The most important thing about the Egyptian pyramids. The ancient pyramids of Egypt: history, description and secrets

For several centuries, the mysteries of Ancient Egypt have been in the center of attention of historians and archaeologists. When it comes to this ancient civilization, first of all, the grandiose pyramids come to mind, many of whose secrets have not yet been revealed. Among such mysteries, which are still far from being solved, is the construction of a great structure - the largest pyramid of Cheops that has come down to our time.

Known and mysterious civilization

Of all the oldest civilizations, the culture of ancient Egypt is perhaps the most well studied. And the point here is not only in the many historical artifacts and architectural monuments that have survived to this day, but also in the abundance of written sources. Even historians and geographers of Antiquity paid attention to this country and, describing the culture and religion of the Egyptians, did not ignore the construction of the great pyramids in Ancient Egypt.

And when in the XIX century the Frenchman Champollion was able to decipher the hieroglyphic letter of this ancient people, scientists gained access to a huge amount of information in the form of papyri, stone stelae with hieroglyphs and numerous inscriptions on the walls of tombs and temples.

The history of the ancient Egyptian civilization spans almost 40 centuries, and there are many interesting, bright and often mysterious pages in it. But the most attention is drawn to the Old Kingdom, the great pharaohs, the construction of the pyramids and the mysteries associated with them.

When were the pyramids built

The era that Egyptologists call the Old Kingdom lasted from 3000 to 2100 BC. e., just at this time, the Egyptian rulers were fond of building pyramids. All tombs erected earlier or later are much smaller in size, and their quality is worse, which affected their safety. It seems that the heirs of the architects of the great pharaohs lost the knowledge of their ancestors at once. Or were they completely different people who replaced the disappeared race, it is not clear where?

Pyramids were built in the period and even later, in the era of the Ptolemies. But not all pharaohs “ordered” similar tombs for themselves. So, at present, more than a hundred pyramids are known, built over 3 thousand years - from 2630, when the first pyramid was erected, until the 4th century AD. e.

The forerunners of the great pyramids

Before the great history of the construction of these grandiose buildings was erected, there were more than one hundred years.

According to the generally accepted version, the pyramids served as tombs in which the pharaohs were buried. Long before the construction of these structures, the rulers of Egypt were buried in mastabas - relatively small buildings. But in the 26th century BC. e. the first real pyramids were built, the construction of which began with the era of Pharaoh Djoser. The tomb, named after him, is located 20 km from Cairo and is very different in appearance from those that are called great.

It has a stepped shape and gives the impression of several mastabas stacked one on top of the other. True, its dimensions are rather big - more than 120 meters along the perimeter and 62 meters in height. This is a grandiose building for its time, but it cannot be compared with the pyramid of Cheops.

By the way, a lot is known about the construction of the tomb of Djoser, even written sources have survived that mention the name of the architect - Imhotep. One and a half thousand years later, he became the patron saint of scribes and doctors.

The first of the pyramids of the classical type is the tomb of Pharaoh Snofu, the construction of which was completed in 2589. The limestone blocks of this tomb have a reddish tint, which is why Egyptologists call it "red" or "pink".

great pyramids

This is the name of the three cyclopean tetrahedra located in Giza, on the left bank of the Nile.

The oldest and largest of them is the pyramid of Khufu, or, as the ancient Greeks called it, Cheops. It is she who is most often called the Great, which is not surprising, because the length of each of its sides is 230 meters, and the height is 146 meters. Now, however, it is slightly lower due to destruction and weathering.

The second largest is the tomb of Khafre, the son of Cheops. Its height is 136 meters, although visually it looks higher than the pyramid of Khufu, because it was built on a hill. Not far from it you can see the famous Sphinx, whose face, according to legend, is a sculptural portrait of Khafre.

The third - the pyramid of Pharaoh Mikerin - is only 66 meters high, and it was built much later. Nevertheless, this pyramid looks very harmonious and is considered the most beautiful of the great ones.

Modern man is accustomed to grandiose structures, but his imagination is also shaken by the great pyramids of Egypt, the history and secrets of construction.

Secrets and mysteries

Monumental buildings in Giza even in the era of Antiquity were included in the list of the main wonders of the world, of which the ancient Greeks numbered only seven. Today it is very difficult to comprehend the intention of the ancient rulers, who spent enormous amounts of money and human resources on the construction of such gigantic tombs. Thousands of people were cut off from the economy for 20-30 years and were engaged in the construction of a tomb for their ruler. Such irrational use of labor is questionable.

Since the time when the great pyramids were erected, the secrets of construction have not ceased to attract the attention of scientists.

Perhaps the construction of the great pyramid pursued a completely different goal? In the pyramid of Cheops, three chambers were found, which Egyptologists called burial chambers, but none of them contained mummies of the dead and objects that necessarily accompanied a person to the kingdom of Osiris. There are no decorations or drawings on the walls of the burial chambers either, more precisely, there is only one small portrait in the corridor on the wall.

The sarcophagus discovered in the Khafre pyramid is also empty, although many statues were found inside this tomb, but there are no things that, according to Egyptian customs, were placed in the tombs.

Egyptologists believe that the pyramids were looted. Perhaps, but it is not entirely clear why the robbers also needed the mummies of the buried pharaohs.

There are many mysteries associated with these cyclopean structures in Giza, but the very first question that arises in a person who saw them with his own eyes: how did the construction of the great pyramids of Ancient Egypt take place?

Amazing Facts

Cyclopean structures demonstrate the phenomenal knowledge of the ancient Egyptians in astronomy and geodesy. The faces of the Pyramid of Cheops, for example, are precisely oriented to the south, north, west and east, and the diagonal coincides with the direction of the meridian. Moreover, this accuracy is higher than that of the observatory in Paris.

And such an ideal figure from the point of view of geometry has a huge size, and even made up of separate blocks!

Therefore, the knowledge of the ancients in the field of building art is even more impressive. The pyramids are built from giant stone monoliths up to 15 tons in weight. The granite blocks lining the walls of the main burial chamber of Khufu's pyramid weighed 60 tons each. How did such colossus rise if this chamber is at a height of 43 meters? And some stone blocks of Khafre's tomb generally reach 150 tons in weight.

The construction of the great pyramid of Cheops required the ancient architects to process, drag and raise to a very significant height more than 2 million such blocks. Even modern technology does not make this task easy.

There is a completely natural surprise: why did the Egyptians need to drag such colossus to a height of several tens of meters? Wouldn't it have been easier to build a pyramid of smaller stones? After all, they were able to somehow “cut out” these blocks from a solid mass of rock, why didn’t they make it easier for themselves by sawing them into pieces?

In addition, there is another mystery. The blocks were not just laid in rows, but they were so carefully processed and tightly fitted to each other that in some places the gap between the plates was less than 0.5 millimeters.

After the erection, the pyramid was still lined with stone slabs, which, however, had long been stolen by enterprising local residents for the construction of houses.

How were the ancient architects able to solve this incredibly difficult task? There are many theories, but they all have their drawbacks and weaknesses.

Herodotus version

The famous historian of Antiquity Herodotus visited Egypt and saw the Egyptian pyramids. The construction, the description of which was left by the ancient Greek scientist, looked as follows.

Hundreds of people on drags dragged a stone block to the pyramid under construction, and then with the help wooden gate and systems of levers raised it to the first platform, equipped on the lower level of the structure. Then the next lifting mechanism came into play. And so, moving from one platform to another, the blocks were raised to the desired height.

It is hard to even imagine how much effort the great Egyptian pyramids required. Construction (photo, according to Herodotus, see below) was indeed an extremely difficult task.

For a long time, most Egyptologists adhered to this version, although it raised doubts. It is difficult to imagine such wooden lifts that could withstand the weight of tens of tons. Yes, and dragging millions of multi-ton blocks on drags seems difficult.

Can Herodotus be trusted? Firstly, he did not witness the construction of the great pyramids, since he lived much later, although he may have been able to observe how smaller tombs were erected.

Secondly, the famous scientist of Antiquity in his writings often sinned against the truth, trusting the stories of travelers or ancient manuscripts.

The "ramp" theory

In the 20th century, a version proposed by the French researcher Jacques Philippe Luer became popular among Egyptologists. He suggested that the stone blocks were moved not on drags, but on skating rinks along a special ramp, which gradually became higher and, accordingly, longer.

The construction of the great pyramid (photo image below), thus, also required great ingenuity.

But this version also has its drawbacks. Firstly, it is impossible not to pay attention to the fact that the work of thousands of workers in dragging stone blocks was not facilitated by this method at all, because the blocks had to be dragged uphill, into which the embankment gradually turned. And it's extremely hard.

Secondly, the slope of the ramp should be no more than 10˚, therefore, its length will be more than a kilometer. To build such an embankment, labor is needed no less than the construction of the tomb itself.

Even if it was not one ramp, but several, built from one tier of the pyramid to another, it is still a colossal work with a dubious result. Especially when you consider that several hundred people are needed to move each block, and there is practically nowhere to place them on narrow platforms and embankments.

In 1978, admirers from Japan tried to build a pyramid only 11 meters high using drags and mounds. They could not complete the construction, inviting modern technology to help.

It seems that people with the technology that was in antiquity are beyond their powers. Or were they not people? Who built the great pyramids at Giza?

Aliens or Atlanteans?

The version that the great pyramids were built by representatives of a different race, despite its fantastic nature, has quite rational grounds.

Firstly, it is doubtful that people who lived in the Bronze Age possessed the tools and technologies that allowed them to process such an array of wild stone and put together a geometrically perfect structure weighing more than one million tons.

Secondly, the assertion that the great pyramids were built in the middle of the III millennium BC. er, debatable. It was expressed by the same Herodotus, who visited Egypt in the 5th century BC. BC. and described the Egyptian pyramids, the construction of which was completed almost 2 thousand years before his visit. In his writings, he simply recounted what the priests had told him.

There are suggestions that these cyclopean structures were built much earlier, perhaps 8-12 thousand years ago, or maybe all 80. These assumptions are based on the fact that, apparently, the pyramids, the sphinx and the temples around them survived the era of floods. This is evidenced by traces of erosion that were found on the lower part of the Sphinx statue and the lower tiers of the pyramids.

Thirdly, the great pyramids are clearly objects connected in one way or another with astronomy and space. Moreover, this purpose is more important than the function of the tombs. Suffice it to recall that there are no burials in them, although there is what Egyptologists call sarcophagi.

The theory of the alien origin of the pyramids in the 60s was popularized by the Swiss Erich von Daniken. However, all of his evidence is more of a figment of the writer's imagination than the result of serious research.

If we assume that alien aliens organized the construction of the great pyramid, the photo should look something like the picture below.

The Atlantean version has no less fans. According to this theory, long before the rise of the ancient Egyptian civilization, the pyramids were built by representatives of some other race, who possessed either super-advanced technology or the ability to force the will to move colossal blocks of stone through the air. Just like Master Yoda from the famous Star Wars movie.

Prove as well as disprove these theories, scientific methods almost impossible. But perhaps there is a less fantastic answer to the question of who built the great pyramids? Why could not the ancient Egyptians, who had a variety of knowledge in other areas, do this? There is one that lifts the veil of mystery surrounding the construction of the great pyramid.

concrete version

If the movement and processing of multi-ton stone blocks is so laborious, could not the ancient builders have used more easy method concrete pour?

This point of view is actively defended and proved by several well-known scientists, and different specialties.

The French chemist Iosif Davidovich, having made a chemical analysis of the material of the blocks from which the pyramid of Cheops was built, suggested that this was not a natural stone, but concrete of a complex composition. It is made on the basis of ground rock, and is the so-called conclusions of Davidovich were confirmed by a number of American researchers.

Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences A. G. Fomenko, having examined the blocks from which the pyramid of Cheops was built, believes that the “concrete version” is the most plausible. The builders simply ground the stone available in excess, added binding impurities, such as lime, raised the concrete base in baskets to the construction site, and already there it was loaded into formwork and diluted with water. When the mixture hardened, the formwork was dismantled and transferred to another place.

Decades later, the concrete was so compressed that it became indistinguishable from natural stone.

It turns out that during the construction of the great pyramid, not stone, but concrete blocks were used? It would seem that this version is quite logical and explains many of the mysteries of the construction of ancient pyramids, including the difficulties of transportation and the quality of block processing. But it has its weaknesses, and it raises no fewer questions than other theories.

Firstly, it is very difficult to imagine how the ancient builders were able to grind more than 6 million tons of rock without the use of technology. After all, this is the weight of the pyramid of Cheops.

Secondly, the possibility of using wooden formwork in Egypt, where wood has always been highly valued, is questionable. Even the boats of the pharaohs were made of papyrus.

Thirdly, the ancient architects, of course, could think of making concrete. But the question arises: where then did this knowledge go? Within a few centuries after the construction of the great pyramid, not a trace remained of them. There were still tombs of this kind erected, but they were all but a pitiful imitation of those that stand on the plateau at Giza. And until now, most often shapeless piles of stones have remained from the pyramids of a later period.

Therefore, it is impossible to say with certainty how the great pyramids were built, the secrets of which have not yet been revealed.

Not only Ancient Egypt, but also other civilizations of the past keep many mysteries, which makes getting to know their history incredible. exciting journey into the past.

The magic of the mysterious countries still exists. Palm trees sway in the warm breeze, the Nile sails through the desert surrounded by a green valley, the sun illuminates the temple of Karnak and the mysterious pyramids of Egypt, and bright schools of fish flicker in the Red Sea.

Funerary culture of ancient Egypt

Pyramids are called grandiose structures in the form of a regular geometric polyhedron. In the construction of funerary buildings or mastabas, this form, according to Egyptologists, began to be used because of the similarity with a funeral cake. If you ask how many pyramids there are in Egypt, you can hear the answer that to date, about 120 buildings have been found and described, which are located in different areas along the banks of the Nile.

The first mastabas can be seen in Saqqara, Upper Egypt, Memphis, Abusir, El-Lahun, Giza, Khawara, Abu Rawash, Meidum. They were built from clay bricks with river silt - adobe, in a traditional architectural form. The pyramid housed a prayer room and a funeral "dowry" for traveling in the afterlife. The underground part kept the remains. The pyramids had a different appearance. They evolved from a stepped to a true, geometrically correct form.

The evolution of the shape of the pyramids

Tourists are often interested in how to see all the pyramids of Egypt, in which city they are located. There are many such places. For example, Meiduma is the most mysterious point, where the oldest of all the great funerary buildings are located. When Sneferu came to the throne (circa 2575 BC), Saqqara had the only large royal pyramid of Djoser completely completed.

The ancient locals called it "el-haram-el-kaddab", which means "false pyramid". Because of its shape, it has attracted the attention of travelers since the Middle Ages.

The Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara is known as the most early form funerary building in Egypt. Its appearance is attributed to the period of the third dynasty. Narrowing passages from the north lead to the burial chamber. Underground galleries surround the pyramid from all sides except the south. This is the only completed building with huge steps that were lined with stone. But her form was different from the ideal. The first regular pyramids appeared at the beginning of the reign of the 4th dynasty of the pharaohs. The true form arose as a result of the natural development and improvement of the architectural design of the stepped building. The structure of a real pyramid is almost the same. Building blocks were stacked to the required shapes and sizes of the object, and then they were finished with limestone or stone.

Pyramids of Dahshur

Dahshur forms the southern region of the Memphis necropolis and contains a number of pyramidal complexes and monuments. Dahshur has only recently been opened to the public. In the valley of the Nile, south of Cairo, alone on the edge of the Western Desert, above the lush green fields at Meidum, is a remarkable area where one can see the transition from a stepped to a regular pyramid shape. The transformation took place during the change of the third dynasty of the pharaohs to the fourth. During the reign of the 3rd dynasty, Pharaoh Huni organized the construction of the first regular pyramid in Egypt, where the stepped structures from Meidum are located as a base for construction. The burial structure was intended for the son of Huni, the first pharaoh of the fourth dynasty, Sneferu (2613-2589 BC). The heir completed work on the pyramids of his father, then built his own - stepped. But building plans pharaoh were curtailed, as the construction did not go according to plan. Reducing the angle of the lateral plane led to a diamond-shaped curved silhouette. This design is called the Bent Pyramid, but it still has intact outer shells.

The oldest pyramids in Saqqara

Saqqara is one of the huge necropolises ancient city which is known today as Memphis. The ancient Egyptians called this place "White Walls". The pyramids of Egypt in Saqqara are represented by the first oldest step pyramid of Djoser. It was here that the history of the construction of these funerary structures began. In Saqqara they found the first inscription on the walls, known as the Pyramid Texts. The architect of these projects is called Imhotep, who invented hewn stone masonry. Thanks to construction developments, the ancient architect was ranked among the deities. Imhotep is considered the son of Ptah, the patron of crafts. Saqqara is home to many tombs belonging to important ancient Egyptian officials.

The true gem is the great pyramids of Egypt in the Sneferu complex. Feeling dissatisfied with the Bent Pyramid, which did not allow him to worthily go to heaven, he began construction about two kilometers to the north. It was the famous Pink Pyramid, so named because of the red limestone used in its construction. This is one of the oldest buildings in Egypt, which is created in the correct form. It has a tilt angle of 43 degrees and is the second largest, second only to the Great Pyramid of Giza. It was built by the son of Sneferu in Khufu. In fact, the Great Pyramid is only 10 meters from the Rose. Other major monuments in Dahshur date from the 12th and 13th dynasties and are not comparable in scale to the work of Huni and Sneferu.

Late pyramids at the Sneferu complex

There are later pyramids in Meidum. In Egypt, where the White Pyramid of Amenemhat II, the Black Pyramid of Amenemhat III and the building of Senusret III are located, smaller monuments of funerary purpose for minor rulers, nobles and officials dominate.

They tell of a fairly stable and peaceful period in the history of Egypt. Interestingly, the Black Pyramid and the structure of Senusret III were built not of stone, but of brick. Why this material was used is unknown, but at that time new construction methods penetrated into Egypt from other countries, thanks to trade and international relations. Unfortunately, although brick was much easier to work with than multi-ton granite blocks, the material did not stand the test of time. Although the Black Pyramid is fairly well preserved, the White Pyramid is badly damaged. Tourists, who are little aware of the huge number of pyramidal burials, have a misunderstanding. They ask: "Where are the pyramids in Egypt?" While everyone knows about the great burial structures of Egypt, there are many less significant examples of such structures. Scattered along the Nile from Celia on the edge of the oasis to the island of Elephantine in Aswan, in the village of Naga el-Khalifa, about five miles south of Abydos, in the city of Minya and many other unexplored places.

Giza pyramids and necropolis

For all tourists who come to Egypt, an excursion to the pyramids becomes almost a ritual. The buildings of Giza are the only surviving of the seven wonders. Ancient World and the most famous sights. This sacred place impresses with its antiquity, the scope of the necropolis, the unreality of buildings and the Great Sphinx. The secrets of the construction and supposed symbolism of the pyramids of Giza only add to the appeal of these ancient wonders. Many modern people still consider Giza to be a spiritual place. A number of fascinating theories have been proposed to explain the "mystery of the pyramids". The author of the project of the Great Pyramid in Egypt is called the adviser of Cheops and his relative - Hemiun. Giza is the most important site on earth for many researchers who are trying to unravel the geometric perfection of burial structures in ancient sources. But even great skeptics are in awe of the deep antiquity, scope and absolute harmony of the pyramids of Giza.

History of the Pyramids of Giza

Located on the western bank of the Nile River, about 12 miles southwest of downtown Cairo, Giza (el-Gizah in Arabic) is the third largest city in Egypt with a population of nearly 3 million. This is a famous necropolis on the Giza plateau, which houses the most popular monuments in Egypt. The Great Pyramids of Giza were built in 2500 BC for the burial places of the pharaohs. Together they make up the only ancient wonder of the world still in existence today. Many tourists are attracted by Egypt (Hurghada). They can see the pyramids of Giza in half an hour, which will be required on the road. You can admire this wonderful ancient sacred place to your heart's content.

The Great Pyramid of Khufu, or Cheops as the Greeks called it (it is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids at Giza), and the necropolis bordering Cairo have remained virtually untouched by time. It is believed that the pyramid was built as a tomb for the fourth dynasty of the Egyptian pharaohs Khufu. The Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years. Initially, it was covered with facing stones, which created a smooth outer surface. Some of them can be seen around the base and at the very top. There are various scientific and alternative theories about how the pyramids of Ancient Egypt were built, and about the construction methods of the Great One itself. Most of the accepted construction theories are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from the quarry and lifting them into place. It occupies an area of ​​just over 5 hectares. The original height was 146 m in height, but the pyramid is still impressive at 137 m. The main losses are associated with the destruction of the smooth limestone surface.

Herodotus on Egypt

When the Greek historian Herodotus visited Giza, around 450 BC, he described what kind of pyramids there were in Egypt. He learned from the Egyptian priests that the Great Pyramid was built for Pharaoh Khufu, who was the second king of the Fourth Dynasty (c. 2575-2465 BC). Priests told Herodotus that it was built by 400,000 people over 20 years. At the construction site, 100,000 people were employed to move the blocks at a time. But archaeologists find this implausible and tend to think that the workforce was more limited. Perhaps 20,000 workers, with an accompanying support staff of bakers, doctors, priests, and others, would be sufficient for the task.

The most famous pyramid was carefully laid out using 2.3 million worked stone blocks. These blocks had an impressive weight of two to fifteen tons. After the construction was completed, the burial structure struck with a weight that was approximately 6 million tons. All the famous cathedrals in Europe, taken together, have such a weight! The Pyramid of Cheops has been recorded for thousands of years as the tallest structure in the world.

Only the graceful spiers of the extraordinarily majestic Lincoln Cathedral, built in England, 160 m high, were able to break the record, but collapsed in 1549.

Pyramid of Khafre

Among the pyramids of Giza, the second largest is the structure built for the afterlife journey of Khafre (Khephren), the son of Pharaoh Khufu. He inherited power after the death of his elder brother and was the fourth ruler in the fourth dynasty. Of his well-born relatives and predecessors on the throne, many were buried in penny tombs. But the grandeur of the pyramid of Khafre strikes almost the same as the "last house" of his father.

The Pyramid of Khafre stretches visually to the sky and seems to be higher than the first pyramid of Giza - the funerary building of Cheops, because it stands on a higher part of the plateau. It is characterized by a steeper angle of inclination with a preserved smooth limestone coating. At the second pyramid, each of the sides was 216 m and was originally 143 m high. Its limestone and granite blocks weigh about 2.5 tons each.

The ancient pyramids of Egypt, such as Cheops, as well as the construction of Khafre, include five burial pits connected by passages. Together with the mortuary, the Valley of the Temples and the connecting dam, it is 430 meters long, carved into the rock. The burial chamber, which is underground, kept a red granite sarcophagus with a lid. Nearby is a square cavity, where there was a chest with the insides of the pharaoh. The Great Sphinx near the Pyramid of Khafre is considered to be his royal portrait.

Pyramid of Menkaure

The last of the pyramids of Giza is the Pyramid of Menkaure, located to the south. It was intended for the son of Khafre, the fifth king of the fourth dynasty. Each side is 109 m, and the height of the building is 66 m. In addition to these three monuments, small pyramids were built for Khufu's three wives and a series of flat-topped pyramids for the remains of his beloved children. At the end of a long dam lined small tombs of courtiers, a temple and a mortuary were built only for the mummification of the body of the pharaoh.

Like all the pyramids of Egypt, created for the pharaohs, the burial chambers of these buildings were filled with everything necessary for the next life: furniture, statues of slaves, niches for canopic canopies.

Theories about the construction of the Egyptian giants

Many mysteries are hidden by the centuries-old history of Egypt. Pyramids built without modern appliances only increase curiosity towards these places. Herodotus assumed that the foundation was laid out of huge blocks weighing about seven tons. And then, as from children's cubes, step by step, all 203 layers were lifted up. But this cannot be done, as evidenced by the Japanese attempt in the 1980s to duplicate the actions of the Egyptian builders. The most plausible explanation is that the Egyptians used slopes, along which stone blocks were towed along a ladder using sleds, rollers and levers. And the base was a natural plateau. The majestic structures have withstood not only the crushing work of time, but also numerous attacks by grave robbers. They robbed the pyramids in ancient times. Khafre's burial chamber, opened by the Italians in 1818, was empty, there was no longer any gold and other treasures.

There is a possibility that there are still undiscovered pyramids of Egypt or are now completely destroyed. Many make fantastic theories about the extraterrestrial intervention of another civilization, for which such construction is child's play. The Egyptians are only proud of the perfect knowledge of their ancestors in the field of mechanics, dynamics, thanks to which the construction business developed.

Even modern technologies are inaccessible to the engineering accuracy of the ancient constructions of the past peoples who inhabited Egypt. Huge Temples, giant statues, huge pyramids - as if they appeared from Nothing, using some kind of space technology.

Here are some facts that still only ascertain the amazing secrets of the Pyramids:

- In 1978, the Japanese, using the proposed technology of overlay planes, were able to build a Pyramid with a height of only 11 meters, which is 2367 times less than the total geometric volume of the Pyramid of Cheops, just for this Pyramid alone, segments with a total volume of 500,000 m3 would be required, with their tenfold use .

- For the construction of the Pyramid, in ancient times, about 50 million people would have been used, although according to experts for 3000 years BC. only 20 million people lived on Earth. How could a state have 2.5 times more people than there were in the whole world and how could they feed themselves?

– In 1930, the Frenchman Bovy constructed a wooden model of the Pyramid with a base one yard (91 cm) long and placed a dead cat in it, having previously oriented the model to the North. A few days later, the cat's corpse was mummified. But until now, mummification is achieved by the most difficult chemicals and technologies.

- The Czech radio engineer K. Drobanu, having oriented the axis of his Pyramid model exactly from North to South and placed a dull razor blade in it, found that it had acquired its former sharpness.

– Hoping to find the secret chambers inside the Khafre Pyramid, Laureate Nobel Prize A.U. Alvarez in 1969, studying the background of cosmic rays penetrating into the ancient colossus, noticed that their trajectories recorded in different days, were completely different, which, according to scientists, contradicts all known laws of science.

- The technology for creating Pyramids and underground labyrinths, adits in all the Pyramids is the same, although the difference in their construction is more than 1000 years. And what is surprising - the most Majestic Pyramids were created at the Dawn of Egyptian Civilization. Or maybe at the Sunset of the Past ...?

– All stone blocks with sharp corners and smooth side surfaces are fitted to each other with millimeter accuracy, and the average weight of one block is 2.5 tons.

– The height of the Great Pyramid is 146.595 meters. The difference between the sides of the base is only 0.83 mm. Each of the meanings of the pyramid carries information unattainable for the ancient Egyptians, and even in modern units of calculation.

– On the basis of the “Clock of Isis” created, S. Proskuryakov developed systems for constructing graphic-numerical diagrams and, on the basis of mathematical relations, revealed the relationship of the Pyramid with all the physical and mathematical quantities of a cosmic nature known to us.

- The meridian passing through the Pyramid divides the continents and the ocean into two equal parts.

- The perimeter of the base, divided by twice the height, gives the famous number "Pi" - 3.1416.

– The rocks on which the Pyramids are installed are perfectly aligned.

- The Cheops Pyramid is installed in such a place in the desert that it is the center of gravity of the continents.

- In rock adits there is no completeness of walls and ceilings from torches. So the lighting was electric?

– A manuscript is kept in the library at Oxford, in which the Coptic chronicler MAD-UDI states that Egyptian pharaoh Zurid ordered the construction of the Great Pyramid. But Zurid ruled, according to legend, before the Flood. It was this Pharaoh who ordered the priests to write down and hide the entire amount of wisdom and knowledge known to them and hide it inside the Pyramid.

- According to the memoirs of "Herodotus" - "the father of history", it is said that the Egyptian priests showed him 341 colossal figures of the high priests, from father to son, while still alive, making their sculpture. Herodotus said that the priests assured that before the 341st generation, the GODS still lived among people, this was about 11,350 years ago. And then the Gods did not visit them. The historical age of Egypt is estimated at only 6530 years. What was the civilization before this? Who were the ancestors of the Egyptian priests?

- Recent studies from American NASA satellites that have visited Mars have found on its surface Pyramids and images of human faces-copies of the Sphinx on Earth. The construction of both was based on the same mathematical principles! The only difference is in size. It turns out that the first priests of Egypt, missionaries from Mars?

- By the location of the 3 Pyramids in Giza, and the Nile coded as the Milky Way, it is assumed that Sirius is visually reflected on Earth in the constellation Canis Major, which corresponds to the assumption that the civilizations of Mars, and then the Earth, were created by aliens from Sirius, somehow got to us. Presumably, through the information energy encoded in the rays of magnetic radiation from the Stars.

- The creation of the Pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty, which took 22 million tons of stone, involves careful preparation for some kind of global event. The scope of the structures shows that the work was completed in a hundred years and the construction took place according to a certain super-plan. 8 million blocks of rock were laid.

– During the subsequent construction, starting with the grandson of Cheops, the priests paid more attention not to architecture, but to the “magic” properties of “hieroglyphs” - Pyramid texts - that appeared after the 4th dynasty, i.e. suddenly, it began to prevail as if some kind of mission had been completed, and the pyramids were space launch pads for receiving and launching (reincarnation, neomaterialization) of aliens.

- If you look closely, the tops of the Pyramids are deliberately not finished, as they are the tops of the antenna of the emitter - the receiver of some cosmic energy materialized into information, at the light-wave level. Since Energy and information are fundamentally the same, it is quite likely that the ancient priests of Egypt possessed the knowledge of the transformation of Matter at the wave level. After all, there is still no answer to the question why the speed of light is constant, passing from any Star Millions of light years?

– It has been observed that the galleries in the Great Pyramid of Cheops have a relationship of tangent 1 / 2 angles at 26 degrees 34 minutes, which is, by recent achievements Genetics by a combination of two values: 26 degrees is the angle of elevation of the DNA helix, and 34 angstroms is the length of its period. But it is known that the genetic code of all organisms on Earth, from a microbe to a Human, is the same. This means that the foundations of thinking in past Civilizations are similar to ours.

– The number “Pi” is the key to the mysteries of the Egyptian Pyramids, but the number “Pi” is directly related to the “Golden Section” by Leonardo da Vinci, the “Golden Wurf” by Corbusier, as well as the “Fibonacci Numbers”, which again constitute the Pyramid of the Perfect numbers.

- In ancient times, a stone of a “pyramidal” shape - “PYRAMIDION” - called BENBEN, was installed on the flat, unfinished tip of the Pyramid. It seemed to symbolize the cosmic “CITY OF THE SUN”, from which, as it were, “sun rays” - edges, were breaking through.

- Initially, the tops of the pyramids were lined with slabs of gold and semi-precious stones, on which the texts of the entire history of civilizations of past times were carved, but over time they were torn off by barbarians.

– According to the found papyri “Book of the Dead”, according to the wall texts of the tombs, it is determined that the Pyramids were built to perform the ritual of stellar rebirth. It was the written word, after the 4th dynasty, that replaced some kind of super mechanism that had been under construction for more than a hundred years, or maybe just restored, to move in space. It can be assumed that the displacement occurred or there was a failure, an accident, which led to the emergence of magical symbolism of secret knowledge, presented to ordinary people as “miracles”, and for the initiates, having coded, through the mysteries, the knowledge of ancient Civilizations. What is it, self-defense or fear from the future based on the experience of the past?

- After research on a computer, scientists calculated that there is a SIRIUS-B Star near the SIRIUS-A Star, it is not visible to the naked eye. Although there is information about such a Star in the secret knowledge of the Dogon, whose ideas date back to 3200 BC. Sirius-B is, as it were, the “son” of the “father” of Sirius and the “mother” of “Orion”, which is the reincarnation of the “father” into the “son”.

All the facts speak for the fact that the "stellar" pregnancy of "Sirius" is 280 days. The reincarnation of the Pharaoh lasts 280 days, according to legend, 280 days is the pregnancy of a person.

90 days The time of sunset and then the rising of a star in the EAST

12 days (The star passes the meridian line immediately after sunset. The star, as it were, does its work (like a soul) gave birth to the Pharaoh

70 days (Star is in DUAT). Sirius invisible (death) embalming lasted 70 days.

- In modern chronology, there were 31 dynasties of pharaohs in total from 3100 BC. and until 332 BC. In total, the rule of 390 monarchs. After that, Egypt was ruled from 332 BC. and up to the present time another 49 dynasties, which included:

Macedonian Greeks (Ptolemaic period 332-30 BC)

Romans (Roman emperors 30 BC - 641 AD)

Arabs (642 AD - Present).

As you can see: Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, The Arabs keep in their roots the history of secret knowledge about the Pyramids, about the Civilizations of the past, about the Mysteries.

- The Egyptians had a "ROMBOID" - the egg of the world was in the form of an "OCTAHEDRA" (two pyramids docked at the bases): which in Christianity gradually turned into just an egg for Easter, although the paintings on it are still pyramidal in nature.

- Golgotha, where Christ was crucified, resembled a Pyramid in shape.

- Until now, on Easter, symbolic Pyramids are made of cheese.

- The perspective of the picture, the TV screen and the eye that perceives them, isn't this a pyramid?

- When drawing in a two-dimensional three-dimensional space, a Pyramid is drawn “as if” deep into, where the top is the horizon line.

“If we assume that the rays of energy, falling on the inner faces of the Pyramid, will be reflected in them, then we will get some kind of accumulation of internal energy, similar to the concentration of energy in a laser.

- If you take the image of a pyramid from ancient manuscripts, then it is depicted by the letter L - delta, as it is similar to the first letter A in all the alphabets of the world.

- The symbol of the delta, HA - in the YOGA of the ancient Hindus, symbolizes the masculine principle, a conductor of positive energy, symbolizes the Moon.

- Two triangles (deltas with the top up and deltas with the top down) superimposed on each other symbolize HATHA (sign of Vishnu) harmony, balance.

Star of Solomon, Solomon's Seal, Sri Antra Brahmins, six directions of space, a symbol of the fusion of pure spirit and matter. Are these symbols echoes of secret prehistoric knowledge, past civilizations of the Neolithic era, matriarchy and patriarchy.

- The very first and main pose of yogis, the “LOTOS” pose, resembles, first of all, the Pyramid.

- From the pyramid you can add five PLATONIC BODIES.

- Perspective and everything that we perceive visually is based on the principles of pyramidality.

- If you dock the tops of the pyramids, you get a symbolic “Clock of Time”, which after some time has to be turned over and in a new way time starts its run, well, isn’t it allegorical in relation to the repetition of everything and everything in the world, at certain intervals of time?

- The eye arranged in a pyramid is an echo of the symbolism of the God of the Sun-Ra, in Ancient Egypt, in the Christian religion.

- In meditation, there is a symbol of energy concentration, when the fingers are crossed in the form of a triangle-pyramid.

- According to the ideas of the Ancients (according to Blavatsky H.P.), people belong to the fifth race, which is like the top of the four previous races - the foundations:

1 race - Giants (from another star of Sirius or the planet Mars).

2 race - A mixture with earthly creatures.

3 race - Hermaphrodites are bisexual.

4 race - Atlantis (inhabitants of Atlantis)

5th race - our humanity.

6 race - i.e. top of the pyramid, it is supposed to be radically opposite human race- it will be technotronic, where biorobots will be in the foreground, with their own new criteria.

7th race - i.e. a pyramidal crystal consisting of two pyramids docked at the bases is the most important symbol explaining the entire principle of the Universe. This is the final phase of Civilizations, after it everything must start over, i.e. first turning into NOTHING, and then from NOTHING and will appear.

- According to the ancient Mysteries - repositories of ancient knowledge, the motto of the ancient sages - Adepts, occultists is: "As from above, then from below." The ancestor of the occultists was HERMES - the Egyptian God, thrice great, who transmitted secret knowledge to the priests through the art of Magic. The symbol of his teaching was TRANSMEGIST - a crystal resembling an OCTAHEDR (two pyramids docked at the bases).

- The crystal lattice of DIAMOND, the hardest crystal on earth, even in degrees of inclination of the faces is completely similar to the pyramidal crystal of two pyramids.

- During the floods of the Nile, thousands of years ago, the dazzlingly bright Pyramids were reflected in the sky-blue water, and each of them was an image of a double mountain symbolizing: a reflection of the upper world, where the Pyramids directed, in the lower one. And when the Nile changed its course, artificial lakes were created around the Pyramids for a long time, performing the same function of a mirror. If we imagine the truncated top of the Pyramid as an emitter of the information energy accumulated inside, then it is obvious that the Pyramid is similar to a segment concentrating the reflected energy from the "thicket" - a plate - a lake around the Pyramid, focusing it in space. Something like a hyperbolic antenna. Nostradamus wrote that the mirror (just like the Mages) is one of the main Attributes (along with the tripod, also a kind of Pyramid) of Magic, with the help of which he traveled through time and space. Those. it can be assumed that the pyramids were stations for travelers - priests - aliens, in the past, present and future.

- In ancient times, dualism was displayed in all cultures, this is especially noticeable in a pyramidal crystal, where the pyramid with its top up symbolizes good, and down - evil. For all peoples, a tree was considered a symbol of duality - called the "WORLD TREE", remember the Christmas tree on New Year Doesn't it look like a Pyramid? Man, animal plant, etc. everything is dual. It's like a worldwide insurance code, a duplication of the same thing. In Biochemistry, this phenomenon is called CHIRALITY (like a reflection in a mirror where left changes to right). Water molecules can be represented as a bipyramid (pyramidal crystal, where important corner points, the corners of the base of the pyramids, correspond to the atoms of only four elements):

1-H-hydrogen 2-C-carbon 3-O-oxygen 4-Ni-nitrogen

— The Maya depicted double worlds with the help of two stepped Pyramids connected by bases:

Sun-1

(daytime sun)

Sky

home of the gods

EARTH IS THE HOUSE OF THE LIVING (connection line)

Underworld

dwelling of the dead

Sun-2

(night sun)

— ancient civilization The Egyptians distinguished between the worlds of the gods and the dead, surrounding the world of the living. And just like Maya, they proved the duality and unity of the worlds with the help of the Sun:

SUN 1

(RA, PTAH, ATUM, ATON, ROR)

Heavenly world of light

EARTH IS THE WORLD OF THE LIVING

Realm of the dead, world of darkness

SUN-2

(OSIRIS, SET, AMON)

- A pile (like a pyramid), made of stone, tsebnya, is capable of producing water from the air, even in the desert, i.e. In contact with stones, the vapor cools, condenses and turns into a liquid. Drops are formed flowing down, giving rise to a water skating rink. Even Herodotus wrote about two Pyramids standing waist-deep in water, which were about 180 m high?

- It is known from crystallography that any crystal tends to energy balance, i.e. any unfinished form of a crystal sooner or later self-repairs. If we consider a pyramid, then the side faces are larger in area than the base, in order to restore symmetry it needs to “grow” down another pyramid, i.e. the form from open should become closed, but this will be a bipyramid (pyramidal crystal0.

- In the cards of a tambourine - a rhombus means WISDOM, respectively: Pike-POWER (arrow-target), WORMS (symbol of love, heart), CROSSBOW (symbol of faith, shamrock, Christianity).

- Pyramids, as later in the church, were not built anywhere. They were located above deep faults earth's crust. It is over these places that anomalous zones are most often encountered, UFOs appear, and some miraculous phenomena appear. The Great Pyramids are located in the zone of the grandiose East African Rift, which gave rise to the Red and Dead Seas, as well as the Nile River, the largest in the world.

— Pyramid, a large copy of a certain crystal, like any crystal, it has its own closed energy grid, if it is broken, then energy will be released, maybe that's why the crystal of the pyramids was made unfinished (top) and the crystal became an antenna for ejection or absorption of energy. To which the ancients added the energy of human emotions, reason, prayers, which, in the whirlwind flow of Nature and the thoughts of a person, a people, mix and, as it were, create a common unison. Here you have the Magic of the relationship between NATURE and MAN. Pyramids are some kind of psychotronic generators, where the energy of the Pyramid affects a person at the level of consciousness and those biological processes occurring in his body at the cellular level.

- Pyramids are "TIME MACHINES", where time slows down - top up and accelerates - top down. From natural formations The biggest time machine is the Earth itself. In its northern hemisphere, as in a pyramid with the top up, time slows down, and in the southern hemisphere it speeds up. For this reason, the main part of the continental massifs is concentrated in the northern hemisphere, and depressions filled with water are concentrated in the southern hemisphere.

I think, dear reader, the above facts have interested you, but this is only the beginning of an amazing journey into the WORLD OF PYRAMIDALITY. In subsequent chapters, we will consider the pyramidality of the World and the Universe, the pyramidality of Philosophy and Truth, the pyramidality of Politics and Economics, the pyramidality of Nature and Man, the pyramidality of Will and Success.

But I want to warn in advance, the more you will rise above others in your knowledge and capabilities, the more you will move away from others, all greatness leads to loneliness, since the chaos of your foundation in thinking, in unfortunate will gradually concentrate on the top of the supernomination of everything and ALL OF YOU AS A CHESS PLAYER WILL CARRY OUT YOUR POBENDS, ONE AFTER ANOTHER, THAT IN THE END LEAVES YOU ALONE ON THE CHESSBOARD.

Video archive on the topic of the secret Egyptian pyramids

Selected Egyptian Pyramid Exploration Videos

Pyramid Revelations. Research that changed the world!

The Forbidden Past of Mankind

Detailed study of the pyramid of Cheops

Mystery of the Egyptian pyramids

Secret territories #57: PYRAMIDS. HERITAGE OF THE GODS.

The mystery of the construction of the Egyptian pyramids is revealed! Video on RuTube

Seven Wonders of the World

Forbidden History Topics: The Secrets of the Seven Pyramids (Episode 1)

Mysteries of Ancient Egypt

The power of the Pyramid and its possibilities...

Pyramids. funnel of time

The whole truth about UFOs: The pyramids were built by aliens.

Secrets of the Pyramids, Pyramids America, Egypt, China, Mexico, Russia

Mummies of white blue-eyed giants and pyramids in China

An endless series of eras of human civilization keeps a huge number of secrets and mysteries. Each of them requires close attention and study. The study is hampered by those huge time intervals that separate modern man from things long gone. Looking at living people from eternity, the greatest architectural and artistic creations are not at all going to talk about how, by whom, and most importantly why they were created.

One of the most mysterious masterpieces of times gone into oblivion are, without any doubt, pyramids of ancient egypt. These grandiose creations of human hands delight and fascinate, amaze with their size and at the same time cause a feeling of deep bewilderment: why was it necessary to spend so much effort, energy, time on absolutely useless constructions.

Most likely, those who lived 45 centuries ago wanted to emphasize the greatness of their era, the significance of their rulers, the inviolability of their power and proximity to the gods. Or maybe these structures contain some other meaning, beyond the understanding of modern man. All this is a mystery behind seven seals, securely hidden for millennia.

The first ancient pyramids of Egypt

The facts indicate that The first pyramid was built in ancient Egypt under the founder of the III dynasty Pharaoh Djoser. He ruled approximately in 2780-2760 BC. e. and radically changed the architectural style of the tombs practiced before him.

From the end of the IV millennium BC. e. the rulers were buried in mastabas - truncated pyramids. These were small structures from stones fastened together with clay mortar. In those distant times, they may have made an impression on people, but in the present century they are shapeless stone piles that bear little resemblance to architectural creations.

The tomb of Djoser (located in Saqqara - 20 km south of Cairo) had nothing to do with the mastaba. Rather, it was six mastabas stacked on top of each other. The lowest one was also the widest. The next mastaba was smaller, it had an even smaller one, and even smaller one above. Thus, a stepped pyramid 62 meters high and 125 by 115 meters along the perimeter was obtained.

For those times, the building, of course, is majestic. Developed it, designed it, and then implemented it Pharaoh's vizier Imhotep. Apparently it was a very outstanding person, since her name survived for almost five thousand years. Imhotep is rightfully considered the founder of a new architectural style that lasted in ancient Egypt for almost 200 years.

The shape of the pyramids underwent significant structural changes during the time of the founder of the IV dynasty Pharaoh Sneferu(ruled 2613-2589 BC). Two pyramids are associated with his name, but these are no longer stepped, but fundamental structures with smooth sloping walls. One pyramid is called broken line- its height is 104 meters, another pyramid has a name pink. It is taller, its height is 109 meters.

The pyramids are located in Dahshur - a desert area 26 kilometers south of Cairo. They are not alone in their greatness. Next to them is another 20 pyramids of the pharaohs of the XII and XIII dynasty. In this necropolis, the pyramids of Sneferu are the oldest, but despite the fact that other man-made tombs were built many centuries later, these two pyramids are much better preserved. They have not lost their geometric shapes, have not crumbled under the weight of centuries, but continue to rise royally above the mortal earth, impassively looking at the world around them.

Such amazing vitality is explained by completely different construction technologies, completely different from those by which the rest of the necropolis structures were built.

The pink and broken pyramids are assembled from granite blocks, ideally processed and fitted to each other. These blocks are not cemented with mortar, but the structures stand like a monolith. Huge heaviness reliably binds all the knots of these ideal architectural structures, while 46 centuries that have passed since the time of their construction serve as proof of their strength.

The rest of the pyramids are assembled from ordinary raw stones, or rather, cobblestones. They were tied with mortar and, laying on top of each other, they created structures that were significantly inferior in strength to the Snefru pyramids. All this is rather strange, since in 700 years it was possible not only not to lose the technologies practiced during the IV dynasty, but also to significantly improve them. The fact remains that during the construction of the broken and pink pyramids, more advanced construction methods were used than in later centuries.

Generally falls out of the usual series of similar building structures. Its name already speaks about it. The fact is that the angle of inclination of the walls of this structure from the base to the middle of the height is 54 ° 31 ′. Further, the angle changes and is equal to 43 ° 21 ′. What is the reason for such an architectural refinement is unknown, although there are a great many assumptions and theories.

The prevailing opinion is that in connection with the death of the pharaoh construction works decided to speed up and therefore made the slope of the upper parts of the walls steeper. Other researchers believe that it was just a "test of the pen." Until that time, nothing like this had been built in Ancient Egypt, so they decided to create something original and different, but apparently this form did not meet with the support of others and did not take root.

It got its name due to the peculiar color of the stone blocks from which it is laid out. The blocks have a pale pink color and are filled with the appropriate shade in the setting sun. This was the reason for calling her pink pyramid. Although in ancient times it was not at all pink but white. This color had a lining made of white limestone. Over the centuries, the coating peeled off and pink limestone was exposed, from which, in fact, the pyramid was assembled.

The pyramids of Snefru are huge, but they cannot be compared with similar structures located on the Giza plateau (northwest of Cairo). There are three pyramids here, two of them are striking in their size. The largest is the pyramid of the son of Sneferu Pharaoh Cheops(ruled 2589-2566 BC). Its original height was 146.6 meters, and it was built from 2.3 million limestone blocks.

Great Pyramids of Giza aerial view

From above the pyramid was covered with white limestone, the top was decorated with a pyramidion: a stone made of polished granite. It was covered with gold and shone majestically in the rays of the sun. At the base of the stone there was a square ledge, at the top of the pyramid there was a recess for it. The pyramidion was thus securely fastened at a great height, perfectly complementing the grandiose picture of the greatest structure on the planet.

On the east side, a temple and three pyramids for queens adjoined the pyramid. Today, only the foundation remains of the temple, while small pyramids have been preserved. The temple, located in the valley, was also destroyed. It was connected with the pyramid of Cheops by a road. But the "solar boat" of the ruler, made of cedar, remained in excellent condition. After the death of the pharaoh, it was dismantled and placed in storage at the foot of the pyramid, apparently considering that in the afterlife it would be necessary for the formidable ruler.

How the pyramid of Cheops was built

Such a huge structure at all times caused one question among people - how did such a masterpiece manage to be created. Each block of the pyramid weighs at least two tons, but in total, as already mentioned, there are more than two million. All of them are perfectly fitted to each other and raised to different heights. In addition, there are three chambers inside the pyramid. The uppermost, the burial "chamber of the king", is lined with granite blocks weighing 60 tons each.

This chamber is located at a height of 43 meters from the base of the monumental structure. Raising such blocks by tens of meters is a truly difficult task. However, the Egyptians somehow coped with this and even perfectly fitted the granite slabs to each other. There are no gaps between them, which speaks of the highest production technology.

Hemiun

The architect of the pyramid is called the vizier of the pharaoh Cheops Hemiun. It was Hemiun who designed this structure and supervised its construction. He died shortly before the end of the work, which, according to ancient sources, lasted 20 years. Two decades of titanic labor gave "up to the mountain" the greatest architectural masterpiece, stunning the human imagination for over 45 centuries.

So how was Hemiun able to build such magnificence? There is no single answer to this question. There are various versions and assumptions. One of the versions claims that the blocks did not rise to a great height at all. Workers crushed limestone, turned it into powder, removed moisture, and thus it became ordinary cement. The latter was poured into special formwork located directly on the pyramid under construction, diluted with water, stone and crushed stone were added for bonding and monolithic blocks were obtained.

Does this theory have a practical basis? Limestone is a rock of medium hardness. It is cut, polished taking into account modern technologies. But how to turn more than six million tons of rock (the weight of the pyramid of Cheops is 6.3 million tons) into powder is a rather time-consuming task, rather even impossible. It is unlikely that Hemiun would have dared such an action. In addition, where would he get so much wood to simultaneously make several hundred formworks.

A tree in ancient Egypt was worth its weight in gold. It was brought from distant lands, and it was very expensive. Taking into account all the costs, it would be easier to cast gold bars and mold them into a tomb for the pharaoh. True, then it would not have stood for 45 centuries, but it would have cost less.

The other point of view is much more realistic. It is followed by some American and French researchers. Having carefully studied the internal and external structure of the ancient structure, they put forward a rather interesting theory, which is offered to the judgment of discerning readers.

In this case, it is planned to install an external ramp at the beginning of construction. Under the ramp is meant an embankment along which the slabs are dragged to the place where they should lie. The pyramid grows, and the height of the ramp increases. In addition to the height, its length also increases: after all, the flatter the embankment, the easier it is to drag blocks along it.

But at a certain height, there comes a moment when it becomes problematic to lengthen the ramp. To withstand the minimum angle, it is necessary to increase the embankment for a kilometer or more. Such a structure is already beginning to surpass the pyramid under construction in its volume. But its height is 146.6 meters. This is what kind of embankment is needed, and even with a slope angle of a maximum of 10 °.

Hemiun found a way out of a seemingly hopeless situation. The chamber-tomb for the king is at a height of 43 meters. It was up to this point that the outer ramp was made in order to drag 60 ton slabs along it. If the size of the embankment allowed, then the chamber would have been made much higher, but this height was critical.

To this place, along the outer ramp, 600 people could easily drag a huge and heavy block. They moved these stone blocks on a sled. Logs were hardly used, since the wheel was not yet known at that time, so the corresponding analogies most likely could not come to the minds of the builders.

Above, according to the project, there were already stone blocks weighing 2-3 tons. In order to lay them down, they made an internal ramp. It was a narrow spiral-shaped cavity, gently rising upwards. It was located, and is still located, very close to the edges of the pyramid, above the "king's chamber". If you know where to chisel the walls, then the inner ramp is easy to spot.

Above the chamber itself, five unloading cavities were installed, between which stone slabs were placed. They put a gable ceiling over them. They did this to evenly distribute the weight of the overlying layers of a huge structure.

The weight of these layers is one and a half million tons. If there were no unloading cavities, then a huge mass of stones would crush the "king's chamber" trimmed with black granite, like a nut shell.

The very process of installing the upper blocks was as follows: the outer ramp was dismantled to a height of 15-odd meters. That is, to the place where the main entrance to the pyramid is located (after the work was completed, it was sealed with a granite plug). Stone blocks were dragged here, from which the entire upper part of the pyramid, more than 100 meters high, was laid out.

The blocks were dragged along the rising corridor, which abuts against the "king's chamber". Currently, this tunnel is divided into an ascending corridor and a Grand Gallery. The Grand Gallery is a tall and narrow passage 48 meters long and 8 meters high. Right in the middle of the gallery stretches its entire length a square recess. Its width is 1 meter, depth is 60 centimeters. There are 27 pairs of recesses on the side protrusions. The passage ends with a horizontal ledge with a smooth surface, 2 and 1 meters wide and long, respectively.

Here, 45 centuries ago, wooden guides were installed, along which a sledge was moved, with a stone block lying on them. The guides were held on wooden bars driven into the recesses of the side ledges. The next block was dragged to a horizontal ledge, and from it they moved to an internal ramp, the entrance to which is located next to the "king's chamber". Researchers have not yet reached it, but there is no doubt that in the near future it will be discovered.

Next, a two-ton block was pulled along the ramp to the construction site. Here the builders laid it in one of the rows and started on the next one. First, the outer rows of blocks were laid out, and then the inner ones, in order to maintain the correct geometric shapes of the huge structure. This was a very complex and precise matter: after all, it is much more difficult to correctly set an inclined surface than a vertical one. However, the ancient engineers succeeded brilliantly.

The Pyramid of Cheops
and the highest
buildings of the world

After the construction of the majestic structure, it was covered with white limestone slabs. Now there is nothing left of the lining on the pyramid of Cheops. All of it was stolen long ago by the inhabitants of Cairo for the construction of their houses. The miserable remains of white limestone can only be observed on the neighboring pyramid - Pyramid of Khafre.

The height of this structure is 143.5 meters. According to legend, it was crowned with a granite pyramidion adorned with pure gold. When he disappeared from the top, where he is now is unknown. The technology for the construction of this structure is fully consistent with the one by which the largest pyramid was erected - the pyramid of Cheops.

Khafre created his creation almost 40 years after the father of Pharaoh Cheops. The years of his reign fall on 2558-2532 BC. e. From 2556 to 2558 BC. e. Another pharaoh, Djedefra, reigned in Egypt. He was the elder brother of Khafre, but he built his pyramid in Abu Roash - 10 km. north of Giza.

Its height after construction was only 68 meters, but the pyramid was lined not with white limestone, but with red granite. They brought it from the very south of the country, as they could not find it closer.

The third pyramid in Giza, standing next to the two giants, is Pyramid of Menkaure. Unlike her colleagues, her height is only 66 meters. In volume, it is 10 times smaller than the pyramid of Cheops. This pharaoh, who took power after Khafre, did not differ in apparently exorbitant ambitions and showed modesty unusual for such people.

It seems that most likely it is not the modesty and vanity of the ruler, but the economy of Ancient Egypt. Seventy years of continuous construction of gigantic structures that bring absolutely no profit, but, on the contrary, pump out all the funds from the treasury, have undermined the well-being of the state so much that it simply did not have the opportunity to build further something grandiose and exorbitantly huge.

So you can only sincerely sympathize with Mikerin. His creation looks very faded against the general fundamental and majestic background and does not make the proper impression on the true connoisseurs of antiquity, who come from all over the world to look at the pyramids of Ancient Egypt.

Other ancient pyramids of Egypt

Actually, with Mykerin, the construction of the Great Pyramids ceased. Nothing else, breathtaking and leading to a state of delight, was created by the pharaohs. The first pharaoh of the 5th dynasty, Userkaf (reigned 2465-2458 BC), built a pyramid 44.5 meters high. It is located in Saqqara and today it is a pile of poorly processed stones that bear little resemblance to an architectural structure.

For some unknown reason, the brilliant technology used in the installation of the pyramids of the pharaohs of the IV dynasty came to naught. They have never been reborn. Pyramids, over the course of all subsequent centuries, were built from carelessly processed stones or unbaked clay bricks and did not even remotely resemble the fundamental structures of the 26th century BC. e.

Such construction continued until the XIII dynasty. This is the XVIII, beginning of the XVII century BC. e. It was in the 17th century BC. e. the era of the construction of grandiose structures ended, and the pyramids of ancient Egypt became history. In the future, the rulers of this power have never practiced anything like this.

Thus, in ancient Egypt, about a hundred pyramids were built. They are all located on the left bank of the Nile from Abu Roash to Meidum (70 km south of Cairo) on a limestone plateau. They were created in different centuries different people, but there are no architectural differences in the appearance of these structures, unless they differ in volume and height.

Who built the Great Pyramids and why?

The pyramids of the pharaohs of the IV dynasty stand apart. During their construction, completely different technologies were used, and the quality of work stands out sharply against the general background of rather primitive and clumsily made structures. Some researchers explain this by the fact that the labor of slaves was not used in the construction of these structures. Hired teams of workers built majestic buildings - hence the corresponding quality. Subsequently, forced labor was used in such works, which immediately affected such original tombs for the pharaohs.

Perfectly machined and fitted stone blocks from one of the Great Pyramids

Such an argument can and will convince someone, but certain things are striking, which cannot be explained from this position. In particular - the ideal processing of stone blocks from which the pyramids are assembled. Their surfaces are mirror-smooth. This can only be done using special stone processing equipment. Nowadays, there are corresponding machines and tools, but where could they come from 45 centuries ago, in the era of the Bronze Age.

Another particular is traces of erosion in the lower layers of the pyramids, which indicates their long stay in the water. They even find shells - this once again emphasizes that the time of the creation of such majestic structures can be safely attributed to more ancient eras, when the climate was not so dry, and the limestone plateau was often flooded with water.

And finally, why did everyone decide that it was Snefru, Cheops and their successors who built the Great Pyramids. Where is that written? This point of view has been light hand ancient Greek historian Herodotus (484-425 BC). This venerable man visited Egypt in 445 BC. e., communicated with local representatives of the nobility, priests, and even described the construction of the pyramid of Cheops. But how true is all this? This master was caught more than once on serious distortions of historical facts, but when they mean the pyramids of Ancient Egypt, they believe him unconditionally.

And one more particular - in the same pyramid of Cheops there are no images and inscriptions pointing to its creator. But such paraphernalia was an integral part of the funerary art of this state. And the granite sarcophagus itself in the "king's chamber", apparently, never served as a storage place for his mummified body. At least there is no evidence and traces that it was once there.

Sculpture of the Great Sphinx

It is also impossible to ignore such a creation of architecture as sculpture of the Great Sphinx. It is carved from a monolithic limestone rock and, although it has nothing to do with any of the pyramids of Ancient Egypt, it is an integral part of the man-made complex in Giza.

The dimensions of the Sphinx are truly enormous: length 73 meters, height 20 meters. Over the millennia, the sculpture was covered with sand up to the very neck. Periodically, they tried to clear it, though they were limited only to the front part. Completely cleared and learned the true volumes only in 1925.

The face of the Great Sphinx has pronounced negroid features.

There is an assumption that it was built during the time of Pharaoh Djedefre. He created it in memory of his father, but for some reason his face has pronounced negroid features. Some researchers, pointing to a disproportionately small head, argue that at first it was the muzzle of a lion, but then one of the later rulers of the state ordered to cut down the excess and immortalized his face.

Interestingly, the sculpture has clearly visible horizontal stripes. This is erosion, indicating that the Sphinx was once up to its neck in water. When? During the great flood that took place 11 thousand years BC. e. according to Sumerian mythology, or during floods - they were a frequent occurrence in the 5th millennium BC. e. Then it turns out that it was created long before the Egyptian pyramids or simultaneously with them, but at a time much earlier than 45 centuries ago. Who created, when and why?

There are many questions, but no concrete answers. Even the theory of the construction of the pyramid of Cheops described above does not have a single practical evidence. All this is just speculation and conjecture.

Based on the foregoing, the conclusion suggests itself: the Great Pyramids were created by some other civilization that existed in these places millennia before Ancient Egypt. And they were erected for purposes that the human mind cannot comprehend.

Maybe it was a powerful energy station, maybe through the pyramids communication with space was carried out. It is also possible that it could be a treatment center: the properties of the pyramids indicate that they have a beneficial effect on a living organism and kill pathogenic bacteria.

But what about Cheops then? Unfortunately, there are no traces left of the powerful ruler, except for the pyramid with his name. The only thing is a small figurine from Ivory representing this person. She was found at Giza in 1903.

People search, guess, assume, doubt. The pyramids of Ancient Egypt are devoid of throwing and hesitation. For 45 centuries they have seen everything, it is impossible to surprise or excite them with something. Great man-made creations dispassionately look at the vain world, and even Time itself respectfully bows its head before them, recognizing them as equal to Eternity.

The article was written by ridar-shakin

Based on materials from foreign and Russian publications

Pyramids of Ancient Egypt: secrets, riddles, structure, architecture and internal structure of the pyramids of Ancient Egypt

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Pyramid of Djoser

Deciding on this trip is definitely worth it, if only out of curiosity. After all, the pyramid of Djoser is recognized as the oldest surviving Egyptian pyramid. Yes, yes, this is the first pyramid in Egypt, and it was built in honor of the ruler Djoser by the architect and close associate of the pharaoh Imhotep.

The pyramids of Egypt are a unique architectural monument that has remained for centuries thanks to the mysterious builders who managed to create structures so strong that no natural disasters and destructive wars could completely destroy these ancient Egyptian necropolises. The riddle of the pyramids has not yet been solved: it is impossible to speak with confidence either about the method of their construction, or about who acted as the main labor force. Now in Egypt there are about 118 pyramids, the largest of which were built during the reign of the III and IV dynasties of the pharaohs, that is, during the period of the so-called Old Kingdom. There are two types of pyramids: stepped and regular. The structures of the first type are considered the oldest. For example, the pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser, dating back to 2650 BC. e.

Necropolis in Greek means " City of dead"and is a cemetery, usually located on the outskirts of the city. Egyptian pyramids - one of the varieties of this kind of burial - served as monumental tombs for the pharaohs.

What do we know about the pyramids of Egypt?

For the first time, they learned about the pyramids thanks to the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, who lived in the 5th century BC. Traveling in Egypt, he was struck by the famous pyramids of Giza and immediately ranked one of them, dedicated to Cheops, among the seven wonders of the world. Moreover, it was Herodotus who created the legend about how these structures were built. As soon as the pyramids became the object of research by scientists, and this happened only two hundred years ago, this legend immediately became a historical truth, the reliability of which was refuted not so long ago.

How were the ancient pyramids built?

Until our time, safe and sound, not so much has come down as we would like. Numerous vandals who plundered the pyramids for the sake of treasures hidden inside, and local residents who broke out stone blocks for the construction of palaces and mosques, destroyed part of the external and internal appearance. So, the Pink or Northern Pyramid from Dahshur (26 km south of Cairo) got its name because of the color of the stone, turning pink in the rays of the setting Sun. However, she wasn't always like this. Previously, the structure was covered with white limestone, which was completely used to build houses in Cairo.

For a long time it was believed that people who violate the peace of the pharaohs, the ancient gods doom to death. This was confirmed by the legend of the curse of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, according to which everyone who participated in the opening of the grave had to die within a few years. And indeed, by 1929 (the tomb was opened in 1922), 22 people, one way or another involved in the autopsy, died. Whether the reason was the magic of Ancient Egypt or the poison laid in the sarcophagus during burial, it remains to be seen.

It is believed that the famous Great Sphinx, lying near the pyramids of Giza, is the guardian of the peace of the buried pharaohs.

Architecture and internal structure of the pyramids

Pyramids were only part of the ritual-burial complex. Next to each of them were two temples, one side by side, and the other much lower, so that its foot was washed by the waters of the Nile. Pyramids and temples were connected by alleys. An analogue of an alley of a similar plan can be seen in Luxor. The famous Luxor and Karnak temples were united by an alley of sphinxes that has partially survived to our time. The pyramids of Giza have practically not preserved their temples and alleys: only the lower temple of Khafre, the pharaoh of the IV dynasty, has long been considered the temple of the Great Sphinx.

The internal structure of the pyramids implied the obligatory presence of a chamber where the sarcophagus with a mummy was located, and cut passages to this chamber. Sometimes religious texts were placed there. So, interior spaces pyramids in Saqqara, an Egyptian village 30 km from Cairo, contained the oldest works of funeral literature that have come down to us.

It is believed that the famous Great Sphinx, lying near the pyramids of Giza, is the guardian of the peace of the buried pharaohs. The ancient Egyptian name for this first monumental sculpture in the world has not survived to our time. Only the Greek version of the designation remained in history. Medieval Arabs called the Sphinx "the father of horror."

Modern Egyptologists suggest that the construction of the pyramids was carried out in several stages. Moreover, sometimes the size of the tomb in the process of creation increased several times in comparison with the original project. Pharaohs built their tomb for many years. Only earthworks and leveling the site for the future construction required at least ten. Pharaoh Cheops took twenty years to build the largest pyramid to date. The workers who built the tombs were not at all slaves tortured to death. Moreover, archaeological excavations have shown that they were kept in fairly decent conditions, treated and fed normally. However, it is still not known exactly how the huge stone blocks got to the very top. It is only obvious that the construction technique has changed over time, and later buildings were built differently than the first ones.

At the end of the 20th century, architects established that the pyramids were perfect structures, with mathematically correct proportions.

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