Social sphere and its structure. Social sphere as an economic category and its structure

The concept of "social sphere"

Definition 1

In modern scientific literature, there are a large number of definitions of the concept of "social sphere". It is also worth noting that, in addition to the multidimensionality of this concept, it is used in various contexts. In a broad sense, “social” is everything that is directly connected with society, with a person and his life in all its manifestations: economic, political, social and spiritual.

As a set of large social groups (classes, peoples, ethnic groups and nationalities). In this case, the concept of the social sphere completely coincides with the concept of the social structure of modern society;
The social sphere acts as a means of ensuring the reproduction of society. Thus, it is a set of economic sectors that, to one degree or another, are involved in the process of meeting the social needs of various participants in social relations: citizens, employees of various enterprises who receive wages depending on their duties and abilities. Most often, in this sense, the social sphere is the service sector, or otherwise it can be called the tertiary sector of the economy. Sometimes this sector in some studies has another name - social infrastructure (socio-cultural sphere of society).

The structure of the social sphere

Remark 1

The following three elements are key in the structure of the social sphere: health care, education, as well as culture and art as a separate aspect of the social sphere of human life. Depending on the element and, the key goals of the social sphere are determined.

The goal of healthcare is to organize and provide affordable and, if possible, free medical care for the population, as well as to maintain and improve the level of health of the population of the state. Health functions are also quite diverse:

First, it is concern for maintaining the health of the population.
Secondly, the prevention and treatment of the most common, as well as rare and little-studied diseases.
Thirdly, the provision of medical care to any member of society.
Fourth, providing people with all the necessary medicines, including essentials.
Fifth, restoration of lost health (rehabilitation, organization of work in hospitals).

The second element in the structure of the social sphere is education. Its main goals are to meet the needs of people in knowledge, skills and abilities. Moreover, satisfaction must be produced in the interests of the successful development of the abilities of the individual's potential, as well as future socio-economic, political and cultural progress. The main functions of education are as follows: meeting the needs of a person in obtaining new knowledge; implementation of training and retraining for a future profession, as well as for work - both physical and mental; facilitating the acquisition of a specialty and the mastery of a profession, taking into account the creative and other abilities of a person, especially taking into account his intellectual level of development; education of a person as a responsible and able-bodied person, capable of creative and innovative activities.

The last key part of the social sphere is culture and arts, the purpose of which is to enrich the spiritual life of people and create conditions for the social and cultural activities of the population. As the functions of culture and art as a key aspect of the social sphere, the authors identify the following: the preservation of cultural historical and national monuments; introducing a person to the creations of culture with a long history; replenishment of the piggy bank of cultural achievements in the field of literature, artistic creativity and art, music, cinema and painting; spiritual education and enrichment of a person, taking into account his value potential and worldview.

Significance of the social sphere

The role and significance of the social sphere for society is determined not only by its structure, but also by the functions that it performs. The most important function of the social sphere is the function of social reproduction. It affects all layers and groups of the population, is to preserve their integrity as the main subjects of the historical process. Also, the function of social reproduction directly affects the comprehensive life support of each member of society individually, and the most extensive social groups as a whole.

The social reproduction of the social environment is characterized by another number of important, but secondary functions:

Socio-regulatory;
Social adaptive;
Socially productive;
sociocultural;
sociodynamic;
Socioprotective.

Remark 2

Many authors and researchers distinguish them separately, because they represent the social sphere as a single social system. The way of its organization should ensure integrity, and most importantly, harmony in the manifestation of the main function - the function of social reproduction.

The social sphere is also aimed at the following: it regulates the indicators of social activity of the socio-economically active population, and also regulates their relations, which are aimed at increasing efficiency in using the general potential of the social sphere. This also includes the further development of the system of norms and values, which act as the real basis of macro-processes in society, aimed at changing the behavior of a person or entire social groups.

Thanks to the social sphere, it becomes possible to achieve coherence in the actions of people in society, as well as stimulating the activities of individuals and social groups, increasing their motivation, which is aimed at the effective realization of the potential of each member of society. Hence the solution of problems that arise in connection with the new needs, demands and trends of the population.

a group of industries that ensure the social development of both individual labor collectives and society as a whole.

Social sphere

The social sphere is a set of industries, enterprises, organizations that are directly related and determine the way and standard of living of people, their well-being and consumption.

SOCIAL SPHERE

this is the area of relations between groups occupying different socio-economic positions in society, primarily differing in their role in the social organization of labor, their attitude to the means of production, and the sources and sizes of the share of social wealth received.

SOCIAL SPHERE

branches of the national economy that do not participate in material production, but ensure the organization of service, exchange, distribution and consumption of goods, as well as the formation of the standard of living of the population, its well-being. The social sphere includes: trade, education, culture, social security, etc.

SOCIAL SPHERE

a set of industries, enterprises, organizations that are directly related and determine the way and standard of living of people, their well-being, consumption. The social sphere primarily includes the service sector (education, culture, health care, social security, physical culture, public catering, public services, passenger transport, communications).

Social sphere

a number of sectors of the economy and activities of the state that have a direct impact on the individual and the family. First of all, it includes branches of the socio-cultural complex: education, culture, health care, and science. An important role in this area is played by housing and communal services, passenger transport, communications serving the population, trade, and the consumer market. An important place belongs to such activities as solving the problems of labor relations, employment and migration of the population, the implementation of social protection and social security of the population.

Social sphere

1) The social (non-production) sphere of social production is the sphere where material goods are not directly created. The social sphere includes: art, culture, sports, science, education, health care. 2) The social, material and spiritual conditions surrounding a person for his existence and activity.

It in a broad sense (macro-environment) covers the socio-economic system as a whole - the productive forces, the totality of social relations and institutions, public consciousness, the culture of a given society. In a narrow sense (microenvironment), being an element of the social sphere, as a whole, it includes the immediate social environment of a person - the family, the team (labor, educational, etc.) and groups of people. It has a decisive influence on the formation and development of the personality, at the same time, under the influence of creative activity, human activity changes itself.

Department of "Automated control systems"

Course work

By discipline: "Management in socio-economic systems"

On the topic: "Application of methods and models of system analysis and management theory to management tasks in the social and economic spheres"

Completed:

5th year student

group MIVT-16-1-2

Zenin Kirill Andreevich

Introduction. 3

Main part. 6

1. Social and economic sphere.

2. Methods and models of system analysis. nine

3. Methods and models of decision theory. 13

Chapter II 16

1. Brief information about the company "SimpLAN". 16

2. Analysis of the economic subsystem of the organization. 17

3. Construction of a mathematical model and application of the TPR simplex method for model analysis. eighteen

4. Application of the method of expert assessments based on the rank system of assessment with subsequent normalization, ranking and application of the method of median ranks to analyze the model of the economic subsystem. 29

5. Analysis of the social subsystem of the organization, building its model, improvement and analysis. 38

REFERENCES.. 45

Introduction

Economics studies production, problems of goods and services, supply and demand, human economic behavior in general, the use of money and capital. Sociology, in turn, seeks to develop models of the economic behavior of various groups and to study the economic forces that affect people's lives. The relationship between the economic and social spheres is the influence of economic relations on the social structure of society and on the activity of social groups, as well as the influence of the system of social inequalities on socio-economic processes. The relationship of economic factors with sociological ones is often overlooked in the decision-making process. It is the connection of these two components as a whole that reflects the state of the enterprise as a whole.

The object of organizational behavior is the employees of organizations, represented by managers, specialists, employees of support services. In turn, the employees of the organization are its main capital, since it is on them that the achievement of the goals of the organization depends. In order for employees to strive to achieve the goals of the organization, it is necessary that the organization, in turn, motivate them to do so.

The transitional stage to market relations in the Russian economy is characterized by a crisis of motivation and a negative perception of the majority of employees of enterprises about their labor activity. The essence of labor motivation has been reduced practically to the desire to have the maximum guaranteed wages with an indifferent attitude to the results of labor (quality, return of labor). The poverty of motivation and the narrow range of needs satisfied through labor activity reduced the controllability of workers and made them weakly subject to stimulation.

This applies not only to employees, but also to specialists and managers, in particular middle managers.

Part of the workers who have retained the moral foundations of labor consciousness, rich labor motivation, are in the minority and are often in the pre-retirement and retirement age. As for employers and senior managers, according to sociological surveys, 90% of them, in contrast to other forms of influence, prefer administrative pressure, explaining such a choice of management methods as a drop in discipline. Therefore, as the most common method of influencing people in order to obtain the desired result, the “carrot and stick” method has been established today, which is implemented through a system of simple economic and administrative incentives and sanctions. Such a system is quite effective when the content of work is low, the leadership style is authoritarian and unemployment is significant. The “carrot and stick” method should include proportional surcharges and deductions, work on the terms of the administration: fines, collective contracts and other well-known methods.

In this paper, it is proposed to consider the applicability of the system analysis methodology and the theory of decision making in the social and economic sphere of an enterprise and trace, within its framework, the impact of changes in one area on another.

The purpose of this course work is to improve the efficiency of the organization through managerial impact on its social and economic sphere.

The object of the study is the socio-economic system "SimpLAN".

The subject of the study is the organization model, which includes social and economic components.

1. Consider the role and connection of social and economic spheres.

3. Review the models and methods of SA and TPR.

4. Analyze the enterprise from the social and economic spheres and build its model.

5. Apply TPR methods to improve enterprise performance.

The scientific novelty of the work lies in the study of the possibility and significance of applying models and methods of system analysis and decision theory to improve the performance of the economic and social sphere of a small organization.

The practical significance of the work is to increase the efficiency of a small organization and its employees.

Main part

Chapter I

Social and economic sphere

According to T. I. Zaslavskaya and R. V. Ryvkina, the economic sphere is an integral subsystem of society responsible for the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services necessary for people's livelihoods. It is formed by many private systems of greater complexity in relation to it.

The social sphere does not form a separate subsystem and cannot be considered on an equal footing with the economic, political and similar spheres, in order to understand its nature, let's define the concept of "social relation" (as the main characteristic of the social sphere). Social relations are understood in the scientific literature in two senses: broad and narrow. In a broad sense, they mean relations between any communities (for example, collectives of enterprises, the population of different regions, etc.), in a narrow sense, relations between classes, social strata and groups occupying different positions in society. According to M.N. Rutkevich, social relations are “relations determined by the position of people and groups in the social structure of society. The core of social relations are relations of equality and inequality in terms of the position of people and groups in society. Social relations are always "present" in economic, as well as in political and other social relations (although they do not exhaust them).

What is the connection of the social sphere understood in this way with the economic sphere?

First of all, the position occupied by different groups in society is determined to a decisive extent by the system of economic relations. Moreover, the groups themselves, which are discussed in economic sociology, are aggregates of individuals characterized by a similar position in the economic sphere, that is, they are located within the structural divisions of the social economy. They seem to bear its features in accordance with the well-known aphorism of K. Marx about the essence of a social person as a set of social relations. In this "impression" of economic relations on the groups functioning within them, the direct impact of the economic on the social is manifested.

At the same time, the social area is a powerful factor of "reverse influence" on the functioning and development of the economy, which is realized through the activity of socio-economic groups that are the driving force of socio-economic processes. Social processes are understood as changes in social objects over time, patterns that arise when their states change.

So, the relationship between the economic and social areas is the influence of economic relations on the social structure of society and on the activity of social groups, as well as the influence of the system of social inequalities on socio-economic processes.

The close connection between the social and economic spheres can be observed in the example of a small system that makes up the totality of these spheres - the enterprise. Any enterprise can be considered as a socio-economic system that has an internal structure that functions in constant interaction with the external environment.

An enterprise is a social system because it is created by people to meet the specific needs of society and is managed by people with certain personal characteristics. An enterprise is an economic system because, as a result of the use of economic resources and the sale of products, the continuity of the reproduction of the social product is ensured.

Considering the enterprise as a system, it is necessary to single out the object and the subject of influence in it. The object of influence in the system of the enterprise is a set of material conditions, production, organizational processes, relations between employees in the performance of their functions by the enterprise.

The subject is the control apparatus, which, through various forms and methods of influence, carries out the purposeful functioning of the object.

In all economic systems, the main productive force is a person, the staff of organizations. Through his work he creates material and spiritual values. The higher the human capital and the potential for its development, the better it works for the benefit of its enterprise. Employees of the enterprise, closely related to each other in the process of labor activity, not only create a new product, perform work and provide services, but also form new social and labor relations. In business market relations, the social and labor sphere becomes the basis for the life of both individual workers and individual professional groups, entire production teams.

Thus, it is possible to single out the tasks of management in the social subsystem of the enterprise:

Improving the social conditions of the company's employees by creating better working conditions and setting higher wages;

· improving the skills of employees by providing them with appropriate courses and motivation for this process.

Prevention of disputes and conflicts within the work team.

Consider also the management tasks in the economic subsystem of the enterprise:

constant monitoring of the efficiency of the company, coordination of the work of all its departments;

ensuring production automation

· constant search and development of new markets.

definition of specific goals for the development of the company;

identification of the priority of goals, their order and sequence of achievement;

development of a system of measures to achieve the intended goals;

determination of the necessary resources and sources of their provision;

Establishing control over the implementation of tasks.

The tasks of one area perfectly complement the tasks of another area, in general, leading to an increase in the efficiency of the enterprise.

However, it is not so easy to solve both problems at once. The problem is that the solution of problems in the economic sphere can aggravate the solution of problems in the social sphere and vice versa.

Features of the management of the social sphere at the regional level.

When developing directions for any, including social, transformations within a certain territory, of course, the specifics of a particular region are taken into account.

1. The economic independence of the region cannot be absolute, since the regional economy, being a subsystem of the national economy, cannot be considered as its isolated part. This is evidenced by the fact that state budget financing is still the main source of financial resources in the economy of any region.

2. The level of development of the region is significantly influenced by natural and climatic factors (availability of minerals and other natural resources, favorable conditions of the geographical environment, etc.) and the ecological situation.

3. Most regions are “highly specialized”, i.e.

focused on certain spheres of the national economy (in this regard, industrial regions, agricultural, recreational, etc. are traditionally distinguished).

The regions, as a grassroots sphere of life, directly implement the socio-economic policy of the state: the entire country is controlled through the regions and the state strategy is embodied in them. Taking into account certain specifics, regional management acts as a conductor of all-Russian interests. This does not preclude special aspects of management. On the contrary, taking into account peculiarities makes it possible to avoid rigid centralization and bureaucratization of economic life. The higher the efficiency of management, the more freely, within the framework of a single economic mechanism, a business entity can dispose of its resources.

A rigid control system is less effective, because restricts the freedom of grassroots governments, violates the law of feedback and, ultimately, leads to a violation of self-regulation. And regional management is designed to eliminate the shortcomings of rigid centralization.

At the present stage, the management of the social sphere (both in accordance with the current legislation and the emerging practice) is increasingly becoming the subject of attention and responsibility of the authorities and management at the regional level. In this regard, the volume of work increases and the complexity of the tasks of managing the social sphere of the region increases, which gives rise to a number of problems associated with the need to further improve the system of territorial administration at the regional level. The essence of the crisis of the existing management mechanism in the social sphere lies in the inconsistency of the main interest groups of the subjects of such activities, i.e. the interests of the subjects of the Federation are in conflict with the goals and objectives of the relevant federal government. This is especially acute when determining the long-term prospects for the development of the region.

At the regional level, the social sphere is the object of management for all state authorities that function and have a social orientation (ministries and state committees in charge of social protection, education, culture and interethnic relations, health care, physical culture and sports, labor, etc.), at the local level - administrations and departments of local self-government bodies. At each level of social sphere management, their functions are performed in accordance with the powers granted.

The management of the social sphere of the region is associated with the performance of many functions, the solution of specific analytical and organizational tasks, the processing of large in volume and complex in structure information flows. Since the social sphere is a specific area of connections and relations that develop between the subjects of social life, its management should be carried out taking into account the conditions and factors that ensure the reproduction, development, and improvement of interacting social groups and individuals.

The social sphere of the region is a complex branched multi-aspect system that has a variety of connections, relationships, infrastructure, which together ensure the vital activity and development of the regional community.

Regional social policy is understood as a set of measures of federal bodies aimed at the social development of regions. Regional social policy is formed by the Center. However, at the concept development stage, it should be a two-way process of interaction between federal and regional structures. Social policy in the region is developed by the regional authorities with the participation of local self-government bodies, taking into account the concept of state social policy formed by the federal Center.

In the practice of regional management, there is no consistent development and systematic implementation of a social development strategy, and social policy, on the one hand, is reduced to separate measures to ensure a guaranteed social minimum, and on the other, to “patching holes” in the event of emergencies in the social sphere. Regional social policy turned out to be more focused on developing a strategy for social development at the macro level, forming a single social unity, and social policy in the region - on the practical implementation of a set of measures to develop the social sphere in the region. Nevertheless, regional authorities and even local governments are called upon not only to implement social policy within their territorial divisions, but also to form a strategy and tactics for carrying out social reforms on their territory within the established powers and possibilities for using their own funds. This is typical for regions in which an active social policy is being formed and implemented. Regional authorities and local governments are also involved in the process of forming the social policy of the federal Center (although still very limited).

Thus, regional social policy can be formed and take shape in the regions of Russia only on the basis of a coordinated socio-economic policy of the Russian state and the subject of the Federation. Specific areas of social policy in the region (priorities, mechanisms, measures) largely depend on the socio-economic state and specifics of the territory.

In addition to extra-regional and intra-regional factors, the regional social sphere is also formed by a set of organizations (as carriers of social policy) of a given territory. The end product of the organization's activities in the form of social benefits and services is aimed at active use in all elements of the external environment. Therefore, the social sphere of the region is considered, on the one hand, as a set of organizations, and on the other, as an open socially oriented system.

Features of the social sphere of the region as an object of social policy are caused by the specific diversity of cultural development, natural, climatic, geographical and environmental conditions, as well as the transformation of social and domestic needs in education, the development of cultural values, the organization of work and leisure, and the preservation of health in the process of socialization of the individual in characteristic conditions for the functioning of a particular region. Achieving balance in the social sphere, eliminating emerging social deformations and, ultimately, achieving social stability is the essence of social policy in the region.

Each region is inherently unique, however, there are differences in natural and climatic conditions, the degree of development of territories, key indicators of socio-economic development, etc. In other words, the economic space of Russia is very heterogeneous both in terms of natural and climatic and socio-economic aspects. With the increased differentiation of the Russian space, it becomes more and more difficult to separate regions by types. In fairness, it must be said that this task was not easy even before in a planned economy.

Two main types of social indicators can be distinguished. The first type includes indicators, the quantitative characteristics of which make it possible to unambiguously substantiate the mandatory directions of social policy. At the same time, the socio-economic characteristics of individual regions are not factors in the differentiation of these areas. Social indicators of the second type are characterized by the fact that the conclusion about the positive or negative value for the region of their actual value cannot be made without a comprehensive assessment of the situation in the region. In contrast to the situation with indicators of the first type, goal-setting in terms of choosing directions for social policy acquires an active character in this case.

The indicators of the second type include, first of all, demographic indicators. Without knowing the real state of the region's economy, it is impossible to say whether the region is positively or negatively affected, for example, by the existing natural population growth or the balance of migration. Thus, in labor-surplus regions with a tense situation on labor markets, a high natural increase in labor and a positive balance of migration will lead to an increase in the burden on their labor markets and a decrease in incomes of the population, etc.

A specific type of social policy can be determined if we take into account the specifics of the socio-economic situation that have developed in the country and its regions by a certain period of time. The features of this situation, in turn, determine the fundamental requirements for a nationwide social policy and the direction of its interregional differentiation.

Sphere of social life of society.

Society is a multitude of people. But this is not a simple sum of individual individuals. In this multitude, certain groups and communities arise, which differ from one another and are in various relationships between themselves and society as a whole.

Naturally, questions arise: for what reasons certain communities arise in society at one stage or another, what they are, what connections are established between them, how and why they develop, how they function, what is their historical fate, how a complete picture is formed in society. connections and dependencies of these communities and does it develop at all, etc.? Social philosophy studies the laws according to which stable, large groups of people are formed in society, the relations between these groups, their connections and their role in society. These laws constitute the content of a special area of public life - its social sphere.

In philosophical and sociological science, a whole range of social structures of society is distinguished: social class, socio-territorial (settlement), which is based on differences between the city and the countryside, socio-demographic, reflecting the position of gender and age groups, professional structure, by sectors of the economy . Scientific ideas about ethnic communities and their differentiation, the microsocial structure of society - primary collectives, the family, etc., have also been significantly enriched.

At the same time, a tradition of excessive separation and specialization in the study of various elements of social life has developed, not particularly sanctioned by anyone, but nevertheless quite strong. Within the framework of this tradition, for example, classes and class relations, ethnic communities, collectives, families, etc. were studied separately.

But the development of society with ever greater perseverance requires overcoming the separate study of individual communities, requires an integral analysis of social life.

Under the social structure is understood the stratification and hierarchical organization of various strata of society, as well as the totality of institutions and the relationship between them. The term "stratification" - stratum - layers, layer. Strata are large groups of people who differ in their position in the social structure of society.

The basis of the stratification structure of society is the natural and social inequality of people. However, on the question of what exactly is the criterion for this inequality, their opinions differ. Studying the process of stratification in society, K. Marx called the fact that a person owns property and the level of his income as such a criterion. M. Weber added to them the social prestige and belonging of the subject to political parties, to power. Pitirim Sorokin considered the cause of stratification to be the uneven distribution of rights and privileges, responsibilities and duties in society. He also argued that the social space also has many other criteria for differentiation: it can be carried out according to citizenship, occupation, nationality, religious affiliation, etc.

Historically, stratification, i.e., inequality in income, power, prestige, etc., arises from the birth of human society. With the advent of the first states, it becomes tougher, and then, in the process of development of society (primarily European), it gradually softens.

In sociology, four main types of social stratification are known - slavery, castes, estates and classes. The first three characterize closed societies, and the last type - open ones.

The first system of social stratification is slavery, which arose in antiquity and still persists in some backward regions. There are two forms of slavery: patriarchal, in which the slave has all the rights of a junior family member, and classical, in which the slave has no rights and is considered the property of the owner (a talking tool). Slavery was based on direct violence, and social groups in the era of slavery were distinguished by the presence or absence of civil rights.

The second system of social stratification should be recognized as the caste system. A caste is a social group (stratum) in which membership is transferred to a person only by birth. The transition of a person from one caste to another during his lifetime is impossible - for this he needs to be born again. India is a classic example of a caste society.

The next form of stratification is estates. An estate is a group of people who have rights and obligations enshrined in law or custom, which are inherited. Usually there are privileged and unprivileged classes in society. For example, in Western Europe, the first group included the nobility and the clergy. to the second - artisans, merchants and peasants.

Finally, another stratification system is the class system. V. I. Lenin: “Classes are large groups of people who differ in their place in a historically defined system of social production, in their relationship (for the most part fixed and formalized in laws) to the means of production, in their role in the social organization of labor, and therefore , according to the methods of obtaining and the size of the share of social wealth that they have.

Depending on the historical period in society, the following are distinguished as the main classes:

a) slaves and slave owners;

b) feudal lords and feudal dependent peasants;

c) the bourgeoisie and the proletariat;

d) the so-called middle class.

Since any social structure is a collection of all functioning social communities, taken in their interaction, the following elements can be distinguished in it:

a) ethnic structure (clan, tribe, nationality, nation);

b) demographic structure (groups are distinguished by age and sex);

c) settlement structure (urban residents, rural residents, etc.)

d) class structure (bourgeoisie, proletariat, peasants, etc.);

e) professional and educational structure.

A person occupying a certain place in the structure has the opportunity to move from one level to another, while raising or lowering his social status, or from one group located at any level to another located at the same level (moving from the Orthodox to a Catholic religious group, from one citizenship to another) This transition is called social mobility. (Vertical mobility is the promotion of a person up or down the career ladder.)

Social mobility sometimes leads to the fact that some people find themselves, as it were, at the junction of certain social groups, while experiencing serious psychological difficulties. Their intermediate position is largely determined by the inability or unwillingness for any reason to adapt to one of the interacting social groups. This phenomenon of finding a person, as it were, between two cultures, associated with his movement in social space, is called marginality. A marginal is an individual who has lost his former social status, deprived of the opportunity to engage in his usual business and, moreover, who has turned out to be unable to adapt to the new socio-cultural environment of the stratum in which he formally exists. The individual value system of such people is so stable that it cannot be replaced by new norms, principles, and rules. Their behavior is characterized by extremes: they are either excessively passive or very aggressive, easily step over moral standards and are capable of unpredictable actions. Among the marginals there may be ethnomarginals - people who find themselves in a foreign environment as a result of migration; religious outcasts - people who stand outside the confession or do not dare to make a choice between them, etc.

Qualitative changes taking place in the economic basis of modern Russian society have led to serious changes in its social structure. The social hierarchy that is currently being formed is distinguished by inconsistency, instability and a tendency to significant changes. The highest stratum (elite) today can be attributed to representatives of the state apparatus, as well as owners of big capital, including their top - financial oligarchs. The middle class in modern Russia includes representatives of the class of entrepreneurs, as well as knowledge workers, highly qualified managers (managers). Finally, the lowest stratum is made up of workers of various professions employed in medium and low-skilled labor, as well as office workers and public sector employees (teachers and doctors in state and municipal institutions). It should be noted that the process of social mobility between these levels in Russia is limited, which may become one of the prerequisites for future conflicts in society.

In the process of changing the social structure of modern Russian society, the following trends can be distinguished:

1) social polarization, i.e. stratification into rich and poor, deepening social and property differentiation;

2) mass downward social mobility;

3) mass change of residence by knowledge workers (the so-called "brain drain").

In general, it can be said that the main criteria that determine the social position of a person in modern Russia and his belonging to one or another stratification level are either the size of his wealth or belonging to power structures.

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The social sphere in its functioning appears as a system that is complexly structured into various, socially unequal classes and layers; groups of people interconnected by property relations, labor and other social interactions in the forms of cooperation, mutual assistance, rivalry, conflict; distribution relations, realized in various forms and levels of income, wealth, poverty; family, domestic and recreational relations, ways of organizing working and free time, spending leisure time.

Along with this, the social sphere is a set of necessary conditions for the reproduction of everyday life, the development and self-existence of a person as a person. According to its subject content, it includes the conditions of work, life, free time, as well as the possibility of mastering the achievements of culture, education, health protection, social security, social protection of individuals and groups that need it (pensioners, the disabled, orphans). families with many children, the unemployed, etc.). The social sphere also includes conditions and opportunities for choosing a profession and place of residence, social movements, participation in public administration and local self-government, development of social infrastructure - transport, communications, housing and communal services, trade and the consumer market. All these conditions and opportunities become more or less accessible to a person, depending on what place he occupies in the social structure of society, whether he belongs to the stratum of entrepreneurs, workers, intellectuals, etc. Therefore, the composition of the social sphere includes in full the social structure with the versatility of all its components. In its development and functioning, the social sphere covers the interests and needs, goals and orientations of different social groups, classes, nations, religious communities, etc. Therefore, it includes the area of relations and interactions between individuals, social groups, communities occupying different social economic position (status) in society. The socio-economic position of each individual and group is determined by: different attitudes to property (entrepreneurs, farmers, workers, etc.), to the organization of labor (managers and subordinates), to sources of income (profit, wages, fees, pensions, etc. .), to different levels of income (rich, poor, poor, etc.).

The social sphere of society is something not one-sided, something that can be understood only by studying it in detail. There are still disputes about its essence.

Of course, it consists of large social groups, as well as the relationships that arise between these groups. Groups are not only labor collectives and classes, but also nations, peoples, and so on. All mankind is one big social community.

The social sphere is nothing but the sphere of reproduction as well as production. A person realizes himself in it not only as a spiritual and social being, but also, of course, a biological one. The social sphere is what makes us educated and working. We receive the necessary medical care, we have a house that meets certain standards and is suitable for living. For example, the life of society is also important. However, its importance can in no way be higher than the importance of the social sphere, since it is the basis of order and general well-being.

People are unequal in education, abilities, and so on. If one screw falls out of an important mechanism, is it easy to pick up a similar one in its place? Yes, it all depends on the situation, as well as whether there are many to choose from. It is the same with people: society seeks to recreate those who could instantly master any kind of activity.

People are unequal not only in abilities, but also in differences in this case, there are the following:

Family;

Gender and age;

Class.

As a rule, the class attributes of a person are associated with property. Property is what a person owns, what is his capital. Class stratification has been taking place since ancient times, and there is no getting away from it.

The means of production are the things about which property relations are formed. Those material goods that are produced with their help - this is what should satisfy the needs of people. Of course, some people get more, and some less.

In ancient times, castes were the basis of stratification. The point is that some groups of people had certain privileges, while others did not. These privileges were hereditary.

It can be observed in the society of almost any country. Many great politicians and thinkers have proposed many options for its elimination. Some of them suggested that all roads be opened before a person, so that he would choose his own and achieve the necessary benefits himself, while others argued that it was necessary to give everyone a standard set of benefits.

People are also unequal in terms of gender and age. Yes, indeed, young people, children, pensioners and others live differently, engage in different activities, perform different social functions, and so on. It all depends on the degree of independence, predisposition to something, and so on. Women were often infringed on their rights and were not allowed to engage in certain activities. Today their situation is better, but discrimination is still observed.

A person must be protected, regardless of gender and age. Social protection is what guarantees the well-being of one and all.

The family is a small social group. It has always had a special place in the social structure of society. What are the relationships here? We are talking about biosocial relations between spouses, necessary for the reproduction of the family. Relations within the family develop depending on the material and other conditions of people's lives. No one will argue with the fact that a peasant family lives in a completely different way from an urban family.

Society is changing under the influence of pressure. The sphere can be controlled, but for this control one must be able to understand the interests and moods of not only large social groups, but also individual individuals.

The social sphere of the life of society is a set of individuals who are united by historically established ties and relationships, as well as possessing features that give it originality. This concept is directly related to satisfaction. And the possibilities due to which you can get the desired result depend on:

the subject and his belonging to a certain social group.
The level of development of the state and its place in the world political arena.

Note that society is not just the number of people. In it, there are certain aggregates of which constitute social being. Their classification may be based on class, national, age or professional characteristics. Separation can also be carried out on the basis of territorial affiliation. That is why the social consists of classes, strata, professional and territorial communities, as well as production teams, families and institutions. Also in this area, macro- and microstructure are distinguished, which includes families, labor and educational teams, and so on.

Note that all the components here are in interaction, which is based on the realization of basic needs and interests. They enter into certain relationships, of which there can be several types: economic, social, spiritual and political.

The social sphere of society includes the following structural components:

ethnic structure. Initially, the family that made up the clan was considered the smallest group. If several of them united, then a tribe was formed. Later, a nationality was formed, which was based on territorial ties between people. When feudalism begins to develop, the process of becoming a nation starts.
Demographic structure. The general community of this structure is the population - a set of people that continuously reproduces their own kind.

The social sphere of society has a certain nature of relations that are formed between its members. Their specificity depends on the position they occupy in the structure, as well as on the role assigned to them within the framework of joint activities. As a rule, the positioning of individuals is not equivalent. This inequality is expressed in the social distance that exists between members of society.

The social sphere of society is characterized by the dominant role of relations, which inevitably leads to the development of a new kind of consciousness of representatives of the society, which is called public. Its structural feature is that the community of people thinks and acts in a completely different way, not the same as its individual members, if they were in a state of disunity.

Note that this area of people's lives is a structure that is in continuous development. Within its framework, those processes always take place that are capable of changing the nature of relations between individuals, as well as their content. They are able to influence the essence of the social structure and

The social sphere of society is constantly being investigated, because at the same time we comprehend the specifics of human relations, as well as the characteristics of the activities and behavior of members of society, social structures and their elements.

Note that the study of all these components is possible only within the framework of sociology. Of course, this area is studied by many sciences, but thanks to sociology, we get a more complete picture of all aspects of its existence and functioning.