Plant protection products against diseases and pests. Protection of greenhouse plants from diseases and pests Protection of medicinal plants from pests and diseases

PESTICIDES.

There are different groups of pesticides, which are defined depending on the organisms they fight against. :

Herbicides. They are mainly used for weed control.

Bactericides. The name itself makes us understand that the scope of their application is the fight against bacteria.

Algaecides. This type of pesticide is used exclusively for algae control.
Recipes

Bordeaux liquid.

To prepare a 1% solution, take 100 g. Copper sulfate and 100 gr. Lime. Copper sulfate is dissolved in 5 liters of water (in a plastic bucket). In another bowl, lime is dissolved in the same amount of water. Constantly stirring the milk of lime, pour copper sulfate into it (but not vice versa). Both liquids must be chilled before mixing. Properly prepared liquid should have a sky blue color.

EXTRASOL.

Competitor of "Baikal" EM-1
Extrasol is, like Baikal-EM-1, a microbiological fertilizer.

For the manufacture of extrasol-55, microorganisms were taken from the surface of the roots of healthy plants, which in the process of life suppress pathogenic species: Fusarium, late blight, black rot, pytium and other root rot. And when processing vegetative plants, they remove the susceptibility to rust, powdery mildew, peronosporosis and bacteriosis. These soil organisms secrete mineral and organic acids, a number of enzymes, which helps the plant to assimilate previously inaccessible compounds. And vitamins, growth regulators, antibiotics stimulate the development of plants, increasing the enzymatic activity in plant cells, accelerating growth processes, suppressing plant diseases, thereby reducing the use of chemicals by 50%.

Application methods

L Treatment of seeds, tubers and bulbs with a 1% solution (10 g per 1 liter) of extrasol. Seeds are soaked for 4-6 hours. After drying, the activity of the drug remains for 6 months, but it is better to sow (plant) the treated seeds within 10-15 days.

L You can use extrasol on vegetative plants, starting with 2-4 true leaves. Seedlings are watered with 0.1 percent. solution (10 g per 10 l) 3-5 days before landing in a permanent place. If necessary, spray from 1 to 5 times with a 0.1% solution with an interval of 12-14 days. The consumption of the working solution is 1.5-3 liters per hundred square meters. There are no restrictions on the number of treatments and waiting times.

L To improve the storage of root crops and potatoes, they are sprayed with a 0.1% solution at a rate of 1-1.5 liters per ton. The spread of wet, dry and bacterial rot is reduced.

The only drug that allowed to completely get rid of phytophthora.
In the seedling period - very good for the prevention of black leg. Before sowing, I always moisten the soil with diluted extrasol. And if the soil is of dubious quality, then this must be done in advance - a week or two before sowing. I used to use liquid phytosporin until there was no extrasol.
In all greenhouses, I always produce a spring strait of earth before planting and an autumn one - post-harvest. Also, during the entire growing season, once every two weeks I spend spraying, first of all, tomatoes. The rest - who will get it. Cucumbers are very fond of him. But they don’t get sick anyway, so I only spoil them occasionally.
Seeds in it are very good to soak. It also works as a growth stimulant.

A few errors in the use of this drug:
Extasol does not cure an already existing disease, although it certainly suppresses it a little. This is PREVENTION!
Extrasol is not a fast-acting pill, it needs to be used regularly and preferably in combination with other methods. organic farming, because no bacterium will live if it has nothing to eat.

Plus - the only drug I know is compatible with mineral fertilizers. Well, I don't mean extremes, of course, like Mittlider.
Minus - not so cheap (last year I bought 250 rubles per liter) and where the hell can you find it.

KARBOFOS

Karbofos KE - universal remedy for crop pest control

Active substance
Malathion. Belongs to the group of organophosphorus compounds, characterized by contact, intestinal and fumigation action. Karbofos is very effective in the fight against sucking insects - bedbugs, aphids, thrips, leafhoppers and herbivorous mites.

Active ingredient analogue
Fufanon

Action spectrum analogue
Actellik, Bi-58, Danadim, Diazinon, Phosbecid

Preparative form
Emulsion concentrate with malathion content 500 g/l

The main advantages of Karbofos

Used on over 40 major crops
Has a very broad spectrum of activity against various pests, including mites
Has a long period of protective action
Compatible with many insecticides and fungicides. It is recommended to combine with growth regulator "Biosil" and fungicide "Binoram" in order to enhance plant growth and protect against diseases in one sprayer pass.
10 l plastic cans

FUNGICIDES.

Fungicidal substances (from the Latin “fungus” - fungus and “caedo” - I kill), chemicals that can completely (fungicidal) or partially (fungistatic) suppress the development of plant pathogens and are used to combat them; one of the groups of pesticides. Fungicides are divided into groups.

Depending on the chemical properties, they are inorganic (sulfur compounds - lime-sulfur decoction, ground and colloidal sulfur; copper - copper sulfate, copper oxychloride; mercury - mercury chloride) and organic.

Depending on the effect on the pathogen, fungicides are divided into prophylactic or protective (prevent infection of the plant or stop the development and spread of the pathogen at the site of infection before infection occurs, suppressing mainly its reproductive organs - most fungicides), and therapeutic, or eradicating (act on the mycelium, reproductive organs and overwintering stages of the pathogen, causing their death after infection of the plant).

The nature of the use of fungicides is also different: seed protectants (used to combat diseases whose pathogens are spread with seeds or are in the soil), soil preparations (destroy soil pathogens of plant diseases, especially effective in greenhouses and greenhouses), fungicides for treating plants in dormant period (destroy the wintering stages of the pathogen, used in early spring before bud break, late autumn and winter), fungicides for processing during the growing season (mainly preventive drugs used in summer), for spraying and fumigation of storage facilities, in particular granaries and vegetable stores.

According to the nature of distribution within plant tissues, fungicides can be contact (local) and systemic (intraplant).

Contact fungicides, when treated with plants, remain on the surface and cause the death of the pathogen upon contact with it. Some of them have a local deep action, for example, they are able to penetrate into the outer shells of seeds. The effectiveness of contact preparations depends on the duration of action, the amount of fungicide, the degree of retention on the treated surface, photochemical and chemical resistance, weather, etc.

Systemic fungicides penetrate into the plant, spread through the vascular system and suppress the development of the pathogen due to direct action on it or as a result of plant metabolism. Their effectiveness is mainly determined by the rate of penetration into plant tissues and to a lesser extent depends on meteorological conditions.

Ways to apply the fungicide:
spraying and pollination of plants and soil, dressing of seeds. Forms of preparations - dusts, emulsions, suspensions, wettable powders, aerosols. With the systematic use of the same fungicides, their effectiveness may decrease due to the formation of resistant races of the pathogen. To prevent this phenomenon, it is necessary to strictly observe the doses of the drug consumption and alternate the applied fungicides. Due to the great importance of F. for Agriculture their production is constantly increasing.

Currently, there is an active development and production of so-called biological fungicides. Their fundamental difference from chemical fungicides is a non-chemical effect on the pathogen, for example, bacterial preparations contain a certain set of bacteria that can cause the death of a number of species of pathogenic fungi.

There are a lot of types of biological fungicides, the main ones are: Fitosporin, Barrier, Zaslon, Fitop, Integral, Bactofit, Agat, Planzir, Trichodermin. Biological fungicides are characterized by low toxicity and high efficiency.

List of fungicides

Abiga Peak
Broad-spectrum copper-containing contact fungicide. The drug is designed to combat a complex of fungal and bacterial diseases on vegetable, technical, fruit, ornamental and flower crops ah, grapevine, medicinal plants and forest plantations.
The drug has hazard class 3 (moderately hazardous substance). The drug is not phytotoxic when used in strict accordance with the developed recommendations.

Acrobat MC
Fungicide of systemic-local and contact action. Systemic-contact (local-systemic dimethomorph and contact mancozeb) fungicide used to combat late blight and alternariosis of potatoes, peronosporiosis of cucumbers, mildew of grapes and a number of other diseases.
Hazard class - 2 (hazardous substance).

Alirin - B
Biological fungicide for the suppression of fungal diseases in the soil and on plants, similar in composition and action to phytosporin. Recommended: as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent, effectively suppresses pathogens of fungal diseases on all types of horticultural crops and indoor plants.
Hazard class - 4. Safe for humans, animals, fish, bees, useful entomofauna and environment

Albite
A complex preparation with the advantages of a contact biological fungicide and stimulant. Albit is a complex drug with the advantages of analogues (Agat-25k, pseudobacterin, phytosporin, planriz, silk, crystallon, humates).
Hazard class: 4 (low hazardous substance).

Bordeaux mixture
Broad spectrum contact fungicide. Designed to protect fruit, vegetables, berries, melons, citrus, ornamental, flower and other crops from a complex of diseases.
Hazard class - 2 (dangerous compound). The drug is not dangerous for bees. It is necessary to carry out the processing of plants in compliance with environmental regulations.

Vitaros
Fungicide of contact-systemic action, for dressing planting material. An effective tool for dressing bulbs, corms and rhizomes of flower crops before planting and storing. It suppresses the development of pathogens located both on the surface of the planting material and inside it.

Gamair
Biological bactericide for the suppression of bacterial and some fungal diseases in the soil and on plants, similar in composition and action to phytosporin. Recommended: as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent, effectively suppresses pathogens of bacterial diseases on all types of horticultural crops and indoor plants.
Hazard class - 4. Safe for humans, animals, fish, bees, useful entomofauna and the environment. Does not accumulate in plants and soil, which contributes to the production of environmentally friendly products
more »

Gliocladin
Trichodermin analogue.
Biological fungicide for the suppression of pathogens of fungal diseases in the soil. It is recommended as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent when applied to the soil, effectively suppresses pathogens of fungal diseases on all types of horticultural crops and houseplants.
Hazard class - 4. Safe for humans, animals, fish, bees, useful entomofauna and the environment.

Ditan M-45
Fungicide of contact action, to combat late blight and alternariosis and other fungal diseases. Ditan M-45 analogue of Profit. Protective-contact preparation for protecting plants from late blight and a number of other diseases.
Hazard class: 2 (hazardous substance). The drug is not phytotoxic, compatible with most other drugs. Not dangerous for bees, earthworms and soil microorganisms.

Green soap
Prophylactic against pests and diseases. It is also used as a component of self-prepared plant protection products. Ingredients: water, potassium salts of fatty acids, natural fats and vegetable oils.

Maxim
contact fungicide. It is used for dressing flower bulbs, other planting material (corms, seed potatoes) from rot before planting and during storage.
Hazard class - 3 (moderately dangerous substance). Not hot. Not phytotoxic. Toxic to fish, do not allow to enter the aquatic environment.

blue vitriol
Broad-spectrum copper-containing contact fungicide. Fungicide to combat diseases of berry, fruit (stone and pome), ornamental crops, shrubs. Designed for use in private farms.
Hazard class: 3 (moderately hazardous compound).

Oksikhom
Broad-spectrum systemic contact fungicide. Well suited for protecting potatoes and tomatoes from late blight and macrosporiosis, cucumbers from transferring (false powdery mildew).
Hazard class - 1. Hazardous substance.

Ordan
Fungicide of contact-systemic action, to combat late blight and Alternaria and other fungal diseases. Two-component fungicide of local-systemic action to protect potatoes, cucumbers and tomatoes in open and protected ground, grapes and a number of other plants from a complex of diseases.
Hazard class: 3 (moderately hazardous substance).

Previcour
A systemic fungicide with both protective and growth-promoting properties. It has a wide spectrum of activity against pathogens of root rot and peronosporosis (Pythium, Phytophthora, Aphanomyces, Bremia, Peronospora, Pseudopeonospora spp). It has a stimulating effect, increases the resistance of the plant to infection, stimulates the rooting of cuttings, growth and flowering of plants.
Hazard class - 3 (moderately dangerous compound), has a weak irritating effect on the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes.

Profit
Fungicide to combat late blight and Alternaria and other fungal diseases. The preparation is enriched with manganese and zinc.
Hazard class: for humans, hazard class - 2 (hazardous substance). The drug is not phytotoxic, compatible with most other drugs. Not dangerous for bees, earthworms and soil microorganisms.

Profit Gold
Fungicide of contact-systemic action, to combat late blight and Alternaria and other fungal diseases. Cymoxanil is quickly absorbed by the leaves and penetrates the plant, famoxadone remains on the surface of the leaves for a long time. Designed for use in private farms.
Hazard class: 3 (moderately hazardous substance).

Ridomil gold
Fungicide to combat late blight and Alternaria and other fungal diseases. Mefenoxam provides internal protection: systemic and translaminar action - protection of treated and untreated parts of plants, new growth and tubers, a high level of effectiveness against fungi from the class of oomycetes (causative agents of downy mildew), rapid decomposition in the soil. Mancozeb provides external protection and is an effective contact fungicide and a key link in the anti-resistance strategy.
Hazard class: 2 (hazardous substance). When using the drug in strict accordance with the recommendations developed by the company, there is no risk of phytotoxicity. The drug is slightly toxic to birds and bees, but toxic to fish.

Rovral
Fungicide of contact action from a complex of diseases. Contact fungicide to protect crops from a complex of diseases. Rovral is effective against a wide range of pathogens: Alternaria, Botrytis, Oxysporum, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Monilia, Phoma, Pleiochaeta, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Sclerotium, Septoria, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Typhula.
Hazard class: 3 (moderately dangerous compound). Prohibited for use in sanitary zone fishery reservoirs. Practically not dangerous for bees - hazard class 4.

Speed
Systemic fungicide with a long-term preventive and pronounced therapeutic effect, to combat scab, powdery mildew, leaf curl, late blight and Alternaria and other fungal diseases. A drug with a long-term preventive and pronounced therapeutic effect.
Hazard class: 3 (moderately hazardous substance).

Thiovit jet
Contact fungicide and acaricide. Preparation for the protection of vegetable, fruit, flower crops and vineyards from powdery mildew, some other diseases and mites.
Hazard class: 3 (moderately hazardous substance).

Topaz
Systemic fungicide to control powdery mildew, rust and other fungal diseases. Preparation for the protection of pome, stone fruit, berry, vegetable, ornamental crops and vine from powdery mildew and other diseases.
Hazard class: 3 (moderately hazardous substance).

Topaz
A systemic fungicide to control powdery mildew, rust and other fungal diseases. Prophylactic use at the beginning of the growing season to suppress the primary infection of the powdery mildew pathogen, as well as to prevent the spread of the disease or at the first signs of the onset of the disease, gives the best results.
The drug is moderately dangerous for humans and animals (hazard class 3), non-toxic for birds and beneficial insects dangerous for fish. Not phytotoxic.

Trichodermin
Biological fungicide for the treatment and prevention of root infections of indoor flowers and ornamental plants. Soil conditioner. Germinating in moist soil from spores, the mycelium of the fungus suppresses about 60 types of soil pathogens that infect the soil and cause root rot.
Hazard class - 4. Safe for humans, animals, fish, bees, useful entomofauna and the environment. It has no phytotoxic effect on protected plants. Does not accumulate in plants and soil, which contributes to the production of environmentally friendly products

Fitosporin-M
Fitosporin-M is a microbiological preparation designed to protect garden, garden, indoor and greenhouse plants from a complex of fungal and bacterial diseases. It is available as a paste, as a liquid in bottles, and as a powder. It is used mainly for preventive purposes (treatment of seeds, tubers and bulbs before planting, periodic spraying or watering of plants in order to prevent diseases in the collection). Low toxicity, not dangerous for the plants and bees themselves.

Fundazol
Fungicide and protectant with a wide range of systemic action against a large number of fungal diseases of seeds and leaves of plants. Fundazol has both protective (preventive) and therapeutic properties.
Hazard class - 2. Fundazol is a moderate allergen, there is no sensitizing effect, the drug does not pose a danger to birds, fish, bees and earthworms.

Hom
Fungicide of systemic-local and contact action. A preparation for combating plant diseases: apple and pear scab, potato and tomato late blight, plum fruit rot, peach leaf curl, grape mildew, onion and cucumber downy mildew, rust and spotting of ornamental and flower crops and pathogens of fungal diseases.
Hom has a hazard class 3 (moderately hazardous substance).

Potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate)
Potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) is used for dressing seeds, bulbs, corms, rhizomes flower plants at a concentration of 0.1-0.15% for two hours. It can be used for health-improving watering of seedlings, seedlings and adult plants under the root in the fight against blackleg, fusarium, bacteriosis. It is used for disinfection of stock and tools.

Acrobat M, ditan M-45, sandofan - have a systemic, penetrating and contact action, acting against a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi.

Preparative form:
Light yellow (mustard) wettable powder.

The nature of the action:
They have a systemic, penetrating and contact action.

Features and Benefits:
Low toxicity to warm-blooded animals. Does not seep into the lower layers of the soil.

Types of diseases:
root rot, leaf spot, gray rot, late blight, early brown spot (alternaria), septoria, black dry (neck) rot, gray rot, downy mildew.

consumption rates.
Dissolve 15-25 g of the drug in 10 liters of water and sprinkle the plants. The first treatment is carried out for prevention or when the first signs of the disease appear, repeated - after 14 days.

Soda ash (linen) is used to combat powdery mildew. For spraying prepare a 0.3-0.5% solution. For better adhesion, soap is added to the soda solution.

Tattu is an effective fungicide. Strengthens immune system plants, promotes its growth, is well tolerated by plants during the entire growing season.

Preparative form:
Suspension concentrate, mustard-coloured viscous opaque liquid.

Features and Benefits:
Strengthens the immune system of the plant, promotes its growth, is well tolerated by plants during the entire growing season, and is safe for bees.

The nature of the action. They have a systemic, penetrating and contact action.

Types of diseases:
root rot, leaf spot, gray rot, late blight, early brown spot (alternaria), anthracnose, septoria, black dry (neck) rot, gray rot, downy mildew.

Consumption rates:
Dissolve 10-15 ml of the drug in 10 liters of water and spray the plants. The first treatment is carried out for prevention or when the first signs of the disease appear, repeated - after 14 days.

Tilt, topaz, scor, bayleton, alto, impact, vectra - have a systemic, penetrating and contact action, acting against powdery mildew and rust fungi.

Features and Benefits:
Low consumption rates, long-term protective, fighter and healing effect, prolonged action.

Terms of application:
Spray when the first external signs of powdery mildew or rust appear. The maximum frequency of plant treatments is 4 times. The frequency between treatments is 12-14 days.

Copper chloride is effective against the same diseases as Bordeaux liquid. Used in 0.4-0.5% concentration. Do not add soap to the working solution.

INSECTICIDES.

Insecticides - preparations for pest control of plants

If you could not find your drug by name in the proposed material, identify its main Active Ingredient (usually it is written on the package) and read about the properties of other drugs based on this active ingredient. All preparations made on the basis of the same active ingredient have in practice the same effect on the plant.

Many insecticides are toxic preparations, and the feasibility of their use in the home must be justified. We kindly ask you to read the safety regulations for working with toxic substances before using the preparations.

According to the nature of the penetration of insect pests into the body, insecticides are divided into three groups (it should be taken into account that most of them “use” several ways at the same time). So:

Contact insecticides - kill harmful insects in external contact with any part of their body. They protect only those parts of the plant on which they are applied, are highly dependent on precipitation and have only a protective effect.

Intestinal insecticides - penetrate into the intestines of an insect through the organs of nutrition and affect the poison, which is absorbed into its body.

Systemic insecticides - able to move through the vascular system of plants. Their damaging effect occurs when insects use poisoned parts of the plant as food. In this sense, systemic insecticides approach intestinal ones. They are quickly absorbed by the plant and therefore their effectiveness is not strongly affected by rainfall.

Some insecticides cause blockage of the respiratory tract of the insect, as a result of which it dies from asphyxia.

Continuous insecticides are used to control various types pests at the same time.

Selective insecticides are used only against certain types of pests. These insecticides include:

Nematocides are chemicals used to control roundworms and nematodes.

Acaricides are chemicals used to control ticks. There are two groups of acaricides:

Specific acaricides that act only on ticks and are inactive against other arthropods;

Insectoacaricides, acting not only on ticks, but also on other insects.

In a number of acaricides there are many preparations of selective action. There are drugs that are active against herbivorous ticks and are practically safe for ixodid ticks, which insectoacaricides will help to defeat.

Please note: With the systematic use of insecticides of one group, the so-called resistance in harmful organisms inevitably arises. This term is usually understood as the resistance of various organisms to certain chemical preparations. Especially often such resistance is observed in rapidly breeding species that have a very short development cycle. To prevent the emergence of resistance, you need to alternate insecticides different groups. Therefore, if a pest has appeared in the collection that cannot be removed with a suitable remedy, it is worth trying to use an insecticide used against the same pest, but from a different group.

Currently instead of chemical substances similar preparations of plant or organic origin (bacterial, viral, etc.) are being developed, which are not inferior to chemical ones in their effectiveness, but, as a rule, act only on a certain group of pests and are safe for other species of insects and warm-blooded animals, including humans.

Insecticide groups
A group of insecticides based on avermectins
Insecticides based on avermectins are highly effective insectoacaricides obtained as a result of microbiological synthesis.

Active ingredients - avermectins - natural highly specific neurotoxins produced by the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis, which, penetrating microdoses into the body of arthropods, irreversibly affect their nervous system, and also kill the eggs of ticks and other insects. Hazard class - 4.

This group includes drugs Akarin (Agravertin), Fitoverm, Vertimek.

Extremely effective against all mites, whiteflies, aphids, thrips and other insects. The working solution is low toxic for warm-blooded creatures, has a weak bad smell. Not addictive to pests. Leaves no stains, can be sprayed on flowering rosettes.

The working solution is low toxic for warm-blooded animals, has a slight unpleasant odor. The drugs in this group are destroyed under the influence of natural factors for 5-7 days, therefore they are the safest in use with fruit crops. Storage of the working solution is not allowed, the solution must be used within an hour after preparation. Maximum effect achieved 3-5 days after treatment.

A group of insecticides based on pyrethrins
Pyrethrins (or pyrethroids) are a wide range of highly effective modern drugs that are derivatives of the natural pyrethrum preparation. They act by affecting the nervous system of cold-blooded animals. They have a wide spectrum of activity, are odorless and do not leave stains.

Hazard class - 3. If the instructions are followed, they are of low toxicity to mammals and birds. It should be noted that all pyrethrins are very toxic to cold-blooded animals (fish, reptiles, amphibians, etc., as well as bees), therefore, in no case should the residues be poured into water bodies and drains, aerial treatment of forests and parks, sprayed near aquariums, and also handle garden plants in rainy weather.

All pyrethrin names end in either "-trin" or "-valerate".

Below are the main Active Ingredients and the names of the most common drugs based on them:

Other pyrethrins, due to their good volatility, are used in anti-molar and anti-mosquito tablets for indoor use (vapotrin, sumitrin, pralletrin, transfluthrin, etc.).

Combined insecticides are often used, which:

Combine several pyrethrins - Iskra, Arsenal, Buran, Fas-Dubl and others;

A group of insecticides based on organophosphorus compounds (FOS)
Until recently, a wide range of FOS-based insecticides had the widest use in everyday life, in agriculture and household plots, but it turned out that these preparations have a number of significant drawbacks:

In the process of use, insect pests have developed a stable immunity to a number of drugs in this group;

Low selectivity of drugs (toxic to both insects and humans);

Increased mutagenicity and carcinogenicity to humans and animals.

Currently, they are finding less and less use and are gradually being replaced by safer drugs from other groups. Some FOS are banned for use on food crops by the World Health Organization.

The hazard class of these compounds is 3 and 2.

The names of many (but not all) ADs, as well as the names of drugs from this group, contain the endings "-phos" and "-tion".

Below are the most common Active Substances, Hazard Classes, and the names of the most common preparations based on them:

Active ingredient Hazard class Available preparations and comments
Diazinon 3 Dohlox, Bazudin, Kapkan, Thunder-2, Pochin, etc.
Very toxic to birds!
Pirimifos-methyl 3 Actellik, Phosbecid
Malathion (cythion, adithiophosphate, karbofos) 3 Karbofos, Rogor, Fozalon, Fufanon, etc.
Chlorpyrifos 3 Micros, Microphos, Chlorpyrifos, Chlorpyripaz, Chlorpyrimark, etc.
Relatively low toxicity and non-carcinogenic.
Dichlorvos (DDVF) 3 Dichlorvos, Morin, etc.
Fention (DMTF) 2 Ultimatum, BIFI, BAF, Biotsifen.
Prohibited for use with food crops!

Insecticides of the neonicotinoids class
Insecticides of the neonicotinoid class are a popular group of drugs that have appeared in Russia relatively recently.

Other insecticidal preparations:
Neoron (DV - bromopropylate). Highly effective contact acaricide against all types of mites. It is well tolerated by plants, does not affect other insects, does not leave spots on the leaves. Use with protective equipment - it has a strong pungent unpleasant odor that disappears after 4-5 hours. Hazard class - 3.

Biostimulants "Epin" and "Zircon".

Regulator and adaptogen of a wide spectrum of action, has a strong anti-stress effect, a synthesized analogue of a natural substance.

Epin - a solution of epibrassinolide in alcohol 0.25 g / l, its release has been discontinued.
Epin-extra - a solution of epibrassinolide in alcohol 0.025 g / l, although in epine-extra the concentration of epibrassinolide is an order of magnitude lower, it is argued that the effectiveness of the drug is not lower.

It is similar in action to plant phytoharmones - monitors the balance of substances in the plant (homeostasis), is an adaptogen - participates in the synthesis of anti-stress proteins.

The results of the application of epin:
The seeds germinate faster.
Seedlings do not stretch, become resistant to frost, drought and disease, take root well when picking and transplanting into open ground.
Frozen and withered plants are reborn, and old shrubs are rejuvenated and begin to bear fruit again.
In treated plants, the ovaries do not fall off.
Burns and phytophthora in plants under the film are excluded.
The yield increases by at least 1.5 times, it ripens 2 weeks earlier, it is stored longer.
Heavy metal salts, radionuclides, herbicides are removed from plants and their fruits; the content of nitrates decreases.

Therefore, it is especially indicated for:
- frosts,
- flooding,
- invasion of pests, etc.;
those. it is indicated in any stressful situations for plants, it is especially effective in early treatment of plants, for example, before transplanting seedlings.

Peculiarities:
- is destroyed in the light, so epin should be stored in the dark.
- is destroyed in an alkaline environment, so use clean boiled water to obtain a solution or acidify it with a spoonful of boric acid or vinegar.
- well absorbed (assimilated) by the plant even with partial processing of the plant.
- disintegrates in the plant for about 14 days, so it is useless to carry out treatments more often.

About toxicity:
- the drug is practically not dangerous for humans, warm-blooded animals, fish, bees and other beneficial insects. Does not pollute the environment.

Using Epina-extra
usually 1 ml (1 ampoule) epina-extra per 5 liters of water

- Seeds of vegetable crops are soaked in Epin-extra solution (1-2 drops per 100 ml of water for tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, eggplants) for 18-20 hours at +20C.
- Seeds of flower crops 4 drops of Epina-extra per 100 ml of water for 18-20 hours.
- Flower bulbs and cuttings are soaked before planting in a solution of Epin-extra (1 ml per 2 liters of water) for 24 and 12 hours, respectively.
- Potato tubers are sprayed before planting (1 ml per 250 ml of water per 50 kg of potatoes).

1 ml of Epin-extra is dissolved in 5 liters of water and mixed thoroughly. Spraying is carried out evenly wetting the leaves. The working solution is used on the day of preparation. DO NOT allow alkaline environment!
- Seedlings - spraying with a solution of Epin-extra (5-6 drops per 0.5 l of water) in the phase of 2-3 true leaves and on the eve of transplantation;

Plant processing is carried out in the following phases:
- potatoes, tomatoes - budding - beginning of flowering;
- root crops - by seedlings;
- cucumbers - 2-3 real leaves with a repetition in the budding phase;
- peppers - at the beginning of budding with a repetition in the flowering phase;
- tulips - when buds appear;
- fruit and berry - in the budding phase with a repetition after 20 days; (Consumption is 2-5 liters of solution for a young tree and 5-8 liters of solution for an adult tree);
- under stressful growing conditions (lack of light, frost, onset of diseases, etc.), spraying is carried out every 7-10 days until the plants recover.
Shelf life 3 years from the date of manufacture.

Zircon.
Immunomodulator, root former, flowering inductor - a broad-spectrum drug with a strong fungicidal and anti-stress effect. Normalizes homeostasis (metabolism) of plants, protects them from pollution by heavy metals. It is made from natural raw materials - Echinacea purpurea. feature: works best at the lowest concentration (1 mg/ha)

The action of zircon
- when soaking seeds, it increases their germination energy and germination, activates growth processes and increases plant biomass, increases yield, yield of mature seeds. Zircon increases the penetration of water through the shell of seeds with a strong shell by 2.5 times.

The result is high quality seedlings with a strong root system. However, it should be borne in mind that zircon acts more harshly than epin, so dosages should be minimal, they should not be exceeded.
- is a root formation stimulator (and increases their volume up to 300%), can be used together with heteroauxin for rooting cuttings. Allows you to effectively root cuttings of sakura, almonds, lilacs, felted cherries, barberries, roses, clematis, conifers (conic spruce, thuja, cypress, juniper), currants, clone rootstocks. Accelerates the growth of roots and aerial parts of larch and pine seedlings.
- is a flowering inductor - accelerates flowering (biological "switch") and counteracts shedding of ovaries. In chrysanthemums, I increased the number of open flower baskets by 2-3 times. At the rose, it accelerated the start of flowering by 10 days;
- zircon slows down the aging of cut flowers;
- effective against shedding of ovaries;
- exhibits anti-stress activity:

When transplanting:
- reduces transpiration, increases the absorption of water and nutrients, increases the efficiency of photosynthesis, the survival rate and growth of transplanted plants after treatment with zircon is much higher than that of the control ones. In drought conditions, it has an adaptogenic effect. in plants treated with zircon, the photosynthetic potential increases, the leaf surface and the total biomass increase.
- has fungicidal and partly antiviral properties, there is no addiction to the drug. Effective against powdery mildew, reduces infection with downy mildew by 20-60%.

The use of zircon
Better less dosage but more frequent treatment. Do not overdose!
usually 1 ml (1 ampoule) per 10 (or more) liters of water

Pre-sowing and pre-planting treatment
- Seeds of vegetable crops are soaked in a solution of Zircon (1-2 drops per 300 ml of water) for 8-18 hours at room temperature.
- before planting, the cuttings are soaked in a solution of Zircon (1 ml per 1 liter of water) for 14 hours. To increase the effectiveness of heteroauxin when rooting cuttings, plants are treated jointly with Zircon (1 ampoule per 1 liter of water) and heteroauxin (200 mg per 1 liter of water).
- Bulbs and corms of flower crops are soaked for 20-22 hours before planting in a solution of Zircon (0.5-1 ml of Zircon per 1 liter of water).

Spraying vegetative plants
1 ml of Zircon is dissolved in 10 liters of water and mixed thoroughly. Spraying is carried out evenly wetting the leaves.
- For fruit and berry crops, spraying is carried out in the budding phase;
- For vegetable crops, spraying is carried out before the formation of fruits;
- Potatoes: to prepare a working solution, 0.1 ml (4 drops) Zircon is dissolved in 3 liters of water. Spraying of plants is carried out in the phase of full shoots and at the beginning of budding.
- Flower-decorative crops. To accelerate flowering, 1 ml of Zircon is dissolved in 1 liter of water. Spraying of plants is carried out before the formation of buds.
The drug is practically not dangerous for humans, warm-blooded animals, fish, bees and other beneficial insects. Does not pollute the environment.
Differences between Zircon and Epin.

Zircon - root formation, flowering induction, protection against viruses;
- Epin-extra - resistance to diseases and adverse conditions.
- unlike epin, an overdose of zircon should not be allowed, it is better to take a smaller dosage, but more often.
- unlike epin, zircon is not destroyed, but activated in the light.
- unlike epin, zircon is absorbed and utilized by the plant in just 18 hours, and not 14 days, like epin.
- unlike epin, the whole plant must be carefully treated with zircon, since zircon moves slowly through the plant, and epin - quickly.
- unlike epin, zircon is absorbed by the roots, so you can water the ground or the planting hole with its solution.

Fitosporin - MFitosporin-M is a microbiological preparation designed to protect garden, garden, indoor and greenhouse plants from a complex of fungal and bacterial diseases.

Active ingredient: Bacillus subtilis 26 D, 100 million cells/g

Manufacturer:
BASHINCOM, NVP

Under the name "Fitosporin" a number of preparations are produced, the basis of which is a natural bacterial culture.

The active substance of the preparations are living cells and spores of natural bacterial culture Bacillus subtilis 26 D, 100 million cells/g. As a carrier of a bacterial culture, a composition based on chalk, various fillers and OD humate in the form of GUMI powder is used. The presence of OD humate in the composition enhances the fungicidal properties of the drug and ensures the stabilization of its characteristics for a long period, due to which the guaranteed shelf life of the drug is from one to 2 years without loss of its qualities, and the shelf life is not limited.

On sale there are preparations containing Bacillus subtilis, but with other strains, for example, Alirin and Gamair.

Preparative form:
It is available as a paste, as a liquid in bottles, and as a powder.

Purpose:
Phytosporin is effective against a wide range of fungal and bacterial diseases, including scab, wilt, blackleg, late blight, seed mold, root rot, seedling rot, powdery mildew, leaf rust, head smut, blister smut, alternariosis, rhizoctoniosis, fusarium, septoria and many others.

Mode of application:
A liquid preparation is prepared by dissolving 1 part of the paste in 2 parts of plain non-chlorinated water. For subsequent treatment of soil, seeds and plants, the resulting solution is also diluted with water.

Fitosporin-M for flowers and indoor plants, produced as a liquid in bottles (110 ml), is simply diluted with water before use.

Main uses:
1) Tillage and compost. Watering the earth and compost with a working solution during spring and / or autumn soil preparation. 15 ml (1 tablespoon) liquid preparation per 10 liters of water per 1 sq.m.

2) Pre-sowing soaking of planting material with a working solution before sowing (planting), including: soaking seeds, cuttings, roots, bulbs and corms. 4 drops of liquid preparation in a glass of water (200 ml).

3) Treatment of plants during the growing season. Watering 2-4 sq.m. or spraying 100 sq.m. garden plants every 2 weeks. 15 ml (1 tablespoon) liquid preparation per 10 liters of water.

4) Watering indoor plants. 4 drops of liquid preparation in a glass of water (200 ml).

5) Preplant processing (dipping) of one bucket of potato tubers. 60 ml (4 tablespoons) liquid preparation per 1 liter of water.

6) Processing of agricultural products before storage by spraying or dipping.

Compatibility:
Phytosporin is compatible with chemical pesticides, with Triallat herbicide; insecticide Decis; fungicides Tilt premium, Fundazol, Vitivax 200, TMTD, Baitan universal. With fertilizers and growth regulators (zircon, Ribav-Extra, Epin, etc.), except for preparations with an alkaline reaction!

Security measures:
When handling the drug, observe the rules of personal hygiene.

When working with the drug, you should use personal protective equipment: rubber gloves, cotton-gauze bandage and overalls.

When preparing the working solution, do not use food utensils.

In case of contact with mucous membranes oral cavity and eyes - rinse your mouth, rinse your eyes with water. If the drug is swallowed, rinse the stomach.

If necessary, consult a toxicological center: 129010, Moscow, Sukharevskaya Square, 3, Moscow Research Institute of Emergency Care named after. Sklifosofsky. Toxicological information and advisory center (works around the clock). Tel. 928-68-87, fax 921-68-85 or to the State Chemical Commission of the Russian Federation: 207-63-90, 975-41-50, fax 208-62-84.

Store in a dry, closed place, away from food, medicine and feed.

Empty containers are burned or disposed of with household waste in designated areas.

Warranty period of storage is 12 months. Storage temperature from +2°С to +30°С. 125ml

Pests and diseases, if not actively controlled, can cause great damage to the yield and quality of vegetable crops. On an individual or cooperative garden plot, paramount importance should be given to sanitary and preventive measures - to destroy weeds, remove dead plants, clean the garden after harvesting from rotten fruits, bulbs, stumps, leaves. Stems of cucumbers, tomatoes, beans, potatoes, affected by diseases, it is better to burn. Straw, litter, bags, etc., which can serve as a wintering place or food for mice and other pest rodents, should not be left on the site. They should either be taken to a landfill, or buried in the ground, in a special pit, systematically watered with bleach.

Protected ground is especially in need of prevention, where, as a result of favorable conditions, pests and diseases spread faster. It must be decontaminated annually, because a significant number of disease-causing principles remain in the soil of greenhouses, hotbeds and simple film shelters. First of all, this applies to soil mixtures used in pots, boxes, racks in which seedlings are grown. They can be heated on iron sheets or in ovens at a temperature of 80-90 ° for 30-40 minutes. Other soils are disinfected with bleach - it is applied in dry form in the fall with rake embedding with thorough mixing with the soil at 100-200 g per 1 m 2. Disinfection of the soil contributes to its storage for 2-3 years in stacks 1-1.5 m high with interbedding with fresh manure and systematic shoveling and destruction of weeds. Parubny, containers, frames, racks of greenhouses and frames of shelters can serve as a wintering place for pests and pathogens. Therefore, they need to be watered annually with a solution of bleach. When preparing a solution, they take 400 g of bleach, pour 12 liters of water and leave for 2-4 hours, after which the liquid is drained and the objects to be disinfected are sprayed with it, and the sediment is used to coat the greenhouse steam rooms, frames, racks and containers. In greenhouses where cucumbers and tomatoes are grown, the cultivation of flowering plants, which can be a source of the spread of diseases and pests, is unacceptable. Seedlings with a sign of disease should be discarded before planting in the greenhouse.

Vegetable pests. You need to know them in order to deal with them more successfully.

cruciferous flea- a very common pest that sometimes completely destroys the seedlings of cabbage, radish, turnip, swede, radish and other crops, gnawing the pulp of the leaves. These are small bugs 2-3 mm long, black or with yellow stripes on the underwings. They are destroyed by dusting the plants with tobacco dust (preferably mixed with lime, ash, phosphorite flour). You can also use sticky ways to exterminate fleas. To this end, a canvas is pulled over a wooden or metal frame, which is lubricated with a sticky composition, and during the day, when you accumulate " a large number of fleas, spend the frame over the ridge several times. The bugs stick to the canvas. It and the frame can be replaced with a board smeared on the underside with hot bitumen, resin or thick petroleum jelly. Other gardeners sprinkle areas 4 days before germination with a thin layer of soot from chimneys, and soot is poured on the ridges on which plants are planted in the intervals between them. Soot, tobacco dust, ash simultaneously serve as fertilizer. From chemicals flea control spraying plants with karbofos (60 g per 10 l of water) is used.

cabbage fly especially strongly affects plants in rainy years. It is distributed almost everywhere, but it brings the greatest harm in the Non-Black Earth Region and the Central Strip. There are 2 types of cabbage flies - spring and summer. The most harmful spring. In appearance, it resembles a housefly, but it is lighter and smaller: spring-length 6-6.5 mm, summer - 7-8 mm. The larvae penetrate into the root or lower part of the cabbage stem, into the root crops of radishes, turnips, radishes, penetrating them with numerous passages. Damaged plants wither and die. Cauliflower and Khibiny cabbage suffer the most from the spring fly. Egg laying is prevented by spring and summer flies by spraying (twice) seedlings with a solution of karbofos (60 g per 10 l of water) with a break of 7-10 days. If there is no chemical preparation, repellents are used - sprinkle the soil around the plants within a radius of 4-5 cm with naphthalene, tobacco dust mixed in half with slaked lime or ash. Naphthalene is mixed with sand (5-10 parts of sand per 1 part of naphthalene). The easiest way to destroy the eggs of the cabbage fly is to rake the earth from the root neck of the plants by 15 cm and fill it with fresh soil from the aisle instead. This is done several times during the period when the female flies lay their eggs. The larvae die after such an operation. Among the preventive measures are the hilling of cabbage, tillage for plowing, etc.

cabbage white- perhaps the most dangerous pest of cabbage, swede, radish, turnip. This is a butterfly with white wings, framed in front with black corners. The hind wings have a black smear on the anterior margin (in the female, in addition, the forewings are marked with 2 black rounded spots). Adult caterpillars are yellow-green in color, with dark speckles, covered with bristles and hairs. On the large areas caterpillars of whitefish can be collected by hand and destroyed. It is also recommended to sow hemp near cabbage plants and other cruciferous plants, the smell of which butterflies cannot tolerate. It is necessary to more often weed crops and areas not occupied by plants, to destroy cruciferous weeds - wild radish, colza, etc. Spraying plants with karbofos, a bacterial preparation of entobacterin (20 g per 10 l of water), is effective against caterpillars.

cabbage scoop- a very common and dangerous pest. In addition to cabbage and other cruciferous plants, it can damage peas, onions, beets, lettuce, etc. The wingspan of the butterfly reaches 50 mm, the front wings are gray-brown with a yellowish-wavy line and 2 dark spots at the front edge. The hindwings are dark grey. The caterpillar is green, greenish-brown, brownish-brown in color with a yellowish stripe along the body. They eat the flesh of the leaf to holes, then climb into the head of cabbage, gnawing it and polluting it with excrement. Caterpillars feed mainly at night. During the day they hide at the base of the head. A damaged head rots, acquires an unpleasant odor and becomes unusable. In addition to the mechanical destruction of agricultural culture, measures to combat the cabbage scoop include the treatment of plants with a suspension of entobacterin (10-30 g per 10 l of water) at a flow rate of 1.5-2 t/m 2 .

cabbage moth found everywhere. In some years, it causes great damage to the crop. Harmful caterpillars. They gnaw through the windows, leaving the upper tissue of the leaf intact. Often, the pest also damages the upper kidney (heart) of the cabbage. The caterpillar is yellowish in color, 9-12 mm long, spindle-shaped, it has 16 legs. Against moths, plants are sprayed with karbofos (60 g per 10 l of water). Treatment with drugs is completed 30 days before harvest.

cabbage aphid in addition to cabbage, it damages rutabagas. This is a small wingless insect 2-2.5 mm long, covered with light waxy dust. The leaves affected by it become discolored, sometimes acquire a pinkish color and curl, the growth of the head stops. In testes, the yield and quality of seeds are reduced, otherwise they are not formed at all. Farming culture is the main method of pest control. Near cabbage it is useful to sow carrots, dill or plant seed plants of these crops - they attract enemies of cabbage aphids. The chemical fight against aphids must begin with the appearance of its first foci, these places are sprayed with karbofos (20 g per 10 l of water). Lye is also used (2 cups of wood ash per 10 liters of water with the addition of 50-100 g of soap). Plants are also sprayed with tobacco infusion.

Medvedka damages all vegetable crops, gnawing their roots. In appearance, this is a rather large (35-50 mm) beetle with an armor-like shield and tentacles. An adult brown insect with shortened elytra, from under which the hind wings protrude, folded in the form of flagella. The front legs are covered with strong teeth adapted for digging the soil. The pest lives in the ground, pulling out winding, somewhat raised passages near the surface, very noticeable after rain (the soil dries quickly on them). In the fight against Medvedka, digging a plot for plowing, inter-row cultivation of crops are of great importance. With a strong spread of the pest in the fall, dig holes on the site, fill them horse manure and cover with earth. Insects crawl into manure. In late autumn or early winter, manure from the pits is scattered, and the bear is destroyed. In order to protect greenhouses from bears, grooves are dug along the parubny, naphthalene or sand moistened with kerosene is poured into them. The natural enemies of the bear are moles and lizards.

wireworms are the larvae of click beetles. They live in the ground, gnaw out narrow passages in the roots and tubers (cabbage, cucumbers, carrots, onions, tomatoes, potatoes). One of the remedies against wireworms is to collect them in the spring from under the heaps of straw, grass, and branches laid out in the fall (the diameter of the heap is 30-35 cm). Baits are also used (see below). The application of ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulfate (20-30 g / m 2) to the infected areas, followed by feeding the plants with the same fertilizers in the 0.5th dose, liming acidic soils create unfavorable conditions for the propagation of wireworms and cause their death. Autumn plowing, destruction of weeds on the site, especially wheatgrass, - effective means fight against wireworm.

Colorado beetle- quarantine pest. Its appearance must be immediately reported to the quarantine inspection. It causes great damage to potatoes, eggplants, tomatoes, peppers, cabbage, etc. The beetle is 1 cm long and 6-7 mm wide. Its body is oval, convex above, flat below. Elytra yellow or yellowish-brown with 10 longitudinal stripes. Plants are damaged by beetles and larvae (the latter are red, then turning into orange-yellow, about 1.5 cm long). G. V. Romashov, an amateur vegetable grower, reported that after spraying potatoes with a solution of poplar leaves, the Colorado potato beetle did not appear for 3 weeks. Solution: 0.5 buckets of leaves per 10 liters of water, boiled for 10 minutes and after straining insisted for 3-4 days. The discovered beetles, eggs, larvae, without waiting for other possibilities and preparation of infusions, must be collected in buckets, doused with kerosene and burned, and the affected area should be quickly "treated with karbofos (8-12 g per 100 m 2). From biological preparations for spraying plants Boverin is recommended (20-30 g per 100 m 2) with the addition of karbofos (1 g per 10 l of water).Potato crops are treated (as an exception) with chlorophos.When the pest reappears, the preparations must be replaced.

Slugs naked common in many areas. They multiply faster in years with increased rainfall, love damp clay and loamy soils. The pest attacks cabbage, parsley, carrots, potatoes, cucumbers, eggplants, peas, beans, beets, dill, lettuce, rhubarb, etc. Slugs crawl out at night, during the day they hide under lumps of soil, plants, between cabbage leaves. To protect plants from slugs, you need to mow the grass in damp places, spray it with iron sulfate (1 kg per 10 liters of water) or dust it with a mixture of ash and bleach (1.6 g of ash and 4 g of lime per 1 m 2). Maybe tobacco dust. Cabbage crops are sprayed with potassium salt (1 kg per 10 liters of water). All this should be done late in the evening or at night, when the slugs move on to the plants. The natural enemy of slugs is the toad.

beet flea- black beetle with a bronze or green tint. The elytra are covered with dotted grooves. The beetles first feed on weeds, then move on to beet seedlings. The damaged leaves dry up. Plants are treated with tobacco dust.

beet leaf miner- an insect of gray color, with a dark longitudinal stripe on the abdomen, 6-8 mm long. The larvae eat away the flesh of the leaf, on which bubble-like swellings form after that. The upper lagging skin acquires a whitish-yellowish color. Severely damaged leaves dry up. Spraying plants with karbofos (60 g per 10 l of water) is effective against the fly and its larvae.

onion fly distributed almost everywhere. Attacks onion sets, turnip, garlic. The fly is light gray, 6-7 mm long. A little more than a room "fly. The larvae penetrate the bulb, it rots (a sign - the leaf turns yellow). Sick bulbs should be removed and destroyed immediately. Naphthalene, sprinkled along the rows, repels flies during their summer.

spider mite- a dangerous pest of cucumbers in greenhouses, greenhouses and open field. It also affects watermelons, melons, pumpkins, peppers, eggplants, potatoes, beans, spinach, beets, etc. The tick is 0.3-0.5 mm in size, greenish-yellow in color with dark spots on the sides. Lives and feeds on the underside of the leaves, wrapping them in a thin cobweb. Sucks the juice of plants, piercing the skin of the leaf. Light dots in these places grow into discolored areas, the leaf turns yellow and dries. At the first signs of the appearance of a tick, it is necessary, first of all, to increase the humidity of the air where the crops affected by the pest are planted. Against the tick, karbofos is also used (20-40 g per 10 l). Spraying - every 5-7 days. We must try to moisten the lower surface of the leaves. The alternation of cultures is important, the predecessor matters (more on that later). The spider mite spreads with seedlings, shoes, clothing, inventory - keep them in proper form. The natural enemy of the predatory mite is phytoseiulus.

Pea (nodule) weevils- small beetles 4 mm long, gray in color, with longitudinal stripes on the elytra. Beetles eat from the edges of the newly appeared leaves of peas, beans and apical buds, causing the death of the plant. The larvae damage the nodules formed on the roots. Shoots are injected with a solution of karbofos (20-40 g per 10. water).

Diseases of vegetable crops also lead to large crop losses.

quila- a fungal disease that affects the root system of cabbage, radish, radish, turnip, sometimes rutabaga. It appears on the roots in the form of growths and swellings, ranging in size from a large pinhead on seedlings to an apple - in adult plants. Seedlings affected by clubroot almost do not differ in appearance from healthy ones. Plants become infected at the beginning of their development. The source of infection is the soil, where the spores of the fungus persist for 5-6 years. The disease develops more severely mainly on heavy clay soils. To avoid the disease, cabbage should not be planted in its original place before 4-5 years. Growing healthy seedlings is of great importance. In nurseries or greenhouses, it is necessary to change the soil after 2-3 years. In greenhouses, it is desirable to add freshly slaked lime at the rate of 1-1.5 kg per 1 frame. Before planting seedlings, it is good to lime the soil (30-40 g under 1 plant). Sick plants are dug up and destroyed. On the site, they get rid of weeds of the cruciferous family, burn the stumps. Cabbage, especially those infected with clubroot, must be hilled after watering and top dressing to encourage the formation of additional roots.

Blackleg- fungal disease, found everywhere. It affects all types of cabbage, radish, lettuce, etc. It develops mainly on seedlings. In a diseased plant, the stem darkens. In the root system, the stem becomes thin, sometimes rots, bends, some plants die. The disease-causing principle persists in the soil. A reliable means of dealing with the black leg is changing the soil in greenhouses, nurseries, boxes in which seedlings were grown. Soil disinfection with 40% formalin (0.2 l per 10 l of water) is effective. Consumption - 14-17 l / m 2. The prevention of the disease is facilitated by sparse sowing of seeds for seedlings, regular ventilation of the premises, loosening the soil, adding sand with a layer of 2 cm.

Powdery mildew of cucumbers is a fairly common disease. And not only cucumbers, but also pumpkins, zucchini, melons in greenhouses, greenhouses, open ground. It appears on the leaves in the form of small white fluffy spots on the upper side of the leaf, which, with further development, merge and cover the entire leaf. After that, it turns yellow and dries up. Sharp fluctuations in air temperature, cold dew contribute to the spread of the disease. A reliable means of combating powdery mildew is spraying plants with colloidal sulfur (50-100 g per 10 liters of water). In order not to burn the leaves, colloidal sulfur is first diluted in a small amount, filtered through a double layer of gauze. Spray the plants with this solution after 7-8 days.

late blight- a very strong, crop-damaging fungal disease that affects tomatoes and potatoes. The disease first develops on potato leaves, then spreads to tomatoes. Formed on leaves and stems brown spots. In wet weather, a faint white coating is visible on the underside of the leaves. Subcutaneous brown vague spots appear on the fruits, which then completely affect the fetus - it softens and rots. Late blight continues to develop during the period of fruit ripening. The source of infection remains in diseased potato tubers and tomato tops. The tops must be burned. To protect tomatoes from this disease, you can’t plant them next to potatoes, you must definitely alternate crops on the site, preventing planting tomatoes on tomatoes. Early picking of fruits is essential - before the onset of cold weather, and finish at an air temperature of at least 7-8 °. Potato seedlings for preventive purposes should be sprayed with a solution of copper oxychloride (40 g per 10 liters of water). They also treat tomato seedlings 5-6 days before planting in the ground and with the appearance of the first signs of late blight on the site. In the latter case, you can use a copper soap emulsion (20 g blue vitriol and 200 g of soap per, 10 liters of water). Affected plants are also pollinated with copper oxychloride (2 g per 1 m 2). Before ripening, tomatoes are disinfected with hot water (60 °) for 1.5-2 minutes. L diseased tops are cut and burned before the forcing of the tubers.

Brown spotting of fruits- a disease that most often affects tomatoes when grown in greenhouses. First, yellowish vague spots appear on the lower leaves, a light olive coating appears on the lower side. The spots turn brown and cover the entire surface of the leaf. The plaque turns brown, the leaves dry up and fall off. The disease develops rapidly in greenhouses with high humidity and a temperature of 20-25°C. To prevent the appearance of brown spotting, it is advisable to use the Immun variety, which is almost not affected by this disease. For preventive purposes, tomatoes from the seedling phase are sprayed with copper chloride (40 g per 10 l of water) or 1% Bordeaux mixture. To prepare the latter, 1 kg of quicklime is quenched in a small amount of water, then 50 liters of water are added. In another glass or wooden utensils in a small amount of hot water. dissolve 1 kg of copper sulfate and also pour 50 liters of water. While stirring, a solution of copper sulphate is poured into milk of lime, while the liquid turns blue.

Blossom end rot of tomatoes develops in 2 forms. The non-bacterial form is associated with a sharp fluctuation in soil moisture. A flat or depressed folded black spot appears on the top of the fruit, and it becomes hard, then softens. Blossom end rot affects only green fruits, while they turn red and ripen faster. The second form is caused by bacteria. At the top of the fruit, a watery, initially grayish-green, and then turning brown spot appears. The fruit softens and rots, emitting an unpleasant odor. The disease develops in hot weather. The disease prevents crop rotation, in which tomatoes are planted in the same place no earlier than 3 years later. During the period of plant care, regular, moderate watering of the soil is necessary. Do not apply excessive amounts of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil. Seeds before sowing should be treated with a solution of copper sulfate (20 g per 10 l of water) or potassium permanganate (50 g per 10 l of water), followed by keeping them in solutions for 24 hours and drying.

Onion cervical rot develops during onion storage, although the infectious beginnings penetrate into it before harvesting from the site, when the leaves begin to lie down, but it is not possible to detect the disease at this stage. The neck of the diseased bulb softens, becomes dark, rots, becomes covered with gray mold. The fight against the disease begins with the selection of healthy bulbs for planting. It is very important to remove the onion from the garden in dry weather and cut it after it has dried thoroughly.

Potato diseases are listed in the section on this crop.

Rules for the use of chemicals. Many pesticides are dangerous to humans (and animals, of course). Care must be taken when handling them. Pregnant and lactating women, people suffering from diseases of the organs of vision, respiration, cardiovascular and central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract and skin work with chemicals is contraindicated, teenagers are not allowed to work with it. When processing plants, the nose and mouth must be covered with gauze-cotton pads and goggles are put on. Spraying and dusting are carried out in an apron - rubber, tarpaulin or PVC film. Rubber gloves and boots are also required. All pesticides are stored in sealed containers (bottles, jars, boxes) with their name, separately from food and feed products, in places not accessible to children and animals. It is impossible to use containers from under chemical preparations for storage of water, food, fodder. Rinsing water after processing containers, sprayers is poured into special pits with subsequent treatment with slaked lime. At the end of the work, the pits are immediately covered with earth. Plants are treated so that their surface is covered with fine water dust when sprayed, and if there is dusting, then with a thin coating of powder. You need to spray the plants in the morning and evening, but when there is no heavy dew. They are pollinated at the same time, but after dew has fallen. It is impossible to process plants in a strong wind - demolition of pesticides is possible. When processing the garden, you need to be on the windward side so that the preparations do not fall on the worker. During the day in hot weather, spraying and dusting is not recommended to avoid burns. Dusting and spraying garden crops during or after rain is not allowed. If after treatment it rained, it should be repeated. Pesticide solutions should be prepared immediately before use. Spray tips during operation should be kept at a distance of 50-60 cm above the treated plants. After work, sprayers and dusters, hoses, dishes must be thoroughly washed, cleaned and dried. When working with pesticides, it is necessary to ensure that they do not get on parts of the body that are not protected by clothing, especially on the face and hands. During this time, it is forbidden to smoke, eat and drink. At the end of the work, you should wash your hands and face well with soap. Fresh vegetables should not be treated with pesticides at all. Cabbage is stopped pollinating and spraying before the heads are tied, and cucumbers and tomatoes, previously treated with chemicals, are thoroughly washed with clean water.

But it is better to do without pesticides at all. How? More on this later. We are talking about environmentally friendly, if possible, cultivation, the production of garden (and horticultural, of course) crops. This is achieved despite many difficulties.

Plant pests and diseases have been and remain the eternal enemies of man. Here is how, for example, the mass late blight of potatoes affected the fate of Ireland in 1845, where out of 8 million people, 2 million ate almost exclusively tubers, and for the rest they were among the staple foods. For 1 year, late blight destroyed almost 70% of potato plantings. Hunger mowed down people at such a speed that they did not have time to bury them. Famine was followed by its inevitable companions - infectious diseases. The mass emigration of the surviving Irish to England and the USA began. By 1851, Ireland had lost more than 1 million dead from the consequences of the "potato plague" and about 2 million emigrated abroad. For 5 years the country was emptied by half. In this regard, experts believe that among plant diseases there is no other so tragically known than potato late blight. No wonder the German botanist De Bari, who first described the pathogen, gave it the name Phytophthora, which means “plant eater”, and different peoples dubbed the disease itself “potato cholera”. Indeed, phytophthora has brought and continues to bring poverty and disaster to people. But, alas, not only she is so menacingly dangerous.

In 1915, misfortune befell the farmers of Alabama in the United States. They were engaged in the cultivation of cotton, which was almost the only source of their income. Suddenly, the cotton weevil became the ruler of the plantations, mowing them down one by one. However, it turns out that there is a silver lining. Desperate, farmers began to raise livestock, sugar cane, corn, cultivation became especially profitable. peanut. And this brought them greater profits than during the cultivation of cotton. It was then that the farmers decided to erect a monument ... to the pest. In the heart of the Enterprise city. It looks very impressive. On a huge pedestal there is a figure of a woman holding a round object above her head, on which a weevil sat regally. Below - the inscription: "... in deep gratitude for all that he did as a messenger of prosperity." As you can see, this time the curiosity ended successfully. But the lesson (experience from the opposite) can be drawn from such a case. And it probably lies in the fact that tactics, methods of pest control can be very (to the opposite) different - both an attack, and a retreat, and a "knight's move."

In this sense, it is instructive to appeal “for help” to the pests of agricultural crops themselves, which rather selectively destroy plants and act as predators in relation to other insects. As soon as the snow melts, ground beetles appear on the drying ground, among last year's and young grass, under stones and in old stumps on a garden plot - one of the most common beetles. They roam tirelessly on the ground, looking for their victims - the larvae of other beetles, caterpillars, etc. Basically, they are twilight and night hunters, although some of them are active during the day. So the number of ground beetles in a garden plot is an indicator of its healthy state. The most noticeable are large ground beetles - park and lattice. They eat larvae of lye beetles but in, centipede mosquitoes that damage the roots of garden plants. From the eggs laid by the female in the ground at the beginning of summer, larvae appear, black and shiny, which also contribute to the destruction of pests. By autumn, they pupate, and in mid-August - September, you can already meet young beetles, which are waiting for wintering and spring awakening. Under favorable conditions, beetles can live over 2 years, wintering twice. The choice of prey in ground beetles is determined by the size of the beetle. So, the small shining runner "relishes" mainly on eggs and young larvae of leaf beetles, cabbage flies. With a large number of runners exterminate pests in the early stages of development, when the harm caused to them is still small.

In fact, of course, with herbivorous ground beetles, everything is not so simple. For example, the hairy beetle runner is known as a pest of beets, some garden crops, and at the same time as a predator that devours the Colorado potato beetle and other pests. Apparently, in each specific case, its role should be evaluated separately. Among the serious pests of agriculture, it should be noted the common ground beetle (it is dangerous on grain crops) and millet. However, the vast majority of ground beetles, including the grain beetle, are of great benefit, tirelessly exterminating herbivorous insects and their larvae.

So, the ground beetle is the first friend of the gardener and gardener. Therefore, when you see it, do not try to kill it “just in case” - what if, they say, it is a pest, how big it is and how fast it runs. Help her to survive on your site, where there are ditches dug for some needs. At night, while hunting, beetles often get into them, and if their walls are sheer, and water has accumulated, they cannot get out and die. Save them. Or fence the pit with a side of a board or slate. And the bugs will repay good.

There are such insects - riders. If you watch small fry flying in the garden for several minutes, then you will surely see riders. They are easy to distinguish from other insects: at the end of the abdomen of the females is an ovipositor. When meeting with a victim, testicles are laid in an insect with its help, and the fate of the latter is decided. The rider lays larvae in the body of almost all insects and arachnids, including pests of agricultural crops. The antagonist of the cabbage butterfly, for example, is the rider - the small-bellied apanteles. The caterpillars of this butterfly feed on the leaves of all cabbages. The female rider searches for the smallest cabbage caterpillars, pierces the ovipositor into their body and leaves about 3 (or more) dozens of eggs in it. An infected caterpillar becomes a kind of living "dining room" for riders, it continues to eat and grow until the "freeloaders" ripen in its body. A rider-infected caterpillar becomes lethargic and weakened, but continues to move and feed. When the time comes for the larvae of Apanteles to pupate, they crawl through the cover of the caterpillar's body and begin to weave loose, yellow, silk cocoons around them. From the caterpillar remains the skin, stuck next to the cocoons. Often, out of ignorance, cocoons are considered to be eggs that the caterpillar allegedly laid, and they are destroyed. The cocoons of ichneumons need to be guarded, as ichneumons will come out of them, ready to re-infect the caterpillar. Each female apanthales kills about 100 caterpillars. A section of cabbage where there are riders cannot be treated with chemicals. The cocoons of the rider can be collected and placed in jars tied with gauze. At the bottom put a piece of moistened cotton wool. Then release the brood of insects into the garden or garden. In adulthood, riders need to feed on nectar, plant sap. Therefore, plant flowering plants all year round in your plots. This will attract riders. Care should be taken to preserve the habitats of these animals, reliable allies of farmers. The efficiency of hymenoptera also increases if there are rows of nectar-bearing plants - mustard, dill, buckwheat, etc. - in vegetable crops and gardens.

Quick helpers. On the household plots, in collective gardens and orchards, nimble and fast creatures - lizards - catch the eye. Most often we are faced with a quick lizard, or an ordinary one. It is found almost throughout the European part of the USSR. In the south, in gardens and kitchen gardens, you can see other, less common lizards - medium and green. Many villagers, and even more so city dwellers, often treat them with fear or disdain, while some, in their ignorance, consider them harmful or even poisonous creatures. Such an opinion is deeply mistaken. All species of lizards living in our country are not only harmless, but also bring great benefits. They feed mainly on worms, mollusks, spiders, centipedes. The "menu" includes many pests of agriculture and forestry - locusts, bears, various beetles, flies, butterflies and their caterpillars. Scientists have calculated that, depending on the habitat, the diet of lizards consists of 35-98% of harmful insects and their larvae. Being hungry (for example, after a long period of inclement weather), these small predators not only catch bears, cabbage butterflies, but also eat even hairy caterpillars of the annelids and inedible Colorado beetles. Not only should a person be tolerant of lizards, he is called upon to protect them from persecution, and even more so from unreasonable destruction.

Feathered guardians of the harvest. In terms of the intensity of the destruction of pests in a garden, vegetable garden or forest, birds are not inferior, perhaps, to anyone, except that the lizard is not far behind them. If there are still no birdhouses or titmouses on your backyard or summer cottage, hang them now (how to build houses for winged helpers is described in the "Architecture and Landscaping" section of the application at the end of the book).

Agricultural practices, mechanical methods. It should be immediately warned: measures to combat pests and plant diseases are effective only then, then you have a complete picture of them and the causes of their occurrence, places of distribution. Let's say the same wireworms (larvae of click beetles). They cause especially great harm to potatoes and many root crops. Beetles appear in April - May. During May - July, females lay small piles (3-5 pieces) of smooth white eggs in upper layer soil. Hatching larvae grow slowly, only by the end of the 3rd year of life they reach 15-17 mm. Their body is from light yellow to dark brown, hard and elastic. Hence the name - wireworms. In the soil, the larvae live from 2 to 5 years, feeding on the roots of plants. The bulk of them during the growing season is at a depth of 10-12 cm. They live only in moist soil; as soon as it dries up, they go into deeper layers. Only after 3-4 years in the middle of summer, the larvae pupate, and after 2-3 weeks, young beetles emerge from them, which develop in the ground and fly out only in the spring of the next year. Click beetles are ubiquitous, but their greatest number is observed on heavy clay soils. Plants damaged by wireworms are stunted and yield less. Potato tubers lose their commercial value. In addition, various soil fungi and bacteria enter the passages made by the wireworm, causing tuber rot. Less damaged by wireworm varieties Priekulsky early, Berlinchingen. Pest control measures are different, but it is better to apply them in a complex way: early autumn (until mid-September) digging of the soil - larvae, pupae and beetles die during the winter; systematic removal of wheatgrass and other weeds on the plot itself and in its neighborhood, as well as repeated loosening of row spacings to a depth of 10-12 cm over the summer, which contributes to the death of some of the larvae; liming of acidic soils; watering water under the root of plants with a solution of potassium permanganate (2-5 g per 10 l of water); catching larvae of click beetles on baits. The latter is done in the following way. Pieces of chopped potatoes or beets are laid 5-15 cm into the soil and their location is marked with a rod. Baits are best applied in the spring before sowing or planting crops. If necessary, they are laid at any time between rows at a distance of 10 cm from one another. After 3-4 days, the baits with the larvae that have bitten into them are dug up and destroyed. With a large number of pests, the procedure is repeated. Further - the use of shading traps from freshly weeds in the garden or heaps of any grass; introduction of diazinon (bezudin), 5% granulate (30 g per 10 m 2) during planting of potatoes; incorporation of ammonium nitrate into the soil (20-30 g per 1 m 2); collection of beetles in the spring from under the heaps of straw, grass, and branches laid out since autumn.

In the fight against fire, you can use this technique. As soon as the snow melts - cover the ground around the currant and gooseberry bushes with pieces of roofing material, roofing felt or plastic film - from the very base to the circumference of the branches: Insects that have wintered in the ground will not be able to get out and will die. The protective coating should be removed only after the end of the summer period and the deposition of moth eggs. Heat treatment(pouring bushes in the 1st decade of April with boiled - 65 ° - water poured into a cold watering can) will help in the fight against strawberry mites, weevil, nematodes, powdery mildew of gooseberries and currants.

When fighting pests, it is important to choose the right place for a particular crop, taking into account the predecessor. You may not be so strict about the recommendations for good predecessors in general, but you should at least avoid bad ones. For example, for early white cabbage favorable predecessors cucumber, early potatoes, onions, peas, zucchini, tomatoes, and bad ones - radish, radish, horseradish, katran, which are related crops, therefore, are affected by the same pests and diseases. For this, as well as for some other characteristics, there is compatibility of agricultural crops in mixed crops (see Table 1).

The source of infection for most diseases is contaminated soil and plant debris, where many pathogens persist for a long time. This must be kept in mind when alternating crops, their placement, as noted above, as well as for soil disinfection in cultivation facilities. Disinfection can be gas or wet. In the 1st case, this is most often achieved by burning lump sulfur (100 g per 1 m 3) or sulfur blocks (60 g / m 3). Fumigation is carried out at a temperature not lower than 10 ° in conditions of sealing of the seed storage. For many diseases are transmitted by seeds. In the process of their disinfection, heating, removing the infection, simultaneously stimulates the energy of germination.

Plant residues and structures of cultivation facilities are treated with 2% formalin in combination with 0.3% keltan and 0.5% karbofos. The soil is disinfected by steaming at a temperature of 100 ° for 2.5-3 hours or a 2% solution of carbation is added to the soil at the rate of 150 ml/m 2 . If a nematode lesion is found, it is necessary to apply the Nemagon preparation in the form of a 20% granulate at a dose of 100 g / m 2 and plant it into the soil with a cutter. The weathering period of preparations is 30-50 days.

Agrotechnical measures aimed at creating optimal conditions for growing crops are in themselves favorable for reducing susceptibility to diseases and pests. In addition, by proper placement of crops, careful tillage with incorporation of crop residues, fertilization, weed control, good seeding and planting material it is possible to achieve the possibility of growing cultivated plants without (or with a very limited use of) chemical protection agents.

Be sure to remember the need to comply with quarantine rules, to ensure a good phytosanitary condition of beds, roadsides, non-crop areas, greenhouses, storage facilities.

In order to protect plants from harmful insects and diseases, biological agents should be used more widely (Aschersonia and Encarsia against whiteflies, Phytoseilus against spider mites, Trichogramma against egg-laying leaf-eating pests, etc.).

If it is necessary to use chemicals, one should keep in mind the strictly established deadlines for stopping treatments (waiting periods) before harvesting vegetable crops: with foundationazole - 7-10 days before harvesting, Bordeaux liquid - 15 days before, caratan - 20 days before (in protected ground - 2 days before harvesting with a thorough washing of the fruits), carbation - 30 before sowing seeds or planting seedlings, karbofos - 20 before harvesting (in protected ground - 3 days, again with the condition of thorough washing of the fruits), cuprosan - for 20 before harvesting, gray colloidal - 1 day before (wash cucumber fruits), phosphamide, phthalan, copper oxychloride, chlorophos, cineb - 20 days before harvesting, editon - 15 days before harvesting.

When working with pesticides, safety precautions must be observed.

(Integrated measures to combat pests and diseases of agricultural crops are given in Table 2).

Use of insecticidal plants. As an addition to existing pesticides that are used in the protection of vegetable crops, and in some cases instead of them, decoctions, infusions, powders of some plant species that have an insecticidal effect can be used.

Onion. Take 150-200 g of onion peel, pour 10 liters of water and leave for 4-5 days. Drain the infusion, treat it against aphids and spider mites. Three times treatment with such an infusion with an interval of 5 days reduces the number of pests by 90-95%.

Sowing garlic. Grind 500 g of garlic in a mortar, stir in 3-5 liters of water, drain. Pour the pomace again with water, drain again. Drain both hoods together, bring to a volume of 10 liters. Thus, a mother liquor will be obtained. For treatment against aphids, spider mites, suckers take 10 liters. water 300 ml obtained by the above method of extract. Spray plants in the evening or in cloudy weather with an interval of 3-5 days.

Potato. Take 1.2 kg of green mass or 0.6-0.8 kg of dry potato tops, insist 3-4 hours in 10 liters of water. It should be treated in the evening against spider mites and aphids.

Tomatoes. After harvesting, one of the following insecticidal preparations is prepared from stepchildren, tops and roots:

4 kg of tops are boiled over low heat in 10 liters of water for 30 minutes, filtered, used as a mother solution (3 liters per 10 liters of water with 40 g of laundry soap) in the fight against spider mites and aphids;

1 kg of tops is infused for 4-5 hours in 10 liters of water, then boiled, filtered, diluted with water (1:2, 1:3) and used in the fight against caterpillars of the meadow moth, cabbage scoop and rapeseed sawfly larvae;

400 g of leaves are passed through a meat grinder, insisted for 2-3 hours in a small amount of water, filtered and brought to 10 liters by volume, sprayed 2 times with an interval of 8-10 days against sucking pests, small caterpillars and sawfly larvae.

Hot pepper. Take 1 kg of fresh or 500 g of dry fruits hot pepper, cut, boil in a sealed container in 10 liters of water for 1 hour. Then leave for 2 days. Grind the pepper, strain the broth. Pour the resulting concentrate into small containers, cork and store in a dark place. For spraying against aphids, thrips, take 125-500 ml of decoction per 10 liters of water with the addition of 40 g of soap.

Tobacco. Take 400 g of dry mass of tobacco or tobacco waste, pour 10 parts of water and infuse for a day, then boil for 2 hours, filter. Before spraying, dilute with water 1:2, 1:3. Add 40 g of liquid soap for every 10 liters of infusion. Against aphids, suckers, thrips, caterpillars, leafworms, cabbage moths. 1 Tobacco dust can be used to fumigate greenhouses to kill aphids, thrips and whiteflies (5-10 g per 1 m 2).

Nightshade bittersweet. Pour 5-6 kg of fresh crushed leaves and stems with 3-4 liters of water, boil over low heat for 3 hours. Strain the broth, seal tightly and store in the dark. For spraying against aphids and thrips, dilute 1:2 with the addition of 40 g of soap per 10 liters of solution.

Henbane black and dope ordinary. Pour 1 kg of finely chopped dry mass of plants or 3 kg of fresh herbs into 10 liters of water, leave for 12 hours, drain and use for spraying against aphids, spider mites, bedbugs, caterpillars. Dry crushed leaves can be pollinated.

Pharmaceutical camomile. Pour 1 kg of dry raw materials with 10 liters of water, leave for 12 hours. Strain, dilute with water 3 times, add 40 g of soap per 10 liters and spray against sucking pests and caterpillars.

Yarrow. Grind 800 g of raw materials collected at the beginning of flowering and dried and steam with boiling water for 30-40 minutes, then add up to 10 liters and leave for 36-48 hours, add 20 g of soap. Spray against small caterpillars and larvae.

Wormwood. Boil 1 kg of well-dried above-ground mass for 10-15 minutes in a small amount of water, cool the broth, drain, bring to 10 liters, spray against leaf-eating caterpillars.

Pharmacy chamomile. Infuse in water for 12 hours 1 kg of dry plant. Before spraying, dilute with water 3 times. Spray against sucking pests, small sawfly larvae and caterpillars.

Yarrow. 800 g of a dry plant are steamed in boiling water for 30-40 minutes, water is added to 10 liters and infused for 1.5-2 days. For a decoction, the dry mass is poured with water and boiled for 30 minutes. Apply against aphids, suckers, apple moth caterpillars and other leaf-eating.

Hellebore Lobel. Infuse in water for 1-2 days 1 kg of stems and leaves or rhizomes of this plant (250 g of dried mass). For a decoction, insist 6-8 hours, then boil for 30 minutes. Process from the caterpillars of the ringed silkworm, hawthorn, golden tail, etc.

Celandine. Cut off 3 large plants at the root and chop. Pour a bucket cold water and insist for 3 hours. Add 20 g of soap and strain. Pour into a deep bowl and carefully dip the tops of the branches on which the aphids have settled. It gives a particularly good effect on currants.

Needles of 1-year growth of pine or spruce. Pour 8 liters of river or rain water into 2 kg of needles and infuse for 5-7 days in the shade, stirring daily. For spraying plants affected by aphids, suckers, take 1 liter of infusion per 1 bucket of water.

Calendula. Medicinal plant. It has the ability to reduce damage to root rot caused by Fusarium; for this you need to spray the plants with an infusion of seeds (10 g per 10 liters of water). By placing calendula in crops of affected crops, it is possible to suppress the development of nematodes (due to the release of phytoncides by the plant).

Bushes of tomatoes. An excellent result in the fight against moth is given by planting them around gooseberry bushes. After harvesting, tomato tops can be chopped into pieces of about 5 cm and scattered under the gooseberry bushes, after loosening the soil.

microbiological method. Powdery mildew can be successfully controlled in this way. Pour 1/3 bucket of mullein (or rotted hay) with 3 liters of water, dilute three times with water after 3 days, strain and spray the plants. If there is no mullein, you can take 1 liter of whey, skim or buttermilk, dilute with 9 liters of water and spray.

For the active protection of agricultural crops from various kinds of pathologies, as well as from insect pests, special chemical preparations are used.

The main rule for the use of such funds is a competent approach to the choice of the drug, as well as adequate use. In the article I will tell you with the help of which preparations the protection of plants from pests and diseases is carried out.

All existing drugs of the corresponding direction are usually classified. The main direction of classification is according to the object of influence:

According to the system of action, drugs are classified into:

• contact - surface treatment of crops from pests and various diseases;
• systemic - internal processing of a plant, as a result of which it becomes toxic to pests or weeds.

Treatment of crops with fungicides

Fungicide preparations are actively used to protect crops from diseases. Such compounds are also used as a preventive measure. Fungicides are aimed at the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms caused by pathogens such as fungi, viruses, bacteria.

In addition, chemical compounds are designed to protect crops from diseases caused by factors of non-natural origin (improper care, soil moisture, temperature changes, etc.).

Application:

• Dressing - treatment of seeds or seedlings with appropriate preparations before sowing.
• Spraying - surface treatment of crops. As a rule, spraying is carried out twice a season - early in spring, and also after harvesting the entire crop.
• Introducing into the soil - with preparations dissolved in water, the soil is treated (watered).

List of fungicides:

• "Bordeaux liquid";
• "Vitaros";
• "Healthy Earth";
• "Healthy lawn";
• "Ordan";
• "Raek";
• "Revus";
• "Garden Var";
• "Topaz";
• "Chistosvet BAU";
• "Garden whitewash".

Herbicides to protect crops from weeds

Herbicides are a crop-protective weed control agent. In addition, the chemical components of such preparations are aimed at enhancing the growth and development of agricultural crops, and are able to protect plants from various diseases.

Application:

• Foliar feeding - spraying the surface of the plant with special compounds.
• Processing of winter wheat as a means of combating infectious and viral diseases.
• Spraying weeds for the purpose of destruction.

List of herbicides:

• "Aquarin";
• "Fatrin";
• "Aurorex";
• "Lignohumate";
• "Superstar";
• "VDG";
• TMTD Plus.

Insecticides to protect crops from insect pests

To suppress the vital activity of insect pests, as well as their larvae, it is effective to use insecticides. The composition of the preparations includes toxic substances that can affect all insects without exception. For agricultural crops, such drugs are safe.

Application:

• Incorporation into the soil.
• Spraying with a spray bottle.
• Dusting of agricultural crops.
• The use of preparations for the preparation of poisonous baits.

List of insecticides:

• "Aktara";
• "Atellic";
• "Decis";
• "Thunder-2";
• "Bazudin";
• "Spark";
• "Kleschevit";
• "Inta-Vir";
• "Fitoverm";
• "Karate".

Precautionary measures

When using plant protection products against pests and diseases, it is important to observe safety measures.

1. During the treatment, the human body must be completely protected from accidental contact with the chemical. To do this, it is recommended to wear tight clothing that covers the entire body.
2. Be sure to carry out the treatment in a respirator (or in a gauze mask), as well as in rubber gloves.
3. A person's eyes must be protected by a special mask or goggles.
4. After treatment, you must thoroughly wash your hands using antibacterial soap, wash your face, take a shower, and wash all things.

Conclusion

• Protection of agricultural crops from pests and diseases is carried out with special preparations based on chemical components.
• Insecticides are used to eliminate pest activity, weed activity is suppressed by herbicides, and fungicides are aimed at treating diseases.
• During the processing of crops with chemical compounds, safety measures must be observed.

To combat weeds, diseases and pests of cultivated plants, chemical, mechanical, agrotechnical and biological methods are used, and the best result is achieved with their rational combination.
It should be noted that chemical methods are better known, since our industry produces a fairly large range of chemical plant protection products (toxic chemicals) that are commercially available. In no case should these products be confused and combined with chemical fertilizers, since the effect of chemical protective agents is opposite to that of chemical fertilizers. One must be able to distinguish between chemical remedies and know which species or family of plants, which pathogen or insect pests they affect, since in most cases chemical remedies have a strictly defined object of influence.
It would seem that chemical methods are less troublesome: dilute the pesticide in the water at the right concentration, spray the plant - and everything is in order. This is a profound delusion! In order to competently use pesticides without harming plants, beneficial insects, yourself and especially your children, you must strictly observe both the rules for their storage and the conditions for their use.
Chemical control methods are the use of chemicals (pesticides). Depending on the object of influence, pesticides are divided into:
insecticides- means for destruction of harmful insects; among insecticides, ovicides (chlorophos, karbofos, trichlormetafos-3, benzophosphate, rovikurt, isophene and green soap) acting on insect eggs, and larvicides (nitrafen and oleocuprite) acting on caterpillar larvae are distinguished;
acaricides- means for the destruction of herbivorous mites (keltan, colloidal sulfur, sulfarid, karbofos, ground sulfur and isophene);
limacides- means for the destruction of molluscs-slugs (metaldehyde);
nematicides- means for the destruction of nematodes (carbation and thiazon). Nematocides are highly toxic;
herbicides- means for the destruction of weeds (2,4-D - amine salt, delon and clay);
zoocides- means for combating rodents (zoocoumarin);
bactericides- means against bacteria - causative agents of plant diseases (phytobacteriomycin and phytoflavin-100);
fungicides- agents against pathogens of fungal diseases (Bordeaux mixture, copper oxychloride, copper and iron sulphate, ground and colloidal sulfur. pasta-sulfaride, polycarbacin and polychom).
Pesticides are used, as a rule, in the form of solutions, suspensions or emulsions, which are sprayed on plants or soil. It is very important to observe the pesticide consumption rate, which is expressed in kilograms or grams per unit area or per bush, tree (for example, 1 g per 1 m 2 or per bush, tree). It is necessary to strictly follow the instructions for using the drug, which is available on each vial or package, and in no case change (especially not increase) its dose.
It is also necessary to know that pesticides have a certain shelf life, after which they lose their toxicity to insects or diseases, but at the same time their phytotoxicity increases, i.e. the ability to cause burns of leaves and other plant organs. As a rule, the period of storage of pesticides should not exceed 1.5–2 years with strict observance of storage rules. Pesticide residues unsuitable for further use are neutralized with milk of lime and buried deep away from housing.
Most pesticides are poisonous and harmful to humans and animals to one degree or another, therefore, while working with them, it is necessary to protect the respiratory organs (for example, with a respirator), wear goggles, gloves, special clothing and an apron, which must be stored separately. Do not smoke, eat or drink while working. After work, wash your face and hands with soap and rinse your mouth.
It is forbidden to allow children and adolescents to work with pesticides!
You need to know that fruit-bearing pome and stone fruit trees, berry bushes (currants, gooseberries) and grapes are allowed to be treated with pesticides before and after flowering, but no later than 20-30 days before and after harvesting, and raspberries, strawberries and strawberries - only before flowering and after harvest. Lettuce, spinach and other green vegetables, as well as radishes, cabbage (after heading) and dill seeds should not be treated with pesticides.
These rules must be observed in order not to harm yourself and to minimize possible harm to beneficial insects. So, in order to protect bees from poisoning, it is impossible to use pesticides during the flowering period of fruit, berry and other crops, as well as to allow them to get on the flowers of annual and perennial plants visited by bees (in small gardens they can be covered with a film during processing).
Pesticide treatment is best done in calm weather late in the evening after the end of insect summer. Spray trees and shrubs should be from top to bottom: first the upper, then the middle and, finally, the lower parts of the crown. By following these rules, you can reduce the negative impact of the pesticides used on the environment.
Chemical control methods can be compared with surgery and are best used only in case of emergency when other (agrotechnical, mechanical and biological) methods do not give a positive result.
Experienced gardeners and amateur vegetable growers, as a rule, prefer to use folk remedies and plant protection methods. Instead of chemicals to control diseases and pests in garden plots, they use powders, infusions and decoctions from insecticidal plants, which are less toxic and practically harmless to humans, animals and beneficial insects and can be used even during the formation of fruits, when the use of pesticides is contraindicated. Insecticide plants and methods of their application are given in table. one.

Table 1. The most available insecticidal plants

Each gardener has his own secrets of how to protect plants from pests and infections - tested more than once and bringing a tangible effect. For those who have not yet developed their own tactics on how to deal with plant diseases and destroy insects, it will be useful to learn about the most effective methods. All of them are divided into four large groups, and you will receive detailed information about each of them in this material.

The issue of protecting the garden from pests and diseases is perhaps the most difficult for the amateur gardener. At the same time, every summer resident inevitably has to deal with this problem. Unfortunately, for beginners, the biggest gap in knowledge is observed precisely in this matter.

Great damage to the crop in the garden and the garden is brought by pests and diseases. For example, gray rot of strawberries in wet years can deprive us of up to 30% of the crop. The pest of currants and gooseberries - gooseberry moth, if you do not take action, destroys up to half of the crop, that is, it is not enough to grow a crop - you still need to protect it. There are many such examples. That is why the protection of horticultural crops from pests and diseases is perhaps the most relevant, and at the same time the most difficult issue for all amateur gardeners.

Protection of the garden and garden from diseases and pests- an event that really requires not only skill, but also some knowledge. It can be sufficiently effective only with a skillful combination of all its constituent elements, such as agrotechnical, biological, mechanical and chemical methods of protection.

You will learn how to deal with plant diseases and pests in effective ways in this article.

How to deal with plant diseases and pests: an agrotechnical method of protection

The agrotechnical method of plant protection consists mainly in good general garden care:

• in the right choice of site,
• planting pest and disease resistant crops,
• the presence of crop rotation,
• timely tillage,
• in the right and timely fertilizer,
• proper pruning of trees, etc.

The right choice of site, the correct placement of crops in the garden is one of the main conditions for the health of the garden. It is undesirable to make mixed landings. For example, if you place strawberries, vegetables in wide aisles of apple trees, then when the apples begin to grow in size, in order to protect the fruits from the codling moth, you will need to spray the apple trees with chemical solutions or infusions of insecticidal herbs. And at this time there are already strawberries, many vegetables are ready to eat, and any spraying is unacceptable.

In order to fight pests and plant diseases as efficiently as possible, crops of the same family cannot be located close to each other. If you plant currants, gooseberries nearby, they will suffer from pests and diseases more often, as they have many common pests and diseases.

Potatoes, tomatoes, eggplants are also plants of the same family. Therefore, it is impossible to plant tomatoes or eggplants in the garden where potatoes were grown last year.

And with the right placement of cultures, on the contrary, they will protect each other. So, if you alternate beds of onions and carrots, they will hurt and be less damaged by pests: the smell of onions repels the carrot fly, and the smell of carrots is not to the taste of onion pests. Onions, for example, repel spider mites that damage cucumbers and eggplants. The smell of garlic is not liked by cruciferous fleas, which damage all plants of the cabbage family.

To protect the garden from pests and diseases, timely tillage is of great importance. At proper processing a number of pests and pathogens die, the life of which in certain phases of development is associated with staying in the soil. Deep autumn digging of beds, summer loosening of row-spacings and trunk circles contribute to the destruction of a large number of pests, weeds and diseases.

An indispensable condition for protection against garden pests and diseases is the timely destruction of weeds, since many pests of cultivated plants first settle, develop and accumulate on weeds, and then move on to cultivated plants. In fruit trees and berry bushes, they eat out buds, flowers, leaves, penetrate into young ovaries, and in seedlings of vegetable crops they eat away the growing point. In a well-groomed, abundantly fruitful garden, you will not see weeds, so there are fewer pests.

timely and correct pruning trees and shrubs- the most important way of both care and protection of plants from pests and diseases. For example, by removing fruit-bearing and diseased raspberry shoots, the gardener destroys a large number of pests and germs of diseases that have prepared for wintering. When pruning old twisted or underdeveloped young shoots of currants, gooseberries, many pests, their larvae and laid eggs are removed from the garden.

Another effective agrotechnical method of pest and plant disease control– collection and burning in autumn of all plant residues. Very often you have to read the recommendations that plant residues need to be removed from the garden. No, not only to remove, it is necessary to burn or bury deep. After all, many pests in their adult phase are flying insects: butterflies, beetles, flies, and when removed, of course, they will again find themselves in the garden, not in yours, then in another. And when burned, they die. The tops of tomatoes, cucumbers and other vegetables should be placed in compost heaps, where they will rot for 2-3 years and become a good fertilizer.

Such a agrotechnical methods protection of plants from pests and diseases, as the correct and timely application of fertilizers simultaneously with the improvement of the diet. This increases the immunity (stability) of crops. For example, phosphorus and potash fertilizers increase their resistance to pests and diseases. So, aphids first of all appear on plants with a lack of potassium nutrition. At the same time, the excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers in plants causes an increased development of a delicate vegetative mass: young shoots, leaves, which will turn out to be a good environment for the development of diseases and tasty food for pests. Therefore, once again we have to remind about the correct and timely application of fertilizers.

An effective method of protecting plants from pests of fruit crops is the installation of trapping belts on tree trunks. Hunting belts are burlap, corrugated cardboard, paper in several layers, tied around a tree trunk at a height of 40–50 cm. They are placed at the beginning of flowering. The pests awakened from hibernation rush to the crown of the tree and, finding on their way a “secluded place” - a trapping belt, hide there. The gardener must check them every other day and destroy the pests that have gathered there.

It should be emphasized that any measure to protect the garden from diseases and pests gives a good effect only if it is applied in a timely manner, at the very beginning of the appearance of pests or diseases.

After harvesting, do not forget about preparing the garden for winter rodent protection measures. To do this, before the onset of winter, you need to wrap tree trunks with roofing felt or pine spruce branches with needles down. With the establishment of stable negative temperatures, it is necessary to whiten the trunks of apple trees, plums, cherries. With earlier whitewashing, it can be washed away by autumn rains. Such whitewashing will protect the trunks in the spring from sunburn.

Mechanical method of protecting plants in the garden and in the garden from insect pests

The mechanical method of plant protection has both its pros and cons: it is the most time-consuming, at the same time environmentally friendly and harmless. This method of protecting plants from insect pests includes:

• direct manual collection and destruction of pests,
• installation of trapping belts, other traps that prevent pests from settling trees,
• winter tying of trunks of young trees from damage by rodents, etc.

Many garden pests are fairly easy to pick by hand. So, the beetles of the raspberry-strawberry weevil in the morning, when there is still dew in the garden, rise and sit motionless on the upper leaves of the strawberry - they dry. At this time, they can easily be collected in a jar of salt water, and then destroyed.

During the increase in the size of currant berries, berries are visible on the bushes, as if they had begun to ripen. However, these are not ripening berries - larvae of the gooseberry moth, sawflies, sit inside them. Such "ripening" berries are harvested along with pests and destroyed.

In winter, dried brown mummified fruits remain hanging on the branches of apple trees. When collecting and destroying such fruits, the disease of fruits with scab and rot is reduced, since the beginnings of many diseases hibernate on these fruits.

In recent years, amateur gardeners have successfully used such mechanical means to protect the garden from pests, as bait traps. They are hung on the tops of trees. For example, at the end of flowering, wide tin cans with kvass, a solution of the remaining old jams, are hung on apple trees. The smell of kvass strongly attracts codling moth butterflies, the gardener has to clean up the butterflies that have fallen into the dishes every morning and, if necessary, add kvass or water.

On cabbage, it is easy to destroy the egg-laying of cabbage whites, cabbage scoops. Young crops of radishes, turnips, radishes are attacked by small and very jumping cruciferous fleas. To destroy them, adhesives, such as grease, are applied to plywood, cardboard 50x60 cm in size on both sides. If on a sunny day you wave such a device over the beds, then the fleas will scatter and stick.

There are many means of the mechanical method of plant protection, they are closely intertwined with folk wisdom and endless inventions of resourceful gardeners.

Biological method of protecting plants from diseases and pests: the best methods and means

The biological method of plant protection involves the use of natural enemies of harmful insects: predatory spiders, mites, microorganisms, beneficial birds, etc.

One of the best representatives of such predators is the ladybug. For a day, it is capable of destroying up to 150–200 aphids. Various predatory ground beetles destroy many caterpillar pests. The well-known birds - starlings are great helpers of the gardener.

At present, scientists have created many different biological plant protection products for gardeners that help preserve crops from adverse weather factors, from pests and diseases, increase plant immunity to pests and diseases, promote better root formation, and others. There are many such drugs, and new ones appear every year.

Microbiological preparations are on sale: entobacterin, dendrobatcillin, agravertin, which are used against various harmful caterpillars, and trichodermin, which is used against fungal diseases, etc.

Microbiological preparations can also include: mullein infusion, with which resourceful gardeners spray currants, gooseberries, cucumbers. In the water infusion of mullein, microorganisms develop that can destroy the beginnings of some types of fungal diseases.

List of biological products for the protection against diseases and pests

The following is a list of the most commonly used biologics:

Agravertin- a biological preparation for protecting plants from pests and diseases of the intestinal-contact action. It is effectively used against the larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, aphids, codling moths, sawfly larvae, leafworms and others. It is allowed to apply on fruit and berry plants in the garden, as well as on vegetables, both open and closed ground. The drug has low toxicity to humans and beneficial insects, such as bees. Already 2-3 days after processing, it is allowed to harvest and use the crop.

Humistar- a biological agent for protecting plants from diseases and pests, containing biostimulants, trace elements, humic substances and others. Due to its high biological activity, it stimulates good growth and development of plants, improves fruit formation, increases their immunity to diseases and pests. Thanks to these properties of humistar, plants better resist diseases and adverse weather factors. Seeds are soaked with this preparation before planting, root and foliar top dressing is done.

Immunocytophyte- a biological preparation for protecting plants from diseases and pests, increasing the immunity of plants to adverse factors. Seeds and tubers are treated with the drug before sowing. In addition, vegetative plants are also processed: potatoes, cabbage, cucumbers and other vegetable, fruit and berry plants. The positive effect of the drug with a gradual decrease lasts 30-35 days. The drug is available in the form of tablets. It should be used in the doses indicated on the package.

Phytoflavin-300- the active ingredient of this biological preparation for plant protection is an antibiotic, which simultaneously has both a bactericidal and fungicidal effect, that is, it is equally effective against bacterial and fungal diseases. Also, the use of this biological method of plant protection stimulates the growth and development of crops. It is non-toxic to beneficial insects. It is allowed to use both in open ground and in greenhouses.

Chemical method of plant protection: effective means

Of course, the chemical method of plant protection is the most effective. However, every gardener knows that the pesticides used in the garden are not completely harmless to humans - the owners of the garden themselves. Therefore, the very first rule that must be strictly observed is to carefully read the attached instructions before using the drug and use the drug strictly according to its instructions. It is also necessary to be aware that not all chemical protection products approved for use in industrial gardens are approved for use in a personal garden.

When using chemical plant protection methods in the garden, it is necessary to take into account such a phenomenon as insect addiction. If the same chemical is used against pests all the time in the garden, then after several generations (and some of them give 3-5 generations in one summer), individuals resistant to this drug appear. For example, if you used decis against the Colorado potato beetle this year, then next time it is better to use bitoxibacillin, INTA-VIR, etc.

The use of chemical methods of plant protection against pests and diseases should be carried out in the evening, in calm weather, in compliance with safety rules. Work on spraying the garden should be carried out in protective equipment: in rubber boots, in a dressing gown or overalls. Hands must be protected with rubber gloves and eyes with goggles. Respiratory organs are protected by respirators or a gauze bandage in 4-6 layers. At the end of the work, the solutions are drained and instilled. Hands and face are thoroughly washed with soap.

Solutions, as a rule, must be prepared immediately before spraying, since many preparations lose their protective properties over time. Plants are sprayed evenly, so that all parts of the plant are evenly covered with the solution. Many pests, such as aphids, are always on the underside of the leaf, so when spraying against such pests, the sprayer nozzle must be directed from the bottom up so that the drops fall on the pest.

When using chemicals, it is necessary to observe their terms of application specified in the instructions.

During spraying, it is necessary to achieve the smallest possible spray, only then can uniform wetting of all parts of the plant be achieved and the most complete contact of the chemical with pests and the beginnings of diseases. For example, some gardeners use brooms when spraying potatoes from the Colorado potato beetle. Such spraying does not give a full effect.

Using chemical methods control pests and plant diseases, each bush and tree is sprayed with a certain amount of the drug.

The treatment of plants with pesticides should not be carried out during flowering. This can lead to poisoning and death of bees and other beneficial insects involved in the pollination of flowers. And poor pollination, in turn, will lead to a decrease in the yield of horticultural crops.

Spraying of plants cannot be carried out also later than the terms specified in the instructions, since the chemicals may not completely decompose before harvesting. The list of drugs approved for use changes annually. Outdated drugs dangerous to humans, such as metaphos, chlorophos, nitrafen, etc., are excluded from the list, and new, more advanced ones are included.

The main advantages of modern effective preparations for chemical protection against diseases and pests: when used correctly, they do not accumulate in the soil and in the plant organism - they decompose into harmless components.

Fruits, berries and vegetables can be damaged by both pests and diseases. And pests and diseases are completely different things, and the drugs used to destroy them are also completely different. Therefore, before you start spraying the garden with herbal infusions, pesticides, you must very clearly determine the cause: fruits and vegetables are damaged by diseases or they are damaged by pests. First of all, success depends on the correct definition of the method of struggle and, most importantly, the right choice of drug.

For example, fungal diseases are rampant in the garden, and the gardener sprays the garden with insecticides, that is, chemicals against pests. Fruits and vegetables in the garden are damaged by pests - the garden is sprayed with fungicides - drugs against diseases. As in the first, and in the second case, there will be no positive effect.

Important: first you need to determine whether fruits and vegetables are damaged by pests or diseases?

Insecticides- These are drugs with which they fight against insect pests. For example, insecticides include: decis, karbofos, karate, face, bankol, INTA-VIR, alatar and many others. Insecticides are of contact and systemic action. Contact insecticides infect pests when they come into contact with the surface of the body. Systemic insecticides penetrate the plant and infect pests when they feed on the poisoned plant.

Acaricides- drugs used against ticks (kidney mites, spider mite). These are akarin, neoron, actellik, etc.

Fungicides- means of combating fungal diseases. These are preparations such as copper sulphate, Bordeaux mixture, topaz, colloidal sulfur, thiovit, Viktra, etc. Fungicides are also of contact action and systemic. The mechanism of their action is similar to that of insecticides: by direct contact and through the plant.

herbicides- chemicals for weed control. Herbicides include: roundup, tornado and others. Herbicides are continuous action, from the action of which all plants die, and selective, which affect only certain plant species. For example, amine salt 2,4-D has a detrimental effect on deciduous plants (quinoa, thistle thistle, nettle, field bindweed, etc.) and does not affect cereals (couch grass, wheat, rye, etc.).

The best preparations for chemical plant protection

Currently, scientists have created many different plant protection chemicals for gardeners that help preserve crops from adverse weather factors, pests and diseases, increase immunity, promote better root formation, and help fight weeds. There are many such drugs, and new ones appear every year. Below are the names and descriptions of the best of them.

GUMI- a preparation containing sodium humate. Available in liquid and powder form. It has a stimulating effect on plants in the treatment of seeds, root system and leaves. The drug stimulates the growth and development of plants, increases immunity in case of adverse factors, such as temperature fluctuations, lack of water. When spraying, seedlings tolerate the stress of transplantation more easily, take root better, and when treating seeds, their germination and germination energy improve.

IMMUNOCYTOFIT- a chemical preparation for protecting plants from pests and diseases, which increases the immunity of plants to adverse factors. Seeds and tubers are treated with the drug before sowing. In addition, vegetative plants are also processed: potatoes, cabbage, cucumbers and other vegetable, fruit and berry plants. The positive effect of the drug with a gradual decrease lasts 30-35 days. The drug is available in the form of tablets. It should be used in the doses indicated on the package.

PHYTOFLAVIN-300- the active substance of this chemical preparation for protecting plants from diseases and pests is an antibiotic, which simultaneously has both a bactericidal and fungicidal effect, that is, it is equally effective against bacterial and fungal diseases. It also stimulates the growth and development of plants. It is non-toxic to beneficial insects. It is allowed to use both in open ground and in greenhouses.

ALATAR- a drug with a wide spectrum of action. It effectively acts against many pests: the Colorado potato beetle, codling moth, aphids, psyllids and others. It is used against pests of fruit and berry crops and vegetables.

ACARIN- a chemical preparation for the protection of diseases and pests, which has a wide spectrum of action. Destroys aphids, ticks, cabbage whites, codling moths, leafworms and harmful bacteria. After application, it quickly begins to act. It quickly breaks down without polluting the environment.

The method of chemical protection of plants using Bordeaux mixture

Of the chemical means of protecting plants from diseases, it is worth considering separately how to use the Bordeaux mixture.

Bordeaux mixture- this is truly an old-timer: it has been successfully used to protect gardens for more than a hundred years. This is one of the most versatile and at the same time less dangerous drugs for humans.

The composition of the Bordeaux mixture includes copper sulfate (copper sulfate) and lime. A 3% or 1% mixture is usually used to protect the garden. In stores, you can buy a ready-made mixture, where copper sulfate, lime are separately packaged and litmus paper is attached to determine the acidity of the prepared solution.

However, you can buy these chemicals separately and make your own. To prepare 10 liters of a 3% mixture, take 300 g of copper sulfate and 300–350 g of lime. Each chemical is separately dissolved in 5 liters warm water in plastic utensils. Copper sulphate will dissolve completely, and a precipitate will remain from the lime. Now the mixtures are combined with strong stirring. To do this, with a clean wooden stick, a solution of copper sulphate is given a strong rotational movement, and pure sludge is poured into it in a thin stream. lime mortar. Do not use iron utensils, since copper sulfate reacts with iron and forms a toxic compound that can lead to poisoning when using this utensil.

The garden is treated with a freshly prepared mixture. The garden is sprayed with a 3% Bordeaux mixture in late autumn, after leaf fall, or in early spring before bud break. This spraying destroys the beginnings of many fungal diseases: on apple and pear - scab, moniliosis; on stone fruits - spotting, on berries - powdery mildew, spotting, on grapes - mildew.

Bordeaux mixture is widely used for plant protection in the summer, during the growing season of plants. For the treatment of green, vegetative plants, a 1% Bordeaux mixture is used (100 g of copper sulfate and 100–120 g of lime).

Properly prepared Bordeaux mixture has a reaction close to neutral and does not burn the plants. With timely, at the beginning of the onset of the disease, spraying an apple tree and a pear, it protects against scab, leaf spot, and fruit rot.

With a Bordeaux mixture, stone fruits protect against coccomycosis, clasterosporiasis, moniliosis, plum pocket and other diseases; currants and gooseberries - from powdery mildew, anthracnose, rusts; vegetables, tomatoes, potatoes - from late blight, onions - from rust and rot, cucumbers - from powdery mildew and other diseases.

Spraying with a 1% solution of Bordeaux mixture during the growing season of plants is allowed up to 3-4 times with a break of 12-15 days. A more detailed and specific method of treating plants with plant infusions and various chemicals is given for each crop separately in the section on their protection.

How to protect plants from pests and diseases: the use of herbal infusions

Currently, many different pesticides are sold in stores to control pests and diseases in the garden and vegetable garden. However, it should always be remembered that these poisons are not entirely safe for humans and are beneficial only with skillful use.

In the case of a small number of pests, one can successfully use such a method of pest and disease control as insecticidal plants. Decoctions and infusions of insecticidal plants, such as tomato, potato, dandelion, horse sorrel, hellebore Lobel, great celandine, tobacco, yarrow, wormwood, garlic, hot pepper, etc. constitute a special group among drugs for combating diseases and pests plants. Some of these drugs are also harmful to humans. They must be used with the same precautions as when working with pesticides. For example, hellebore Lobel, great celandine, etc. are poisonous to humans.

The use of these plant protection products is less dangerous for the human body and the environment. Insecticidal plants grow everywhere and are available to every amateur gardener. It is also important that they come to us for free.

They are collected before and during flowering, then they have the greatest insecticidal effect. For the preparation of preparations, you can use both fresh and dried plants. They should be dried in the shade under a canopy, in attics, where they are well ventilated. The faster the plants are dried, the more active substances are retained in them. After drying, the plants are stored in paper bags or cloth bags, with a label with the name of the plant and the date of collection indicating the year.

Dried plants can be successfully used next year. For the preparation of such plant protection products against pests and diseases, dried plants are taken in half the dose indicated for fresh material. Before use, the plants are crushed and, according to the instructions, either a decoction (with boiling) or an infusion (infusion in warm water with occasional stirring) is prepared. Preparations are usually used on the day of preparation.

Below are a few publicly available recipes from the most common plants:

Dandelion- an infusion of leaves or leaves with roots is used against aphids, mites and suckers. 400 g of crushed leaves and roots are infused for 2-3 hours in 10 liters of warm water, filtered and immediately used for spraying. The first spraying is carried out on the opening buds.

Burdock- an infusion of leaves is used against leaf-eating caterpillars on vegetable crops. One third of a bucket of chopped fresh leaves is infused in 8 liters of water for 3 days, filtered and used for spraying.

Hellebore Lobel- (the plant is poisonous!). Plants and roots are used. In the spring, before the leaves open, the plant is dug up, the roots are washed off the ground. To prepare 10 liters of infusion, take 0.5 kg of fresh or 250 g of dry mass, grind, pour 10 liters of water, leave for 1.5–2 days and filter. Apply against caterpillars on an apple tree and larvae of a slimy sawfly on a cherry. Tomatoes - 4 kg of chopped tops (stepchildren can be used) are poured into 10 liters of water, boiled for half an hour, insisted for another 3-4 hours and filtered. To prepare a working solution, 3 liters of broth is diluted with water to 10 liters. Apply against aphids and young caterpillars of pests.

horse sorrel- to prepare the infusion, take 300 g of roots or 400 g of leaves (or 350 g of the mixture), pour 10 liters of warm water. Insist 3-4 hours, filter and spray the plants. Used against aphids and mites.

Potato- an infusion of green tops is used against aphids, mites, cabbage whites, moths. 1.2–1.3 kg of green tops (or 0.6–0.7 kg of dry) are infused in 10 liters of warm water for 3–4 hours, filtered and sprayed.

Garlic- 100 g of the heads are rubbed on a grater and poured into 1 liter of water, precipitated, squeezed out and again poured into 1 liter of water and squeezed out. The liquids are mixed together and stored in a tightly sealed glass container. To prepare such a plant protection product against diseases and pests, 300 g of the extract is diluted to 10 liters. Effective against aphids, mites and young caterpillars.

Large celandine- (the plant is poisonous!) 1 kg of crushed plants is poured into 10 liters of hot water, insisted for two days, filtered and sprayed. Apply against aphids, ticks and young caterpillars.

Marigolds are tall- beautifully blooming garden flowers with a pleasant smell. An infusion of plants cut during flowering is used to control aphids. 500-600 g of dry plants (or 1-1.2 kg of fresh ones) are poured into 10 liters of water, infused for 2 days, filtered and used for spraying.

Wormwood- a decoction of leaves and flowers with peduncles is used to combat leaf-eating caterpillars on berries and fruit trees. Half a bucket of finely chopped fresh grass is poured with water to the full, insisted for 1 day and boiled for 30 minutes. Before spraying, the infusion is diluted with water in a ratio of 1:2.

yarrow- an infusion or decoction of plants is used against aphids, mites, bedbugs and small caterpillars. 800 g of dry crushed plants (or 1.5–1.7 kg of fresh ones) are poured into 2–3 liters of boiling water. Insist 1.5-2 days. Before use, filter, top up to 10 liters and spray. To prepare a decoction, take the same amount of plants and boil for 30 minutes.

Tobacco, or tobacco-shag- an infusion of dry leaves is used against a whole complex of pests: aphids, suckers, thrips, caterpillars, moths on berries and fruits, larvae on onions and others. To prepare an infusion, 400 g of dry leaves are infused for 2 days in 10 liters of water in a dark place. Before spraying, filter and dilute with water 1: 2. Before spraying, it is advisable to add 40 g of laundry soap or 20–25 g of washing powder to all decoctions and infusions. This improves the adhesion of the liquid to the leaves, which is very important when spraying against aphids, when the main effect is to wet the underside of the leaves, where their clusters are.

In addition to the correct concentration in the preparation of preparations, the amount of liquid with which the plants are sprayed is also of great importance. Bushes and trees, of course, should be sprayed so that all their parts are well wetted. But still it is recommended that the consumption of the drug during spraying should be no more: 1.3–1.5 l per bush of currant and gooseberry, 200–300 ml per bush of raspberry, 1.5 l per 10 m 2 of strawberries, per fruiting tree 7–8 l and for a young barren tree 1–2 l, depending on the size of the crown.

Spraying fruit and berry crops with infusions and decoctions of herbs should be carried out when the pests have just appeared and are still few in number. If they managed to multiply, the efficiency will be low. The treatment of plants with herbal preparations during the growing season can be safely carried out 2-3 times, and with a larger number of pests up to 4-5 times, repeating after 7-15 days.

Cooked decoctions and infusions are recommended to be used on the day of preparation in the evening, when the wind subsides. Spraying is not recommended during flowering and 5 days before harvesting, as the smell and taste of herbs may remain on flowers, fruits and berries.

When working with solutions of insecticidal plants, you should also follow the rules for safe work: spraying should be carried out in a dressing gown, rubber boots, and mittens. Respiratory organs are protected with a respirator or gauze bandage in 3-4 layers, and eyes with goggles.

A method of combating diseases and pests of plants with boiling water

In recent years, such an effective and environmentally completely safe method of protecting currants, gooseberries and other plants from powdery mildew as spraying bushes with boiling water in early spring has been common among gardeners. As soon as the snow melts, and the currant buds have not yet begun to swell, the water is boiled, poured into a watering can and the bushes are poured evenly and thoroughly with this boiling water.

For a large fruit-bearing bush, one full watering can of boiling water is enough. The bush is sprayed very carefully so that drops of boiling water moisten each branch from top to bottom. The peculiarity of this spraying technique is that the bush should be treated in one go. Even if not all the branches got drops of boiling water, then re-spraying the bush is unacceptable.

The fact is that boiling water, burning and killing pathogenic fungi on the surface of branches, shoots, buds, quickly cools down, giving off its heat. And when re-treated with boiling water, the bush will already be warmed and hot water high temperature can easily penetrate the kidneys, burn them. It is important that at the time of spraying the buds on the bushes should not begin to swell and open.

For the convenience of carrying out this procedure and enhancing the effect of processing, the bush must be tied with twine before spraying so that it has a diameter of 60–80 cm in diameter. If the bushes have not yet been released from autumn tight binding, then, on the contrary, they are somewhat released.

Spring spraying of bushes and spilling the soil under them with boiling water also kills pathogens and other diseases, and also has a detrimental effect on pest eggs laid on the surface of branches.