Social norms: concept, features, functions, types. Social norms: types, functions, role in human life

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Introduction

Social norms play an important role in the life of every society. The system of social norms reflects the achieved degree of economic, socio-political and spiritual development of society, they reflect the quality of life of people, the historical and national characteristics of the life of the country, the nature of state power. To understand social regulation - the process that determines the social order, its meaning, it is necessary to characterize social norms, their features as regulators.

1. The concept and classification of social norms

The rules governing the behavior of people, the actions of social groups, collectives, organizations, in their entirety constitute social norms. The science of the theory of state and law has not developed a single concept of the term "social norm", you can find in the legal literature various interpretations of the concept under consideration. So, under the social norm Popkov V.D. understands the “rule of socially significant behavior of members of society”, a similar concept is also given by Vengerov A.B. and Nersesyants V.S.. A.V.Malko understands social norms as “rules of conduct used to regulate social relations”. In our opinion, the above definitions do not reflect all the signs of a social norm, so they cannot be considered complete. Using general logical research methods, it is proposed to analyze the features inherent in the social norm, and then on their basis to formulate a definition of the concept of "social norm".

Signs of a social norm include:

1. Social norms are general rules - they establish the rules of behavior in society, determining what the behavior of subjects can or should be from the point of view of the interests of society. At the same time, social norms operate continuously in time, have multiple actions and are addressed to an indefinite circle of people;

2. Social norms regulate the forms of social interaction between people, that is, they are aimed at regulating social relations;

3. These norms arise in connection with the volitional, conscious activity of people;

4. They arise in the process of historical development and functioning of society. Social norms, being an element of society, reflect the processes of its development, affect their pace and nature;

5. Social norms correspond to the type of culture and the nature of the social organization of society.

The famous German sociologist M. Weber believed that it is culture that allows people to give meaning to the world, to create a basis for judging the interaction of people. Culture is expressed primarily in the content of social norms. From this point of view, no special knowledge is needed to notice the differences in social norms belonging to different cultural traditions (for example, European and Asian). However, as Tarasova N.N. rightly notes, “there are differences in the social regulation of the life of societies belonging to the same cultural tradition, although not so fundamental, related to the individual historical fate of a particular people”, which in particular is inherent in Russia as a multinational country.

6. The nature of the organization of society to a greater extent affects the significance of one or another type of norm in society. On the connection of norms in the social normative system.

2. Functions of social norms

1) Regulatory. Social norms regulate the behavior of people in society.

2) Estimated. Social norms act as criteria for attitudes towards certain actions.

3) Translational. Certain social experience and achievements in the development of society are concentrated in social norms.

Thus, social norms are general rules related to the will and consciousness of people for regulating the forms of their social interaction that arise in the process of the historical development and functioning of society, corresponding to the type of culture and the nature of its organization.

The analyzed norms have different content, depending on the nature of the relations they regulate, different ways of occurrence and different foundations of occurrence, in this regard, classifications of social norms are important both for theory and practice.

There are many classifications of social norms proposed by scientists in the legal literature, such a variety of classifications can be explained by the fact that different classification criteria are put in the basis of one or another classification. The most common is their systematization according to two criteria:

1. According to the scope of social norms, economic, political, religious, environmental, etc. are distinguished. The boundaries between them are drawn depending on the sphere of society in which they operate, on the nature of social relations - the subject of regulation. Economic norms are of particular importance for our country in the conditions of the formation of a market economy and are self-regulating principles of the economic activity of society. Political norms are designed to regulate the relationship of social groups, citizens to state power, relations between peoples, the participation of the people as a whole and individual social groups in state power, the organization of the state, the relationship of the state with other organizations of the political system of society. Religious norms regulate the relationship of believers to God, the church, each other, the structure and functions of religious organizations. Religious norms are of great importance. The existence of various religions and trends dictates the need to identify a set of moral and ethical guidelines - an integral part of religious beliefs. Religious canons are a regulatory system that has been operating in society since the most ancient stages of human development.

2. By mechanism (or regulatory features): morality, law, customs and corporate norms. Here the difference lies in the process of formation of norms, the form of their fixation, the nature of the regulatory impact and the ways and methods of ensuring.

Despite the distinguished classifications, it is important to understand the integrity and dynamism of the entire system of social norms, since it is a necessary condition for the life of society, a means of public administration, organization and functioning of the state, ensuring coordinated interaction between people, human rights and, finally, stimulating the growth of people's well-being. The significance of the analysis of classifications within the framework of this work is to identify the significance of each group of social norms, determine their role in the process of regulating social relations, possible options for their interaction and reveal the complex properties of the constituent parts of the system.

3. Common features of social norms

All types of social norms have common features: these are rules of conduct that are mandatory for a certain circle of people, or for society as a whole. They must be applied constantly, the procedure for their application is regulated, and punishments follow for their violation.

Social norms set the boundaries of human behavior that are acceptable in a certain life situation. Social norms are observed, either by the inner conviction of a person, or because of possible sanctions.

A sanction is a reaction of people (society) to the behavior of a person in a particular situation. Sanctions can be rewarding or punitive.

Conclusion

social norm society sanction

The social norm fixes the act of activity, which in practice has become established in life. Therefore, committed actions become an unspoken rule. The social norm determines the formation of the purposeful activity of each individual, which is determined by objective factors. These factors give so-called "objective authority" to social norms. Social norms also presuppose the relative freedom of human behavior, which each person feels when he acts in accordance with social rules, although he could neglect them. At the same time, when a person violates the rules of conduct, he must be prepared to undergo a certain kind of sanctions, by applying which society ensures that individuals respect social rules. With the help of social norms, society seeks to ensure the implementation of certain social functions. The exercise of these functions is of public interest. This public interest is not necessarily, in the full sense of the word, the interest of the predominant part of society. However, it is social in the sense that, with the help of social norms, it ensures the coordination and coordination of the actions of individuals in order to successfully unfold, first of all, the process of social production that ensures the existence of society at a given stage of its development.

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In the most general sense, social regulation is understood as a process immanent in society and determining the social order.

A specific social order is established as a result of the action of a variety of factors. Among them are the following.

1. The so-called "spontaneous" regulators as a direct manifestation of the natural laws of nature and society. The factors of spontaneous regulation are of a natural nature and can be expressed in the form of specific events of a general social scale, economic phenomena, phenomena of mass behavior, etc. These are, for example, an increase in life expectancy of people, massive seasonal diseases, demographic processes, population migration, inflationary expectations and etc. In their quest for order, society and the state strive to take these factors under their control, but this is far from always possible. Sometimes their influence is not reflected at all by the public consciousness or is reflected inadequately.

2. Social norms as regulators associated with the will and consciousness of people.

3. Acts of individual regulation, acting as a targeted, targeted impact of subjects on each other.

These factors can play both a stabilizing and a destabilizing role in society. True, in the legal literature it is generally accepted that the stabilization, streamlining of social relations are ensured by the action of social norms and acts of individual regulation, and the action of spontaneous regulators acts as a factor of destabilizing influence. However, if the criterion of sustainable functioning of society is taken as the basis for the assessment, then all regulatory factors can have both a positive and a negative impact. At the same time, the functional characteristic of stabilization, streamlining of social relations should be attributed primarily to social norms.

To understand the nature of the norms, grounds and rules of social regulation in society, it is necessary to distinguish between two meanings of the term "norm". First, there is a norm natural state some object (process, relationship, system, etc.), constituted by its nature - a natural norm. Second, the norm is guiding principle, rule of conduct, associated with the consciousness and will of people, arising in the process of cultural development and social organization of society - a social norm.

The norms that really operate in people's lives cannot be unambiguously attributed to natural or social norms.

So, natural norms can be translated into a system of technical rules (rules for working with technical or natural objects), become the basis for social regulation (for example, setting a period for recognizing paternity after the death of a spouse), and social norms can form the nature of an object, its qualitative state. Thus, depending on the ratio of natural normativity and social regulation, at least four groups of normative regulators operating in society can be distinguished.

1. Natural norms that exist in the form of formulated knowledge about the normal, natural state of an object, determined by its nature. Such norms are formed, for example, by science.

2. Rules for working with technical and natural objects developed on the basis of knowledge of natural norms. Such rules are called technical norms.

3. Rules of conduct based on natural norms or emerging in connection with their action. This includes most social norms.

4. Rules of conduct, the content of which is determined not so much by natural normativity as by the goals and objectives facing society, or by the needs of its particular sphere. These are some legal procedural rules, rituals, etc.

When discussing the role of law in the system of social normative regulation, the norms of the third and fourth groups are important; in the literature, it is customary to qualify them as social norms. They do not just exist and operate in society, but regulate social relations, people's behavior, normalize the life of society. Social norms are characterized by the following features. 1. They are general rules. The above means that social norms establish the rules of behavior in society, i.e.

determine what the behavior of subjects can or should be from the point of view of the interests of society. At the same time, social norms operate continuously in time, have multiple actions and are addressed to an indefinite circle of people (they do not have a specific addressee).

2. These norms arise in connection with the volitional, conscious activity of people. Some social norms are created in the process of target activity, others arise in repeatedly repeated acts of behavior, are not separated from the behavior itself and act as its samples and stereotypes, others are formed in the form of principles that are fixed in the public consciousness, etc. In other words, the analyzed norms correlate in different ways with the will and consciousness of people, but always arise in connection with them.

3. These norms regulate the forms of social interaction between people, i.e., they are aimed at regulating social relations and behavior in society.

4. They arise in the process of historical development (as its factor and result) and the functioning of society. Social norms, being an element of society, reflect the processes of its development, influence their pace and nature, in a word, they have their place in the history of society, their historical destiny.

In addition, they stabilize the society, which means that they are included in the processes of its functioning, they are both a product and a regulator of these processes.

5. These norms correspond to the type of culture and the nature of the social organization of society. According to M. Weber, it is culture that allows people to give meaning to the world, to create a basis for judging the interaction of people. Culture is expressed primarily in the content of social norms. From this point of view, it is not difficult to notice the differences in social norms in societies belonging to different cultural traditions, for example, European and Asian. We can say that the representation of cultural differences in the norms is no less distinct than in religious and philosophical teachings, value systems, etc.

However, there are differences in the social regulation of the life of societies belonging to the same cultural tradition, although not so fundamental, related to the individual historical fate of a particular people.

The nature of the organization of society to a greater extent affects the significance of one or another type of norms in society, on the connections of norms in the social normative system. So, in non-state-organized societies, customs and traditions dominate, and in states - morality and law.

Thus, social norms are general rules related to the will and consciousness of people for regulating the form of their social interaction that arise in the process of historical development and the functioning of society, corresponding to the type of culture and the nature of its organization.

From the above definition, it can be seen that in the legal literature, social norms are mainly considered as regulators of social relations. But more generally, their role is not limited to this function. Based on the foregoing, at least three functions of social norms can be named.

Regulatory. These norms establish the rules of behavior in society, regulate social interaction. By regulating the life of society, they ensure the stability of its functioning, the maintenance of social processes in the required state, and the orderliness of social relations. In a word, social norms support a certain systemic nature of society, the conditions for its existence as a single organism.

Estimated. Social norms act in public practice as criteria for attitudes towards certain actions, the basis for assessing the socially significant behavior of specific subjects (moral - immoral, lawful - unlawful).

Translational. It can be said that the achievements of mankind in the organization of social life, the culture of relations created by generations, the experience (including negative) of the social structure are concentrated in social norms. In the form of social norms, this experience, culture is not only preserved, but also “transmitted” into the future, passed on to the next generations (through education, upbringing, enlightenment, etc.).

The analyzed norms have different content, depending on the nature of the relations they regulate. In addition, different social norms can arise in different ways and on different basis. Some norms, being initially directly included in activity, are not distinguished from behavior and are its element. Established in practice, examples of such behavior, receiving public awareness, assessment, can be transformed into formulated rules, or can be preserved in the form of habits and stereotypes. Other norms are formed on the basis of ideas dominating in the public mind about the foundations and principles of social organization. The third are formed as the most expedient, optimal rules for a given society (for example, procedural rules). In this regard, both for theory and practice, the classification of social norms is of no small importance.

It is possible to classify social norms according to various criteria, but the most common is their systematization on the basis of the scope and mechanism (regulatory features).

By scope distinguish between economic, political, religious, environmental, etc. The boundaries between them are drawn depending on the sphere of society in which they operate, on the nature of social relations, that is, the subject of regulation.

By mechanism (regulatory features) It is customary to single out morality, law, customs and corporate norms.

When talking about the mechanism, the regulatory specifics of the norms, they use the following main criteria for comparison: the process of forming norms; forms of fixation (existence); the nature of the regulatory impact; ways and methods of providing. With this approach, the specificity of the norms manifests itself quite clearly. This is achieved by the systematic use of criteria: some norms may not differ clearly enough in one or two criteria, but they are always unambiguously separated by the sum of all four characteristics.

Social norms, like other values, perform the functions of assessing and orienting the individual, the community. However, they are not limited to these functions. Norms regulate behavior and social control over behavior. They have a pronounced volitional character. It is not only an expression of thought, but also an expression of will. At the same time, in contrast to the individual expression of will, the norm expresses typical social ties, gives a typical scale of behavior. The norm not only evaluates and orients, like ideas, ideals, but also prescribes. Its characteristic feature is imperativeness. This is the unity of evaluation and prescription.

Social norms are rules that express the requirements of society, a social group for the behavior of an individual, a group in their relationship with each other, social institutions, and society as a whole.

The regulatory impact of norms lies in the fact that they establish boundaries, conditions, forms of behavior, the nature of relations, goals and ways to achieve them.

Due to the fact that the norms provide both general principles of behavior and its specific parameters, they can provide more complete models, standards of due than other values.

Violation of the norms causes a more specific and clear negative reaction from the social group, society, its institutional forms, aimed at overcoming behavior that deviates from the norm. Therefore, norms are a more effective means of combating deviation, a means of ensuring order and stability of society.

Norms arise from the need for certain behavior. So, for example, one of the most ancient norms was the norm of an honest attitude to one's share in social labor. At the dawn of mankind, it was possible to survive only by adhering to this norm. It appeared as a result of consolidation of repeated necessary joint actions. It is interesting that this norm has not lost its significance at the present time, although it is fed by other needs, other factors are actualizing it.

The variety of social reality and social needs gives rise to a variety of norms. Rules can be classified in different ways.

For a sociologist, it matters selection of norms by subjects, carriers of norms. On this basis, universal human norms, norms of society, group, collective are distinguished. In modern society, there is a complex collision, interpenetration of these norms.

By object or field of activity the norms that operate in the field of certain types of relations are delimited: political, economic, aesthetic, religious, etc.

By scale:First type- these are norms that arise and exist only in small groups (youth get-togethers, groups of friends, families, work teams, sports teams). These are called "group habits".

Second type- these are norms that arise and exist in large groups or in society as a whole. They are called "general rules". These are customs, traditions, mores, laws, etiquette, manners. Every social group has its own manners, customs and etiquette. There is secular etiquette, there are manners of young people. There are national traditions and customs.

By place in the normative-value hierarchy: fundamental and secondary, general and specific.

According to the form of formation and fixation: rigidly fixed and flexible.

Scope of application: general and local.

By way of provision: based on internal conviction, public opinion or on coercion, on the power of the state apparatus.

By function: norms of evaluation, orienting, controlling, regulating, punishing, encouraging.

According to the degree of stability: norms based on social habit, custom, traditions and not having such a basis, etc.

All social norms can be classified depending on how strictly their implementation is observed.

For violation of some norms, a mild punishment follows - disapproval, a smirk, an unfriendly look.

For violation of other norms, harsh sanctions - imprisonment, even the death penalty.

A certain degree of defiance exists in any society and in any group. Violation of palace etiquette, the ritual of a diplomatic conversation or marriage causes embarrassment, puts a person in a difficult position. But it does not entail harsh punishment.

In other situations, sanctions are more tangible. Using a cheat sheet in an exam threatens with a decrease in grade, and the loss of a library book - a fivefold fine. In some societies, the slightest deviation from tradition, not to mention serious misconduct, was severely punished. Everything was under control: hair length, dress code, demeanor. So did the rulers of ancient Sparta in the 5th century BC. and Soviet party organs in the 20th century.

If you arrange all the rules in increasing order, depending on the measure of punishment, then their sequence will take the following form:

Norms	Sanctions
habits
Traditions
	++++++++++++++++++

Sanctions are marked with crosses, therefore, the more of them, the more severe the punishment for violating the norm. Compliance with the norms is regulated by society with varying degrees of rigor.

Violations of taboos and legal laws are most severely punished (for example, killing a person, insulting a deity, revealing state secrets), and habits are the mildest. Whether it is individual (forgot to brush your teeth or make your bed) or group, in particular, family (for example, refusing to turn off the light or close the front door).

So social norms – prescriptions, requirements, wishes and expectations of the relevant(socially approved) behavior. Norms are some ideal models (templates) that prescribe what people should say, think, feel and do in specific situations.

Social norms perform very important functions in society. They are:

Regulate the general course of socialization,

Integrate individuals into groups, and groups into society,

Control deviant behavior

They serve as models, standards of behavior.

How can this be achieved with the help of norms?

First, norms are also the duties of one person in relation to another or other persons. By forbidding newcomers to communicate with superiors more often than with their comrades, the small group imposes certain obligations on its members and puts them in certain relations with superiors and comrades. Therefore, norms form a network of social relations in a group, society.

Secondly, norms are also expectations: from a person who observes this norm, others expect quite unambiguous behavior. When some pedestrians move on the right side of the street, and those walking towards them on the left, there is an ordered, organized interaction. When a rule is broken, collision and confusion occur. The effect of norms is even more evident in business. In principle, it is impossible if the partners do not comply with written and unwritten norms, rules, and laws. Therefore, the norms form a system of social interaction, which includes motives, goals, orientation of the subjects of action, the action itself, expectation, evaluation and means.

Norms perform their functions depending on the quality in which they manifest themselves:

how standards of conduct(duties, rules) or

how behavior expectations(reaction of other people).

Protecting the honor and dignity of family members is the duty of every man. Here we are talking about the norm as a standard of proper behavior. This standard corresponds to a very specific expectation of family members, the hope that their honor and dignity will be protected. Among the Caucasian peoples, such a norm is highly valued, and deviation from this norm is punished very severely. The same can be said about the South European peoples. The Italian mafia arose as an informal norm for protecting the honor of the family, and only later did its functions change. Apostates from the accepted standard of behavior were punished by the entire community.

Why do people strive to comply with the norms, but the community strictly monitors this?

Norms - value guards. The honor and dignity of the family has been one of the most important values ​​of the human community since ancient times. And society appreciates what contributes to its stability and prosperity. The family is the basic cell of society and caring for it is its first duty. Showing concern for the family, a man thereby demonstrates his strength, courage, virtue and everything that is highly appreciated by others. His social status rises. On the contrary, those who are unable to protect the household are subjected to contempt, their status is sharply reduced. Since the protection of the family is the basis of its survival, the performance of this most important function in a traditional society makes a man automatically the head of the family. There is no dispute about who is first - husband or wife. As a result, the socio-psychological unity of the family is strengthened. In a modern family, where a man does not have the opportunity to demonstrate his leading functions, instability is much higher than in a traditional one.

As you can see, social norms are really the guardians of order and the guardians of values. Even the simplest norms of behavior embody what is valued by a group or society.

The difference between a norm and a value is expressed as follows: norms are rules of behavior, values ​​are abstract concepts of what is good and evil, right and wrong, proper and improper.

Means of regulation

Classification of values. Mechanisms of emergence and action of values.

Social values ​​and value orientations.

Questions

1. Social norms: concept, functions, classification, means of regulation.

1. Social norms: concept, functions, classification,

Society has an inherent need to preserve its integrity. Reflected in the public consciousness, this need turns into the form of appropriate social ideals, assessments, norms, values.

Norms, values ​​and orientations are the most important elements of society and regulators of people's social activity.

Under social norms most often they understand the totality of requirements and expectations that a social community (group), organization, class and society imposes on its members in order to carry out activities (behavior) of the established pattern.

The social norm is one of the complex forms of expression of social relations. It consists of many elements, each of which has different properties that can also change within a fairly wide range. The social norm embodies the public will, a conscious social necessity. This is what distinguishes it from the so-called quasinorm. The latter are most often of a rough, violent nature, fetter initiative, creativity.

Social norms have passed a long historical path, along with the development of society. At the initial stage of mankind, social norms were something unified. However, as society stratified, differentiation of social norms occurred, the diversity and number of social norms increased.

The social norm performs the following functions: socializes the individual; motivates and evaluates behavior; unifies activities; socially orients; reconcile interests and means of control.

Each of the functions of social norms is not absolutely independent, but interacts with others. In addition, the manifestation of any of the functions depends on the variety of social norms. The content of a function is determined by specific historical conditions, the economic base, the political system, the social structure, and so on.

The main social purpose of the social norm can be formulated as regulation of social relations and behavior of people.

Regulation of relations through social norms provides voluntary and conscious cooperation of people. This is very important because long-term stability, harmony and progress in society cannot be achieved through violence and coercion, through political, ideological and psychological manipulation of people. Such means (methods) entail a response psychological and other reaction of rejection of the source of such coercion.

Social norms coordinate the actions of individuals and groups, bring them into line with the interests of the group and society.

The functional role of social norms lies, first of all, in the fact that the social subject acts in accordance with their instructions, or requires other subjects to behave appropriately.

The function of the norm is to exclude the influence of random, purely subjective motives and circumstances. Norms are designed to ensure the reliability, predictability, standardization and acceptance of behavior. They form expected behavior, understandable to the people around.

The social significance of the norm is largely determined by the content, relevance and direction of the transmitted information, as a result of which the social norm becomes the regulator of human behavior and social relations.

At the same time, different types of activities in different societies are not standardized to the same extent. The content and methods of regulation are different in different cultures.

In social norms, the boundaries of the obligatory and permissible are more or less precisely defined or implied.

Classification of norms

In the modern world, for the implementation of numerous and diverse goals of society, along with social norms, there are many other norms (technical, technological, economic, political, etc.). Under certain conditions, the so-called "non-social" norms can acquire a social character. For example, modern technical norms in the form of various standards, GOSTs, technical requirements acquire the status of social norms, their violation leads to severe, sometimes dramatic consequences. Social norms can be classified in many ways.

We can conditionally distinguish the following groups of norms:

1. General rules. norms, maintaining order in relations both in society as a whole and in its constituent groups.

2. Economic norms provide acceptable criteria for economic activity, expediency and professionalism, practicality and efficiency.

3. Political norms fix the obligation to support the general principles of the political system of their country, to fight according to the rules, observing the laws and the constitution.

4. cultural norms support stable principles of communication, interaction between individuals and various groups. So, it is customary to speak their own language, read and write, maintain the style and symbolism of their culture. A sharp rejection of the accepted norms can be considered as abnormal behavior.

5. The sphere of relations between citizens and social institutions in a democratic society is regulated legal regulations.

There are norms of scientific activity, norms characteristic of military personnel, norms of behavior of artists and cultural figures, and the political elite.

In most cultures, there are fairly strict rules regarding the use of alcohol and drugs. There are no societies in which there would be no norms governing sexual relations. It is possible to single out norms prohibiting and norms stimulating, formal and informal.

to formal rules include legal laws as well as administrative and organizational rules. They are of an extremely formalized nature, controlled and supported by strictly defined means that are part of the system of social control.

to informal norms. relate naturally emerging patterns of behavior (mores, customs, etc.). The adoption of such norms occurs on an emotional, non-verbal level and in the course of direct communication and interaction between people. These norms are not only not discussed, but are relatively rarely realized. Their violation causes a general negative reaction, but the application of sanctions is informal, not clearly defined. Compliance with informal norms is ensured by the power of public opinion.

An intermediate position between these two types is occupied by morality, ethics and fashion. This group of norms is well reflected in society and may even be presented in certain texts. But unlike formal norms (such as laws, rules), they have neither an unambiguous formulation nor a single codified source. The very possibility of defining and interpreting the content of these norms in different ways makes them the subject of constant discussion in society.

It is customary to distinguish between universal, national, class, group, interindividual norms.

The requirements arising from this variety of norms often diverge. The group may demand from its members actions condemned by society. Sometimes the group is tolerant of the violation of norms, the strict observance of which is required by society.

Norms have not only national significance, but also differentiated by social structures.

Social norms can be classified by scope(general, local), by importance(generally significant, relating to all members of society; special, extending to a limited circle of people; individual, relating to individual social subjects), by the nature of the requirement and objective function(binding, forbidding, blocking, encouraging, etc.).

Norms can be divided into leading and auxiliary, basic and derivative, ordinary norms and meta-norms, i.e. actions, rules governing the relationship between the norms themselves within the normative system.

This is not a complete list of social norms. They are constantly produced and reproduced.

In real life, all types of social norms function, as a rule, not in isolation, but in dialectical interaction, in a complex, in a system, including both unity and contradiction, which requires an analysis of their causes and ways to resolve them.

What is the origin of the social norm, its origins?

The source of the norm may be tradition, public opinion, or a certain institutionally established social group of people. The way in which a norm is created can be the result of empirical and theoretical normative activity.

Empirical rule-making, which is historically earlier than theoretical, closely related to practical life and everyday consciousness. It is characterized by spontaneity, and as a rule, the absence of institutionalization. The theoretical rule-making is institutionalized, all norm-organization in the same case becomes the result of the activities of special social institutions, authorities (see: Sociological reference book / Under the general editorship of V.I. Volovich. - Kyiv, 1990. P. 51 - 53.).

Some norms (for example, in the economy, in scientific and technical activity) are established consciously on the basis of a calculation or agreement. Others (in the sphere of public relations and everyday life) are supported by a centuries-old tradition.

The acceptance (assimilation) of a norm depends on the nature of its authority. For the addressee, its acceptance can be internal, emotional, experienced, or external, made on the basis of a rational decision or forced submission, in accordance with which the norms are divided into autogenous and heterogeneous, norms of introverts and norms of extroverts.

The depth of assimilation, acceptance of the norm by its addressee is significant, not requiring special coercive efforts.

sustainable norms are preserved for many generations, receive a moral justification, are often illuminated by the authority of religion and are supported by law.

Often, norms persist long after they have lost their effectiveness, becoming empty rituals, obsolete styles, and so on.

Legislation- a system of legislative acts adopted by the legislative (representative) body or directly by the population and operating on the territory of the country.

social norms-- universally recognized rules, patterns of behavior, standards of activity that ensure orderliness, sustainability and stability of social interaction between individuals and social groups. The set of norms that are in force in a particular community constitutes an integral system, the various elements of which are interdependent. legislation social regulation

Types of social norms

group habits-- norms of small groups. They appear and continue to exist only in small groups (families, sports teams, friendly companies).

General rules -- the norms of large groups (society as a whole). These are manners, traditions, etiquette. Each social group has its own customs, rules of conduct, traditions. There are manners of behavior of older people, national customs.

The normativity of social behavior is directly related to the role functions of a person in society as a whole, a social group. These functions are determined by his status in such a group. The social norm instilled in an individual, group and society dictates the behavior that will be expected. Stereotypes are formed, a person's vision of his proper behavior.

Functions of social norms

integration of individuals into groups, and groups into society;

regulation of the general course of socialization;

controlling deviant behavior;

formation of models, standards of behavior.

Achieving this with the help of social norms occurs as follows:

social norms These are the duties of one person in relation to another or other people. Restricting students to communicate with the school principal more often than with their teachers obliges each student to fulfill the required norms of behavior, certain obligations with other students, teachers and the school principal. Consequently, social norms determine the formation of a network of social relations of a group, society.

social norms-- these are the expectations of a small group, a large group, society as a whole. From each person who observes social norms, others expect a certain behavior. When public transport passengers exit first, and only then others enter, there is an organized interaction. When the norm is violated, collisions and disorder arise. Consequently, social norms determine the formation of a system of social interaction, which includes motives, goals, orientation of the subjects of action, action, expectation, evaluation and means.

Social norms perform their own functions depending on the quality in which they manifest themselves:

as standards of conduct (rules, requirements, duties);

as expectations of behavior (stereotypes, reactions of other people).

Social norms are universal. The social norm, fixing any rule of behavior, affects not a specific individual, but all people in similar situations. Social norms are characterized by:

uncertainty of the addressee (to someone who is in a specific capacity, in specific conditions provided for by social norms);

universality of application (in acts of social relations, production, exchange, interaction of individuals);

repeated repetition (a criterion of the historical process, denoting the pattern of development).

The social norm fixes the act of activity, which in practice has become established in life. Therefore, committed actions become an unspoken rule. The social norm determines the formation of the purposeful activity of each individual, which is determined by objective factors. These factors give social norms the so-called "objective power".

Social norms also presuppose the relative freedom of human behavior, which each person feels when he acts in accordance with social rules, although he could neglect them. At the same time, when a person violates the rules of conduct, he must be prepared to be subjected to a certain kind of sanctions, by applying which the society ensures that individuals respect the social rules.

With the help of social norms, society seeks to ensure the implementation of certain social functions. The exercise of these functions is of public interest. This public interest is not necessarily, in the full sense of the word, the interest of the predominant part of society. However, it is social in the sense that, with the help of social norms, it ensures the coordination and coordination of the actions of individuals in order to successfully unfold, first of all, the process of social production that ensures the existence of society at a given stage of its development.

• - all social norms operating in modern society are divided on two grounds:
  • a) the method of creation;
  • b) means of protecting their claims from violations.

Based on this, the following types of social norms are distinguished. Rules of law are generally binding rules of conduct that are established or sanctioned (recognized) by the state and protected by its coercive power. Norms of morality (morality) - the rules of behavior that are established in society in accordance with the moral ideas of people about good and evil. justice and injustice, duty, honor, dignity and are protected by the power of public opinion or inner conviction. The norms of public organizations (corporate) are the rules of conduct contained in the charters, programs and other documents of parties, trade unions, public associations, mass movements. These norms are obligatory only for members of these public formations and are protected with the help of measures of public influence provided for in the statutory documents of these organizations. Religious norms regulate relations between believers, their participation in worship, the order of worship, etc. For thousands of years, religious norms have regulated relations not only between members of religious communities, but have also been used. as legal norms (in particular, when regulating family and marriage relations, land use, inheritance, etc.). They are contained in religious books (Old Testament, New Testament, Koran, Talmud, Buddhist religious books, etc.). The norms of customs are the rules of behavior that have developed in society under certain conditions and as a result of their repeated repetition, which have become a habit of people. The peculiarity of these norms of behavior lies in the fact that they are carried out by force of habit, which has become a natural vital need of a person. Their implementation is carried out, as a rule, without thinking about the origin of the norm due to emotional perception and a certain automatism. The norms of traditions are the rules of conduct (a special guide of customs), acting in the form of the most general and stable areas of human activity, associated with a certain spiritual make-up of the individual, his worldview (for example, family, professional, military, national and other traditions). Therefore, the tradition can be eradicated by ideological influence on people. On the contrary, a custom can only be superseded by another custom. The norms of rituals are a kind of social norms that determine the rules of people's behavior when performing rituals and are protected by measures of moral influence. Ritual norms are widely used during national holidays, marriages, official meetings of state and public figures and official receptions (banquets). A feature of the implementation of ritual norms is their colorfulness and theatricality. The division of social norms is carried out not only by the method of their establishment and protection, but also by content. On this basis, political, technical, labor, family, norms of culture, religion, etc. are distinguished. All social norms in their totality and interconnection are called the rules of human society.