Land resources of the country and the world. Land resources

Introduction

"With intensive use of the land, it is necessary not only to think about how to take more from it, but at the same time to take care of increasing the fertility of the soil."

S. Bogolyubov

Centuries-old practice shows that the main sources of viability and prosperity of any state are its land resources and the population living on them. At the same time, land resources should be understood not only as the territory (space) of the state, but also everything that is “above” and “under” this space. The provision of the country with land resources is the most important economic and political factor in the development of social production. The availability of land resources gives wide scope for the economic development of the regions of the world.

Land resources - the earth's surface, suitable for human habitation and for any kind of economic activity. Land resources are characterized by the size of the territory and its quality: relief, soil cover and a complex of other natural conditions.

The largest countries in the world by area are:

(million km 2)

Russia - 17.1

Canada - 10.0

China - 9.6

Brazil - 8.5

When studying the problem of efficient use of land resources, it is necessary to single out the concept of an effective territory. An effective territory is the territory of the country suitable for economic development.

The largest countries in the world by area of ​​effective territory:

(million km 2)

Brazil - 8.1

Australia - 7.7

China - 6.0

Russia - 5.5

2. Land resources of the world

Improper and uncontrolled land use is the main cause of degradation and depletion of land resources. Current land use often does not take into account the actual potential, productivity and constraints on land use, as well as their spatial diversity. The world population, now 5.4 billion, is expected to reach 6.25 billion by the end of the century. The need to increase food production to meet growing demand places a huge strain on natural resources, including land resources. In many regions, poverty and malnutrition have already become a chronic problem. One of the main dangers is the destruction and degradation of agricultural and environmental resources. Although techniques for increasing production and conserving land and water resources have already been developed, they are not widely or systematically applied. A systematic approach is needed to identify land use forms and production systems that are sustainable for each specific type of soil and climate zone, including the creation of economic, social and organizational mechanisms for their implementation.

The provision of mankind with land resources is determined by the world land fund, which is 13.4 billion hectares. Of the individual large regions, Africa (30 million km 2) and Asia (27.7 million km 2) have the largest land fund, and Europe (5.1 million km 2) and Australia with Oceania (8.5 million km 2). However, if we consider the provision of regions with land resources per capita, then the result will be the opposite: for each inhabitant of sparsely populated Australia there are 37 hectares of land (the maximum figure), and for each inhabitant of Asia - only 1.1 hectares, approximately the same in Europe.

The structure of the land fund shows how land resources are used. It distinguishes agricultural lands (cultivated - arable land, gardens, sown meadows and natural meadows and pastures), forest lands, lands occupied by settlements, industry and transport, unproductive and unproductive lands.

The largest countries in the world in terms of arable land:

Table 1. The largest countries in the world in terms of arable land

Note. Source:

The most valuable cultivated lands occupy only 11% of the world's land fund. The same indicator is typical for the CIS, Africa, North America. For foreign Europe, this figure is higher (29%), and for Australia and South America - less high (5% and 7%). The countries of the world with the largest amounts of cultivated land are the USA, India, Russia, China, Canada. Cultivated lands are concentrated mainly in forest, forest-steppe and steppe natural zones. Natural meadows and pastures prevail over cultivated lands everywhere (more than 10 times in Australia), except for foreign Europe. Globally, an average of 23% of the land is used for pasture.

The structure of the planet's land fund is constantly changing under the influence of two opposite processes. One is the struggle of mankind for the expansion of lands suitable for habitation and agricultural use (development of fallow lands, melioration, drainage, irrigation, development of coastal areas of the seas); the other is the deterioration of lands, their removal from agricultural circulation as a result of erosion, desertification, industrial and transport development, open mining, waterlogging, and salinization.

The second process is going faster. Therefore, the main problem of the world land fund is the degradation of agricultural lands, as a result of which there is a noticeable reduction in cultivated land per capita, and the “load” on them is constantly increasing. The countries with the lowest provision of arable land per capita are China (0.09 ha), Egypt (0.05 ha).

Efforts are being made in many countries to preserve the land fund and improve its structure. In the regional and global aspect, they are increasingly coordinated by specialized UN bodies - UNESCO, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), etc.

Region	Share of world value
	Land fund	arable land	Meadows and pastures	forests	Other lands
Europe	8	27	16	10	16
Asia	33	32	18	28	34
Africa	23	15	24	18	22
North America	17	15	10	17	14
South America	13	8	17	24	9
Australia and Oceania	6	3	15	3	5
The whole world	100	100	100	100	100

Table 2. Structure of land resources of the world, in %

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STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION OF THE CITY OF MOSCOW

MOSCOW STATE INSTITUTE OF TOURISM INDUSTRY

named after Yu.A. Senkevich

ESSAYONDISCIPLINE:

"TOURISTREGIONAL STUDY»

Subject:"Land resources peace, them accommodation and usage"

Done: student

1st year student of the 316th study group

Faculty of distance learning

Bezrukova Valeria Yurievna

Checked: Nikolashin V.N.

Moscow 2014

Introduction

Chapter 1. Characteristics of the land resources of the world.

1.1 Structure of land resources

1.2 Properties and qualities of land resources

1.3 Distribution of natural resources in the world

Chapter 2. Problems of land use

2.1 Negative consequences of use

2.2 Problems of land use

2.3 Reclamation and its types

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The basis for the existence of civilization is the use of resources and their transformation to obtain the necessary raw materials. The Earth is one of the most important natural resources. Land is the most important natural resource, the main means of production in agriculture, forestry and mining, as well as the spatial basis for the placement of buildings, structures and other objects. The natural fertility of soils is a unique resource, thanks to which it is possible to obtain the necessary food products.

However, in recent decades, the quality of land resources has been deteriorating, which causes concern on the part of scientists and the world community. To solve these problems, it is necessary to know the structure of land resources, their properties and ways of their restoration.

Relevanceselectedthemes is determined by the most important role of land resources in the existence of mankind.

aimwork is the study of the land resources of the world and the problems of their use.

Tasks:

· Consider the concept of land resources;

· Describe the features of the structure of land resources;

· Consider resource use problems;

· To study reclamation as a way to restore and maintain land resources.

When writing the abstract, literature, articles in scientific journals, statistical data, Internet sites were used.

Chapter1. Characteristiclandresourcespeace

1.1 Structurelandresources

Landresources- this is a type of natural resource that is characterized by territory, soil quality, climate, topography, etc.

3landresources- this is the spatial basis for the placement of economic objects, they are the main means of production in agriculture, where the main productive property of the land is used - fertility.

Among land resources, three large groups can be distinguished :

· Productive lands;

· Unproductive lands;

· Unproductive.

Productive land resources include arable land, orchards and plantations, meadows and pastures, forests and shrubs; to the unproductive - the lands of the tundra and forest-tundra, swamps, deserts; The group of unproductive lands includes built-up and disturbed lands, sands, ravines, glaciers and snowfields.

The world's land fund is 13.4 billion hectares: cultivated land accounts for only 11%, meadows and pastures - 23%, and the rest of the territory is occupied by forests and shrubs, unproductive and unproductive lands. The countries with the least endowment with land resources are Egypt, Japan.

Only 1/3 of the planet's land fund is agricultural land (4.8 billion hectares). The rest of the land is land under buildings and roads, mountains, deserts, glaciers, swamps, forests, etc.

Agricultural land includes arable land (cultivated land), perennial plantations (gardens, plantations), natural meadows and pastures.

Table 1. Land resources of world regions

	Area of ​​land resources, billion hectares	Area of ​​land resources per capita, ha	Land fund		Meadows and pastures		Other lands
Sev. America
South America
Australia and Oceania

Land resources are natural resources. Under natural resources understand the objects, processes and conditions of nature used by society to meet the material and spiritual needs of people.

Natural resources include:

minerals;

· energy sources;

· waterways and reservoirs;

minerals;

· wild plants;

· fauna of land and water areas;

the gene pool of cultivated plants and domestic animals;

picturesque landscapes;

· wellness areas, etc.

Diagram 1. Structure of land resources of the world

The world's land resources allow food to be provided to more people than is currently available and will be in the near future. However, due to population growth, especially in developing countries (SEA, South America), the amount of arable land per capita is declining. Even 10-15 years ago, the per capita provision of arable land for the population of the Earth was 0.45-0.5 hectares, at present it is already 0.25 hectares.

According to the Committee on Agrarian Issues of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, food production for 1 person requires from 0.3 to 0.5 hectares of agricultural land (arable land + pastures), another 0.07 to 0.09 hectares is needed for housing, roads, recreation. That is, taking into account the available technologies for cultivating the land, the existing potential of agricultural land makes it possible to provide food from 10 to 17 billion people on the planet. But this is with a uniform distribution of the density of the entire population over fertile lands. At the same time, according to various estimates, from 500 to 800 million people (8-13% of the total population) are already starving in the world today, and the world's population is increasing annually by an average of 90 million people (i.e., by 1.4% per year ).

The world's land use productivity varies considerably. For example, 32% of the world's arable land and 18% of pastures are concentrated in Asia, which makes it possible to keep more than half of the world's livestock. However, due to low productivity, many Asian countries remain dependent on food imports. The areas of agricultural land in individual countries are determined mainly by natural and climatic conditions and the level of development of the population of countries, the level of their technologies for the development and use of land resources in the world.

At present, arable land in the world accounts for about 28% of the total area of ​​agricultural land (about 1.4 billion hectares) and 70% (3.4 billion hectares) is used in animal husbandry (these are meadows and pastures). And although pastures are often plowed up for the production of grains and other crops, their losses are compensated by deforestation. Over the past 100 years, more land has been cleared for settled agriculture than in all previous millennia of human existence. land resource reclamation

But now the situation in the world is different. There are practically no reserves for agricultural development, only forests and "extreme territories" remain. In addition, in many countries of the world, land resources are rapidly declining: productive land is being taken away for construction, mining, swallowed up by cities and other settlements, and flooded during the construction of reservoirs. Huge areas of cultivated land are being lost as a result of degradation.

And if in developed countries the growth of crop yields and agricultural productivity, in general, compensate for the loss of land, then in developing countries the picture is different. Rapid population growth in the last 50 years alone has quadrupled global food demand. This creates excessive "pressure" on land resources and land cover in many densely populated areas of the developing world. Up to half of the arable land in the world is used "for depletion", in excess of reasonable loads. It is appropriate to say that in the history of the development of civilization, about 2 billion hectares of productive land have been destroyed, which is more than the current area of ​​arable land. Worldwide concern is growing over soil degradation due to improper land use

1.2 Propertiesandqualitylandresources

The main properties of land resources include:

· Irrecoverability;

· Non-renewability;

· Irreplaceable.

The total area of ​​meadows and pastures exceeds the area of ​​arable land by almost 2 times. Due to the arid climate, rangelands are less suitable for cultivation. Most of these areas are in Africa. Meadows, on the contrary, are more suitable for farming. This type of land prevails in Australia, Russia, China, USA, Brazil, Argentina, Mongolia.

The world's land resources allow food to be provided to more people than is currently available and will be in the near future. However, due to population growth, especially in developing countries (SEA, South America), the amount of arable land per capita is declining. Even 10-15 years ago, the per capita provision of arable land for the population of the Earth was 0.45-0.5 hectares, at present it is already 0.25 hectares.

The world's land use productivity varies considerably. For example, 32% of the world's arable land and 18% of pastures are concentrated in Asia, which makes it possible to keep more than half of the world's livestock. However, due to low productivity, many Asian countries remain dependent on food imports.

The areas of agricultural land in individual countries are determined mainly by natural and climatic conditions and the level of development of the population of countries, the level of their technologies for the development and use of land resources in the world.

1.3 Accommodationnaturalresourcesinworld

Natural resources are distributed unevenly across the planet. In the countries of the world, the ratio of arable land and pastures in agricultural land is different.

Each continent and each country has its own specifics of land resources and their geography . In our time, land use is very dynamic and the general picture of the distribution of anthropogenic landscapes is constantly changing. Each landscape-geographical belt of the Earth also has a peculiar land-use.

In the CIS, countries of Africa and North America, the share of cultivated land is close to the world average. For foreign Europe, this figure is higher (29%), and for Australia and South America - less high (5 and 7%). The countries of the world with the largest amounts of cultivated land are the USA, India, Russia, China, Canada. Cultivated lands are concentrated mainly in forest, forest-steppe and steppe natural zones. Natural meadows and pastures prevail over cultivated lands everywhere (more than 10 times in Australia), except for foreign Europe. Globally, an average of 23% of the land is used for pasture. Resource provision with land is determined per capita. In terms of land fund per capita, Australia ranks first. The largest sizes of cultivated land are in the USA, India, Russia, and China. The main arrays of arable land are in the Northern Hemisphere: Europe, Southern Siberia, East, Southeast and South Asia, the plains of Canada and the USA. The countries with the lowest provision of arable land per capita are China (0.09 hectares), Egypt (0.05 hectares).

The polar spaces in Greenland, in the north of Russia, Canada, Alaska are unsuitable for processing; the desert regions of Central Australia, the highlands of Central Asia, the Sahara desert, etc. Processes are taking place: desertification - the sands of the Sahara are advancing, the deserts of Southwest Asia, North and South America; destruction of land by quarries, falling asleep with dumps, flooding by created reservoirs.

However, the structure of the land fund does not remain unchanged. It is constantly affected by two processes that are opposite in nature:

· On the one hand, land is being expanded, virgin lands are being developed (Russia, USA, Kazakhstan, Canada, Brazil). Land-poor countries are advancing on coastal areas (the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Japan, Canada, Singapore, etc.);

· On the other hand, deterioration and depletion of lands are constantly taking place. It is estimated that due to erosion, swamping, salinization, about 9 million hectares fall out of agricultural circulation every year. There is a growth of cities, in arid regions - desertification threatens to reach 3 billion hectares.

Therefore, the main problem of the world land fund is the degradation of agricultural lands, as a result of which there is a noticeable reduction in cultivated land per capita, and the “load” on them is constantly increasing.

Chapter2. Problemsuselandresources

2.1 Negativeeffectsuse

Among the negative consequences of the use of land resources in the first place is the decrease in fertility, desertification, soil erosion, soil pollution.

Desertification is also not a new process, but it, like erosion, has accelerated in modern times through the fault of man. The total area of ​​man-made deserts in the world is more than 9 million km2 (that is, equal to the area of ​​the United States). And another 19% of the land is on the verge of desertification.

Increasing desertification in the world is one of the biggest problems for the environment and delays the fight against poverty, the UN report says.

Desertification is defined as the destruction of arid and semi-arid lands as a result of climate change and human activities, and "ranks among the major environmental hazards for the entire planet and society," underlines the document, created as part of the UN-led Millennium Ecosystem Evolution Project.

Desertification is becoming a global problem that affects everyone and receives too little attention. United Nations University and the main author of the report, based on the observations of 1300 specialists from 95 countries over four years. This phenomenon could affect two billion people living in arid and semi-arid zones. Already today, 250 million are directly affected by desertification, most in Africa, says Adel. The poor population, whose lands turn into a desert, flee to the developed countries, increasing their problems.

Sandstorms in the Gobi Desert are causing respiratory illness in much of China, the Korean Peninsula, Japan, and even worsening air quality in North America, the authors of the Ecosystems and Human Well-Being report emphasize. The authors calculated that every year a billion tons of sand and dust rise from the Sahara into the atmosphere.

The grains of sand contain bacteria and microorganisms that scientists think are damaging Caribbean coral reefs. Overpopulation, expansion of pastures, too intensive agricultural practices, as well as poor water management are the main factors leading to desertification. The report also indicates that 10 to 20% of the planet's arid and semi-arid lands are already severely damaged.

The overheating of the atmosphere resulting from the accumulation of greenhouse gases emitted by car exhausts and industry is also likely to exacerbate desertification in the coming decades. This will lead to more drought, heatwaves and floods.

The top fertile soil layer on the planet is being depleted at a rate of 7% per decade. To a greater extent than the soils of the temperate zone, the soil cover of the equatorial belt and areas of the humid tropics is subject to depletion due to the composition of the soils and the torrential nature of the rains. And in arid zones, dust storms cause great damage to agriculture, which raise clouds of dust, sand, and soil into the air. Sometimes the wind blows away a layer of soil by 15-20 cm, carrying it over great distances.

Soil degradation is a process of gradual decrease in soil fertility that occurs for various reasons. Attempts to assess the state of the soil - the basis of human existence - have been made over the past three decades in the framework of a program called "Global Soil Degradation Assessments". These estimates are based on expert opinions of specialists. In 2008, the Program reported that 15% of soils are in the process of degradation.

A new study on the subject, published by the non-governmental foundation ISRIC - World Soil Information, has yielded much more negative results. The basis of this assessment method was the analysis of satellite photographs of the earth's surface for the period from 1981 to 2003. As it turned out, 24% of soils are now in a state of degradation. The authors of the study, which was published in the journal Soil Use and Management, argue that the reason for this process is the unreasonable use of agricultural land and various natural processes.

The soils of Africa south of the equator, as well as Southeast Asia and South China, are now in the worst position. The most affected (that is, more than half of their soils have degraded) are such states as the Congo, Zaire, Myanmar (Burma), Malaysia, Thailand, both Koreas, and Indonesia. Most of all, this process affects the situation of the population (that is, in the affected areas the population density is highest) - in China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh and Brazil. Overall, 19% of degrading soils are used for growing crops.

Soil erosion is the process of destruction and demolition of the upper, most fertile soil layers. There are natural and accelerated (anthropogenic) soil erosion. Natural erosion proceeds very slowly, and soil fertility does not decrease during its course. Accelerated soil erosion is caused by irrational human activities, as a result of which natural erosion is activated and intensified (improper tillage and irrigation of the soil, excessive fertilization, uncontrolled grazing, deforestation, drainage of marshes, etc.) There are two main types of erosion soils: wind and water erosion.

Wind erosion (deflation) of soils is the blowing and transfer of the smallest soil particles by the wind. The strongest and most prolonged winds develop into dusty (black) storms. In a few days, they are able to completely demolish the top fertile soil layer up to 30 cm thick. Dust storms pollute water bodies, the atmosphere, and negatively affect human health. Now the biggest source of dust is the dried lands of the Aral Sea.

Water erosion of soils is the destruction and washout of the soil under the action of water flows. The environmental damage from water erosion is enormous. Water, flowing down, forms gullies and ravines, leaches organic and mineral substances from the earth. This leads to a loss of soil fertility, the formation of ravines. No agricultural activity is possible in the ravines. It is estimated that the area of ​​ravines in the territory of the CIS countries is 9 million hectares and continues to increase. A field subject to water erosion loses 7-13 t/ha of the most fertile soil per year.

Soil pollution is a type of anthropogenic soil degradation, in which the content of chemicals in soils subject to anthropogenic impact exceeds the natural regional background level of their content in soils.

The main criterion for environmental pollution by various substances is the manifestation of signs of the harmful effects of these substances in the environment on certain types of living organisms, since the resistance of certain types of the latter to chemical exposure varies significantly. An environmental hazard is the fact that in the natural environment, in comparison with natural levels, the content of certain chemicals is exceeded due to their intake from anthropogenic sources. This danger can be realized not only for the most sensitive species of living organisms.

Ecosystem pollution is one of the types of its degradation, soil pollution is one of the most dangerous types of soil and ecosystem degradation as a whole. Pollutants are substances of anthropogenic origin that enter the environment in quantities exceeding the natural level of their intake.

2.2 Problemsuselandresources

As a result of mining in Great Britain from the 12th century. the area of ​​agricultural and other useful land has decreased by 60,000 hectares; in the GDR, only about 50,000 hectares are occupied under waste rock dumps resulting from the extraction of brown coal. There are also lands in the CIS that have been disturbed by economic activity. During underground mining, subsidence (the so-called sinkholes) is possible on the surface, and large areas are occupied by waste heaps. As a result of open mining of mineral deposits, large areas are disturbed by quarries and waste rock dumps. Disturbed lands also remain at the site of peat extraction, slag dumps, and eroded territories. R. l. usually consists in leveling positive landforms, flattening and grassing their slopes, applying a layer of fertile soil and mineral fertilizers on them, followed by land allocation for agricultural land, afforestation or grassing. R. l. it is greatly facilitated if the soil storage, uniform rock dumping, and other measures aimed at creating a cultural landscape were foreseen in advance in the technological process of mining. Depleted peatlands, quarries and sinkholes that have arisen after underground mining are often filled with water and turned into fish ponds. Near cities, on reclaimed lands, parks are sometimes laid out, water sports complexes are being built, etc.

The main task of soil protection is to maintain its fertility. About 3/4 of all soils of the planet have reduced productivity due to insufficient provision of heat and moisture. About half of the soils are found in arid and semi-arid zones. Soil erosion has long been a misfortune of farmers, and destroyed soil is restored very slowly, in natural conditions it takes more than one hundred years. It is estimated that every year in the world, due to erosion, 6-7 million hectares of land fall out of agricultural circulation, and another 1.5 million hectares due to waterlogging, salinization, leaching.

2.3 Reclamationandherkinds

Reclamation is a complex of works on ecological and economic restoration of lands and water bodies, the fertility of which has significantly decreased as a result of human activity. The purpose of reclamation is to improve environmental conditions, restore the productivity of disturbed lands and water bodies.

Depending on the goals that are set during land reclamation, the following areas of land reclamation are distinguished:

· Environmental direction;

· Recreational direction;

· Agricultural direction;

· Plant-growing direction;

· Hay and pasture direction;

· Forestry direction;

· Water management.

Among the plants used to improve land quality, first of all, we can name herbaceous representatives of the legume family, which are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen. For example, in Australia, Clitoria ternatea (Clitoria ternatea) is used for reclamation of coal mine areas. Another plant actively used in land reclamation is black poplar (Populus nigra).

There are several types of reclamation. Land reclamation includes:

· Restoration of relief: backfilling of ravines, quarries, destruction of rock dumps, etc.;

· Restoration of soils and vegetation;

· Reforestation;

· Creation of new landscapes.

Thus, landscape reclamation, land reclamation (from re... and Late Latin cultivo - I process, cultivate), restoration of the productivity of lands that have become barren as a result of human activity (mining, the creation of hydraulic structures, deforestation, city building, etc. ).

Conclusion

Based on the material studied, the following conclusions can be drawn about the land resources of the world and their use.

Under land resources understand the earth's surface, suitable for human habitation and for any kind of economic activity. Land resources are characterized by the size of the territory and its quality: relief, soil cover and a complex of other natural conditions

Among the negative consequences of the use of land resources in the first place is the decrease in fertility (decrease in the humus layer), desertification, soil erosion, and pollution.

The land resources of the world suitable for agriculture are limited, and there are practically no vacant lands suitable for development. The areas where the bulk of food is produced (arable land, orchards and plantations, meadows, pastures) make up only 9% of the world's land resources (that is, on average, a little less than 1 ha per 1 inhabitant). They are different in natural properties and in their potential.

Reclamation methods are used to maintain and restore the properties of land resources. Land reclamation - artificial recreation of soil fertility and vegetation, disturbed due to mining, construction of roads and canals, dams, etc.

Listusedliterature

Literature:

1. Geography: A textbook for students of general educational institutions of secondary vocational training. Ed. Baranchikova E.V. - M.: "Academy", 2012. - 480 p.

2. Socio-economic geography of the world. Ed. Volsky V.V. - M.: KRON-PRESS, 2004. - 592 p.

3. Khrabovchenko V.V. Ecological tourism: Educational medical aid. - M. 2007. - 280 p.

4. Economics and organization of tourism. International tourism. Study guide. Ed. Ryabovoy I.A., Zabaeva Yu.V., Drachevoy E.L. -M.: KNORUS, 2009. - 576 p.

Internetresources:

1. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

2. http://www.consultant.ru

3. http://esa.un.org/unup/

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Land resources - this is the entire territory, which is delineated by certain boundaries. They may be in use by various subjects of the country, but, nevertheless, they belong to natural objects. Land is a means of production that is used in many branches of economic activity. It is especially in demand in agriculture and forestry.

The land fund of the world is 134 million kilometers. This is 26.3% of the entire territory of the planet.

Land resources have a certain structure. 11% is occupied by arable lands, meadows and gardens. That is, it is cultivated land. About 23% of land is occupied by pastures. Forests and shrubs occupy 30% of all land resources on the planet. Anthropogenic landscapes, that is, created by human hands, account for 3% of the total. There are also unproductive lands, which account for about 33% of the land.

Land resources are unevenly distributed. For example, pastures take up a large proportion compared to cultivated land. This is especially true for Australia. Russia, the USA, Ukraine, China, Kazakhstan, India and Canada account for the bulk of land used for arable land, gardens and meadows.

Forest areas mainly dominate in Russia, South and North America. Asia is characterized by the presence of unproductive lands.

The structure of land resources may change. This happens for two reasons.

The activities of people leave their mark on the distribution of these lands. A lot of land is allocated for arable land, gardens and meadows. They plow up, forests are cut down, swamps are drained, deserts are irrigated. Thus, over the past decades, the area of ​​cultivated land has increased by 360 million hectares. Some countries are reclaiming the lands of the sea, using the coastal zone. This is the first reason for changing the structure of land resources.

It is also changing due to the deterioration of land quality. This happens simultaneously with their expansion.

The land resources of Russia are different in their qualities and properties (fertility, the presence of minerals, forests and water massifs). In this regard, they are used, focusing on these characteristics.

Land resources in our country are divided into seven categories:

1. Agricultural land. They include all areas that are suitable for production,

2. Land allocated for settlements. They are located on the territories of administrative entities (cities, villages, etc.). Their main purpose is the construction of buildings and structures necessary for the existence of settlements.

3. Land allocated for use in industry, transport and other related industries.

4. Territories of special value. lands of historical and cultural significance, recreational areas and others.

5. Forest fund of land. These are lands covered with forests or set aside for forestry use. They are of particular value in terms of raw materials. The forest is necessary for many branches of the national economic complex. It is also a resting place and an energy source.

6. Land resources occupied by water bodies. This also includes hydraulic structures and areas necessary for their full functioning. They satisfy the household, drinking, health and some other needs of mankind. Such resources are also necessary for the full-fledged work of many areas of the country's economic activity.

Control over the use of all land is exercised by the Committee on Land Resources. Their rational consumption is very important for the conservation of the entire land fund and the environment as a whole.

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From the first steps of human development to the beginning of the 20th century. the use of natural resources was carried out spontaneously; steppes and prairies were plowed up, large animals were destroyed, forests were cut down and agriculture and cattle breeding were carried out with greater intensity. And only in the XX century. began to raise the question of the need to develop a scientific basis for the use of natural resources, including fauna, flora and soil cover. And this requires information about the land resources of the planet and our country.

According to the International Agronomic Organization (FAO), about 70% of the world's land area is represented by unproductive lands, the productivity of which is limited by soil-climatic or relief conditions. According to these data, 20% of the land area is located in a too cold climate, 20 - in arid, 20 - on too steep slopes, and about 10% is represented by thin soils.

The land fund of the world is 13,392 million hectares, i.e. a little more than a quarter of the entire surface of the planet Earth. In the total area of ​​productive land (8,608 million ha), about half of it is occupied by agricultural land (4,553 million ha) and slightly less than half by forests and shrubs (4,055 million ha). The area of ​​cultivated land (arable land, gardens, plantations) is 1,507 million hectares, or 11.2% of the total land fund (only 3% of the Earth's surface).

Agricultural land, occupying a third of the world's land fund, consists of cultivated land (arable land and orchards) and two-thirds of meadows and pastures. The agricultural development of lands in geographical zones, continents and countries varies greatly depending on natural and economic conditions. The most plowed continent is the European part of Eurasia (32% of arable land), the most forested is South America (47% - forests), the largest share of pastures in the composition of the land fund is characteristic of Australia (54%). Of the largest countries in the world, India (54%) and Argentina (40%) stand out with a particularly high degree of plowing of the land fund.

The soil cover of the land fund of Russia is extremely diverse. It includes about 100 soil types, uniting several thousand soil types and varieties. The largest area in the land fund is occupied by various northern soils - podzolic (gley-podzolic, proper podzolic, sod-podzolic, mountain podzolic, frozen-taiga) - 41.9%, podzolic-bog and marsh - 7.3%, tundra and arctic - 15.8%; a significantly smaller area falls on steppe and forest-steppe soils - chernozems (including mountain and meadow-chernozem) - 8.2%, chestnut (without light chestnut) - 3.9%, gray forest - 3.2%, etc.

Although the land fund of our country is indeed vast, the predominant part of its area is located in conditions that are not very favorable for agriculture. Indeed, 57% of the country's territory belongs to the cold zone, where vast areas are occupied by deer pastures, taiga forests and swamps.

Agricultural lands of the cold zone make up less than 2.4% of the country's land fund, and the share of arable land is only 0.5%. The leading branch of agriculture here is reindeer breeding and fur trade. Agriculture is localized around cities and industrial centers.

About 70% of the country's territory is now practically part of the non-agricultural part of the country. Agriculture is already concentrated in those areas of the southern taiga, steppe and dry steppe zones, which together make up only 28-30% of the country's area.

About 17% of the arable fund of Russia is located in the southern taiga zone, and two thirds of them are in the European part.

Only 16% of the country's territory is occupied by forest-steppe and dry-steppe zones, but it is precisely in them that about three-quarters (72.5%) of our entire arable land is concentrated. Agricultural lands occupy from 60 to 80% of the area of ​​these zones, and arable land, on average, 40-50%, reaching 80% or more in some black earth regions. The high degree of plowing of chernozem soils and frequent strong winds in the zone of their distribution especially acute in our time the question of protecting chernozems from destruction by wind erosion (deflation).

Population growth and technological progress cause an increase in the anthropogenic pressure on land resources in general, and in particular on arable land, which is the main supplier of food. Today, 6.5 billion people live on Earth, and this number is increasing by 80-90 million every year. No matter how people differ from each other - skin color, eye shape, customs, culture - everyone agrees on one thing: 3 once a day you need a full meal. However, not everyone gets it in full. Death from starvation, even today, is not uncommon. According to experts, about 1 billion people do not receive adequate nutrition every day. The main reason is the shortage and low productivity of arable land.

There are a huge number of territories in the world that are not characterized by an arid climate, but where, as a result of economic activity, the most valuable thing that determines the life and well-being of the biosphere, the upper fertile layer of the earth, called soil, has been lost. According to experts, as a result of the careless use of land resources, humanity has already lost about 2 billion hectares of once fertile land, turning them into man-made deserts - badlands. This is about 3% of the planet. This lost area is larger than the area of ​​all arable land in the world, which is 1.4 billion hectares, which is more than the area of ​​the largest country in the world - Russia.

One of the indicators of the intensity of use of land resources is the availability of arable land to a person. To date, this figure has halved compared to the 80s of the last century and is 0.21 hectares per person. In countries such as Canada, India and Russia, the largest amount of arable land is concentrated. However, the amount of arable land per person is highest in Australia, Canada and Russia. In this regard, the Altai Territory also deserves attention. The provision of residents of the Altai Territory is 2.8 hectares per person. Such provision of arable land for the inhabitants of the region makes us think about the quality use of arable land. As practice shows, in this direction, scientists and farmers need serious developments on the rational use of arable land.

Many experts (V.A. Kovda, G.V. Dobrovolsky, L.I. Kurakova, P.F. Loiko, J. Olson, S.A. Shoba and others) believe that the reserve of agricultural land, and in particular arable land can serve as forest land, which accounts for 29% of the land. The largest areas of forest land, as noted earlier, are located in the tropical zone of South America and in northern Asia - in Russia.

American scientists J. Olson, H. Pfuderer and Jin Hoi Chan, considering the structure of the modern biosphere, offer their vision of the possible use of the land surface in the future. According to their calculations, by 2225 arable land will occupy 24% of the land area, pastures - 28, forests - 15, and land unsuitable for agriculture - 33%. Further development of land and its involvement in arable land will occur due to the reduction of forest area. If we take into account the existing deforestation, then this point of view is quite legitimate. However, the reduction of forests in such a volume will lead to ecological tension of the planet's atmosphere. The world community should not follow this path.

There are other theories about the potential expansion of cultivated land. The Russian Academy of Natural Sciences offers the world community a minimal opportunity to expand arable territories. According to them, the world community has the opportunity to increase cultivated land to 1.8 billion hectares. American scientists propose to increase the area of ​​arable soils to 3.4 billion hectares, that is, to double the available area.

There are other points of view in the world community, according to which cultivated land can be increased by 40-45%, mainly due to the reduction of forest land.

The above expert assessments are based on the results of the analysis of natural conditions. According to all experts, continents such as Africa and South America are in the best position to expand the area of ​​cultivated land. Potentially fertile lands of Asia are developed by more than 90%, Europe - by almost 100%.

The problem of providing the population with food can also be solved by increasing the productivity of existing arable land. This way of providing the population was once developed by N.N. Rozov and M.N. Strogonova. They proposed to change the existing structure of sown areas, in which grains will make up 50-60%, and their yield will be 40-50 c/ha. Considering that 1 ton of grain per year provides full-fledged living conditions for one person, then this approach can provide food for 8-9 billion people. The same authors propose models based on the bioclimatic potential, photosynthetic active solar radiation, which can provide food for a population of 15 and even 25-30 billion people. A more modern model proposed by P.F. Loiko is even more impressive. According to his calculations, there are 2.6 billion hectares of potentially arable land in the world (currently cultivated - 1.4 billion hectares plus 1.2 billion hectares that can be developed), capable of "feeding" 35-40 billion people, which is 6 times more than the current population.

Of course, the authors of the above theoretically substantiated models for increasing arable areas to provide the population with food took into account the soil cover and were convinced that the best soil varieties were already involved in the turnover. If a person has to develop new territories, then they will be of poor quality, perhaps in inconvenient places according to the relief, etc., that is, they will be more expensive. Therefore, before making a decision on the development of new territories by the world community, it is necessary to stop the degradation processes on the existing arable soils, which have approached a catastrophic level of potential fertility. The time has come when the further development of society is possible only within the framework of strictly specified loads on arable soils, it has become quite obvious that the desire to solve the problems of today, ignoring the requirements of preserving the usefulness of arable land, is a path that turns into big losses in the present and in the future.

In Russia, arable soils, as in the world, are the sphere of labor activity, the object of labor, the pantry of food products, and a factor in human life. 55% (about 1 billion hectares) of the world's chernozem soils are concentrated on the territory of Russia. In arable land, farmers use about 10% of the available potential of chernozems. About 15% of arable land is occupied by podzolic, gray forest soils. The area of ​​arable land occupied by chestnut soils is 10%. Solonetzes, salt marshes and solods account for 3.4%.

At present, in Russia, as well as in the world, there is a steady trend towards a reduction in the area of ​​arable land.

The scale of the reduction of arable land is quite convincing. For 26 years, about 11% of arable land has been lost, which makes it possible to calculate the annual loss of arable land, which is 500 thousand hectares.

The reasons leading to the reduction of arable areas are different, among them is expropriation for construction. Another reason leading to the reduction of arable soils is the deterioration of their quality and, as a result, the withdrawal of arable land from circulation. A.N. Kashtanov, in the concept of sustainable development of agriculture in Russia in the 21st century, provides the following data on the level of degradation of soils and lands in Russia. About 70 million hectares of agricultural land are subject to erosion and deflation, approximately 73 million hectares have high acidity, more than 40 million hectares are more than 26 million hectares are waterlogged and waterlogged, 56 million hectares of arable soils in Russia are characterized by low humus content. The humus content has reached the minimum level - 1.3% in the Non-Chernozem zone, 5% or less in the Central Chernozem zone.

The listed negative processes of arable soils in Russia have led to a decrease in productivity. So, according to the state statistical reporting, the average yield of grain crops for 1986-1990. was 15.9 c/ha, 1991-1995. - 14.8, for 1996-2000 - 12.9, and in recent years - about 11 c/ha.

An important indicator that characterizes the intensity of land use is the plowing of the territory. V.A. Kovda believes that when the territory is plowed up by 60-70%, dust storms often affect steppe agriculture, and when the area is plowed up by 80-90%, dust storms are a frequent occurrence. According to available data, the plowing of the planet is just over 10% of the area of ​​land resources. The plowing of the largest country in Russia is 7.6%, in Canada it is at the level of 4.6, in the USA - 29, in China - 10%, in European countries - 29%.

As in the whole world, the plowing of lands in the Russian Federation is not the same. The Rostov Region (59.1%), Saratov Region (57.8%), Altai Territory (38.5%) are characterized by the highest plowing.

Considering the Altai Territory, it should be noted that the territory of the dry steppe is considered the most developed territory. In this part of the Altai Territory, arable land is 70-80%, and in some farms up to 92% of the territories are involved in arable land. Less developed territory is the territory of the steppe zone of the Altai Territory. In this part of the region, plowing reaches 60-75%. The territory in the forest-steppe zone of the Altai Territory has been developed to an even lesser extent - about 50-60%.

The piedmont territories of Altai, where plowing is 40-50%, have been developed to a much lesser extent. The intensity of the involvement of land resources in arable land in most cases is due to the terrain. Practically undeveloped territories are the mountainous part of Altai, where about 2% of arable land from the total area is used, i.e. agriculture is carried out in patches.

The period of development of virgin and fallow lands from 1954 to 1956 is considered the most large-scale period of involvement in arable land resources. During this period, about 2.9 million hectares were involved in arable land in the Altai Territory.

The area of ​​arable land in 1960 increased to a maximum value of 7.62 million hectares. Such a colossal anthropogenic pressure on land resources has led to the intensification of degradation processes. In the dry steppe and forest-steppe, the ratio of arable land, forest and meadow was disturbed. The natural forces that cause the destruction of soils have acquired an accelerated character. So, in 1963, the region suffered a severe drought. In the dry steppe, black storms and hot winds have become more frequent. The area of ​​arable land began to be reduced, about 50 thousand hectares were taken out of circulation, subject to erosion processes in a strong and medium degree, as well as erroneously plowed solonetzic and highly saline soils. A relatively stable period in terms of the amount of arable land in the region should be considered the period from 1970 to 1990. The next stage in the decrease in the amount of arable land is characterized by a time period since 1990, which, apparently, is due to the deterioration in the economic situation of most rural producers. Such intensive use of land resources has led to an increase in areas subject to degradation phenomena. So, today in the Altai Territory, 90% or more of arable soils are subject to varying degrees of water or wind erosion.

Today it can be stated that the amount of arable land in the Altai Territory, as well as in Russia and in the world as a whole, is declining. From the 60s to the present (46 years), the amount of arable land in the region has decreased by 1.2 million hectares, which is 12% of the arable land.

- the most important resource of the biosphere, actively used by man. Being the main means of agricultural production, the soil will remain the main source for obtaining human food in the foreseeable future. The soil cover serves as the basis for industrial, transport, urban and rural construction. Recently, significant areas of soils have been used for recreational purposes, for the creation of nature reserves and protected areas.

The problem of rational use and protection of land resources is very relevant, any reduction in the area of ​​agricultural land seriously exacerbates the already difficult issue of providing the world's population with food.

It is estimated that 0.3–0.5 ha of arable land is currently required per person for a full food supply; for the Nonchernozem zone, the threshold figure is 0.8 ha. In the 21st century, the population of our planet is about 6.5 billion, and the share of arable land, accordingly, decreases to 0.2-0.3 hectares per person.

Land resources(land) occupy about 1/3 of the planet's surface, or almost 14.9 billion hectares, including 1.5 billion hectares occupied by Antarctica and Greenland. The structure of the lands of this territory is as follows: 10% is occupied by glaciers; 15.5% - deserts, rocks, coastal sands; 75% -tundra and swamps; 2% - cities, mines, roads. According to FAO (1989), there are about 1.5 billion hectares of soil suitable for agriculture on the globe. This is only 11% of the world's land cover. At the same time, there is a tendency to reduce the areas of this category of land. At the same time, the availability (in terms of one person) of arable land and forest land is decreasing.

The area of ​​arable land per 1 person is: in the world - 0.3 ha; Russia - 0.88 ha; Belarus - 0.6 ha; USA - 1.4 ha, Japan - 0.05 ha.

When determining the endowment with land resources, it is necessary to take into account the uneven population density in different parts of the world. The most densely populated are the countries of Western Europe and Southeast Asia (more than 100 people/km2).

Desertification is a serious reason for the decrease in the area of ​​land used in agriculture. It is estimated that the area of ​​deserted lands is increasing annually by 21 million hectares. This process threatens all land and 20% of the population in 100 countries.

It is estimated that urbanization absorbs over 300 thousand hectares of agricultural land per year.

Solving the problem of land use, and hence the problem of providing the population with food, involves two ways. The first way is to improve agricultural production technologies, improve soils, and increase crop yields. The second way is the way of expanding the areas of agriculture.

According to some scientists, in the future the area of ​​arable land can be increased to 3.0-3.4 billion hectares, that is, the size of the total land area, the development of which is possible in the future - 1.5-1.9 billion hectares. On these areas, products sufficient to provide for 0.5–0.65 billion people can be obtained (the annual increase on Earth is about 70 million people).

Approximately half of the area suitable for agriculture is currently cultivated. The limit of agricultural use of soils reached in some developed countries is 7% of the total area. In the developing countries of Africa and South America, the cultivated part of the land is approximately 36% of the area suitable for cultivation.

An assessment of the agricultural use of the soil cover indicates a large uneven coverage of soils of different continents and bioclimatic zones by agricultural production.

The subtropical zone has been considerably developed - its soils have been plowed up for 20–25% of the total area. The small area of ​​plowed land in the tropical zone is 7–12%.

The agricultural development of the boreal belt is very low, which is limited to the use of soddy-podzolic soils and partly - 8% of the total area of ​​these soils. The largest arrays of cultivated land fall on the soils of the subboreal zone - 32%.

The main reserves for the expansion of arable land are concentrated in the subtropical and tropical zones. There is also considerable potential for the expansion of arable land in the temperate zone. The objects of development are, first of all, soddy-podzolic swampy soils occupied by unproductive hayfields, pastures, shrubs, and small forests. Swamps are a reserve for the expansion of arable land.

The main factors limiting the development of land for arable land are, first of all, geomorphological (steepness of slopes, rugged relief) and climatic. The northern limit of sustainable farming lies in the band of 1400–1600° sums of active temperatures. In Europe, this border runs along the 60th parallel, in the western and middle parts of Asia - along 58 ° north latitude, in the Far East - south of 53 ° north latitude.

The development and use of land in adverse climatic conditions requires considerable material costs and is not always economically justified.

The expansion of arable land should take into account environmental and conservation aspects.