What is the best way to attach steps to a wooden staircase. How to attach wooden steps to concrete stairs

Individual construction of houses is almost never complete without the use of stairs. The main requirement for all types of these structures is the safety of movement on them.

Stair structures must be strong and stable. Therefore, the question of how to fix the stairs to the ceiling is very relevant in any private house. Let's consider in more detail various options fixing ladder structures depending on their type.

Stair construction during operation is subjected to various kinds of permanent and temporary loads. In addition to its own weight, it must also withstand the weight of a person and objects moved along it. Therefore, the issue of durable fastening of such structures in the house is very important.

Stair structures are usually fixed to:

Semi;
Slab or beam of the upper floor;
Inter-march sites;
walls– it is recommended to fasten the structure only to bearing walls made of concrete, timber or brick. The wall thickness must be at least 25 cm.

Important! It is impossible to fix products to asbestos-cement, drywall walls, or partitions laid out in one brick.

The method of fastening largely depends on:

Type ladder construction;
The material from which it is made;
Product weight;
Its dimensions;
Floor, ceiling and wall materials.

The main types of ladder structures are:

marching- may consist of one or more marches.
based on bowstrings, stringers, support pole or bolts. Most often, combined supports are used.
Complex structures- a combination of marches and helical sections, several marches with turns at different angles.

The method of fixing the structure depends on many factors - photo

The most common in private homes are marching structures made of wood. A single-march product can have the simplest fastening - to the floor and ceiling. It is a very reliable and stable system that does not require additional intermediate fasteners.

If there are two or more marches, then additional fixation of the structure is necessary. Complex models may have combined mounts, depending on the shape and type of support.

Openings for the installation of stairs

The opening for the stairs in the ceiling must be provided at the design stage of the building.

Its dimensions depend on:

Dimensions of the future design;
Stair type;
Cover type.

The hole in the ceiling for the stairs should have a width equal to the width of the march with the addition of gaps necessary for fixing the structure and its finishing. The length of the opening largely depends on the angle of inclination of the product.

But for safety reasons, the hole in the ceiling for the stairs must allow the descent and ascent of a person in full height. Openings are made rectangular, square or round.

Fixing stairs to various types of interfloor ceilings

The quality of the material of the ladder structure has great importance for its reliability and safety. But the strength of fixing all its elements among themselves, as well as correct fastening stairs to the ceiling, inter-march platforms, floors and walls play a much larger role.

Interfloor overlapping when arranging stairs can be made of various materials:

Wood - the most common flooring on wooden beams.
Reinforced concrete slabs.
Steel beams - rarely used in private construction.

Depending on the type of load-bearing structures of the floor, there are various ways of fixing ladder structures on them.

Interfloor ceilings on wooden beams

If the floors in the house are made on wooden beams, then the flight of stairs should be laid on the beam without distortions. Its fixation is carried out using special fastening systems, depending on the material of the stairs and the type of its supports.

The supports of the ladder structure in the form of a stringer are directly adjacent to the ceiling or the platform between the spans, transferring all loads to them.

In case of incorrect fastening in wooden elements supports may develop cracks. This often happens when fixing a bowstring or stringer with beams and slabs into a lock.
Both vertical and horizontal loads act on the lower support of the structure. The same thing happens with a tight fixation of the support on the ceiling.
If the bowstring or kosour will be based on the ceiling only by the horizontal part, then the upper support will be subjected only to vertical loads from the stairs. Consequently, the risk of cracks in the march is minimized.
A gap of about 1 cm is required between the vertical end of the support element and the load-bearing floor structures.

Fixation of wooden stringers to longitudinal or transverse wooden beams can be carried out with a gash on the ladder support, or on the beam element.

There are a lot of options for fixing ladder structures to wooden beams. Often the choice of a particular method depends on the various nuances of the product itself and how the opening in the ceiling under the stairs is made.

Features of fastening stairs with metal stringers

Stair structures on metal supports are stable and durable. If the interfloor supporting structures are made of reinforced concrete beams, then the metal support can simply be welded to them.

But another option is also possible:

The edge of the stringer, with which it will be attached to the beam or ceiling slab, is cut off at the required angle.
Steel plates or corners are welded to the ends of the support.
Kosour fastening to reinforced concrete structure made with bolts or anchors.

For fixing a steel ladder to wooden beam can be installed on the upper end of the kosour special metal plate with through holes.

The support is attached to it through these holes. The thickness of the metal must be at least 5 mm.
So that the plate does not interfere in the future decorative trim, it must be drowned in a beam. This can be done by cutting a slot in the beam material in the form of a rectangle to fit the plate.
With the help of a chisel and a hammer, such work can be done with your own hands, but the process will be very laborious. It is much easier to cut a groove using a router. Width and Height seat should be 3-5 mm larger than the plate dimensions.
When choosing suitable hardware for fastening a metal stringer, it is necessary to take into account permanent and temporary loads. A constant load is the weight of the staircase itself, variable loads are the weight of a person and objects being moved.
For example, the mass of a metal product is 140 kg, average weight person - 90 kg. Therefore, the minimum load will be 230 kg.

If self-tapping capercaillie screws 10 x 120 mm in size are used as fasteners, each of which is capable of withstanding a load of 100 kg, then the use of 8 hardware makes it possible maximum load for fasteners in 800 kg. The margin of safety with such a mount is sufficient.

Because of great variety options, the most suitable fastening of the stairs to the floor should be selected taking into account all individual features structures. If you are not confident in your abilities, then it is better to entrust such work to professionals.

The price of their services will largely depend on the complexity of the mounted product. But do not save on this - the safety of the entire structure plays a very important role. More information on the topic " Correct installation stairs to floors various types” can be obtained from the video in this article.

Many private houses have stairs leading to the second floor. As a rule, it is designed at the stage of developing the layout of the entire structure. In principle, during construction there is various works, which it is quite possible to do on your own, for example, mount the same steps if they are made of wood. However, many masters cannot understand how to fix the steps. wooden stairs. From this article, you will learn about the main method of assembling such a structure and make sure that such a procedure can be easily done with your own hands.

Staircase on bowstrings

The vast majority of stairs in the premises are assembled on bowstrings. This is the name of the supporting structure of the flight of the stairs itself. It looks like a beam with cutouts, which, in turn, are made on its inside - it is in these cutouts that the steps are placed. This method fastenings of the master are called classic.

materials

Most often, bowstrings are made from:

Wood. Only coniferous and deciduous species are used. conifers are considered very good, but they have one drawback - they are able to release resin. For this reason, it is better to choose hardwoods.
Metal.
Reinforced concrete.

Parameters

The dimensions of the finished bowstring directly depend on the length of the flight of stairs. Before fixing the steps of a wooden staircase, it is worth considering the following parameters:

For a staircase with a width of 90 cm, it is better to make a bowstring from a board with a thickness of about 0.5 cm and a width of 30 cm.
Nest cuts are made at a depth of 2 cm.
The minimum width of the string itself is 27.5 cm.

In order to correctly mark the bowstring, two main methods are used:

Using a ruler and square.
By resorting to the help of a special template.

Important! For each method, you need to draw a line of support. It must be marked 4-5 cm from the edge of the workpiece. Before you begin to perform all operations for the manufacture of a bowstring, it is imperative to impregnate the wood blank with a primer.

When marking the bowstring, you need to consider the following points:

It is necessary that the march slope is 30-40 degrees.
The depth of the steps must be at least 30 cm.
Each one is approximately 20cm high.

Instruments

In order to make steps and a bowstring, you need to stock up on the following items:

Roulette, square and ruler.
Electric jigsaw.
Level.
Drill.
Manual milling machine.
Hammer.
Screwdriwer set.
Bit.
Wooden slats (can be replaced with metal corners).

Installation

Before proceeding with fastening the steps of a wooden staircase, you need to cut the grooves using a manual milling machine. After that, the structure must be attached to the location of the wooden stairs. This procedure can be done in two ways:

By installing the racks in the allocated holes in the floor.
By attaching these racks with anchor bolts.

The next step is to attach the steps to the bowstring. Steps you've already cut down suitable sizes and processed, and the risers are attached to the grooves or screwed to the bars of wood, to the corners of the metal.

Important! These details are very important to do with extreme precision, otherwise, the whole structure will stagger more and more over time and emit an unpleasant creak.

The bowstrings must be fastened to each other with ties after 3-4 steps.

We attach the steps with a kosour

You can fix the steps on a wooden staircase to a stringer made of metal or wood. This is the name of the support beam, which has a sawtooth shape. Attached to her protrusions wooden details. You can install one stringer or several. The steps are attached to them with screws, and their caps on top must be closed with small wooden plugs.

Important! The best option there will be sawing steps from oak or pine. As a rule, riser masters do not install - this makes the structure lighter and soft look. It is also worth noting that even to assemble a ladder made of wood, it is simply necessary to have a welding skill.

Finishing

After you have fixed the steps of a wooden staircase, she needs to make a good fence, consisting of a railing with balusters. For this purpose, you need to follow a few rules:

It is necessary that the gap between them be at least 15 cm and not more than 20 cm.
They are attached with outside bowstrings, using screws, dowels, studs or spikes.
For the studs, you need to drill a hole with a diameter of 12 mm to a depth of 80 mm. They are put on glue, while leaving 5-7 mm outside.

Further work is as follows:

A hole must be drilled in the bowstring, the depth of which is 10 cm.
Next comes the installation of the extreme columns. Between them you need to pull the twine and put the rest of the balusters.
Attach the railing, which is made of a bar, 80-100 mm wide.
Cover the entire structure with varnish or paint to give a protective layer.

Security

Finally, materials that resist slipping can be laid on the steps.

Wooden stairs in the house are a very attractive element that can decorate or, conversely, spoil appearance any room. Beautiful carved stairs, like the one shown in the title photo, are the prerogative of professional assemblers and carvers, but this does not mean at all that simple designs hand-assembled cannot look impressive.

In today's article, we will step by step analyze the installation of stairs made of wood. This material will allow you to assemble a solid construction with your own hands, without spending a lot of money on hiring specialists and material.

The first thing any builder faces is the design of future work. In the case of building stairs, you will need to create a real drawing to scale.

It is a drawing, not sketches on a piece of cardboard or a pack of cigarettes. This approach will avoid the occurrence of common errors in the manufacture and assembly of parts.

Terminological dictionary

Before starting the story about the installation of a wooden staircase with your own hands, let's plunge a little into the world of terms and concepts.

Our task is to study the main details that make up a wooden staircase:

bowstring- a support beam that stands at a slope and holds the steps. A feature of the bowstrings is that the steps are inserted into the grooves cut in the body of the board. In the diagram, this detail is shown on the left side of the viewer.
Kosour- the purpose is similar to the bowstring, but there is a difference in the structure of the part. If in the first case the steps were installed in the grooves, then here the support is cut right on the top edge of the board, and the steps are laid on top. It is on the right side of the diagram.
Tread or step- this is the part of the structure that the moving person steps on. You can also hear the name - step cover.
riser- this is the side decorative part of the step, installed vertically. It is not a bearing element, therefore, individual structures do not provide for its presence at all.
support poles– there are starting, finishing and turning poles. They are the main load-bearing element for stair railings. Rotary are installed if the structure has more than one march.
handrails- this is the holder on which a person relies when ascending or descending.
Balusters- vertical elements that form the filling of the railing. Unlike pillars, they are not supports, however, firmly fixed, they significantly increase the strength of the entire fence structure.
Ordinary step- a standard march step with fixed dimensions.
frieze steps- the first and last steps of the flight. They may differ from ordinary ones in size and shape, compensating for the remainder of the distance, when dividing the span height by the number of steps.

Explanation! This means that the distance between the floors of the first and second floors is rarely a multiple of the height of the steps. Because of this, the lower step has different dimensions. And the upper frieze step goes into the same plane with top platform, and depending on the fastening of the stringer, it can be completely retracted or protruding, with a larger tread.

The designs that we will consider today are called marching. They are characterized by the presence of straight flat areas of rise. Depending on the height of the span, the space for the stairs and the number of floors, single-flight and multi-flight structures are arranged.

Multi-flight stairs must have a turn: 90, 180 or 270 degrees. The degree of rotation, again, depends on the space in which the ladder is located. In the first two options, the number of marches is two, and in the last - three.

The more turns, the more compact the ladder can be made. To connect the marches, intermediate platforms and running steps are used.

The turntable is a horizontal plane. It is usually located in the middle of the span, dividing the rise into two equal sections.

Winder steps, like a part spiral staircase, provide a smooth lift during a turn. They can be located both in the middle of the span and closer to the level of the first floor, reducing the first march, up to several steps. In this case, most often the turn is placed in the corner of the room.

The step itself is a trapezoid irregular shape and mounted around the swivel support post subject to the overall height of the risers and a certain degree of offset.

Drafting

So, we became aware of the main elements that make up a wooden marching staircase. As you already understood, we will collect it in this article. Now you can safely proceed to the creation of the drawing.

First of all, we advise you to turn to a professional designer for help, who will correctly calculate the amount of material, the dimensions of the structure, the optimal shape and other design features. Naturally, you will have to spend money, but sometimes saving can get even more expensive.

If you don’t have the opportunity to spend extra money, you can use free online staircase designers.

To work with these tools, you do not need specific knowledge of communicating with a computer. Everything is extremely simple and intuitive. You only need to accurately perform all measurements in place and indicate them on the calculation page.

The most convenient option is the upper fastening of the steps to the stringer. This option for fastening steps, in turn, can also be divided into several ways of fastening:

Fastening the step to the stringer with the hardware cap left on the step surface, bolt-nut connection or bolt-thread in the stringer.
Fastening the step to the stringer with a partial recess of the hardware head into the step. Connection, as well as in the first method.

If you choose the first method of fastening the steps to the frame of the stairs, then in this case it is necessary to purchase bolts with a decorative cap and preferably a turnkey hexagon. When installing such bolts, the decorative cap will serve as an additional decoration of the stairs, and if during the operation of the stairs the fastening of the steps is weakened, then tightening or replacing the fixing material can be done without hindrance, because access to the bolt and nut in this case is free and nothing interferes with the repair works.

When choosing the second method, when the hardware head is partially recessed into the step and the hole is closed from above with a wooden plug or puttied. In this case, repairing steps (replacing or tightening fasteners) will be difficult, since we will have to drill a wooden plug in order to get to the hardware head, and this is not a very convenient option for repairing steps or tightening fasteners.

In principle, these two methods of attaching steps to the stringer have almost equal chances for their use, and therefore we will consider both methods in this article. Now we need to decide on the hardware, that is, to choose the most suitable bolts for us to connect wooden products, in our case it is a wooden step. Next, we need to choose the hardware suitable for both methods.

As you can see in the photo, self-tapping screw No. 1 (on a yellow background) is suitable for fastening the step from the bottom of the stringer, it is accordingly not suitable for the methods of fastening the step chosen by us, so let's move on to other hardware.

The same photo on the right shows a countersunk head bolt (#2). This bolt has a countersunk head with a mustache; when such a bolt is installed in a hole made in a wooden step, the bolt will not be able to turn while tightening the nut, since the mustache cuts into the wood when tightened and serves as a kind of stopper. From above, the hole is closed with a wooden plug (to the left of the bolt).

The photo below shows pan-head furniture bolts. Under the head of bolt No. 3 there is a square head, and under the head of bolt No. 4 there is a mustache. These bolts, as well as bolt number 2 in their design feature will not rotate in the wooden step while tightening the nut. The only thing is that the heads of bolts No. 3 and 4 will remain on top of the stage.

It remains to make a choice of bolts. Let's choose bolt No. 4 for the first method of fixing the stage and bolt No. 2 for the second method of fixing the stage.

Next, we will make markings for the through holes in the stringers of the stairs. We need to make at least two holes in the reference corner of the left and right stringers. Let's look at an example of calculating hole locations:

First, determine the center of the hole. To do this, measure 20 mm from the edge of the kosour (half the width of the corner shelf) and draw the X axis. Next, measure 40 mm from end A, and draw the Y axis, measure 60 mm from end B and draw the Y1 axis, at the intersection of the axes we get the center of future holes .

The diameter of the holes depends on the diameter of the bolts with which we will fasten the steps. Take for example the bolts we have chosen in photo 3. Bolt No. 2 (DIN 604) and bolt No. 4 (DIN 607) - the diameter of the bolts is 8 mm. This means that for making holes we need a drill with a diameter of more than 8 mm, for example 8.5 mm. The use of a drill with a large diameter is not recommended in order to ensure the tightest installation of the bolt.

Now you need to make holes in the steps. We mark the places for arranging holes in the steps in such a way that they coincide with the holes in the stringers.

If you and I use a bolt No. 2 with a countersunk head to fasten the steps, then in this case we need to drill two holes. The first hole is a through hole with a diameter of 8 ... 8.2 mm. Through this hole, we will install a bolt with a partial depth of its head, so we need to make another hole with a diameter of 17 mm and a depth of at least 15 mm, as shown in Figure 7 (footnote on the right). Why is the hole depth exactly 15 mm?

As can be seen from Figure 7, the head of bolt #2 has a diameter of 16.55 mm and a height of 5 mm. This means that when installing the bolt, the cap will take at least 3 ... 4 mm in height, and we need the rest of the hole height to install a wooden plug 10 ... 12 mm high. Therefore, we will make a second hole with a depth of at least 15 mm.

When using bolt No. 4, it is enough for us to drill one through hole with a diameter of 8 ... 8.2 mm. In order for the mustache to cut into the step, you can make a few not too strong blows with a rubber mallet on the bolt head. With each blow, the bolt will lower, and the mustache will crash into the step, and then when the nut is tightened, the bolt will not turn.

Installation of steps and risers on stairs

So, the steps are ready for installation on the stairs. After we figure it out, we can begin installing the steps and risers on the stairs.

Let's start from the bottom flight of stairs first, install the lower frieze step (A), fasten it to the stringer with four bolts, for example, with a countersunk head, and install wooden plugs. After we install the riser (B) and the second step (C), we also attach the step to the stringer. In the same order of risers - step, we continue the installation of steps on the entire staircase.

The order of installation of hardware is shown in the figure in the footnote. First we install the bolt, then we put the washer on the bolt, the grover and after that we already wind and tighten the nut.

Note: and the lower riser will be installed after the installation of the stair railing.

Installing a wooden staircase is easy, which even beginners can do just fine A wooden staircase is the most common version of staircase structures leading to the second floor of a two-story mansion, summer house, or even a yacht on a pontoon. The individuality of the tree gives the dwelling its uniqueness and inimitable character. In addition, a wooden staircase fills the house with notes of warmth and comfort, which cannot be said about stairs made of stone or metal. But besides the positive aspects, the wooden staircase also has its negative sides - they are more prone to damage and wear than all others.

Step by step installation of wooden stairs

Before you start installing stairs to the second floor, it will be right to first process all the constituent parts of the product. For this, they are used antiseptics that protect the tree from fungi and various infections. Varnishes, paints and varnishes allow you to give the stairs a more aesthetic appearance. After all this, thorough drying of the wood is necessary.

Installing a wooden ladder step by step process. First of all, details are collected, to which access will later be limited. Then the internal parts are installed.

First you need to decide on the appearance of the stairs, the type of its design and, of course, the location

Installers can assemble the stairs, but to save your money, you can do it yourself. This is usually done by two people. To begin with, determine the location of the stairs and its appearance. If there is a large enough space in the hall, then the staircase can be placed in the center of the room, so it can serve as an interior decoration. If the space is not large, then it is better to make the structure modest and compact. After all this, you can begin to assemble the stairs itself.

Step-by-step installation of stairs:

Install wall stringers, for this, holes are drilled in the wall and fastened with capercaillie or dowels;
We assemble the external stringer or bowstring. Here all the details are attached to liquid nails;
Step installation. They are bolted to the supporting stringers;
Fence assembly. Installation and fastening of railings.

When assembling stairs with your own hands, you must comply with all the requirements provided for by GOST. It is also required to take into account the strength of the floor on which your stairs will be located and possible loads. The smallest load that your ladder must withstand is 400 kg.

How to attach a ladder to a wall

It is necessary to attach the ladder to the wall so that it is reliable and durable, the safety of operation will depend on this. Attachment methods are also different. They depend on the type of your staircase, on its weight and type, as well as on what material the walls and the staircase itself are made of.

You can fix the ladder to the wall using different fastening systems. Each mount requires non-standard solutions and individual approach.

The stairs must be able to support your weight when going up and down between floors. Therefore, what material the wall consists of is very important. It is recommended to fasten stairs to concrete or brick walls, in a word, to load-bearing walls or to the most durable walls of the house. It is impossible to mount the structure on plasterboard walls.

The process of mounting the ladder structure should be approached competently, since the safety of the future ladder will depend on this.

Types of fasteners are:

spiked;
Mechanical;
Glue.

For more reliable fixation, the elements are glued before fastening. The main factor in the safety of the stairs is not only the material from which your structure is made, but the quality of the fasteners.

Bearing pillar of the stairs: how to fix it on the floor

When building a staircase, the main task is to make it strong, reliable and durable. To do this, you need to properly install the supporting structures of the stairs. They can be a kosour, a bowstring or a supporting pole.

To fix the pillar of the stairs, as well as the kosour, it is necessary to qualitatively. After all, they will hold the entire heavy staircase structure.

The main fastener for the poles is a screw - a hairpin. Thanks to its hardened metal rod, the stair column will be securely fixed. To work, you will also need other tools: a drill, drills and keys.

You can make the stairs reliable and durable if you install the supporting structures correctly

Ladder post mounting scheme:

To begin with, we drill holes in the column and in the base;
We twist the screw - the stud into the base with a key;
Then we install the post on the screw - the hairpin and insert it into the gearbox;
The gearbox mark should look down and coincide with the very axis of the screw - stud;
With a hex wrench, we draw the column to the base;
We close the hole with the gearbox with a wooden plug.

Fastening a stair post to the floor is not simple task. But using new ideas and materials, you can quickly and easily do this.

How often do wooden stairs need to be repaired?

One of the problems that all residents of private houses face is the repair of a wooden staircase. It wears out quickly if it goes up and down a large number of people doing it quite often. Structural wear occurs.

Repair of a wooden staircase can be cosmetic, current and capital. The type of repair that you will make depends on the degree of damage to the stairs.

Redecoration is the painting of the stairs, improving it appearance. Maintenance, mainly performed in case of breakdown individual elements your design. A major overhaul is a complete reconstruction of the stairs. It is made if the main part of the stairs is dismantled.

Behind the wooden stairs permanent care, because its functionality and appearance depend on it

The main indications for carrying out overhaul stairs:

The steps and the whole structure as a whole creak;
The railing is shaking;
Bent or broken steps;
The stringer array has rotted;
The bowstring cracked;
The balusters were damaged.

In order to repair the structure, you need to dismantle the damaged parts of the lift, or the stairs as a whole, and replace them with new ones.

Do-it-yourself wooden staircase installation (video)

Wooden stairs usually bring more trouble than stone or wooden stairs. You can carry out the manufacture and installation of such stairs, as well as repair them yourself, or you can take a price list and choose an organization that will perform these works in your home. Choose an organization that has a license for this type of work. Indeed, in the case of a poorly made staircase, you can file a lawsuit against this organization.