Steppes are the most species-rich communities of drought-resistant plants - xerophytes. They are common where the climate is warm but there is not enough rainfall to allow a forest to grow. Steppes - "a type of vegetation represented by a community of drought-resistant perennial herbaceous plants with a predominance of turf grasses, less often sedges and onions." If we analyze the geographical distribution of steppe landscapes on the globe, we will find -

Xia that the most typical steppes are formed in the inner regions of the mainland. Steppe zones of the temperate zones of the northern and southern hemispheres, characterized by a dry climate, treeless watersheds, dominance of herbaceous, predominantly cereal vegetation on chernozem, dark chestnut and chestnut soils.

The area is dominated by steppes, which are changed by pasture digression and represent short-grass pasture communities with dominance of fescue and sagebrush. Small fragments of the hay-growing variants of the steppe have been preserved, among which the southern, northern and central variants are distinguished, which represents the transition between the northern and southern ones. In the steppes of the central variant, if they are not disturbed by grazing, feather grass-pinnate, Zelessky, narrow-leaved are common. In addition, there are fescue and forbs are very abundantly represented. The steppe also includes shrubs - caragana, spirea, gorse, broom.

In addition to the mountain steppes, solonetzic steppes have been preserved in small fragments on the plain, which usually include wormwood Lerkha, Gmelin's kermek, and pseudo-wheatgrass. For the steppe on gravelly soils, it is characteristic

the participation of species - petrophytes, i.e. stone-loving ones - protozoa, thyme, mountain grate, Siberian cornflower and others. Such steppes are especially easily destroyed by pasture digression. The yield of steppe hayfields is up to 4-5 q/ha

Hay, the productivity of steppe pastures as a result of overgrazing is low and amounts to no more than 15-20 c/ha of green mass

throughout the pasture period. According to the classification, according to the research of Professor Mirkin B.M. , all the steppes of the Republic of Bashkortostan can be divided into two main types - meadow and typical. Meadows are common in the forest-steppe zone, and in the steppe zone they gravitate towards the slopes of the northern exposure.

Typical steppes occupy areas in the steppe zone of the republic.

Mordovnik ball-headed

Biennial or perennial herbaceous plant from the Compositae family. The height of the plant reaches 1.5 m. The stem is single, straight, branched at the top. It is covered with glandular hairs. The leaves are twice pinnately dissected, large, 10 to 25 cm long and 4 to 10 cm wide. Rosette leaves with a petiole, the rest are sessile, amplexicaul. From above they are green, and from below they are covered with white felt, there are small spines along the edges. The flowers are collected in spherical inflorescences, they are bluish-white in color. Spherical heads have a diameter of 4-5cm. Seed fruits. It grows in river valleys, among shrubs, on the edges of island forests, in wastelands.

The plant population on the Roman-gora hill is represented by single plants. Occasionally there are "islands" of 5-10 plants. In general, the plants are in good vital condition.

Yarrow

Perennial herbaceous plant from the Asteraceae family. A plant with an upright stem. In the conditions of Belarus, its height ranges from 48 to 72 cm. Several shoots of stems depart from a thin creeping rhizome. The leaves are basal - lanceolate, doubly pinnately dissected into narrow small slices. Stem leaves shorter, pinnately dissected.

Stem leaves are shorter, pinnately dissected, divided into big number cloves. The inflorescence is corymbose, consisting of many flower baskets. The flowers are small, white, pink-purple or reddish. Blooms in June-August, a very long time.

It grows on the hill everywhere, where there are patches of meadow steppe. It is especially common on the southern side of the slope in gentle places, where cattle graze more often and closer to the Asly-Udryak river.

Asparagus officinalis

Perennial herbaceous plant from the lily family. The stem of asparagus is erect, reaching a height of up to 150 cm, strongly branched. The branches on the stem depart at an acute angle. The leaves are reduced to scales, modified shoots resembling leaves are formed in the axils of the stem. Underground stem straight, smooth. It is juicy, etiolated, forming shoots extending from the rhizome. These stems are used as a vegetable plant. The flowers are small, greenish-yellow. Perianth of six petals with 6 stamens. The fruit is a red globular berry. Blooms in June - July. Asparagus grows in meadows, among thickets of shrubs, and is also found in the steppe, on the slopes of the mountains.

It is quite rare in the study area. Found in areas adjacent to the forest belt and located between rows of trees inside the forest belt. The population is represented by single plants.

Adonis spring

Perennial herbaceous plant from the buttercup family. Adonis has a two-stroke development - at the beginning

Early flowering is different, and then the stem and leaves are formed. Flower early in spring - from the end of April, in May. A bush in which there are up to 20-30 pieces of flowers blooms from 40 to 50 days. The very first flowers, as a rule, are large, but they are pale yellow, golden, apical, solitary, abundantly visited by bees. Adonis at the beginning of flowering has a bush height of 10 to 15 cm, and in the fruiting phase it reaches 30-70 cm. In each bush, there are from 2 to 15 generative and from 4 to 23 vegetative shoots.

Found throughout the study area. The population consists of more than 150 plants that are in good vital condition.

Budra ivy

Perennial, herbaceous plant from the mint family. Budra has a creeping and branched stem, it takes root, forming new stems. The leaves are petiolate, opposite, crenate-toothed, rounded kidney-shaped. They are covered with hairs. Flowers 3-4 pcs. located in the axils of the middle stem leaves, they are small, two-lipped, violet-blue or bluish-lilac in color. Pedicels 4-5 times shorter than the calyx, equipped with subulate bracts. The calyx is covered with hairs; its teeth are triangular, finely pointed. The height of the rising stems ranges from 10 to 40 cm. It blooms in May-June.

It grows along the ravine and on the south side of the slope. Numerous population, studied at the beginning of flowering.

St. John's wort

A perennial herbaceous plant from the St. John's wort family. The stem is straight, 45 to 80 cm high, glabrous, with two faces. Leaves oblong-ovate, entire, opposite, sessile. Translucent dotted receptacles are scattered on the leaves, which resemble holes - hence the name - perforated.

The flowers are numerous, golden-yellow in color, collected in a broadly paniculate, almost corymbose inflorescence. The sepals are acute with an entire margin. Petals twice as long as the sepals, blooms in June-July. The fruit is a three-celled multi-seeded basket, opens with 3 wings. The rhizome is thin, several stems depart from it.

Found only in one place on the eastern gently sloping side of the hill. Presented by 8-15 plants.

Veronica oak

Perennial herbaceous plant. Keeps green shoots all year round. The leaves are arranged oppositely, in the axils of the brush are not regular flowers. The flower has 2 stamens and 1 pistil. The fruit of Veronica is a flattened box.

Grows in meadow areas of the steppe of the study area. Plants are evenly distributed among other species. Often found on the outskirts of the forest belt.

Awnless bonfire

Belongs to the grass family. It has smooth stems, reaching a height of one meter. The leaves are flat and wide. Spikelets are collected in an inflorescence - a sprawling panicle. Bonfire is a good fodder grass, it blooms from the end of May and in June. From the creeping rhizome, many high erect shoots of peduncles depart.

In plant communities, the hill is a species that forms the environment, because. occurs uniformly often almost everywhere.

sporysh

Annual, herbaceous plant from the buckwheat family. small plant height from 10 to 40 cm. It has straight stems, prostrate, branched. The leaves are elliptical or lanceolate, small, with a short spine. The flowers are in the axils of the leaves, distributed evenly throughout the plant. The corolla of the flower is pale pink. The fruit is a trihedral nut. It blooms from May to October. It grows along the roads, on the streets, in the yards, on pastures. On pastures where there is a large load of livestock, all types of plants suffer, only knotweed remains.

This species is well expressed at the foot of the hill from the side of the river and animal stalls. Almost never found in the main system.

Common colza

Herbaceous plant from the cruciferous family. Bright green rosettes of colza from bizarre lyre-shaped. pinnately dissected leaves are seen in large numbers in the fields plowed last autumn. Blooms in May-June. With an abundance of sun and moisture from the melted snow, a flower-bearing shoot with a brush of yellow flowers quickly stretches near the colza. The fruit is multi-seeded, opening with two wings. Good honey plant.

It grows unevenly in the vegetation cover of the hill and is found in a large way from the side of the field, located closer to the eastern slope.

Kozelets purple

Hemicarps at the base with a hollow swollen leg, 12 mm long, ribbed, light gray. Stems erect and ascending, furrowed, simple and branching. Basal leaves on long petioles, pinnate and dissected, with narrow linear lateral segments. Baskets are cylindrical, the involucre is slightly cobweb, then naked, its leaves are lanceolate, sometimes with a horn-shaped appendage. Flowers yellow, marginal outer side reddish.

It grows on a hill on the lawns between the trees of the forest belt. It occurs moderately often, the population consists of single plants that are located at a relatively small distance from each other - from 40 to 60 cm.

Karagan

Belongs to the legume family. Shrub with gray straight thin branches, with four contiguous obovate leaves with a wedge-shaped base and thorns at the top; flowers are golden yellow with a wide obovate sail, blunt boat, concentrated 2-3 on single peduncles, which are twice as long as the calyx, pods up to 3 cm long, glabrous, cylindrical, 1-4 seeds.

Grows mainly on the western slope of the mountain, in a ravine and a ravine adjoining it with north side.

Nonea dark

Belongs to the borage family. The whole plant is covered with protruding stiff hairs and sparse glandular ones. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, the lower ones are narrowed in petioles, the rest are sessile, semi-amplex. Bracts lanceolate, longer than flowers, dark red-brown. The calyx is bell-shaped, incised to one part. The lobes of the calyx are lanceolate. Nuts are reticulate-wrinkled.

It grows everywhere on the hill, it was studied and determined at the beginning of flowering.

Bell

Belongs to the bell family. Flowers numerous, in large branched inflorescence. Corolla funnel-shaped bell-shaped, blue or white. Stem with dense foliage. The leaves are large-serrate, glabrous or pubescent.

Grows in communities of studied plants between cereal plants. It is rare, there are only about 30 plants counted in the population.

Veronica longifolia

Belongs to the family Norichnikovye. The leaves are unequally serrated to the very top, with finely pointed,

Simple or to the base of the b.ch. double notches, oblong or linear-lanceolate, acute at the base cordate or rounded, often whorled. The inflorescence is a terminal dense raceme, lengthening up to 25 cm, sometimes with several lateral racemes; flowers on pedicels, almost equal to calyxes. Corolla blue about 6 mm. Long, with a hairy tube inside. The whole plant is glabrous or with short grayish pubescence.

The distribution of this plant in the studied ecosystem is moderately rare. Grows as individual plants or 2-3 individuals.

Violet amazing

Belongs to the violet family. Stem up to 30 cm tall. The petioles of large broad-heart-shaped stem leaves are grooved, pubescent only on the convex, downward-facing hairs. Stipules of stem leaves are large, entire, stipules are large, rusty-red.

On the hill grows in places with low grasses or among low grass cover, likes stony areas of the surface.

forest anemone

Ranunculaceae family. Perennial. Stem leaves not fused, similar to basal leaves, short-haired. Flowers are yellow-white.

It grows in small "families" between pine trees and separately on open slopes on the eastern and northern sides of the Roman-gora hill.

field bindweed

Belongs to the bindweed family. Naked or scattered drooping plant with recumbent, creeping or climbing shoots. Flowers up to 3.5 cm in diameter, usually collected in 2-3 or solitary. Bracts in the form of a pair of small linear leaflets are located oppositely in the middle of the pedicel, do not reach the calyx. Corolla pink, rarely white.

Grows in areas with others meadow plants from the side of the ravine and the river.

Onosma Preduralskaya

Belongs to the borage family. Pedicels very short, much shorter than the bracts. The whole plant is hard-rough. The stem is straight, simple, rarely branched, covered with stiff, erect bristles and dense down. Basal leaves are numerous, petiolate, linear, stem sessile, linear-lanceolate.

Likes open sunny places with rocky soil. Grows in crowded bushes. Very interesting during the flowering period. There are not many plants on the Roman-mountain hill on the south side. Numerical accounting showed about 20 plants.

Wormwood flat

Belongs to the Compositae family. The root is vertical, woody, developing branched flower-bearing shoots and straight ribbed reddening branched flower-bearing stems. Leaves fruitless shoots and lower stem leaves are twice-, thrice-pinnate, their lobules are narrowly linear 3-10 mm long, slightly pointed, middle and upper stem leaves are sessile, bracts are short, narrowly linear. The outer leaflets of the involucre are oval, almost round, convex, green along the back, the inner ones along the edge are broadly membranous-marginated.

Well expressed as a cover plant on the southern slope of Roman-gora hill. Plants are smaller than usual, indicating oppression by grazing pressure.

The Danish steppes are, first of all, the mysterious world of herbs. As you know, each blade of grass is a unique healing wizard, you just need to know the right spell. Surely you would like to eat a magic leaf or drink a miraculous decoction from all ailments and misfortunes, but only a real herbalist can understand all the nuances of this ancient art. Traditional medicine has long been used from ancient times to the present day by mankind.

Healing with medicinal plants is perhaps one of the oldest methods of treatment. Even our great-grandmothers, long before the advent and development of medicine, brewed decoctions and made infusions for all diseases, the first healers used the healing powers of herbs in their potions. It is sad to note that in our age of cybernetic technologies and crazy inventions, we are less and less turning to mother nature for help, relying on pills and potions created in laboratories.

(trample-grass, grass-ant, goose). Highlander bird (knotweed) is a herbaceous annual plant, belongs to the buckwheat family, with a stem lying on the ground, located in the nodes,membranous, dissected, small whitish trumpets. The root is typically taproot. The leaves are alternate, small, oval. The flowers are small, light green or slightly pink, located in the axils of the leaves. Flowering time early summer - autumn. Knotweed can be found in wastelands, near roads, in river valleys. IN medicinal purposes flowering grass is used as a means to stop bleeding in the postpartum period or after an abortion, as well as in diseases of the kidneys.

Melilot officinalis(yellow) is a herbaceous biennial plant that belongs to the legume family. The flowers are small, yellow, moth-like, located in the brush. The plant usually blooms all summer. It can be found in ravines, slopes of gullies, forest edges, among shrubs and tall grass in the steppe, in meadows. Sweet clover is used for nervous diseases, cardiospasm, migraine, menopause, as an expectorant, laxative, insomnia, headache, melancholy, menstrual disorders, ascites, pain in bladder, intestines, flatulence and for nursing mothers. Decoction, infusion of sweet clover and ointment from its flowers are recommended for treatment of purulent wounds, mastitis, furunculosis, otitis media. Do not use during pregnancy and kidney disease. Sweet clover is a poisonous plant. It is advisable to use it only in collections.

Oregano- perennial herbaceous plant. The flowers are small, lilac-pink in color, form a panicle. Flowering time July-September. Occurs on the edges of the forest, meadows, in river valleys. Oregano has a high bactericidal effect, normalizes the activity of the nervous system of the body, is effective against inflammatory processes, and ensures normal functioning. intestinal tract, diuretic and choleretic agent. Oregano grass is recommended for use in sore throat, delayed menstruation, hypersexual excitability, colds, lung and heart diseases, diathesis, epilepsy, scrofula, diseases of the intestines and stomach, problems with the gallbladder, liver. The infusion is used in the form of baths, lotions, wet compresses for skin diseases. They smell dry flower tops, worn leaves for headaches and runny nose, wash their hair with a decoction to combat dandruff and hair loss.

St. John's wort- grassy perennial. The flowers of the plant are golden yellow with characteristic black dots. Flowering continues throughout the summer. St. John's wort is found at the edges, in meadows, in rare pine and deciduous forests on fallow lands, clearings, and sandy slopes. St. John's wort is used for chronic disorders and diseases of the stomach, periodontal disease, stomatitis, colitis, diarrhea, chronic inflammatory diseases of the kidneys, cholelithiasis, gynecology, gingivitis, rheumatism, bad breath, nervous diseases, arthritis, sciatica, for the treatment of diseases hearts, at colds, diseases of the liver, bladder, hemorrhoids, headaches, bedwetting.

red clover- herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the legume family. The upright stems of red clover are slightly pubescent. The leaves with wide stipules in the form of a triangle are long-petiolate. Clover flowers are dark red, small, collected in an inflorescence head. Blooms actively in the second half of summer (July - August). Grows in fields, wet meadows, slopes of grassy forest edges, along roads and paths. The plant has long been used in folk medicine for lung diseases (as an expectorant), tinnitus, low hemoglobin levels, angina pectoris, appetite disorders, painful critical days and as a diuretic, dizziness. Decoction and infusion of clover inflorescences treat inflammation of the eyes. In the form of lotions, they are used for tumors, wounds, burns, scrofula. The clover inflorescence is used for brewing tea, and delicious salads are prepared from the young leaves of the plant.

horse sorrel- a herbaceous perennial plant, belongs to the buckwheat family. Blooms in early and mid-summer. Occurs along river banks, in meadows, on hillsides, as well as in dense groves, in forest clearings or close to roads. It has bactericidal properties, in small doses, horse sorrel has astringent properties, in large doses it has a laxative effect, and the laxative effect occurs 10-12 hours after ingestion. Horse sorrel is used in the form of a decoction, infusion or extract in the treatment of diseases such as colitis and their varieties, hemorrhoids, in case of anal fissures, it can be used as an antiseptic, hemostatic agent. Horse sorrel is contraindicated in pregnancy, kidney disease.

Nettle- a dioecious herbaceous plant, perennial, belonging to the nettle family. The flowers are greenish in color. Blooms from mid-June to autumn. Reduces blood clotting time, increases the amount of hemoglobin and erythrocytes in the blood, improves metabolism, reduces blood sugar, normalizes the menstrual cycle, provides muscle tone of the uterus and intestines, is a strong anti-inflammatory and healing agent. It is used in case of internal bleeding, anemia, subserous fibroids, menopause, at stages early period development of diabetes, constipation. Nettle can also be used for diseases biliary tract and liver, to eliminate nervous disorders, fever, obesity, as a milk extractor. A decoction, or an infusion of nettle roots, is advised to drink as a blood cleanser for skin diseases, as well as for helminthic invasions, compresses are made from a decoction of the whole plant for tumors. Water infusion of flowers is used for pulmonary diseases. From a strong infusion of nettle leaves, lotions are made for wounds, ulcers and burns, is effective tool with dandruff, hair loss. When bleeding, the juice of fresh leaves can be instilled into the nose. Brooms are made from previously scalded nettles and steamed in baths with painful sensations in the lumbar region or rheumatism of the joints. Powder from dried leaves can be sprinkled with abscesses and ulcers. Nettle, among other things, is also used to make tonic salads and even soups or borscht.

Burdock(burdock) - a plant belonging to the Compositae family, herbaceous, biennial, has been widely used since the time of our great-grandmothers. The decoction and infusion of the roots are known for their strong diuretic and diaphoretic effects. Burdock is used for diabetes, gout, nephrolithiasis and rheumatism, ascites, hemorrhoids, skin diseases, constipation, in case of poisoning, venereal diseases, pain in the joints, to get rid of purulent old wounds, tumors, it is often used as a remedy that can improve metabolism. substances, with stone disease of the kidneys and bladder, with diseases of the stomach, to strengthen the hair. Early burdock leaves are good to use for cooking delicious salads and soups, and the roots of one year of life can be eaten raw, boiled, baked, fried, and can also replace potatoes in soup.

Goof narrow-leaved- Shrub with red-brown branches. The flowers are white, located in the axils of the leaves. In folk medicine, products derived from the fruit of the sucker are used as an astringent for colitis, diarrhea and respiratory diseases. From the infusion of flowers, heart remedies are made, in particular for hypertension.

Mother and stepmother- a plant belonging to the Compositae family, herbaceous, perennial. The leaves grow from the root, are quite large in size, rounded in shape, green above, pubescent, bare below. Flowering begins in spring in April - May, refers to the ephemera. The plant has a strong anti-inflammatory and softening effect on expectoration, as well as an effective diaphoretic, coltsfoot is actively used for respiratory diseases, tonsillitis, pain in the gastrointestinal tract, appetite disorders and skin diseases, it is effective for inflammation of the veins of the legs, hoarseness. Compresses from a decoction or from crushed leaves can be used externally for abscesses, tumors, inflammation of the veins, burns, wounds, gargles are recommended for sore throats, and enemas for intestinal diseases.

Peppermint- a herbaceous, perennial plant belonging to the mint family. It blooms almost all summer, capturing autumn. Since ancient times, mint leaves have been recommended for use in stomach and intestinal cramps, diarrhea, flatulence, nausea and vomiting, effectively as a choleretic agent, with gallstones, with jaundice, as an anesthetic for hepatic colic, as well as a stimulant of cardiac activity and as a remedy for headaches, in case of nervous diseases and as a result of insomnia, in inflammatory processes in the periosteum of the middle ear, in nephrolithiasis. IN alcohol solution 1:4 essential oil is rubbed into the scalp for migraines, it is very effective for skin inflammations and is indispensable for inhalations for respiratory diseases.

Dandelion officinalis- a herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the Compositae family. Flowering continues from May to August. Dandelion root and grass are effective in diseases of the gallbladder, liver, jaundice, cholelithiasis, in disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, namely in colitis and constipation, in hemorrhoids, improves the quality of digestion and stimulates appetite, are indispensable in the treatment of atherosclerosis, anemia, with skin diseases. Young leaves of a freshly picked dandelion are used as an ingredient in a salad.

Shepherd's bag- an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the cruciferous family. Small flowers, white color, collected in an elongated brush. Contraindicated in pregnant women. The herb is a hemostatic agent, helps to reduce the uterine muscles, reduces pressure, is used to stop bleeding of an internal nature, for wounds, for the treatment of fever, diarrhea; a decoction or juice of a fresh plant, diluted with water, is recommended for use in diseases of the liver, hepatic colic, diseases of the kidneys and bladder, with impaired metabolism. Shepherd's purse infusion is prescribed as a hemostatic agent for uterine cancer. Fresh leaves of the plant are used for food, preparing salads, soups from them; The seeds taste like mustard.

Common tansy(Wild mountain ash) is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Compositae family. The stem is tall, erect, the leaves have a pinnate dissection, strongly smelling when rubbed, the flowers are yellow, small in size, in the form of tubules, collected in a basket inflorescence. Blooms almost all summer. Tansy is used for helminthic diseases such as ascariasis and pinworms, for liver diseases, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, nervous disorders, inflammatory processes in the bladder and kidneys, nephrolithiasis, gout, headaches, malaria, as a menstrual stimulant, febrile conditions, pulmonary tuberculosis, jaundice, rheumatism of the joints, jaundice, dislocations and wounds, as well as in the case of epilepsy.

Plantain large- a well-known herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the plantain family. The inflorescence is a long, dense spike in the form of a cylinder, from small brownish flowers. Flowering continues all summer until autumn. Plantain has a hemostatic, bactericidal, well heals wounds, is characterized by an expectorant and pressure-lowering effect. Large plantain leaf juice is used to treat patients with chronic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract; used as a diuretic, as well as in chronic lung diseases, effective in dyspepsia, diabetes, helps with male and female infertility, is recommended for eye diseases, in the treatment of cancer, liver disease. Outwardly, it is advised to use it for erysipelas, ulcers, carbuncle wounds; freshly picked, washed in boiled water, crushed leaves are placed on the affected parts of the skin or washed with a tincture of the leaves.

Wormwood- tincture, decoction and extract of the plant are most often used as a source of bitterness for the development of appetite and activation of the digestive system. Contraindicated in pregnancy. Wormwood is used in diseases of the biliary tract, pancreas, colitis, helminthiasis, in the presence of bad bad breath, in various pulmonary diseases, not excluding whooping cough, tuberculosis, acute respiratory diseases, with sexual indifference, problems with the menstrual cycle, with disorders of sexual development, amenorrhea, infertility.

wheatgrass- the rhizome contains sugar-containing elements, glycosides, alcohols, a large amount of vitamins, fatty and essential oils, useful organic acids. The use is recommended in the treatment of urinary and biliary tract, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, in addition, they are treated with furunculosis, rickets, chronic constipation, hemorrhoids.

Chamomile officinalis- a plant belonging to the family Compositae herbaceous, annual. White flowers are collected in an inflorescence basket. Flowering continues for a long time from spring to late summer. Chamomile inflorescences, as a rule, without stems, with a pedicel length not exceeding 3 cm, are collected at the beginning of flowering, during the period when the reed marginal flowers in the baskets are horizontal. Essential oils of chamomile are a strong disinfectant and diaphoretic, help reduce gas formation, provide pain relief, prevent inflammation, chamomile is recommended for normalizing the activity of the gastrointestinal tract, activates the functioning of the central nervous system, speeding up breathing, increasing the number of heart contractions at times, has a vasodilator action, especially for the brain. Large quantities essential oil may provoke headache and a general state of weakness. Preparations of chamomile officinalis affect the increase in the secretion of juices of the stomach and intestines; enhance bile secretion and increase appetite. Chamomile has a great effect in the treatment of bronchial asthma, rheumatism, skin diseases, burns, with gastric diseases, colitis, with colds, malaria, diseases associated with fever, scrofula, with diseases of the nervous system, insomnia, in addition with excessive excitability, neuralgic pain, painful critical days, uterine bleeding, overwork. Outwardly, this plant is recommended for use in hemorrhoids, with increased sweating of the legs, chamomile has shown itself well in matters of hair care, it has a good therapeutic effect in gynecological diseases, trichomonas colpitis. In case of a flu-like condition, it is recommended to do inhalation with hot steam of chamomile infusion. For sluggish healing wounds, use externally, as well as for children's colic. With gout, ulcers and boils, preferably in the form of a decoction mixed with salt.

prickly tartar- a biennial herbaceous prickly plant belonging to the Compositae family. Flowering continues all summer. In folk medicine, tartar is used as a decoction in the treatment of malignant tumors, purulent wounds, is effective in the treatment of tetanus, ulcers, skin cancer, lupus and scrofula, vascular rheumatism, is indispensable as a diuretic, with painful sensations in the bladder, and is recommended for colds. for use as a decoction or powder.

Thyme(Thyme? ts, or Common thyme, or Bogorodskaya grass?) - a perennial shrub up to 15 cm high, the shoot spreads along the ground, only the flower-bearing stems rise or even are erect. Depending on the habitat, flowering continues from late spring all summer, but fruit ripening occurs in mid-summer until September. It is one of the best honey plants. Young leaves and shoots of thyme are great for salads and even for pickling cucumbers. All kinds of infusions, decoctions and thyme extract are recommended for diseases of acute and chronic respiratory tract, tuberculosis and bronchial asthma. Creeping thyme is characterized by an antimicrobial, sedative, effective in convulsions, a strong analgesic that promotes wound healing and a wide spectrum of action in helminthiasis. The aerial part of the plant is used for expectorant, astringent and choleretic preparations, as well as bath preparations for inflammatory processes in the joints, it is also recommended for nervous diseases, as a diuretic, diaphoretic and antihypertensive agent. When applied externally, it is used in the form of compresses, soothing baths and lotions for painful sensations in the muscles. Ointments and lotions from thyme are desirable to use for rheumatism of the joints, it heals wounds well in skin diseases.

yarrow- a herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the Compositae family. Blooms all summer long autumn months. As a rule, the upper parts are used for treatment. flowering plant, which should be collected during the flowering period. Yarrow has well-pronounced anti-inflammatory and bactericidal properties. Yarrow preparations increase the rate of blood clotting, are characterized as the strongest means of combating inflammatory, allergic reactions of the body, as well as rapid wound healing. In addition, yarrow increases the contractility of the uterine muscles, which explains its frequent use in uterine bleeding, the plant has a vasodilating effect and analgesic in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Yarrow is recommended for use in stopping internal bleeding - pulmonary, intestinal, uterine, hemorrhoidal, nasal, bleeding from the gums and wounds. In addition, yarrow preparations are also effective as a means of calming nature. With inflammation of the respiratory tract, yarrow is used as an infusion, as well as to improve appetite and digestion in general, with problems with the menstrual cycle, to increase the amount of milk in nursing mothers.

Common hop - climbing plant belonging to the mulberry family, dioecious, perennial, with illiterate use even poisonous, the length can be up to 3-6 m, the root is fleshy, simple. The flowers are small, inconspicuous, unisexual, the fruits are rounded, in the form of one-seeded nuts, which are combined into yellowish-green inflorescences in the form of cones. Flowering lasts almost all summer, fruiting occurs in late summer, usually already in autumn. Common hop grows along the shores of lakes, rivers, in well-moistened broad-leaved forests, in glades, forest edges, in forest and forest-steppe zones, most often among shrubs. Preparations of "cones" of hops are used as a sedative, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and analgesic. They are used for excessive nervous and sexual excitability, sleep disorders, nervous diseases, radiculitis, kidney disease, painful critical days, nocturnal emissions, menopause. Especially effective "cones" of hops in cystitis and urethritis.

Chicory- herbaceous plant belonging to the Compositae family, perennial. The flowers are blue, although pink or white are also found, collected in a basket inflorescence. Flowering continues throughout the summer until September. Chicory is used as a gastric, choleretic, laxative and is used to treat diseases of the liver, spleen, kidneys, and skin diseases. The hypoglycemic effect of chicory in diabetes mellitus has been found. Decoctions of roots and inflorescences have a bactericidal, sedative and astringent effect, enhances the secretion of gastric and intestinal juice, peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract, increased appetite, choleretic and diuretic, immunomodulatory, antiallergic agent.

Celandine- a herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the poppy family. The straight stem of the plant is branched, with small hairs. Celandine, unlike many other plants, contains yellow-orange milky juice. Flowering continues almost all summer. The herb is characterized by a bactericidal, pronounced antitumor effect, is effective in the fight against fungal diseases, tones the smooth uterine muscles, and has an effect on arterial pressure lowering it, has a choleretic effect. In addition, celandine is often used for heart disease, liver and gallbladder diseases, stomach cancer, colon polyposis. Fresh celandine grass juice is used to cauterize or remove warts, condylomas. It is recommended for use in the treatment of gout and rheumatism of the joints, skin tuberculosis, dry calluses, skin diseases, and ascites.

Salvia officinalis- semi-shrub belonging to the labiate family, perennial. Sage flowers produce sweet-smelling sweet nectar. Flowering continues from June to July. The leaves of this shrub are characterized by anti-inflammatory, disinfectant, astringent, emollient and sweat-limiting action, the ability to stop bleeding. It is used as an infusion or decoction of leaves for stomatitis, catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, as a therapeutic douche in case of tonsillitis and gynecological diseases, it is effective as a means of reducing sweating - the effect of this plant occurs after 1-2 hours, and the inhibition of sweating processes can continue sometimes the whole day, it is also recommended for menopausal women, and even as a means of reducing lactation in nursing mothers.

How many poems and stories have been written about the steppe, about its pristine beauty. I live in East Kazakhstan, and we have a lot of steppes. Most beautiful time here it is spring. Everything starts to come alive and bloom. So, I'll tell you what plants grow in this natural area, let's go!

What grows in the steppe

Herbaceous plants grow here, few shrubs and trees. Tulip, iris, feather grass, kermek, etc. are found here.

For example, iris blooms in early spring. It can be immediately recognized by the elongated stem and the flower of a twisted shape. They come in the following colors:

• blue;
• yellow;
• purple;
• white.

True, the duration of flowering is only 2 weeks. But another plant - feather grass. It can be recognized by its panicle inflorescences. Seeing a feather grass on the field, you might think that this is one giant blanket. While the plant is young, the hairs are soft, and livestock eats it. But, no matter how beautiful the feather grass would look, it harms agriculture. When the seeds ripen, they scatter along with these hairs throughout the steppe, picked up by the wind.

And steppe cherry grows in the steppe. In height, it reaches about the waist of a person. Ripens already in June. The fruits do not differ in taste from ordinary cherries, and the inhabitants of the steppe eat its berries with pleasure.

What medicinal plants are in the steppe

grow in the steppe and medicinal plants:

• cornflower;
• skewer;
• immortelle;
• chamomile;
• sagebrush;
• hemorrhagic pharmacy.

Cornflower and burnet are used as an anti-inflammatory agent, and can also be used as an anesthetic. Wormwood is used as a disinfectant and tonic. Well, such a flower as chamomile does have several properties. Although at first glance it seems that this is the most common plant. So, chamomile is used as an antiseptic and hemostatic agent. Does not allow inflammation to spread. Improves liver function and relieves convulsions.

Steppe plants are beautiful. Here you rarely see a tree or a bush, but the whole earth under your feet and for several kilometers ahead is covered with a wide variety of herbs and flowers.

VEGETATION of the steppes consists of various herbs able to tolerate drought. In some plants, the stems and leaves are strongly pubescent or have a developed wax coating; others have stiff stems covered narrow leaves, coagulating in the dry season (cereals); still others have fleshy and juicy stems and leaves with a supply of moisture. Some plants have a deep root system or form tubers, bulbs, rhizomes.

The steppe zone is one of the main land biomes. Under the influence, first of all, of climatic factors, zonal features of biomes were formed. The steppe zone is characterized by a hot and arid climate during most of the year, and in spring there is a sufficient amount of moisture, so the steppes are characterized by the presence of a large number of ephemera and ephemeroids among plant species, and many animals are also confined to a seasonal lifestyle, falling into hibernation in arid and cold season.

Steppe almond. Photo: Sirpa Tahkamo

3 steppes are represented in Eurasia by steppes, in North America- prairies, in South America - pampas, in New Zealand - tussok communities. These are spaces of the temperate zone, occupied by more or less xerophilous vegetation. From the point of view of the conditions for the existence of the animal population, the steppes are characterized by the following features: good review, an abundance of plant foods, a relatively dry summer period, the existence of a summer dormant period or, as it is now called, semi-rest. In this respect, steppe communities differ sharply from forest communities. Among the predominant life forms of steppe plants, grasses stand out, the stems of which are crowded into turfs - turf grasses. In the Southern Hemisphere, such turfs are called Tussocks. Tussocks are very tall and their leaves are less rigid than those of the tufts of steppe grasses of the Northern Hemisphere, since the climate of communities close to the steppes of the Southern Hemisphere is milder.

Rhizome grasses that do not form turfs, with single stems on creeping underground rhizomes, are more widely distributed in the northern steppes, in contrast to turf grasses, whose role in the Northern Hemisphere increases towards the south.
Among the dicotyledonous herbaceous plants, two groups stand out - the northern colorful forbs and the southern colorless. The colorful forbs are characterized by a mesophilic appearance and large bright flowers or inflorescences, for the southern, colorless forbs - a more xerophilic appearance - pubescent stems into leaves, often narrow or finely dissected leaves, flowers inconspicuous, dim.
Typical for the steppes are annual ephemera, which fade in the spring after flowering and die off, and perennial ephemeroids, in which, after the death of the ground parts, tubers, bulbs, and underground rhizomes remain. Colchicum is peculiar, which develops foliage in the spring, when there is still a lot of moisture in the steppe soils, retains only underground organs for the summer, and in autumn, when the whole steppe looks lifeless, yellowed, gives bright lilac flowers (hence its name).

The steppe is characterized by shrubs, often growing in groups, sometimes single. These include spireas, caragans, steppe cherries, steppe almonds, and sometimes some types of juniper. The fruits of many shrubs are eaten by animals.
Xerophilous mosses, fruticose and scale lichens, sometimes blue-green algae from the genus Nostok grow on the soil surface. During the summer dry period, they dry up, after rains they come to life and assimilate.

In the steppe, there are plants that are rather nondescript, perhaps that is why they are unfamiliar to many: grits and breakers. They appear among the first on dry ridges, sand mounds, hills and hills.

Krupka from the cruciferous family is most often found in the highlands and in the tundra. Total number its species in our country reaches a hundred. The most common are Siberian grains (found in meadows, dry tundra, alpine and subalpine lawns almost throughout the country, including the Arctic and the mountain systems of Central Asia and Siberia), as well as oak grains (widely distributed, except for the Arctic, in fields, dry meadows and steppes). Outwardly, these grains are very similar to each other.

Krupka oakwood is an annual plant with a branched, leafy stem up to 20 centimeters tall, in the lower part of which there is a basal rosette of oblong leaves, and in the upper part there are loose tassels of yellowish flowers. It blooms in April - July. Chemical composition grains has been poorly studied, it is only known that alkaloids are contained in the aerial part. The plant was used in folk herbal medicine as a hemostatic agent along with the shepherd's purse. It is believed that the aerial part, together with the seeds, has an expectorant and antitussive effect, as a result of which it is used for whooping cough and various bronchial diseases. An infusion of herbs is popular as an external remedy for various skin diseases (rashes and others), especially those of allergic origin in children (while taking an infusion or decoction of herbs externally and internally - as a blood purifier) ​​o In Chinese medicine, plant seeds are popular, which are used as an expectorant and diuretic.

Krupka Siberian is a perennial with dark yellow flowers. Deserves, like the oak groats, study for medical purposes.
There are 35 species of primroses from the family of primroses in our country, distributed mainly in the mountains of the Caucasus, Central Asia and Siberia. The most common is the northern breakwort - a small, up to 25 centimeters, annual plant with a basal rosette of medium-sized oblong leaves and, as a rule, numerous, up to 20 pieces, flower arrows up to 25 centimeters high, each of which ends with an umbrella-shaped inflorescence, consisting of 10-30 tiny white flowers. There is a northern breakwater almost throughout the country - in the forest-steppe, steppe, forest and polar-arctic zones: on upland and steppe meadows, rocky slopes, in sparse pine and other forests, and he especially loves. willingly occupies plowed clearings and deposits like a weed.

The plant has long been used for medicinal purposes by the people of our country. Recently, medicine has been studying the possibility of obtaining contraceptive (contraceptive) drugs from it. The studies carried out gave good results - the age-old folk experience of using the prolomnik was fully confirmed. It is believed that the prolomnik has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, its decoction or paste is used for leucorrhoea in women and gonorrhea in men, hernia and goiter, gastralgia, urolithiasis, especially widely - with sore throat (gargle and take it orally). Prolomnik is also known to be used as an anticonvulsant in epilepsy and eclampsia (seizures, including in children), as well as a diuretic and hemostatic agent.

The grits are oak. Photo: Matt Lavin

Peculiar life form steppe plants are tumbleweed. This life form includes plants that break off at the root collar as a result of drying out, less often - rotting, and are carried by the wind across the steppe; at the same time, sometimes rising into the air, sometimes hitting the ground, they scatter the seeds. In general, the wind plays a significant role in the transfer of seeds of steppe plants. There are a lot of flying plants here. The role of the wind is great not only in the pollination of plants, but the number of species in the pollination of which insects take part is less here than in forests.

Features of steppe plants:

a) Small leaves. The leaves of steppe grasses are narrow, not wider than 1.5-2 mm. In dry weather, they are folded lengthwise, and their evaporative surface becomes even smaller (adaptation to reduce evaporation). In some steppe plants, leaf blades are very small (bedstraws, kachima, thyme, gerbils, saltworts), in others they are divided into the thinnest slices and segments (gills, adonis, etc.).
b) pubescence. A whole group of steppe plants creates a special "microclimate" for itself due to abundant pubescence. Many species of astragalus, sage and others protect themselves from the sun's rays with the help of pubescence and thus fight drought.
c) wax coating. Many use a layer of wax or other waterproof substance that is secreted from the skin. This is another adaptation of steppe plants to drought. It is possessed by plants with a smooth, shiny surface of the leaves: spurges, gills, Russian cornflower, etc.
d) The special position of the leaves. Avoiding overheating, some steppe grasses (naeolovaty, serpuhi, chondrils) place their leaves edge to the sun. And such a steppe weed as wild lettuce generally orients its leaves in a north-south vertical plane, representing a kind of living compass.
e) Coloring. Among the summer steppe grasses, there are few bright green plants, the leaves and stems of most of them are painted in dull, faded colors. This is another adaptation of steppe plants that helps them protect themselves from excessive lighting and overheating (wormwood).
e) Powerful root system. The root system is 10-20 times larger than the above-ground organs in mass. There are many so-called soddy cereals in the steppe. These are feather grass, fescue, thin-legged, wheatgrass. They form dense tufts, having a diameter of 10 cm or more. Turf contains a lot of remnants of old stems and leaves and has a remarkable ability to intensively absorb melt and rain water and retain it for a long time.
g) Ephemera and ephemeroids. These plants develop in the spring when the soil is sufficiently moist. Thus, they have time to fade and bear fruit before the onset of the dry period (tulips, irises, saffron, goose onions, adonis, etc.).



The most valuable plants typical of the steppes are white and medicinal sweet clover, Siberian sainfoin, strawberries, Siberian snakeheads, tuberous gooseberry, steppe and creeping thyme, steppe sage, fragrant schizonepeta, catnip, Siberian cornflower, Altai aster, common hatma, slug onion.
Less valuable are Danish astragalus, sickle-shaped alfalfa, Ural licorice, spiked speedwell, yellow scabiosa, and steppe carnation. Weak melliferous plants are Siberian pomegranate, Morison's mustard, Baikal's mustard, backache, starodubka.

Published: 18 Mar 2018

Hogweed Siberian Dissected, Puchka, Pikan -Heracléum sibíricum. Herbaceous plant of the Umbelliferae family. Siberian hogweed, despite the name, is a predominantly European species, common throughout Central Russia. It is also distributed in Central Europe, Ciscaucasia and in Western Siberia (in its southern part it reaches Altai). It is found in the Crimea, in Kazakhstan (Dzungarian Alatau). It grows in damp places - in meadows, between shrubs. Grows in meadows (especially floodplains), along the banks of rivers and streams, edges, roadside meadows, and […]

Published: 01 May 2016

Weed plant. The species infests all types of crops, occurs in fallows, in orchards and orchards, as well as along roads, along ditches, and in fallows. Contains white milky juice. Strong honey and pollen. Allocates nectar only in the morning hours, because. flowers close in the afternoon. Medosbor intensive up to 380 kg per hectare. Honey crystallizes quickly, dark amber color. The pollen is dark yellow.

Published: 01 May 2016

Perennial herbaceous plant 30 - 90 cm high of the Compositae family. Grows in various meadows, clearings, meadow clearings, along roads in many regions of Russia. It is well visited by bees, which, under favorable weather conditions, collect a lot of nectar and pollen from it. Honey productivity in terms of solid arrays is over 100 kg/ha. Yellow pollen.

Published: 28 Apr 2016

Perennial melliferous herbaceous plant. Sandy cumin grows mainly on sandy soils, on dry copses, forest glades, hills, on fallow lands, rocky and sandy slopes everywhere. The hard scales of the inflorescence wrapper do not wither and do not lose color even when the inflorescences are cut - hence the name of the plant immortelle.

Published: 27 Nov 2015

Mediocre honey. Blossoms in June-September, fruits ripen in August-September. Perennial herbaceous plant from the Asteraceae family. It grows on sandy and loamy fresh and moist soils, in meadows, forest clearings, forest edges, in bushes, less often as a weed in crops. Prefers average soil fertility and drainage.

Published: 27 Nov 2015

Perennial herbaceous plant from the Asteraceae family. It grows in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the European part of Russia, in Western Siberia. It grows in damp places, along the banks of rivers and mountain streams, in tall grass meadows, forest clearings and edges, in thickets of shrubs. Bad honey. There is no marketable honey from elecampane.

Published: 03 May 2015

Perennial herbaceous plant. It grows on hillsides, in dry meadows, forest edges and clearings, on borders, in drier places. Widespread throughout forested areas. Honey plant, but gives the bees an insignificant collection of nectar. According to our personal observations, bees visit this honey plant in dry hot weather. Amber-colored honey, very fragrant, has the aroma of a flowering plant. Crystallizes quickly […]

Published: 15 Jan 2013

Herbaceous perennial plant from the Crassulaceae family. Grows on dry grassy slopes. In dry shrub thickets, in dry meadows, among stony placers. Good honey and pollen. It is actively visited by bees and bumblebees. According to our observations in the vicinity of the agro-bio station of the Uesuedi Pedagogical Institute, the flowers of the stonecrop were visited from morning to evening by bees, who collected nectar and pollen. The nectar production of one flower […]

Published: 09 Dec 2012

A biennial herbaceous plant from the Apiaceae family. It grows near roads, in fields, in vegetable gardens, orchards. Minor honey plant and pollen plant. Flowers are visited by bees reluctantly, but actively by flies. The nectar productivity of 100 flowers is 5.8-11.1 mg of sugar. Blooms in July-August.

Published: 08 Dec 2012

Perennial herbaceous plant. Grows on roadsides, like weeds in the field, cultivated plants. Good honey and pollen. The flowers are eagerly visited by bees, who collect pollen in the morning and nectar by noon. According to N. N. Kartoshova (1955), in the Tomsk region, it produces from 1 ha to 200-250 kg of nectar containing 35-40% sugar.

Published: 08 Dec 2012

Perennial herbaceous plant from the Rosaceae family. It grows in mixed grass meadows, on the edges of mixed forests, among shrubs. It is known that the leaves of the meadowsweet contain a large amount of vitamin C (370 mg/%). Therefore, young shoots and leaves are used in writing for salads, flowers are used as tea brewing.

Published: 08 Dec 2012

Pharmacy burnet - Sanguisorba officinalis L. Perennial herbaceous plant. Grows in oak forests, shrubs and dry meadows. On the Far East small-flowered and glandular burnet also grow - weak honey plants, but good pollen plants. Appearance Up to 60 cm in height, from the Rosaceae family. Stems erect, branched, strongly leafy, pubescent with hairs. Basal leaves are large, pinnate, glabrous above, […]