or reducing possible harm to the environment, maintaining and increasing the attractiveness and productivity of natural resources.

The irrational use of natural resources includes actions that reduce the quality of resources. Such activity leads to waste and exhaustion of mineral resources, pollution of nature, deterioration of the aesthetic and health-improving properties of the environment.

Development of the sphere of nature management

Human impact on the environment has undergone significant changes in the course of historical development. On the early stages formation of society man was a passive user of resources. As you grow productive forces, due to changes in socio-economic formations, the impact on nature has increased markedly.

Irrigation systems arose during the slaveholding period and during the era of feudalism. Under the conditions of the capitalist system, people sought to extract as much profit from resources as possible. Private property relations were accompanied by irrational use of natural resources. This has led to a significant reduction in the amount of renewable resources.

Most favorable conditions for rational use resources, according to many experts, are formed under the socialist system with a planned economy. In this case, the state is the owner of all the country's wealth and, accordingly, controls their spending. The use of resources under the socialist system is carried out taking into account the likely consequences of various transformations of nature.

Features of rational nature management

With the proper use of natural resources, the restoration of renewable resources is ensured, repeatedly and in in full production waste is used. Due to this, environmental pollution is significantly reduced.

There are many examples in human history rational and irrational nature management. The amount of beneficial impact on nature, unfortunately, decreases over time. Nevertheless, even today there is a rational use of natural resources. Examples of such activities include the creation of landscapes, national parks, nature reserves, the use advanced technologies production. To reduce the negative impact on nature, treatment facilities are being created, recirculating water supply systems are used at enterprises, and new, environmentally friendly types of fuel are being developed.

What activities are classified as unsustainable environmental management?

The use of resources in large quantities or not in full. This leads to their rapid depletion. Irrational nature management is such an impact on nature, in which a large number of waste that is not reused. As a result, the environment is heavily polluted.

Quite a lot can be cited Examples of unsustainable environmental management. As a rule, the misuse of resources is characteristic of an extensive economy. Examples of irrational nature management are:

Use of slash-and-burn agriculture, overgrazing. This method of management is used mainly in underdeveloped African countries.
Cutting down the equatorial forest.
Uncontrolled dumping of waste into lakes and rivers. Such irrational nature management is big problem for states Western Europe and Russia.
air and water bodies.
Uncontrolled extermination of animals and plants.

Work to prevent the destruction of natural resources

Today, many countries are fighting against irrational use of natural resources. This work is carried out on the basis special programs, laws. To reduce the negative impact on nature, additional sanctions are introduced. In addition, special supervisory structures are being formed. Their powers include monitoring the use of resources, revealing facts irrational nature management, identification and prosecution of the perpetrators.

International interaction

Cooperation between countries at the international level is extremely important for the effective fight against irrational nature management. This is especially true for those states in which environmental problems are very acute.

Interaction at the international level should be aimed at developing joint projects on:

Assessment of the state and productivity of fishing resources in water bodies under national jurisdiction, bringing fishing capacity to a level comparable to long-term productivity. It is necessary to develop programs to restore populations of fish and other aquatic life to sustainable levels. At the same time, the developed measures should also apply to the resources available in the open seas.
Conservation and rational use in the aquatic environment. In particular, we are talking about the termination of the practice of rational nature management leading to irreversible consequences: the destruction of populations, large-scale destruction of the habitat.

It is necessary to develop effective legal mechanisms and instruments, to coordinate actions for the use of land and water resources.

Ecological problems

Pollution of nature is such an undesirable change in the properties of the environment that entails or may cause a negative impact on humans or ecosystems. Its most famous and widespread type is chemical emissions. However, no less, and sometimes a greater threat is posed by radioactive, thermal,

As a rule, a person has a negative impact on the state of natural resources in the course of his economic activity. Meanwhile, pollution of ecosystems is also possible due to natural phenomena. For example, volcanic eruptions, mudflows, earthquakes, etc., negatively affect the nature.

Soil pollution

As a rule, the state of the upper layer of the earth worsens when metals, pesticides, and various fertilizers enter it. According to statistics, more than 12 billion tons of garbage are removed from large cities every year.

Mining operations over large areas lead to the destruction of the soil cover.

Negative impact on the hydrosphere

With irrational nature management, a person causes significant damage to the environment. The problem of water pollution has become particularly acute in recent years. sewage industrial (chemical, metallurgical, etc.) enterprises, waste from agricultural land, livestock farms.

Oil products represent the greatest danger to the aquatic environment.

Air pollution

A variety of enterprises that emit combustion products of mineral fuels, chemical and metallurgical production wastes have a negative impact on the state of the air environment. The main pollutants are carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur, and radioactive compounds.

Pollution Control Measures

As a result of irrational use, many environmental problems arise. First they appear at the local, then at the regional level. Without proper attention from the authorities, environmental problems become global. Examples are the depletion of the ozone layer, the depletion of water reserves, global warming.

Ways to solve these problems can be very different. At the local level, industrial enterprises, taking care of the well-being of the population and the preservation of nature, are building powerful treatment facilities. Recently, energy-saving technologies have become widespread. Significantly reduce the negative impact on nature allows It involves the recycling of waste raw materials.

Creation of protected areas

This is another way to ensure the safety of natural complexes. Specially protected zones are objects of national heritage. They are land plots with water bodies and air space above them, which have recreational, aesthetic, health-improving, cultural, historical, and scientific significance.

Such territories are withdrawn from circulation by the state. Within these zones there is a special regime of nature management.

According to international environmental organizations, there are specially protected zones in many states. There are many nature reserves and national parks in Russia. In such areas, conditions are created that are close to natural.

Conclusion

Environmental problems, unfortunately, today are very acute. At the international level, work is constantly underway to reduce the negative impact on nature. Almost all countries of the world participate in the Climate Agreement.

Within the states, programs aimed at conservation are being developed. This work is being carried out especially actively in Russia. On the territory of the country there are national parks, reserves; some territories are under international protection.

nature management- the activity of human society, aimed at meeting their needs through the use of natural resources. There are rational and irrational nature management.

Irrational nature management is a system of nature management in which the most easily accessible natural resources are used in huge quantities and usually not to the full extent, which leads to their rapid depletion.
In this case, a huge amount of waste is produced and the environment is exposed to great pollution. Irrational nature management is inherent in an extensive type of economy, for an economy that develops through more and more new construction, the development of virgin lands, the use of natural resources, and an increase in the number of employees at enterprises.
Extensive farming can bring good results at first even with a relatively low scientific and technical level. industrial production, but soon it leads to the exhaustion of natural and labor resources in the country. One of the countless examples of irrational nature management is slash-and-burn agriculture, which is widespread even today in Southeast Asia. Land burning ultimately leads to the destruction of wood, air pollution, the emergence of uncontrolled fires, etc.
Most often, irrational nature management becomes a consequence of departmental interests and the interests of modern transnational corporations that have hazardous industries in developing countries.

Rational nature management is a system of nature management in which extracted natural resources are fully used (and, accordingly, the amount of consumed resources is reduced), renewable natural resources are restored, production wastes are repeatedly and fully used (waste-free production), which makes it possible to significantly reduce environmental pollution . Rational nature management is inherent in the intensive type of economy, which follows the path of development based on scientific and technological progress and optimal organization labor with high productivity. An example of rational environmental management is non-waste production or a non-waste production cycle, in which waste is most fully used, resulting in a reduction in the consumption of raw materials.

Mineral resources- such resources are minerals extracted from the bowels. Also, minerals are understood as natural minerals earth's crust, which, at the established level of development of technology, can be extracted with a positive economic effect and used in production in natural form or pre-processed. Volumes of use of mineral resources in modern world are constantly growing. If, for example, in the Middle Ages only 18 chemical elements were extracted from the earth's crust, at present this number has increased to more than 80 elements. Since 1950, the extraction of minerals in the world has increased 3 times. Every year, more than 100 billion tons of mineral raw materials and fuel are extracted from the bowels of the planet. Modern National economy uses approximately 200 types of various mineral raw materials. It should be borne in mind that almost all of them belong to the category of non-renewable, and also, the reserves of their individual species are far from the same. For example, the general geological reserves of coal in the world are approximately 14.8 trillion tons, and oil - 400 billion tons. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the ever-growing needs of mankind.

Land resources- the earth's surface suitable for human habitation, as well as for construction and any other types of its economic activity. In addition to the size of the territory, land resources characterize their quality: relief, soil cover and a complex of other natural conditions. The wealth of mankind in land resources is determined primarily by the vast world land fund, which, according to various estimates, ranges from 13.1 to 14.9 billion hectares. One of the main characteristics land resources is the structure of the land fund, i.e. the ratio of areas that are occupied by forests, crops, pastures, settlements, roads, industrial enterprises etc. The composition of the land fund also includes lands inconvenient for farming, such as deserts, highlands, etc.
In the structure of the world land fund, cultivated land occupies only 11%, while meadows and pastures from 23 to 25%, forests and shrubs - 31%, and settlements only 2%. Almost the entire rest of the territory is made up of unproductive and unproductive lands.
These include mountains, deserts, glaciers, swamps, etc. But despite their scarcity, cultivated lands provide humanity with 88% of the necessary food.
The main tracts of arable land on the planet are located in the Northern Hemisphere, namely: in Western and Eastern Europe, in Southern Siberia, in South, East, Southeast Asia and on the plains of the USA and Canada. These lands are located mainly in forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones peace. Pasture lands are also very important for human society and provide about 10% of the food consumed by people. The territories occupied by forests are of great importance as a source of valuable timber, as the “lungs” of our planet, which produce oxygen necessary for human life. Forest areas create forest resources.

Land water resources- rivers, lakes, underground waters. There are several directions for the use of water resources. The most important of these is the satisfaction of human needs for fresh water. For this, river waters are widely used.
According to some estimates, about 47 thousand km3 pass through the rivers annually, according to others, only 40 thousand km3. This is not so much, considering that less than 50% of this amount can actually be used. The need of mankind for fresh water is constantly increasing. In 1980 it was 3.5 thousand km3 per year, and by 2000 it should increase to 5 thousand km3 per year.
Almost 65% of all river water is consumed by agriculture, where its irretrievable consumption is very high, especially for irrigation.
Such an increase in consumption with constant river flow resources can lead to a shortage of fresh water.
And many countries have long experienced such a shortage.
To solve the problem of water supply in the world, various ways are used. The main one is saving water, reducing its losses through the introduction of more modern ways and technologies. An important role in this is played by the construction of reservoirs. Currently, more than 30 thousand reservoirs have been built in the world, the total volume of which is approximately 6.5 thousand km3.
This is 3.5 times greater than the one-time volume of water in all rivers the globe. Taken together, the reservoirs occupy an area of 400 thousand km2, which is 10 times more area Sea of Azov.
to the countries with the most a large number large reservoirs include the United States (reservoirs on the Missouri and Colorado rivers) and Russia (Volga and Yenisei cascades of reservoirs).
As other measures for solving the water problem, one can consider: desalination of sea water, common in the countries of the Persian Gulf, the Mediterranean, Turkmenistan, in the south of the USA, in Japan, on the Caribbean islands; redistribution of river runoff in moisture-rich areas (USA, Canada, Australia, India, etc.).
The latter requires a particularly cautious approach, since on a large scale it can bring much more environmental damage than economic benefits. In many countries of the world, water is transported in sea tankers and transferred through long-distance water pipelines. Today, even the ideas of transporting Antarctic icebergs to the countries of the hot zone are being considered. Rivers are widely used in the world also for energy production. There are three categories of hydropower potential. The theoretical (gross) hydro potential, which is usually estimated at 30–50 trillion kW/h of possible electricity generation per year, the technical potential is about 20 trillion kW/h per year. In the modern world, groundwater is also a source of fresh water, which is used both for medicinal purposes (mineral waters) and for heating (thermal springs).

forest resources- one of the most important types biosphere resources. Forest resources include wood, cork, resin, mushrooms, berries, nuts, medicinal plants, hunting and trade resources, etc., as well as useful properties of the forest: climate-regulating, water-protective, anti-erosion, health-improving, etc.
Forest resources are classified as renewable resources and are considered according to two main criteria: the size of the forest area and the stock of standing timber. Thus, forests occupy 4.1 billion hectares or about 27% of the Earth's land area, and the world's timber reserves are about 350 billion m3, which, due to constant growth, increase annually by 5.5 billion m3.
However, forests are often cut down for arable land and plantations, for construction. In addition, wood is quite widely used for firewood and woodworking products. The result is deforestation, which is rampant today.
The area of forests in the world is annually reduced by at least 25 million hectares, and the world timber harvesting in 2000 already reached 5 billion m3. This means that its annual annual growth is fully utilized. The largest area of forests has been preserved in Eurasia. This is about 40% of all world forests and almost 42% of the total wood supply, including 2/3 of the most valuable wood species.
Australia has the smallest forest coverage. Since the sizes of the continents are not the same, their forest cover, the ratio of the forested area to the total area of the continent, is taken into account. According to this indicator, South America occupies the first place in the world.
In the economic assessment of forest resources, such a characteristic as timber reserves is of primary importance. On this basis, the countries of Asia, South and North America are in the lead.
Leading positions in this area are occupied by such countries as Russia, Canada, USA, Brazil. The countries are characterized by the practical absence of forests: Libya, Bahrain, Qatar, etc.

Resources of the oceans- the main resources of the oceans are biological, energy, mineral and energy.

Biological resources of the oceans- animals and plants, the energy generated today by the country's hydroelectric power plants. The biomass of the World Ocean is 140 billion tons of water.
The oceans have huge reserves of deuterium, its resources are diverse.
One of the most important resources are animals (fish, mollusks, cetaceans) actively swimming in the water column and mineral resources. The biological and mineral resources of the world's oceans are exhaustible. Their uncontrolled use endangered the existence of marine mammals, led to a strong reduction in the number of fish and bottom plants and animals. Humans mainly harvest fish, which accounts for 85% of the marine biomass used, and bivalve mollusks (scallops, oysters, mussels). Algae are being used more and more. Medicines, starch are obtained from algae, paper and fabrics are made. Algae is an excellent livestock feed and a good fertilizer. There are more or less productive areas in the ocean. The most productive include the Norwegian, Bering, Okhotsk and Japan seas. The resources of the world's oceans are still underused. Ocean waters are rapidly polluted. A huge amount of "dirt" is carried into the ocean from land by rivers and sewage. More than 30% of the ocean surface is covered with an oil film, which is destructive for all living things.
The destruction of plankton, i.e., the simplest organisms and crustaceans passively floating in the water, led to a reduction in fish production. Radioactive products enter the World Ocean, which also pollute its waters.

Mineral resources of the World Ocean- resources that are in the water itself, and those that are mined from its bottom. by the most valuable resource is water itself, which contains 75 chemical elements. On an industrial scale, sodium, chlorine, magnesium and bromine are already extracted from it. But when extracting these elements, some compounds of potassium and calcium are obtained as by-products.
Seawater desalination is becoming increasingly important. The bottom of the oceans is also rich in mineral resources. They include ore deposits under the bottom surface.

Energy resources- Modern man needs an extremely large amount of energy: for heating housing, for the operation of equipment and transport, lighting. Energy consumption has increased 100 times in the last century. Even now it is increasing so rapidly that very soon there may not be enough natural resources to meet all human needs. Energy sources are very diverse. These are coal, oil, peat, gas, falling water, wind, atomic Energy. All these types of energy, except for atomic energy, are the energy of the Sun. The water cycle in nature is accomplished thanks to solar heat; Air moves also thanks to the Sun.

Coal, gas and oil is a natural fuel formed from the fossil remains of animals and plants that have accumulated underground and turned into combustible substances over millions of years. It is the most important source of energy, it provides about 75% of all our electricity needs. The largest gas field is considered Urengoy in Russia.
It produces up to 200,000 million m3 of gas per year. The largest oil field - Khavar - is located in Saudi Arabia, it occupies 8000 km2. Peat is a less valuable fuel; it is used in industry less than gas and oil. It is formed continuously. Every autumn, the plants in the swamp die off, and peat layers form in their place.
In addition to fuel, today hundreds of different products are produced from oil, coal and gas. Even sitting in a room, you can count dozens of them: plastic parts of the TV set, music center, nylon shirts, foam mattress, nylon stockings, cellophane bags, washing powder, medicines (aspirin, streptocide, pyramidon, etc.).
Every year the energy resources of the world are decreasing, as a result, the processing and conservation of energy are becoming more and more important for humanity. It is necessary that as much plastic, glass, paper, metal as possible be recycled. As far as possible, it is desirable to reduce energy consumption in industrial and domestic areas.
It is possible to save oil and gas by using new types of energy, such as nuclear energy, solar energy, and wind energy.
Man has learned to use the atom for peaceful purposes. AT atomic bomb, a dangerous weapon, during the fission of the nucleus, energy is released in a fraction of a second. In a power plant, the control rods in the reactor delay the process while providing a gradual release of energy. For several months, you can use this energy by converting it into electricity. The fuel elements for a nuclear reactor are uranium dioxide pellets, which are placed in thin tubes separated by partitions. Exist different types reactors. Some of them were previously used in weapons. So, for example, the first N-reactors were created for plutonium bombs. Magnox reactors produce plutonium and electricity. The most commonly used reactors are those that were previously used on nuclear submarines. The most advanced at present are gas-cooled reactors.
The Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan is considered the largest. It has 10 separate reactors, which together give 8,814 megawatts. The biggest problem is the disposal of nuclear waste. Scientists have calculated that it will take 80,000 years for the radioactive waste already accumulated in the modern world to disappear.
Renewable energy sources are the safest in this respect. Most of the energy generated on the planet is provided by fossil fuels, and they are coming to an end. The use of nuclear energy also has a number of problems. As a result, a person needs such renewable energy sources as sunlight, wind, heat from the Earth's core, waves. Now they produce about 5% of all energy on the planet with their help, but it is possible that in the future this figure will grow. The main source of much of the energy on Earth is the Sun. It is it that helps the growth of plants, causing the water to evaporate, forms clouds that fall to the ground as rain, replenishing the rivers. The sun governs both the wind and the waves. Every year the sun provides the amount of heat equal to the energy that can be obtained from 60 bln tons of oil. Even a hundredth part of it with 5% efficiency will provide any country in the world with electricity.
But there's a problem. Oil and other fossil fuels are very easy to use, as they carry energy that has accumulated between layers of rocks under pressure for millions of years. But sunlight can be converted into electricity so far only with the help of solar cells. It is not easy to do this effectively, as it is dispersed over vast areas. Electricity is thus difficult to collect in large quantities.
The same problems begin when trying to "tame" the wind. Like the energy sunlight, it is difficult to use in industrial quantities. But it is suitable for local application. Already in ancient times, people built windmills. Under sail on caravels, travelers set off "to distant lands." It was on sailing ships that the first round-the-world voyage was made. Already in ancient egypt primitive wind turbines were built to grind grain and irrigate fields. Several thousand wind turbines are currently operating in our country, and there are also wind farms. But, just like the energy of sunlight, only a small fraction of wind energy is used so far. Although this energy is very high. Scientists believe that every year the winds carry only over the territory of Russia almost 3 times more energy than that contained in coal, oil, peat, and the country's rivers.
It is of great importance that wind farms can be built in any corner of our country. Wind turbines are widely used at polar stations located on the islands of the Arctic Ocean. Although in winter it is very severe frosts, up to - 50 ° С, wind turbines function flawlessly. It is they who always provide polar explorers with light and heat, give current to their radio receivers and radio transmitters.

Environmental pollution— undesirable changes in its properties as a result of anthropogenic intake of various substances and compounds. Environmental pollution leads to harmful effects on the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere.
The main source of such pollution is the return to nature of a huge amount of waste that is formed in the process of production and consumption of human society.
According to scientists, already in 1970 they amounted to 40 million tons, and by the end of the 20th century. their volume reached 100 billion tons. chemical substances synthesized by man and not previously existing in nature.