Scandinavian houses. Finnish, Swedish, Norwegian projects

We were going to tell you about the so-called Swedish technology window insulation, which is gaining more and more fans in our country. But our readers at the presentations always asked to tell us briefly about what the “Swedish house” itself is like.

Swedish house»

The concept of "Swedish house" in Russia fashion trend became relatively recent, already in the new millennium, entering into competition with the so-called. "Canadian home"
It must be understood that under the newfangled concept may lie different content. At least two:

Frame houses supplied from Swedish factories;
Pre-fabricated houses under construction in Russia using the LSTK frame technology.

Let's figure it out.

One of the main advantages of technology frame construction LSTC are small specific gravity structures

Country houses from Sweden

For example, country houses from Sweden and their projects are offered on the Russian market by several construction companies-suppliers.

Such Swedish houses are delivered to customers in a complete set, so to speak, "turnkey", and this concept implies all the necessary components for comfortable life to the maximum, based on the principle that the acquisition (installation) of one's house for a person is a very serious and responsible step, which means that clarity and smoothness of each of the stages of its construction are needed.
This home offers:

dubbed heating system when space heating is carried out using several systems. They can function as a whole or separately.
The entire structure is thermally insulated to avoid extra costs for heating.
A heat pump is supplied, which works in tandem with boilers on different types fuel, as well as electricity.
"Heated floors" are mounted;
Pre-installed wall radiators;
Air conditioning system and heat recovery in progress;
A fireplace is placed in the central part of the house;
Mobile treatment system with the necessary facilities;
Independent water supply;
Universal power supply system, which implies the ability not to connect to centralized networks communications.

The set, as you can see, is attractive.
But the "buns" do not end there.

Production time and commissioning

This is also a topical issue - seasonality in the regions of Russia usually presents difficulties with deadlines, as a result, housing construction often drags on for more than one year.
As for Swedish houses, here the whole process of building a house (due to the peculiarities frame technology) from the application to its commissioning takes several weeks and it does not depend on the geographical location and the time of year.

Free project

When concluding a contract with a customer for the construction of a Swedish house, the company usually provides a free dwelling project.
There are several classes of Swedish houses. Such as ELIT, MASSIV, LUXURY are supplied to Russia - made directly at Swedish factories.

Swedish house in Russian design

The concept of a Swedish home in Russia is somehow conditional. Such a house can now not only be “brought” directly from Europe. But order domestic producers. And even build your own.

Spread LSTK technology- an abbreviation for the name "Light Steel Thin-Walled Structures".
Such structures based on thin steel up to 3 mm thick are used for the construction of high-speed frame buildings.

These structures include profiled sheets and thin-walled galvanized steel profiles.

Although profiled steel sheet today accounts for approximately 70% of all light steel structures, the term LSTK has become entrenched in Russia as denoting the technology of erecting buildings using precisely a galvanized profile.

The advent of LSTK technology

This technology was developed in the 50s of the 20th century in Canada. The main reason for the emergence of this technology was the need to build a large number low-rise buildings for the middle class of the respective climatic conditions countries. The LSTK technology quickly acquired the character of mass application, reducing (and completely eliminating) the use of wooden frames in the suburbs and cities, due to their high cost, susceptibility to decay and the effects of insect pests. But the main factor for the development of LSTK was the possibility of industrial, mass production of steel profiles and the availability of the material.

At the same time, it should be noted that at the moment the LSTK technology does not occupy a leading position in the markets of low-rise individual construction in those countries from which this technology is imported to us. Frame construction of houses is developed in North America, Canada, the Scandinavian countries, but in them so far more houses are being built on the basis of a wood frame.

Application

Light steel thin-walled structures are made of galvanized profiles or perforated profiles (thermal profiles). Guides, rack and jumpers are made.

To connect cold-formed profiles use:

bolts (diameter 5-16 mm),
self-tapping screws;
self-drilling self-tapping screws;
pull rivets;
powder mounting dowels;
pneumatic mounting dowels;
bubbles;
press connections (Rosette).

Advantages

Among the first advantages of such houses, environmental friendliness is noted, because. during the construction of a structure based on LSTC, the surrounding landscape, including trees and shrubs, is minimally damaged. In addition, if necessary, the possible complete disposal of the house;
Construction speed. The construction time for a building based on LSTK usually does not exceed 4-5 months;
Simplicity and ease of installation. When working, 3-4 workers are enough;
There is no shrinkage of the foundation either at the time of construction or during operation;
All-weather installation;
Lack of heavy equipment during construction;
Seismic resistance. By the way, the construction of houses using the LSTK technology has gained considerable popularity in Japan and other countries where seismic activity is high.
Sufficiently low cost of 1 square. m. In Russia, the market value of 1 square. m of such housing from LSTC is approximately from 19-20 thousand rubles.
High heat saving.
The service life of houses made of LSTK is declared to be 70-100 years or more.

I note that for the most part, the listed advantages apply not so much to LSTK, but to frame structures in general.

Immediate benefits of LSTK

Stability and accuracy of the geometric dimensions of the profiles
Compact for transport
Factory quality. A kit for the construction of a building from LSTK is produced at the factory and delivered to the site in the form of a ready-made “house kit” with project documentation by assembly.

disadvantages

There is an opinion that main disadvantage of this technology are "thin walls". Many consumers even have the feeling that you can easily break through such a wall with almost a fist. But this is unreasonable, because the materials for the installation of ceilings and cladding are very plastic, and they withstand shock.
There is also an opinion that a low service life compared to buildings made of stone and brick is ensured if used for the production of galvanized steel thermal profiles general purpose(Zn< 120 г/кв.м.), данный недостаток сводится к минимуму, если в качестве сырья использовать сталь с цинковым покрытием в 25 микрон (Zn >350 g/sq.m.).
In Russia, the declared quality of structures does not always correspond to the real one. Often, LSTC manufacturers underestimate the real quality characteristics of products in pursuit of a lower cost. Typical situations - profile thickness reduction, more thin layer zinc (Zn< 120 г/кв.м.). Это прямо влияет на качество конструкции.
Critical dependence of the customer on the manufacturer. Indeed, sometimes it turns out that the panel is not entirely accurately produced or negligent (forgotten “screw”), and problems may arise during the installation of the building.
Lack of conclusions on the electromagnetic safety of living in buildings with metal frame, insufficient information on how such buildings react to electromagnetic radiation.
The design and installation of buildings from LSTK should be carried out by highly qualified specialists. The cost of such mistakes can be high.

Basic swedish house

At the heart of each project is a basic residential building. Projects differ from each other only in the external environment of this basic house. Therefore, the base usually does not change. But they can change the configuration of its environment.

The foundation is monolithic, deepened by 1.5 m, reinforced concrete. Such a foundation is 7-8 times more expensive than shallow foam blocks or recently appeared screw piles. But these "screwed" foundations have practically no history of exploitation in Russia for construction frame houses. Reinforced concrete monolith is a time-tested solution, which, by the way, is used not only for frame, but for brick houses.
Kitchen, bedroom, bathroom and nursery

The construction of the Swedish House involves the use of only natural materials.
For external walls - planed board with a width of 145 mm and a thickness of 22 mm. It is beautiful, natural and durable.

The frame of the house is frames made of timber (150 x 50 mm).
For thermal insulation, non-shrinking basalt slabs Rockwoll with a total thickness of 150 mm. It is worth noting that this is more effective than 100 mm insulation, which is now considered the standard.

The roof is based on IcoPal soft Finnish tiles. Soft shingles lasts long and reliably. Besides, she is beautiful.

Material internal walls- drywall on a frame made of metal profiles. Such a project implies that after the interior decoration, the house will look like a business class apartment from the inside. And there is. Details are in the finishing section.

The entire Swedish house is surrounded by a veranda around the perimeter. You can get here not only through front door in the hallway, but also directly from any room on the first floor, including the living room and kitchen. This greatly expands the space of the Swedish house, and when the weather allows, the veranda is an extension of the room or living room. In summer it is especially nice to have a meal outside, or just sit outside. The floor of the veranda is a planed timber 100 mm thick, covered with a white Tikkurila antiseptic, specially designed for outdoor outdoor floors. The beam is laid on a monolithic concrete strip foundation with a gap that allows you to wash the floor of the veranda with a hose or a high pressure washer.

The area of the veranda is quite large, but we do not take it into account when calculating the area of \u200b\u200bthe house. Pay attention to this when you compare the cost of building a frame Swedish House per sq. meter with other proposals in the market for the construction of business-class townhouses.

The quality of the materials used for the construction of frame houses and business class townhouses ensures that you do not have to do the exterior or interior redecorating such a Swedish house in 3-4 years.

Swedish window insulation technology

Insulation of windows using Swedish technology is also becoming more and more popular.

With the approach of winter, the issue of warming the apartment becomes more and more important. In urban apartments, there are mainly doors, and whoever has money and who considers it expedient also has balconies. Thinking about the insulation of windows, people ask questions - what is the best way to insulate them? How to do it? Do-it-yourself insulation or invite specialists? Of course, the answers to these questions depend mainly on the availability of financial resources that can be allocated for insulation. And in recent years, people are increasingly using the services specialized firms to make window frames warm. And many of the modern companies are actively promoting the so-called "Swedish technology" of window insulation to the market. What is it and what is the essence of this technology? Is it worth using it or is it better to do with the old, old-fashioned ways to insulate? Let's figure it out.

small digression

If you came to our site for the query "Swedish technology houses", I suggest you watch (your choice) two short videos.

The first is dedicated to real Swedish houses, their beauty and comfort - that is, in a couple of minutes you can simply see them as they really are in your native Sweden:

The second video was filmed by the producers of the so-called "Swedish houses" in Russia and will be of interest to those who would like to learn more about this technology:

Swedish window frame insulation technology

She came to Russia about 15 years ago, as the name implies, from cold Sweden, where residents are also concerned about the problem of keeping warm in their homes during the cold season. According to the Swedes' technology, only wooden windows were insulated, but over time they began to insulate plastic windows as well (although this is done much less frequently than with wooden ones - plastic ones seem to be a priori warm).

What is the essence of the process?

Work begins with wooden frames are removed and taken out to the landing - the craftsmen do not work in the apartment, this is convenient, because there is no such dirt as after installing new double-glazed windows, for example. In the frames, grooves are sawn from all sides - grooves. A professional tubular seal is inserted into it.

The seal is placed in special grooves - grooves

Firms engaged in insulation using Swedish technology claim that this sealant can withstand temperatures from -50 to + 80 (by the way, when insulating windows, it is assumed that the owner of the room does not want to let the cold into his house. plus temperature (80 degrees) is 30 degrees higher than minus (only 50) - a mystery). Such professional insulation from Sweden should supposedly last 10-15 years, unlike conventional ones, which last a couple of years.

Heaters from Sweden have 5 different sizes- depending on the size of the gap, the desired one is selected. Usually, window insulation according to Swedish technology also includes a comprehensive carpentry repair, i.e. craftsmen repair window locks so that they close without problems, align the frame geometry (it is monitored that they close evenly, without catching on anything, do not jam. Such work should be done BEFORE cutting grooves and installing insulation). Offered for an additional fee high-quality painting frames, replacement of drainage and even glass.

For an additional fee, specialists can replace glass in your windows, make drainage systems and paint frames.

Together with insulation using Swedish technology, you can ask for the “glass unit effect” service - this is additional sealing at the junctions of the frame and glass. These gaps are filled silicone sealant. Glasses are securely fastened and will no longer have free vibration, which means that the level of noise penetrating into the apartment will be significantly reduced.

Please note that the high-quality work of window insulation using Swedish technology excludes the use of glue and nails to fasten the tubular seal, it must be pressed into the grooves - otherwise, after a few years, the glue will come off and the staples may rust.

After all the work has been done - mandatory and additional, the frames are returned to their place, installed and delight their owners with the saved heat.

With window insulation it is better not to pull until the cold autumn

Warming is best done before heating season when it's still warm outside. If you still need to insulate when autumn winds and rains knock on the window - no problem, experts will close the window opening with a special tarpaulin that will not let the cold in from the street - so that after the work is completed, the apartment will have room temperature, not street temperature.

Price

She is interested in the first place - is it worth it? Isn't it better to buy a new double-glazed window? If you have wooden windows in good condition, not rotten (in this case, a plastic bag is definitely better), then insulation using Swedish technology will be cheaper than buying new windows. Depending on the size, the price of insulating a double-leaf window will be 2500-3200 rubles, a three-leaf window - 3500-4600 rubles, a balcony door - 2200-2500 rubles, doors and windows overlooking the balcony, i.e. in general - 3700-4000 rubles. Do not forget that the cost of the main work is also added to this amount. There is also a price additional work but not everyone uses them.

Summary of work

What do we get as a result, after warming according to Swedish technology?

Calculate, decide, weigh all the pros and cons, and let it be warm for you!

You can clearly see the process in the video:

Swedish construction experience inspires us. We thought that it would be interesting for you to see how they collect frame house in Sweden. To do this, we have translated one of the riddarebo.se blog entries, in which the owners, Martin and Camilla, tell how their future home literally “grew up” in one day on their site.

Early morning in Kungsbakka, the house kit is loaded into a truck and sent to a facility in Riddarebo.

Workers and other representatives of the construction company are already waiting at the site. A large truck crane is ready for unloading.

Wall panels quickly find their place on the foundation.

Our comment: Wall panels are equipped with a facade and double-glazed windows. Thanks to ideal roads and modern technology, the Swedes bring and install completely finished parts of the house. This saves time for work directly on the site, where conditions are not always favorable.

It was interesting to see with what accuracy the wall sections are installed in predetermined places.

This photo clearly shows another feature of the Swedish frame construction - monolithic slab foundation. In Russia, it received the name "Insulated Swedish stove" precisely because it is widely used by the Swedes. Advantages " Swedish plate justify its high cost:

the ground under the foundation does not freeze and does not swell;
all communications are laid in the slab;
the floor will be the source of heat in the house - batteries are not needed;
flat floor for any finish.

In addition to wall sections, other building materials were also brought to the site.

The last section of the wall is installed.

Crane in all its splendor.

It's time for sharp nails and long rafters.

At the same time, the veranda begins to take shape.

The crane master has done his job and it's time for him to pack up. Thank you, Allfrakt!

The next step is a temporary plywood roof. It's fast.

The last stage of the day is the laying of roofing material.

Before Camilla and I finished the day, we were able to sneak into the house and look out into the courtyard from the windows. different rooms. Very pleased with what we saw, we went to rest. Thanks to the entire construction team for their professional work.

What happened next?

And here is what a house looks like with a permanent roof, a painted facade and a terrace. Modest Swedish beauty.

Check out this blog, it's very interesting. Before finishing the house, Martin and Camilla built a garage in the same style and two interesting flower beds. They colorfully describe all the processes, sometimes with humor. For example, in the photo below, a wire for a future street lamp sticks out of the house. And a comment:

Electricians claim to be the oldest profession in the world. In the beginning, when God said "Let there be light!" The electrician was already there and ran the wires.

(analogs of our gardening partnerships) in Sweden there are several more types of country houses for recreation. Country houses for temporary residence include villas (villa), cottages (torp), holiday or holiday homes (fritidshus), country houses (lantställe), holiday homes (semesterhus), summer huts (sommarstuga) or simply huts (stuga ). There are varieties of such houses as houses for children, garden houses, sports huts near ski resorts, etc. However, most often Swedish holiday homes are divided into villas and holiday homes (holidays or vacations). These buildings differ in size, level of design and comfort. In addition, the villa implies the possibility year-round living in it, although in many country Swedish holiday homes, you can live all year round.

There are analogues of country houses for rest in many European countries: in England it is a weekend cottage, in Finland a cottage or a villa, in France Chaumiere (literally - small house under a thatched roof), in Italy it is a second home (Seconda Casa), in Norway it is a mountain or forest hut, a holiday home (Ferienhaus) in Germany, and in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus it is a well-known dacha.

Initially, country houses-villas were available only to the wealthy sections of Swedish society. However, since early 20th century after the change of the way of life to the industrial one and the mass migration of the Swedes to the cities, the issue of recuperation and outdoor recreation became relevant for the broader masses. Rural houses, chalets and cottages belonging to families or their relatives in the villages began to be used for recreation. The launch of steamship lines along the Stockholm archipelago made it possible to build country houses along their shores, even in places where there were no roads yet. The industrialization of Sweden was quite slow, and the transformation of farms and buildings into country houses lasted until the 1940s and 50s. During this period, holiday homes ceased to be called huts or chalets and began to use the term "vacation, vacation or vacation home". In today's Sweden, vacations are predominantly in the summer, so the term "summer house" is also used.

The rapid development of infrastructures and communications in modern Sweden (a country that spends up to 15% of GDP on the acquisition of advanced technologies and patents around the world) makes it possible to live with equal comfort both in the city and in the countryside. Therefore, more and more Swedish families country houses are used for permanent residence. (In tsarist Russia, such domestic summer residents were called "zymogors"). Good transport accessibility, the possibility of remote work, low prices, clean nature and a calm atmosphere make this choice more and more attractive. Swedish municipalities following the requirements create an appropriate infrastructure for electricity and water supply, disposal Wastewater, laying new transport routes, building schools and kindergartens, medical centers.

The external and internal appearance of Swedish (and indeed Scandinavian) houses is determined by traditional Protestant values, which were formulated by the Danish writer Axel Sandemuse in 1933 in the novel En fl yktning krysser sitt spor (“The fugitive crosses his trail”, not translated into Russian). These 10 rules are the so-called "Jante's law" (Janteloven):

Don't think that you are special.
Don't think you're our equal.
Don't think you're smarter than us.
Don't imagine that you are better than us.
Don't think you know more than us.
Don't think you're more important than us.
Don't think that you can do everything.
You shouldn't laugh at us.
Don't think anyone cares about you.
Don't think that you can teach us.

In short, the life of a Protestant is defined by Christian humility. Not declared ostentatious humility "only in the church", but the real one, which determines the course of a person's thoughts and dictates all his actions. Therefore, the houses of the richest people in Sweden differ only in size and level. design solutions, but not the presence of gold in the decoration, Carras marble, tall fences and brutal guards, as well as other attributes of "Asian feudal coolness", so well known in Russia.


Regular navigation in the Stockholm archipelago has been established since the mid-1800s. Therefore, the first dachas - country houses began to appear along the banks of skerries, even in those places where there were no roads yet. These days, most Swedes get to their coastal dachas on yachts or boats.		The summer villa of a large wealthy (aristocratic) family was used as a residence during the summer. This concept of country rest is established in 1883. Such families traveled for the summer with a large number servants who were supposed to take care of household matters. The villas of that period were built with more rooms to accommodate both domestic servant families. as well as visiting guests.

Grosshandlarvillan "Large" villa in Sweden is a type of special type summer houses, originally built by wealthy people who could buy or rent land in the interior of the Stockholm archipelago. The 1934 description says that Grosshandlarvillan combines a rich appearance with a cheap construction cost. Grosshandlarvillan villas were built mainly in the late 1800s and early 1900s.		After a deep and protracted recession in the 1920s and 30s, which led to the collapse of many Swedish companies and banks, construction big dachas was actually discontinued. After the Second World War, the villas were replaced by simplified dachas-cottages. The first cottages of this type began to be built in 1929.

In 1938, through state-subsidized low interest rates loans provided any Swedish employee with the opportunity to build or purchase a dacha outside the city for recreation closer to nature.		In the 1940-50s, when many small farms began to close due to the migration of the population to the cities, many farmers began to build small country houses with an area of 20-55 m². In the 1950s and 60s, country houses began to be equipped with all the amenities as in a city apartment or house.

Interestingly, already in those years, the Swedes used a selective home electrical circuit, where individual lines were protected by a separate electrical "plug" - a fuse. There are 9 plugs in this photo, but I saw shields with 20 plugs.		Converted old Swedish country houses began to be equipped with full bathrooms. Modest, clean and comfortable.

Of course, modern bathrooms in Swedish homes look better. However, brevity scandinavian design present even in the most expensive villas.		Even if the house is not equipped with a septic tank, but a peat composting toilet is used, the design of such a bathroom can be modern and aesthetic.

For more modest summer huts, a street toilet, usual for our eyes, is also removed.		But even in such a toilet it is not used. cesspool, as an attribute of the ancient Middle Ages, and the same technology of biological composting is used.

Some Swedish homes use eco-friendly faeces-burning toilets based on a catalytic electric burner.		Such toilets are good to use in buildings near water bodies, for minimal pollution. environment. By the way, in Sweden (as well as throughout Scandinavia) construction near the water is not prohibited. In civilized countries, it is well understood that the purity of reservoirs is not due to the distance from the building to the reservoir, but the level of environmental consciousness of citizens, and the use modern methods wastewater treatment.

Such architectural solutions in the style of "Modern" ("Modernism", "Jugend", "Tiffany", "Art Nouveau") of the end XIX beginning The 20th century was also characteristic of wealthy Finnish and Russian dachas.		However, if in Finland summer cottages of that period were perfectly preserved, then in the Leningrad region they perished en masse during revolutions and wars, and continue to perish at the present time from fires, redistribution of property and mismanagement.

Modern Swedish villas are distinguished by the Scandinavian conciseness of style.		The vast majority of modern scandinavian houses are based on a frame structure, as the most rational in construction and operation.

The epitome of the triumph of the rational approach to the psytoic country house is an A-shaped painted construction of a hut house.		Stone suburban buildings in Sweden are mostly preserved old manor houses. The photo shows an example of an extension of a modern winter garden to an old stone building.

The trend of use as summer cottages original vintage or stylized ancient buildings without amenities lasted in Sweden until the 1960s and 70s. (For comparison, in Norway there are still fans of authentic "wild" country rest). Now "antiquity" in Sweden can be found perhaps only in external design country houses, and even then infrequently, compared with the same Norway.		In Sweden, there is large quantity architectural experiments with modern options architectural styles.

Minimalism using the natural texture of wood is a very popular solution for the facades of modern country houses. Larch is most often used, including without any treatment or with treatment with colorless antiseptics, as a result of which the wood acquires the natural color of a dead tree in several seasons.		Combination of dark metal and raw wooden surface allows you to enter the building modern forms into the natural environment.

Another architectural trend of modern Swedish houses is the maximum glazing, which makes it possible to live in the house as an extension of the surrounding landscape.		The increase in the area of glazing is also used in the reconstruction of old traditional Swedish houses.

A variant of a chalet-style house with a loft (sleeping attic with low ceilings, open to the space of the second light in the house). Most Swedish country houses are characterized by the presence of a large wooden deck, which offers a view of the surrounding beauty.		Example of house renovation: new frame floor built on an old stone plinth.

In the mid-1970s in Sweden, large construction companies bought up agricultural land and built numerous small cottages in picturesque places.		Common water supply networks were laid to the houses, access roads were built, beaches were ennobled and moorings for yachts and boats were arranged.

Many swedish dachas located right next to the water.		On large country estates near the water on the pier there is only a house for yacht or boat accessories.

Swedish cottage in the style of "torp" - the cottage of a day laborer-tenant. Day work was legally abolished in Sweden in 1943, but the style of these small traditional Swedish cottages has taken root. Now the term "torp" is sometimes used to refer to inexpensive Swedish country cottages.		A modern version of a Swedish country house with a loft loft.

Foundation

This section presents projects of Swedish houses and cottages, prices for which range from 21,000 to 45,000 rubles (with rare exceptions). The low cost is due to the fact that traditional wooden houses in this country they build according to a technology very similar to Russian log housing construction.

Features of Swedish houses

As in all Scandinavian countries, modern country cottages in Sweden they build mainly from wood. natural wood, subjected to minimal processing, prevails in construction, interior decoration, in furniture production. Some characteristic features of Swedish buildings can be noted.

Simple-shaped houses with wide roofs, under which residential and utility rooms are combined. Summer kitchen, the bathhouse often communicates with the main house through a closed canopy.
Log walls are left unfinished, upholstered with a board impregnated special composition, or painted with permanent paints.
Windows of a simple form with wooden architraves, usually white color. There is no finish (unlike our carving) on them.

The Swedes are building round log cabins, the insulation between them is placed in “closed” grooves: the upper log rests tightly on the lower one without a visible gap. In the corners, they are connected into a "hexagon", so the log house looks more neat.

A typical Swedish house resembles a Russian hut on the outside, but is very different from the inside. Saving double-glazed windows, underfloor heating, several autonomous heating systems are a familiar set for such a house. The harsh climate and the habit of saving have led to the development of many energy-saving technologies that are widely used in private construction.

Finished projects with working drawings

We implement typical house designs in Swedish style, created by our own architectural office. Almost all of them have been tested in practice, all the nuances have been taken into account in the design, and all the details have been worked out. The set of attached documentation includes:

description with specification building materials;
construction masonry and marking plans;
schemes and sections of the foundation, roof, facade, individual nodes;
explication of floors, window and door connectors.

At the request of the customer, he produces an architectural passport, which is necessary for obtaining a building permit. A professionally designed project saves the customer from technical errors, and subsequent "alterations", despite the fact that its price occupies an insignificant share in the total cost of building a house.