Society as a dynamic system briefly. Social progress and its criteria

Society as a complex dynamic system. (08.09)

The word "system" of Greek origin, means "a whole made up of parts", "a set". Each system includes interacting parts: subsystems and elements. The connections and relationships between its parts are of primary importance. (What is dynamics?) Dynamic systems allow for various changes, development, the emergence of new parts and the death of old parts.

Features of the social system.

Characteristic features of society as a system:

1) It has a complex character (includes many levels, subsystems, elements. The macrostructure of society consists of four subsystems - spheres of social life. Society is a supersystem.

2) The presence in its composition of elements of different quality, both material (various technical devices, institutions, etc.) and ideal (values, ideas, traditions, etc.)

3) The main element of society as a system is a person who has the ability to set goals and choose the means of carrying out their activities.

3) society as a system is self-governing. What subsystem do you think performs the management function? The administrative function is performed by the political subsystem, which gives consistency to all components that form social integrity.

Social life is in constant change. The pace and extent of these changes may vary. There are periods in the history of mankind when the established order of life did not change in its foundations for centuries, but over time the pace of change began to increase.

Types of social dynamics

Social Changes - the transition of certain social. objects from one state to another, the appearance of new properties, functions, relationships, i.e. social modifications. organizations, social institutions, social structure, patterns of behavior established in society

Development - changes that lead to profound qualitative changes in society, social transformations. connections, the transition of the entire social. systems to a new state.

Progress is the direction of development of society, which is characterized by a transition from lower to higher, from less perfect to more perfect.

Regression is a movement from higher to lower, degradation processes, a return to outliving oneself in forms and structures.

Evolution is a gradual continuous change, passing one into another without jumps and breaks.

Revolution is a radical qualitative change in the entire social structure of society, fundamental changes covering the economy, politics, and the spiritual sphere.

Social reform - the reorganization of any sphere of public life (institutions, institutions and procedures, etc.) while maintaining the existing social system.

Man is a universal component of all social systems, since he is necessarily included in each of them.

Society as a system has an integrative property (none of the components of the system separately has this property). This quality is the result of the integration and interconnection of all components of the system.

As a result of the interconnection, interaction of the components that make up the system of society, society as a social system has a new sv - in - the ability to create more and more new conditions for its existence, to produce everything necessary for the collective life of people.

In philosophy, self-sufficiency is seen as the main difference between society and its constituent parts.

Any system is in a certain environment with which it interacts.

The environment of the social system of any country is nature and the world community.

Functions:

Adaptations

Goal achievement (the ability to maintain its integrity, ensuring the implementation of its tasks, influencing the natural and social environment)

Maintaining the pattern - the ability to maintain its internal structure

Integration - the ability to integrate, i.e., to include new social formations (phenomena, processes, etc.) into a single whole.

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

The word "institution" in Latin means "establishment"

In sociology, a social institution is a historically established stable form of organizing joint activities, regulated by norms, traditions, customs and aimed at meeting the most important vital needs.

Pyramid of Abraham Maslow

Physiology - the base needs of the body, aimed at its vital activity (hunger, sleep, sexual desire, etc.)

Safety - the need to be sure that nothing threatens life.

Sociality - the need for contact with others and their role in society (friendship, love, belonging to a certain nationality, experiencing mutual feelings ...)

Recognition - respect, recognition by the society of its success, the usefulness of its role in the life of such a society.

Cognition - satisfaction of the natural curiosity of a person (to know, prove, be able and study ...)

Aesthetics - internal needs and urges to follow the truth (a subjective concept of how everything should be).

I am the need for self-realization, self-actualization, the highest mission of my existence, a spiritual need, the highest role of a person in humanity, understanding my meaning of existence ... (the list is very long - Maslow's pyramid of needs - often used by many people and "spiritual" organizations, with different worldview systems and the top put their highest concept of the meaning of human existence).

Sociologists identify 5 social needs:

1) in the reproduction of the genus

2) in safety and social order

3) in livelihood

4) in obtaining knowledge, socialization of the younger generation, training

5) in solving spiritual problems of the meaning of life

According to these needs in general - ve developed and activities. Which required the necessary organization, streamlining, the creation of certain institutions and other structures, the development of rules that ensure the achievement of the expected result. These conditions for the successful implementation of the main activities were met by historically established social institutions :

- family and marriage

- political institutions (especially the state)

- economic institutions (primarily production)

- institutes of education, science and culture

- institute of religion

Each of these institutions brings together large masses of people to meet a particular need and achieve a specific goal of a personal, group or social nature.

The emergence of social institutions led to the consolidation of specific types of interaction, made them permanently mandatory for all members of a given society.

Features of a social institution:

A social institution is a set of persons engaged in a certain type of activity and ensuring in the process of this activity the satisfaction of a certain significant need (for example, all employees of the education system)

The institute is secured by a system of legal and moral norms, traditions and customs that regulate the respective types of behavior.

The presence of institutions equipped with certain material resources necessary for any type of activity.

The presence of c and makes people's behavior more predictable, and society as a whole more stable.

Typology of societies.

Modern researchers distinguish 3 main historical types of society:

1) traditional (agrarian)

2) industrial (capitalist)

3) post-industrial society (information)

The basis for the division into these types of society is:

The attitude of people to nature (and the natural environment modified by man),

The relationship of people to each other (type of social connection)

The system of values and life meanings (a generalized expression of these relations in the spiritual life of society)

traditional society.

The concept of T.O. covers the great agrarian civilizations of the Ancient East (Ancient India, Ancient China, Ancient Egypt, medieval states of the Muslim East), European states of the Middle Ages. In a number of states in Asia and Africa, the traditional society is still preserved today, but the clash with modern Western civilization has significantly changed its civilizational features.

In T.O. the basis of life is agricultural labor, the fruits of which give a person all the necessary means of life.

The man of the traditional society is dependent on nature.

Metaphors: the earth is a nurse, the earth is mother, express a careful attitude towards nature as a source of life from which it was not supposed to draw too much.

The farmer perceived nature as a living being, requiring a moral attitude towards himself. Therefore, a person of a traditional society is not a master, not a conqueror, and not a king of nature. He is a small fraction of the great cosmic whole, the universe.

The social basis of traditional society is the relationship of personal dependence.

A traditional society is characterized by a non-economic attitude to work: work for the master, payment of dues.

The person did not feel like a person, opposing or competing with others. On the contrary, he perceived himself as an integral part of the community, the village, the policy. The social status of a person was determined not by personal merit, but by social origin. "it is written in the family" The daily life of traditional society was remarkably stable. It was regulated not so much by laws as by tradition.

Tradition is a set of unwritten rules, patterns of activity, behavior and communication that embody the experience of ancestors. The social habits of people have hardly changed for many generations. The organization of life, ways of housekeeping and communication norms, festive rituals, ideas about illness and death - in a word, everything that we call everyday life - was brought up in the family and passed down from generation to generation. Many generations of people found the same social structures, modes of activity and social habits.

The subordination of tradition explains the high stability with an extremely slow pace of social development.

! During the transition from a traditional society to an industrial one, a non-economic attitude to work.

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Society is the social organization of the country, which ensures the joint life of people.

This a part of the material world isolated from nature, which is a historically developing form of connections and relations of people in the process of their life activity.

Characteristic features of society:

1. Territory- a certain physical space in which communications are formed and developed (most often within the framework of one state).

2 .Population - a large social group with common social characteristics.

3. Autonomy and self-sufficiency.

autonomy means that society has its own territory, its own history, its own system of governance.
self-sufficiency- the ability of society to self-regulate, that is, to ensure the functioning of all vital spheres without outside interference, for example, to reproduce the size of the population.

Common history (formation, common overcoming of obstacles, solution of joint problems, common heroes)

Shared values and culture

Economy (allowing society to be self-sufficient)

Should last for 1 generation (20-25 years)

8. social structure ( a set of interconnected and interacting social communities, social institutions and relations between them)

Consistency.

System (Greek)- a whole made up of parts, a combination, a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, which form a certain unity.

Society is a complex system that brings people together. They are in close unity and interrelation.

The main element of society as a system is a person who has the ability to set goals and choose the means of carrying out their activities.

Society has different subsystems.. Subsystems that are close in direction are usually called spheres human life:

· Economic (material - production): production, property, distribution of goods, money circulation, etc.)

· Political (management, politics, state, law, their correlation and functioning).

· Social (classes, social groups, nations, taken in their relationship and interaction with each other).

· spiritual and moral (religion, science, art).

There is a close relationship between all spheres of human life. Each of these spheres, being an element of the system called "society", in turn, turns out to be a system in relation to the elements that make it up. All four spheres of social life are not only interconnected, but also mutually condition each other. The division of society into spheres is somewhat arbitrary, but it helps to isolate and study certain areas of a truly integral society, a diverse and complex social life.

Public relations- a set of various connections, contacts, dependencies that arise between people (the relationship of property, power and subordination, the relationship of rights and freedoms).

Determine the role of law in the system of social regulators. Describe the main elements of the system of law.

Law is a system of generally binding rules of conduct established by the state, norms, the implementation of which is ensured by the power of state coercion.

Right is a public phenomenon. It arises as a product of society at a certain stage of its development.

Right to eat regulator of socially significant human behavior, variety of social norms. It deals with the social sphere, which includes:

b) relations between people (public relations);

c) the behavior of the subjects of public relations.

SIGNS OF LAW

general obligation; normativity; consistency; connection with the state; regulativeness.

The right is considered social regulator Social regulation is necessary because it ensures the normal functioning of society. The essence of social regulation is in influencing the behavior of people and the activities of organizations . But in addition to the social purpose, the right also has functional purpose . The functional purpose of law is best expressed in the fact that law acts as regulator of public relations .

OTHER REGULATORS OF PUBLIC RELATIONS

social norm- these are, simply put, the rules of human behavior in society, so that both he and society are in agreement. But these rules do not apply to a specific person, but to all people in a given society, and they are not only general, but also mandatory. The social norms that operate in modern society are divided according to the way they are established And on the means of protecting their claims from violations .

There are the following types of social norms:

1. Law- rules of conduct that are established and protected by the state.

2. Norms of morality (ethics)- rules of conduct that are established in society in accordance with the moral ideas of people and are protected by the power of public opinion or inner conviction.

3. Corporate regulations- the rules of conduct that are established by the public organizations themselves and are protected by them.

4. Norms of customs- rules of conduct that have developed in a certain social environment and, as a result of their repeated repetition, have become a habit of people.

5. Traditions - the most generalized and stable rules of conduct that arise in a certain area of human life (family, professional, military, national and other traditions).

6. Religious norms- a kind of social norms that determines the rules of human behavior in the performance of rituals and is protected by measures of moral influence.

7. aesthetic standards- the concept of beautiful and terrible, harmonious and disharmony, proportional, awkward, etc. in the public mind.

ELEMENTS OF THE SYSTEM OF LAW

Structure of the legal system- this is an objectively existing internal structure of the law of a given state. The main structural elements of the system of law:

but) Law- the initial component, those "bricks" from which the entire "building" of the system of law is ultimately formed. The rule of law is always a structural element of a certain institution of law and a certain branch of law

The norm is a complex formation, structurally consisting of three elements: hypotheses, dispositions and sanctions.

-Hypothesis- part of the norm, which contains an indication of the conditions or circumstances, in the presence or absence of which the norm is implemented. For example, in the event of the birth of a child, the right to receive a lump-sum allowance for the birth of a child arises. The hypothesis here is the birth of a child.

-Disposition- this is the very rule of conduct, according to which the participants in the legal relationship must act. This part of the norm contains the rights and obligations of subjects, i.e. it determines the measure of permitted and proper behavior. In the example above, the disposition is the entitlement to benefits.

-Sanction- part of the norm, which indicates the adverse consequences arising from the violation of the disposition of the legal norm. These consequences can be of a different nature: punishment (measure of responsibility) in the form of a reprimand, a fine, arrest, imprisonment, etc.; various types of coercive measures (preventive - drive, seizure of property; protective measures - reinstatement of an illegally dismissed employee in his previous job, recovery of alimony), etc.

b) Institute of Law- this is a separate part of the branch of law, a set of legal norms that regulate a certain side of qualitatively homogeneous social relations (for example, property law, inheritance law - civil law institutions).

in) Branch of law- this is an independent part of the system of law, a set of legal norms that regulate a certain area of qualitatively homogeneous social relations (for example, civil law regulates property relations).

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Population

3. Public authority(professionally engaged in the management and protection of society (state apparatus)

4. Legislation(a system of legal norms binding on the entire population)

5. Army(protection of the population and the sovereignty of the state)

6 . The right to make mandatory taxes and fees(for the maintenance of the state apparatus, army, budget payments)

7. Legal right to legal enforcement(from various administrative, criminal penalties, restriction of freedom). To perform the functions of coercion, the state has special bodies: the army, the police, the security service, the court, the prosecutor's office.

8. Sovereignty(the right and ability to manage one's inner and outer life independently, without the intervention of some other force).

CHALLENGES OF THE ECONOMY

Economic activity is necessary in order to turn resources into the necessary economic benefits, goods and services that satisfy one or another human need.

The process of transforming natural objects into commodities:

Every economic system is faced with the need to perform certain basic kinds of choice.

Among them, the following are the most important:

1 TO what goods to produce. The inability to produce as many goods as people would like is a consequence of the scarcity of the resources used to produce these goods. The need for each of these choices is dictated by limited resources.

2. How they should be produced ( For almost any product or service, there are several ways of production: manual and automatic assembly of a car; nuclear or thermal power plant). Everything depends on the availability of means of production and its efficiency.

3. Who and what work should be done. The question of who should perform what kind of work is related to the organization of the social division of labor - specialty, qualifications, etc.

4. For whom the results of this work are intended. The distribution of any given amount of a good can be improved through an exchange that will satisfy more than one person's preferences. According to the concept of equality, all people, by the very fact of belonging to humanity, deserve to receive a portion of the goods and services produced by the economy.

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Bylaws

NLA |5. Decrees and resolutions of the Head of the LPR(Decree "On the curfew regime")

|6. Decrees and orders of the Council of Ministers of the LPR(Decree "On the approval of Sanitary rules in the forests of the Luhansk People's Republic")

|7. Acts of executive bodies of the LPR(Order of the Ministry of Justice of the LPR "On approval of forms of registration cards")

|7. NLA of local governments(Decree of the Head of the Administration of the city of Alchevsk "On the organization of work on spring sanitary cleaning and improvement of the territory of the city of Alchevsk"

|8. Local legal acts ( Order of the director of LEPLI "On the enrollment of NNN in the contingent of 10-B class" ).

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LAWS OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY

In the market there is a relationship between price and demand, as well as between price and supply.

Law of supply and demand - an economic law that establishes the dependence of the magnitude of demand and supply of goods on the market on their prices.

Demand– the need of the buyer for the goods and services he needs, for the purchase of which he is willing to pay.

Demand is affected: incomes of buyers, their tastes and preferences, quantity of goods on the market, prices of goods.

The market provides an alternative at different prices. People can buy more products if their price goes down and vice versa. The higher the price of a product, the lower the demand.

Sentence – the set of goods that producers are willing to sell at alternative prices.

The proposal is affected by: number of sellers in the market, manufacturing techniques, product prices, costs, taxes, number of sellers.

The higher the price, the more the supply of products from sellers increases.

When the supply of goods exceeds the demand of buyers, then there is an overstocking of the market with surplus products that do not find a market - there is a crisis of overproduction. The way out is to reduce prices (markdown of goods, seasonal sale).

The offer applies exclusively to goods produced for sale. For example, a farmer can use part of his production for his own needs (this is not an offer), and send part of it to a storage warehouse for subsequent sale or sell at the moment.

When demand exceeds supply, there is a shortage of goods.(if the money income of the population grows faster than the output of goods in demand).

Exceptions: price increases may not reduce the sale of products, and sometimes, on the contrary, stimulate. This phenomenon in the market is manifested in the conditions of expectation of price growth. The buyer strives to stock up on goods at not yet extremely high prices. For example: the expectation of a price decrease can reduce the demand for gold or foreign exchange.

To circumvent the law of supply and demand in the European Union, overproduction of butter is stored in warehouses, on the so-called "mountain of butter". Thus, there is an artificial containment of supply and the price remains stable.

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1. Expand the relationship between biological and social in a person. Give examples of the relationship between nature, man and society.

On June 2014, the Law of the LPR "On urgent measures of social protection of citizens living on the territory of the Lugansk People's Republic in the conditions of aggression of the armed forces and armed formations of Ukraine" was adopted

Where installed (Art. 1) lump sums families of those killed as a result of the aggression of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, wounded and shell-shocked among the civilian population, servicemen who were maimed and injured.

Established (art. 2) surcharge medical workers, students, graduate students - 25% of the salary, scholarships.

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Describe society as a complex dynamic system. Name the main areas of society.

Topic: Society as a complex dynamic system

Purpose: to bring cadets to the conclusion that society is a highly complex system and in order to live in harmony with it, it is necessary to adapt to it. Conditions for adaptation to modern society is knowledge about it.

Educational:

To reveal the features of the social system.

Explain to students such concepts as: society, social system, social institutions

Describe the main social institutions

Developing:

1. Develop skills and abilities to work with text

To instill skills to critically evaluate and analyze social science information

Educational:

To form curiosity and interest in this course on the example of the topic: Society as a complex dynamic system

Features of the social system

Social institutions

During the classes

Features of the social system

Is there a connection between various events and phenomena in the life of society?

What gives stability and predictability to the development of society?

In the previous lesson, we analyzed the definitions of the concept of "society", the idea of the relationship of people and the interaction of various spheres of public life was emphasized. In philosophical literature, society is defined as a "dynamic system". The new concept of "system" may seem complicated, but it makes sense to understand it, since there are many objects in the world that are covered by this concept. Systems are our Universe, and the culture of an individual people, and the activity of man himself. The word "system" of Greek origin, means "a whole made up of parts", "a set". Thus, each system includes interacting parts: subsystems and elements. Connections and relations between its parts are of primary importance. Dynamic systems allow various changes, development, the emergence of new and the withering away of old parts and the connections between them.

What does the term system mean?

What are the characteristic features of society as a system?

How does this system differ from natural systems?

A number of such differences have been identified in the social sciences.

First, society as a system is complex, since it includes many levels, subsystems, and elements. So, we can talk about human society on a global scale, about a society within one country, about various social groups in which each person is included (nation, class, family, etc.).

What subsystems does society consist of?

The macrostructure of society as a system consists of foursubsystems, which are the main spheres of human activity - material-production, social, political, spiritual. Each of these spheres known to you has its own complex structure and is itself a complex system. Thus, the political sphere acts as a system that includes a large number of components - the state, parties, etc. But the state, for example, is also a system with many components.

Thus, any of the existing spheres of society, being a subsystem in relation to society, at the same time itself acts as a rather complex system. Therefore, we can speak of a hierarchy of systems consisting of a number of different levels.

In other words, society is a complex system of systems, a kind ofsupersystem.

Name the characteristics of society

Secondly, feature society as a system is the presence in its composition of elements of different quality, both material (various technical devices, institutions, etc.) and ideal (values, ideas, traditions, etc.). For example, the economic sphere includes enterprises, vehicles, raw materials, industrial goods, and at the same time economic knowledge, rules, values, patterns of economic behavior, and much more.

What are the main elements of society

Thirdly, main element society as a system is a person who has the ability to set goals and choose the means of carrying out their activities. This makes social systems more changeable and mobile than natural ones.

Based on historical knowledge, prove that social life is in constant change. (in writing)

Public life isconstant change. The pace and extent of these changes may vary; there are periods in the history of mankind when the established order of life did not change in its foundations for centuries, but over time the pace of change began to increase.

From the course of history, you know that certain qualitative changes took place in societies that existed in different eras, while the natural systems of those periods did not undergo significant changes. This fact indicates that society is a dynamic system that has a property that is expressed in science by the concepts of “change”, “development”, “progress”, “regression”, “evolution”, “revolution”, etc.

Consequently, human is a universal element of all social systems, since it is necessarily included in each of them.

Give examples proving that society is an ordered integrity

Like any system, society is an ordered integrity. This means that the components of the system are not in a chaotic disorder, but, on the contrary, occupy a certain position within the system and are connected in a certain way with other components. Therefore, the system hasintegrative quality that is inherent in it as a whole. None of the components of the system, considered separately, has this quality. It, this quality, is the result of the integration and interconnection of all components of the system. Just as individual human organs (heart, stomach, liver, etc.) do not have the properties of a person, so the economy, the health care system, the state and other elements of society do not have the qualities that are inherent in society as a whole. And only thanks to the diverse connections that exist between the components of the social system, it turns into a single whole, that is, into society (just as thanks to the interaction of various human organs there is a single human body).

The connections between subsystems and elements of society can be illustrated by various examples. The study of the distant past of mankind allowed scientists to conclude that the moral relations of people in primitive conditions were built on collectivist principles, that is, in modern terms, priority was always given to the team, and not to the individual. It is also known that the moral norms that existed among many tribes in those archaic times allowed the killing of weak members of the clan - sick children, the elderly - and even cannibalism. Have the real material conditions of their existence influenced these ideas and views of people about the limits of the morally permissible? The answer is clear: no doubt they did. The need to jointly obtain material wealth, the doom to an early death of a person who has broken away from the family, and laid the foundations of collectivist morality. Guided by the same methods of struggle for existence and survival, people did not consider it immoral to get rid of those who could become a burden for the team.

Another example may be the relationship between legal norms and socio-economic relations. Let's turn to known historical facts. In one of the first codes of laws of Kievan Rus, which is called Russkaya Pravda, various punishments for murder are provided. At the same time, the measure of punishment was determined primarily by the place of a person in the system of hierarchical relations, his belonging to one or another social stratum or group. So, the fine for killing a tiun (steward) was huge: it was 80 hryvnias and equaled the cost of 80 oxen or 400 rams. The life of a smerd or a serf was estimated at 5 hryvnias, i.e. 16 times cheaper. Integral, i.e., general, inherent in the whole system, qualities of any system are not a simple sum of the qualities of its components, but representnew quality, arising as a result of the relationship, the interaction of its components. In its most general form, this is the quality of society as a social system -ability to create all the necessary conditions for its existence, to produce everything necessary for the collective life of people. In philosophyself-sufficiency regarded asmain difference society from its constituent parts. Just as human organs cannot exist outside of an integral organism, so none of the subsystems of society can exist outside the whole - society as a system.

How do you understand the managerial function of society

Another feature of society as a system is that this system is one of theself-managed. The administrative function is performed by the political subsystem, which gives consistency to all components that form social integrity.

Any system, whether technical (a unit with an automatic control system), or biological (animal), or social (society), is in a certain environment with which it interacts.Wednesday The social system of any country is both nature and the world community. Changes in the state of the natural environment, events in the world community, in the international arena are a kind of "signals" to which society must respond. Usually it seeks to either adapt to changes in the environment, or to adapt the environment to its needs. In other words, the system responds to "signals" in one way or another. At the same time, it implements its mainfunctions: adaptation; goal achievement, i.e. the ability to maintain its integrity, ensuring the implementation of its tasks, influencing the natural and social environment;sample maintenance - the ability to maintain its internal structure;integration - the ability to integrate, that is, to include new parts, new social formations (phenomena, processes, etc.) into a single whole.

Social institutions

Social institutions are the most important component of society as a system.

What are social institutions

The word "institution" in Latininstitute means "establishment". In Russian, it is often used to refer to higher educational institutions. In addition, as you know from the basic school course, in the field of law, the word “institution” means a set of legal norms that regulate one social relationship or several relationships related to each other (for example, the institution of marriage).

In sociology, social institutions are called historically established stable forms of organizing joint activities, regulated by norms, traditions, customs and aimed at meeting the fundamental needs of society.

List the signs of social institutions, based on the definition

In the history of society, sustainable activities aimed at satisfying the most important vital needs have developed.

List social needs

Sociologists identify five suchpublic needs:

the need for the reproduction of the genus;

the need for security and social order;

need for means of subsistence;

the need for knowledge, socialization of the younger generation, training;

the need to solve spiritual problems of the meaning of life.

What social institutions correspond to these needs

According to the named needs, the society also developed the types of activities, which, in turn, required the necessary organization, streamlining, the creation of certain institutions and other structures, the development of rules that ensure the achievement of the expected result.

What social institutions do you know

These conditions for the successful implementation of the main activities were met by historically established social institutions:

institution of family and marriage;

political institutions, especially the state;

economic institutions, primarily production;

institutes of education, science and culture;

institute of religion.

Each of these institutionsbrings together large masses of people to satisfy a particular need and achieve a specific goal of a personal, group or public nature.

The emergence of social institutions led toconsolidation specific types of interaction, made them permanent and obligatory for all members of a given society.

So, a social institution is, first of all,set of persons engaged in a certain type of activity and ensuring in the process of this activity the satisfaction of a certain need that is significant for society (for example, all employees of the education system).

How social institutions are regulated

Further, the institution is fixedsystem of legal and moral norms, traditions and customs, regulating the corresponding types of behavior. (Remember, for example, what social norms regulate the behavior of people in the family).

Name a characteristic feature of social institutions

Another characteristic feature of a social institution isthe presence of institutions equipped with certain material resources necessary for any type of activity. (Think about which social institutions school, factory, police belong to. Give your examples of institutions and organizations related to each of the most important social institutions.)

Any of these institutions is integrated into the socio-political, legal, value structure of society, which makes it possible to legitimize the activities of this institution and exercise control over it.

A social institution stabilizes social relations, brings coherence into the actions of members of society. A social institution is characterized by a clear delineation of the functions of each of the subjects of interaction, the consistency of their actions, and a high level of regulation and control. (Think about how these features of a social institution show up in the education system, particularly in schools.)

Name the signs of a social institution

Consider the main features of a social institution on the example of such an important institution of society as the family. First of all, each family is a small group of people based on intimacy and emotional attachment, connected by marriage (wife) and consanguinity (parents and children). The need to create a family is one of the fundamental, i.e. fundamental, human needs. At the same time, the family performs important functions in society: the birth and upbringing of children, economic support for minors and the disabled, and much more. Each family member occupies his own special position in it, which implies appropriate behavior: parents (or one of them) provide a livelihood, run household chores, and raise children. Children, in turn, study, help around the house. Such behavior is regulated not only by intra-family rules, but also by social norms: morality and law. Thus, public morality condemns the lack of care of older family members about the younger ones. The law establishes the responsibility and obligations of spouses in relation to each other, to children, adult children to elderly parents. The creation of a family, the main milestones of family life, are accompanied by traditions and rituals established in society. For example, in many countries, the marriage ritual includes the exchange of wedding rings between spouses. The presence of social institutions makes people's behavior more predictable and society as a whole more stable.

What social institutions are the most important

What social institutions can be classified as non-principal

In addition to the main social institutions, there are non-principal ones. So, if the main political institution is the state, then the non-main ones are the institution of the judiciary or, as in our country, the institution of presidential representatives in the regions, etc.

The presence of social institutions reliably ensures regular, self-renewing satisfaction of vital needs. The social institution makes connections between people not random and not chaotic, but permanent, reliable, stable. Institutional interaction is a well-established order of social life in the main spheres of people's life. The more social needs are met by social institutions, the more developed the society.

Since new needs and conditions arise in the course of the historical process, new types of activity and corresponding connections appear. Society is interested in giving them an orderly, normative character, that is, in theminstitutionalization.

What is institutionalization

How does she get through

In Russia, as a result of the reforms of the late XX century. appeared, for example, such a type of activity as entrepreneurship. The streamlining of this activity led to the emergence of various types of firms, required the issuance of laws regulating entrepreneurial activity, and contributed to the formation of relevant traditions.

In the political life of our country, institutions of parliamentarism, a multi-party system, and the institution of presidency arose. The principles and rules for their functioning are enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and relevant laws.

In the same way, the institutionalization of other types of activity that have emerged over the past decades has taken place.

It happens that the development of society requires the modernization of the activities of social institutions that have historically developed in previous periods. Thus, in the changed conditions, it became necessary to solve the problems of introducing the younger generation to the culture in a new way. Hence the steps taken to modernize the institution of education, which may result in the institutionalization of the Unified State Examination, the new content of educational programs.

So, we can return to the definition given at the beginning of this part of the paragraph. Think about what characterizes social institutions as highly organized systems.

Why is their structure stable?

What is the importance of deep integration of their elements?

What is the diversity, flexibility, dynamism of their functions?

Summarizing

Society is a highly complex system, and in order to live in harmony with it, it is necessary to adapt (adapt) to it. Otherwise, you cannot avoid conflicts, failures in your life and work. The condition for adaptation to modern society is knowledge about it, which gives the course of social science.

Society can be understood only if its quality as an integral system is revealed. To do this, it is necessary to consider various sections of the structure of society (the main areas of human activity, a set of social institutions, social groups), systematizing, integrating the links between them, the features of the management process in a self-governing social system.

In real life, you will have to interact with various social institutions. To make this interaction successful, it is necessary to know the goals and nature of the activity that has taken shape in the social institution of interest to you. This will help you to study the legal norms governing this type of activity.

In the subsequent sections of the course, which characterize individual areas of human activity, it is useful to re-refer to the content of this paragraph in order, based on it, to consider each area as part of an integral system. This will help to understand the role and place of each sphere, each social institution in the development of society.

Anchoring

What does the term "system" mean?

How do social (public) systems differ from natural ones?

What is the main quality of society as an integral system?

What are the connections and relations of society as a system with the environment?

What is a social institution?

Describe the main social institutions.

What are the main features of a social institution?

What is the meaning of institutionalization?

Homework organization

Using a systematic approach, analyze Russian society at the beginning of the 20th century.

Describe all the main features of a social institution using the example of the institution of education. Use the material and recommendations of the practical conclusions of this paragraph.

The collective work of Russian sociologists says: "...society exists and functions in diverse forms... A really important issue is to ensure that society itself is not lost behind special forms, and forests behind trees." How is this statement related to the understanding of society as a system? Justify your answer.

Andrey Vladimirovich Klimenko, Veronika Viktorovna Rumynina

Social Studies

"Social science: Proc. allowance for schoolchildren Art. class and those entering universities”: Bustard; Moscow; 2004

annotation

The manual is intended for high school students and university entrants who are preparing to take exams for the course "Social Studies". The structure and content of the book are fully consistent with the program of entrance examinations, developed by the team of authors under the leadership of L. N. Bogolyubov and recommended by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation.

A. V. Klimenko, V. V. Rumynina

Social Studies

Foreword

This manual is intended to help high school students and university applicants preparing to take the exam for the course "Social Studies". It will save readers from the long and laborious work of studying a huge amount of literature.

The manual summarizes the main problems of the course of social science: society, man, knowledge, economic, social, political, legal and spiritual spheres of life in modern society. The structure and content of the manual are fully consistent with the program of entrance examinations in social studies, developed by the team of authors under the leadership of L. N. Bogolyubov and recommended by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. The sections “Economics” and “Law” are written in more detail and in detail, since it is at the law and economic faculties of Russian universities that an entrance test in social science has been introduced.

Working on the manual, the authors proceeded from the fact that high school students are well acquainted with the material of the relevant textbooks: “Man and Society” (edited by L.N. Bogolyubov and A.Yu. Lazebnikova), “Modern World” (edited by V.I. Kuptsova), "Social Science" (author - D. I. Kravchenko). Therefore, we tried not to duplicate the text of textbooks, although we followed their presentation logic.

We hope that this book will not only help you prepare for school graduation and university entrance exams, but will also be useful for self-study of the main problems of social science.

We wish you success!

Section I

SOCIETY

sample questions

1. Society as a complex dynamic system. public relations.

2. Development of views on society.

3. Formational and civilizational approaches to the study of society.

4. Social progress and its criteria.

5. Global problems of our time.

Society as a complex dynamic system. Public relations

The existence of people in society is characterized by various forms of life and communication. Everything that has been created in society is the result of the cumulative joint activity of many generations of people. Actually, society itself is a product of the interaction of people, it exists only where and when people are connected with each other by common interests.

In philosophical science, many definitions of the concept of "society" are offered. In a narrow sense society can be understood as a certain group of people united for communication and joint performance of any activity, as well as a specific stage in the historical development of a people or country.

In a broad sense society - it is a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which consists of individuals with will and consciousness, and includes ways of interaction of people and forms of their association.

In philosophical science, society is characterized as a dynamic self-developing system, i.e., such a system that is capable of seriously changing, at the same time retaining its essence and qualitative certainty. The system is understood as a complex of interacting elements. In turn, an element is some further indecomposable component of the system that is directly involved in its creation.

To analyze complex systems, like the one that society represents, scientists have developed the concept of "subsystem". Subsystems are called "intermediate" complexes, more complex than the elements, but less complex than the system itself.

1) economic, the elements of which are material production and relations that arise between people in the process of production of material goods, their exchange and distribution;

2) social, consisting of such structural formations as classes, social strata, nations, taken in their relationship and interaction with each other;

3) political, including politics, the state, law, their correlation and functioning;

4) spiritual, covering various forms and levels of social consciousness, which, being embodied in the real process of the life of society, form what is commonly called spiritual culture.

Each of these spheres, being an element of the system called "society", in turn, turns out to be a system in relation to the elements that make it up. All four spheres of social life are not only interconnected, but also mutually condition each other. The division of society into spheres is somewhat arbitrary, but it helps to isolate and study certain areas of a truly integral society, a diverse and complex social life.

Sociologists offer several classifications of society. Societies are:

a) pre-written and written;

b) simple and complex (the criterion in this typology is the number of levels of management of a society, as well as the degree of its differentiation: in simple societies there are no leaders and subordinates, rich and poor, and in complex societies there are several levels of management and several social strata of the population, arranged from top to bottom in descending order of income);

c) society of primitive hunters and gatherers, traditional (agrarian) society, industrial society and post-industrial society;

d) primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society and communist society.

In Western scientific literature in the 1960s. the division of all societies into traditional and industrial ones became widespread (at the same time, capitalism and socialism were considered as two varieties of industrial society).

The German sociologist F. Tennis, the French sociologist R. Aron, and the American economist W. Rostow made a great contribution to the formation of this concept.

The traditional (agrarian) society represented the pre-industrial stage of civilizational development. All societies of antiquity and the Middle Ages were traditional. Their economy was dominated by subsistence agriculture and primitive handicrafts. Extensive technology and hand tools predominated, initially providing economic progress. In his production activities, man sought to adapt to the environment as much as possible, obeyed the rhythms of nature. Property relations were characterized by the dominance of communal, corporate, conditional, state forms of ownership. Private property was neither sacred nor inviolable. The distribution of material wealth, the product produced depended on the position of a person in the social hierarchy. The social structure of a traditional society is corporate by class, stable and immovable. There was virtually no social mobility: a person was born and died, remaining in the same social group. The main social units were the community and the family. Human behavior in society was regulated by corporate norms and principles, customs, beliefs, unwritten laws. Providentialism dominated the public consciousness: social reality, human life were perceived as the implementation of divine providence.

The spiritual world of a person of a traditional society, his system of value orientations, way of thinking are special and noticeably different from modern ones. Individuality, independence were not encouraged: the social group dictated the norms of behavior to the individual. One can even speak of a “group man” who did not analyze his position in the world, and indeed rarely analyzed the phenomena of the surrounding reality. Rather, he moralizes, evaluates life situations from the standpoint of his social group. The number of educated people was extremely limited (“literacy for the few”) oral information prevailed over written information. The political sphere of traditional society is dominated by the church and the army. The person is completely alienated from politics. Power seems to him of greater value than law and law. In general, this society is extremely conservative, stable, immune to innovations and impulses from outside, being a "self-sustaining self-regulating immutability." Changes in it occur spontaneously, slowly, without the conscious intervention of people. The spiritual sphere of human existence is a priority over the economic one.

Traditional societies have survived to this day mainly in the countries of the so-called "third world" (Asia, Africa) (therefore, the concept of "non-Western civilizations", which also claims to be well-known sociological generalizations, is often synonymous with "traditional society"). From a Eurocentric point of view, traditional societies are backward, primitive, closed, unfree social organisms, to which Western sociology opposes industrial and post-industrial civilizations.

As a result of modernization, understood as a complex, contradictory, complex process of transition from a traditional society to an industrial one, the foundations of a new civilization were laid in the countries of Western Europe. They call her industrial, technogenic, scientific and technical or economic. The economic base of an industrial society is industry based on machine technology. The volume of fixed capital increases, long-term average costs per unit of output decrease. In agriculture, labor productivity rises sharply, natural isolation is destroyed. An extensive economy is replaced by an intensive one, and simple reproduction is replaced by an expanded one. All these processes take place through the implementation of the principles and structures of a market economy, based on scientific and technological progress. A person is freed from direct dependence on nature, partially subordinates it to himself. Stable economic growth is accompanied by an increase in real per capita income. If the pre-industrial period is filled with the fear of hunger and disease, then the industrial society is characterized by an increase in the well-being of the population. In the social sphere of an industrial society, traditional structures and social barriers are also collapsing. Social mobility is significant. As a result of the development of agriculture and industry, the share of the peasantry in the population is sharply reduced, and urbanization is taking place. New classes appear - the industrial proletariat and the bourgeoisie, the middle strata are strengthened. The aristocracy is in decline.

In the spiritual sphere, there is a significant transformation of the value system. The man of the new society is autonomous within the social group, guided by his personal interests. Individualism, rationalism (a person analyzes the world around him and makes decisions on this basis) and utilitarianism (a person acts not in the name of some global goals, but for a certain benefit) are new systems of personality coordinates. There is a secularization of consciousness (liberation from direct dependence on religion). A person in an industrial society strives for self-development, self-improvement. Global changes are also taking place in the political sphere. The role of the state is growing sharply, and a democratic regime is gradually taking shape. Law and law dominate in society, and a person is involved in power relations as an active subject.

A number of sociologists somewhat refine the above scheme. From their point of view, the main content of the modernization process is in changing the model (stereotype) of behavior, in the transition from irrational (characteristic of a traditional society) to rational (characteristic of an industrial society) behavior. The economic aspects of rational behavior include the development of commodity-money relations, which determines the role of money as a general equivalent of values, the displacement of barter transactions, the wide scope of market operations, etc. The most important social consequence of modernization is the change in the principle of distribution of roles. Previously, society imposed sanctions on social choice, limiting the possibility of a person occupying certain social positions depending on his belonging to a certain group (origin, pedigree, nationality). After modernization, a rational principle of distribution of roles is approved, in which the main and only criterion for taking a particular position is the candidate's preparedness to perform these functions.

Thus, industrial civilization opposes traditional society in all directions. The majority of modern industrialized countries (including Russia) are classified as industrial societies.

But modernization gave rise to many new contradictions, which eventually turned into global problems (environmental, energy and other crises). By resolving them, progressively developing, some modern societies are approaching the stage of a post-industrial society, the theoretical parameters of which were developed in the 1970s. American sociologists D. Bell, E. Toffler and others. This society is characterized by the promotion of the service sector, the individualization of production and consumption, an increase in the share of small-scale production with the loss of dominant positions by mass production, the leading role of science, knowledge and information in society. In the social structure of post-industrial society, there is an erasure of class differences, and the convergence of the incomes of various groups of the population leads to the elimination of social polarization and the growth of the share of the middle class. The new civilization can be characterized as anthropogenic, in the center of it is man, his individuality. Sometimes it is also called informational, which reflects the ever-increasing dependence of the daily life of society on information. The transition to a post-industrial society for most countries of the modern world is a very distant prospect.

In the course of his activity, a person enters into various relationships with other people. Such diverse forms of interaction between people, as well as connections that arise between different social groups (or within them), are usually called social relations.

All social relations can be conditionally divided into two large groups - material relations and spiritual (or ideal) relations. Their fundamental difference from each other lies in the fact that material relations arise and develop directly in the course of a person’s practical activity, outside the consciousness of a person and independently of him, and spiritual relations are formed, having previously “passed through the consciousness” of people, determined by their spiritual values. In turn, material relations are divided into production, environmental and office relations; spiritual on moral, political, legal, artistic, philosophical and religious social relations.

A special type of social relations are interpersonal relations. Interpersonal relationships are relationships between individuals. At In this case, individuals, as a rule, belong to different social strata, have different cultural and educational levels, but they are united by common needs and interests in the sphere of leisure or everyday life. The well-known sociologist Pitirim Sorokin identified the following types interpersonal interaction:

a) between two individuals (husband and wife, teacher and student, two comrades);

b) between three individuals (father, mother, child);

c) between four, five or more people (the singer and his listeners);

d) between many and many people (members of an unorganized crowd).

Interpersonal relations arise and are realized in society and are social relations even if they are in the nature of purely individual communication. They act as a personified form of social relations.

Therefore, a person is a universal element of all social systems, since he is necessarily included in each of them.

Like any system, society is an ordered integrity. This means that the components of the system are not in a chaotic disorder, but, on the contrary, occupy a certain position within the system and are connected in a certain way with other components. Consequently. the system has an integrative quality that is inherent in it as a whole. None of the components of the system. considered in isolation, does not possess this quality. It, this quality, is the result of the integration and interconnection of all components of the system. Just as individual organs of a person (heart, stomach, liver, etc.) do not have the properties of a person. likewise, the economy, the health care system, the state and other elements of society do not have the qualities that are inherent in society as a whole. And only thanks to the diverse connections that exist between the components of the social system, it turns into a single whole. i.e., into society (as thanks to the interaction of various human organs, a single human organism exists).

The connections between subsystems and elements of society can be illustrated by various examples. The study of the distant past of mankind allowed scientists to conclude that. that the moral relations of people in primitive conditions were built on collectivist principles, i. That is, in modern terms, priority has always been given to the collective, and not to the individual. It is also known that the moral norms that existed among many tribes in those archaic times allowed the killing of weak members of the clan - sick children, the elderly - and even cannibalism. Have the real material conditions of their existence influenced these ideas and views of people about the limits of the morally permissible? The answer is clear: no doubt they did. The need to jointly obtain material wealth, the doom to an early death of a person who has broken away from the race, and laid the foundations of collectivist morality. Guided by the same methods of struggle for existence and survival, people did not consider it immoral to get rid of those who could become a burden for the team.

Integral, i.e., general, inherent in the whole system, qualities of any system are not a simple sum of the qualities of its components, but represent a new quality that has arisen as a result of the interconnection, interaction of its components. In its most general form, this is the quality of society as a social system - the ability to create all the necessary conditions for its existence, to produce everything necessary for the collective life of people. In philosophy, self-sufficiency is seen as the main difference between society and its constituent parts. Just as human organs cannot exist outside the whole organism, so none of the subsystems of society can exist outside the whole - society as a system.

Another feature of society as a system is that this system is self-governing.
The administrative function is performed by the political subsystem, which gives consistency to all components that form social integrity.

Any system, whether technical (a unit with an automatic control system), or biological (animal), or social (society), is in a certain environment with which it interacts. The environment of the social system of any country is both nature and the world community. Changes in the state of the natural environment, events in the world community, in the international arena are a kind of "signals" to which society must respond. Usually it seeks to either adapt to changes in the environment, or to adapt the environment to its needs. In other words, the system responds to "signals" in one way or another. At the same time, it implements its main functions: adaptation; goal achievement, i.e., the ability to maintain its integrity, ensuring the implementation of its tasks, influencing the natural and social environment; maintenance obra.scha - the ability to maintain their internal structure; integration - the ability to integrate, that is, to include new parts, new social formations (phenomena, processes, etc.) into a single whole.

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Social institutions are the most important component of society as a system.

The word "institute" in Latin instituto means "establishment". In Russian, it is often used to refer to higher educational institutions. In addition, as you know from the basic school course, in the field of law the word "institution" means a set of legal norms that regulate one social relationship or several relationships related to each other (for example, the institution of marriage).

This definition, to which it is expedient to return, having read the educational material on this issue to the end, we will consider, based on the concept of "activity" (see - 1). In the history of society, sustainable activities aimed at satisfying the most important vital needs have developed. Sociologists identify five such social needs:

the need for the reproduction of the genus;
the need for security and social order;
need for means of subsistence;
the need for knowledge, socialization
the younger generation, personnel training;
- the need to solve the spiritual problems of the meaning of life.

According to the above needs, the society also developed activities, which, in turn, required the necessary organization, streamlining, the creation of certain institutions and other structures, the development of rules that ensure the achievement of the expected result. These conditions for the successful implementation of the main activities were met by historically established social institutions:

institution of family and marriage;
- political institutions, especially the state;
- economic institutions, primarily production;
- institutes of education, science and culture;
- the institution of religion.

Each of these institutions brings together large masses of people to meet a particular need and achieve a specific goal of a personal, group or public nature.

The emergence of social institutions led to the consolidation of specific types of interaction, made them permanent and mandatory for all members of a given society.

So, a social institution is, first of all, a set of persons engaged in a certain type of activity and ensuring in the process of this activity the satisfaction of a certain need that is significant for society (for example, all employees of the education system).

Further, the institution is fixed by a system of legal and moral norms, traditions and customs that regulate the corresponding types of behavior. (Remember, for example, what social norms regulate the behavior of people in the family).

Another characteristic feature of a social institution is the presence of institutions equipped with certain material resources necessary for any type of activity. (Think about which social institutions school, factory, police belong to. Give your examples of institutions and organizations related to each of the most important social institutions.)

Consider the main features of a social institution on the example of such an important institution of society as the family. First of all, each family is a small group of people based on intimacy and emotional attachment, connected by marriage (wife) and consanguinity (parents and children). The need to create a family is one of the fundamental, i.e. fundamental, human needs. At the same time, the family performs important functions in society: the birth and upbringing of children, economic support for minors and the disabled, and many others. Each family member occupies his own special position in it, which implies appropriate behavior: parents (or one of them) provide a livelihood, run household chores, and raise children. Children, in turn, study, help around the house. Such behavior is regulated not only by intra-family rules, but also by social norms: morality and law. Thus, public morality condemns the lack of care of older family members about the younger ones. The law establishes the responsibility and obligations of spouses in relation to each other, to children, adult children to elderly parents. The creation of a family, the main milestones of family life, are accompanied by traditions and rituals established in society. For example, in many countries, the marriage ritual includes the exchange of wedding rings between spouses.

The presence of social institutions makes people's behavior more predictable and society as a whole more stable.

In Russia, as a result of the reforms of the late twentieth century. appeared, for example, such a type of activity as entrepreneurship. The streamlining of this activity led to the emergence of various types of firms, required the issuance of laws regulating entrepreneurial activity, and contributed to the formation of relevant traditions.

In the political life of our country, institutions of parliamentarism, a multi-party system, and the institution of presidency arose. The principles and rules of their functioning are enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and relevant laws.

In the same way, the institutionalization of other types of activity that have arisen in recent decades has taken place.

So, we can return to the definition given at the beginning of this part of the paragraph. Think about what characterizes social institutions as highly organized systems. Why is their structure stable? What is the importance of deep integration of their elements? What is the diversity, flexibility, dynamism of their functions?

PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS

1 Society is a highly complex system, and in order to live in harmony with it, it is necessary to adapt (adapt) to it. Otherwise, you cannot avoid conflicts, failures in your life and work. The condition for adaptation to modern society is knowledge about it, which gives the course of social science.

2 It is possible to understand society only if its quality as an integral system is revealed. To do this, it is necessary to consider various sections of the structure of society (the main areas of human activity; a set of social institutions, social groups), systematizing, integrating the links between them, the features of the management process in a self-governing social system.

3 In real life, you will have to interact with various social institutions. To make this interaction successful, it is necessary to know the goals and nature of the activity that has taken shape in the social institution of interest to you. This will help you to study the legal norms governing this type of activity.

4 in the subsequent sections of the course, characterizing individual areas of human activity, it is useful to re-refer to the content of this paragraph in order, based on it, to consider each area as part of an integral system. This will help to understand the role and place of each sphere, each social institution in the development of society.

Document

From the work of the contemporary American sociologist E. Shils "Society and Societies: A Macrosociological Approach".

What is included in societies? As has been said, the most differentiated of these consist not only of families and kinship groups, but also of associations, unions, firms and farms, schools and universities, armies, churches and sects, parties and numerous other corporate bodies or organizations which, in in turn, have boundaries that define the circle of members over which the appropriate corporate authorities - parents, managers, chairmen, etc., etc. - exercise a certain measure of control. It also includes systems formally and informally organized on a territorial basis - communities, villages, districts, cities, districts - all of which also have some features of society. Further, it includes unorganized aggregates of people within society - social classes or strata, occupations and professions, religions, language groups - which have a culture that is more inherent in those who have a certain status or occupy a certain position than in everyone else.

So, we are convinced that society is not just a collection of united people, original and cultural collectives, interacting and exchanging services with each other. All these collectives form a society by virtue of their existence under a common authority, which exercises its control over the territory marked by boundaries, maintains and propagates a more or less common culture. It is these factors that make a set of relatively specialized original corporate and cultural collectives into a society.

Questions and tasks for the document

1. What components, according to E. Shils, are included in society? Indicate to which spheres of life of society each of them belongs.
2. Select from the listed components those that are social institutions.
3. Based on the text, prove that the author considers society as a social system.

SELF-CHECK QUESTIONS

1. What does the term "system" mean?
2. How do social (public) systems differ from natural ones?
3. What is the main quality of society as an integral system?
4. What are the connections and relations of society as a system with the environment?
5. What is a social institution?
6. Oxapacterize the main social institutions.
7. What are the main features of a social institution?
8. What is the meaning of institutionalization?

TASKS

1. Using a systematic approach, analyze Russian society at the beginning of the 20th century.
2. Describe all the main features of a social institution using the example of the institution of education. Use the material and recommendations of the practical conclusions of this paragraph.
3. The collective work of Russian sociologists says: "...society exists and functions in diverse forms... A really important issue is to ensure that society itself is not lost behind special forms, and forests behind trees." How is this statement related to the understanding of society as a system? Justify your answer.

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