Main tropes and stylistic figures. Means of speech expressiveness in Russian

Every day we are faced with a mass of means of artistic expression, we often use them in speech ourselves, without even meaning it. We remind mom that she has golden hands; we remember bast shoes, while they have long gone out of general use; we are afraid to get a pig in a poke and exaggerate objects and phenomena. All these are paths, examples of which can be found not only in fiction, but also in oral speech each person.

What is expressiveness?

The term "paths" comes from Greek word tropos, which in translation into Russian means "turn of speech". They are used to give figurative speech, with their help poetic and prose works become incredibly expressive. Tropes in literature, examples of which can be found in almost any poem or story, constitute a separate layer in modern philological science. Depending on the situation of use, they are divided into lexical means, rhetorical and syntactic figures. Paths are widespread not only in fiction, but also in oratory and even everyday speech.

Lexical means of the Russian language

Every day we use words that in one way or another decorate speech, make it more expressive. Vivid tropes, examples of which are countless, are no less important than lexical means.

Antonyms- Words that are opposite in meaning.
Synonyms- lexical units that are close in meaning.
Phraseologisms- stable combinations, consisting of two or more lexical units, which, according to semantics, can be equated to one word.
Dialectisms- words that are common only in a certain territory.
Archaisms- obsolete words denoting objects or phenomena, modern analogues of which are present in the culture and everyday life of a person.
historicisms- terms denoting objects or phenomena that have already disappeared.

Tropes in Russian (examples)

At present, the means of artistic expression are magnificently demonstrated in the works of the classics. Most often these are poems, ballads, poems, sometimes stories and novels. They decorate speech and give it imagery.

Metonymy- substitution of one word for another by adjacency. For example: At midnight on New Year's Eve, the whole street went out to let off fireworks.
Epithet- a figurative definition that gives the subject an additional characteristic. For example: Mashenka had magnificent silk curls.
Synecdoche- the name of the part instead of the whole. For example: At the faculty international relations learns and Russian, and Finn, and English, and Tatar.
personification- the assignment of animate qualities to an inanimate object or phenomenon. For example: The weather was worried, angry, raging, and a minute later it started to rain.
Comparison- an expression based on a comparison of two objects. For example: Your face is fragrant and pale, like a spring flower.
Metaphor- transferring the properties of one object to another. For example: Our mother has golden hands.

Tropes in literature (examples)

The presented means of artistic expression are less often used in speech. modern man, but this does not diminish their significance in the literary heritage of great writers and poets. Thus, litotes and hyperbole often find use in satirical stories, and allegory in fables. Paraphrase is used to avoid repetition in or speech.

Litotes- artistic understatement. For example: A man with a fingernail works at our factory.
paraphrase- replacement of a direct name with a descriptive expression. For example: The night luminary is especially yellow today (about the Moon).
Allegory- the image of abstract objects with images. For example: Human qualities - cunning, cowardice, clumsiness - are revealed in the form of a fox, a hare, a bear.
Hyperbola- Deliberate exaggeration. For example: My buddy has incredibly huge ears, about the size of a head.

Rhetorical figures

The idea of each writer is to intrigue his reader and not demand an answer to the problems posed. A similar effect is achieved through the use of work of art rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals, silences. All these are tropes and figures of speech, examples of which are probably familiar to every person. Their use in everyday speech is approving, the main thing is to know the situation when it is appropriate.

A rhetorical question is put at the end of a sentence and does not require a response from the reader. It makes you think about the real issues.

The incentive offer ends. Using this figure, the writer calls for action. The exclamation should also be classified under the "paths" section.

Examples of rhetorical appeal can be found in "To the Sea"), in Lermontov ("The Death of a Poet"), as well as in many other classics. It does not apply to a specific person, but to the entire generation or era as a whole. Using it in a work of art, the writer can blame or, conversely, approve of actions.

Rhetorical silence is actively used in lyrical digressions. The writer does not express his thought to the end and gives rise to further reasoning.

Syntactic figures

Such techniques are achieved through sentence construction and include word order, punctuation; they contribute to the intriguing and interesting design sentences, so every writer tends to use these tropes. Examples are especially noticeable when reading the work.

polyunion- deliberate increase in the number of unions in the proposal.
Asyndeton- the absence of unions when listing objects, actions or phenomena.
Syntax parallelism- comparison of two phenomena by their parallel image.
Ellipsis- deliberate omission of a number of words in a sentence.
Inversion- violation of the order of words in the construction.
Parceling- intentional segmentation of the sentence.

Figures of speech

Tropes in Russian, examples of which are given above, can be continued indefinitely, but do not forget that there is another conditionally distinguished section of means of expression. Artistic figures play an important role in written and oral speech.

Table of all trails with examples

It is important for high school students, graduates of humanitarian faculties and philologists to know the variety of means of artistic expression and the cases of their use in the works of classics and contemporaries. If you want to know in more detail what tropes are, a table with examples will replace dozens of literary critical articles for you.

Lexical means and examples
Synonyms	Let us be humiliated and offended, but we deserve a better life.
Antonyms	My life is nothing but black and white stripes.
Phraseologisms	Before buying jeans, find out about their quality, otherwise you will be slipped a pig in a poke.
Archaisms	Barbers (hairdressers) do their job quickly and efficiently.
historicisms	Bast shoes are an original and necessary thing, but not everyone has them today.
Dialectisms	Kozyuli (snakes) were found in this area.
Stylistic tropes (examples)
Metaphor	You have my friend.
personification	The leaves sway and dance in the wind.
	The red sun sets over the horizon.
Metonymy	I've already eaten three bowls.
Synecdoche	The consumer always chooses quality products.
paraphrase	Let's go to the zoo to look at the king of animals (about the lion).
Allegory	You are a real donkey (about stupidity).
Hyperbola	I've been waiting for you for three hours!
	Is this a man? A man with a fingernail, and nothing more!
Syntactic figures (examples)
	How many of those with whom I can be sad How few I can love.
	We'll go raspberry! Do you like raspberries? Not? Tell Daniel Let's go for raspberries.
gradation	I think about you, I miss you, I remember you, I miss you, I pray.
Pun	I, through your fault, began to drown sadness in wine.
Rhetorical figures (address, exclamation, question, default)	When will you, the younger generation, become polite? Oh what a wonderful day today! And you say that you know the material superbly? Come home soon - look...
polyunion	I perfectly know algebra, and geometry, and physics, and chemistry, and geography, and biology.
Asyndeton	The store sells shortbread, crumbly, peanut, oatmeal, honey, chocolate, diet, banana cookies.
Ellipsis	Not there (it was)!
Inversion	I would like to tell you one story.
Antithesis	You are everything and nothing to me.
Oxymoron	Living Dead.

The role of means of artistic expression

The use of tropes in everyday speech elevates each person, makes him more literate and educated. A variety of means of artistic expression can be found in any literary work, poetic or prose. Paths and figures, examples of which every self-respecting person should know and use, do not have an unambiguous classification, since from year to year philologists continue to explore this area of the Russian language. If in the second half of the twentieth century they singled out only metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche, now the list has grown tenfold.

Means of speech expressiveness- these are speech turns, the main function of which is to give the language beauty and expressiveness, versatility and emotionality.
Phonetic (sound), lexical (associated with the word), syntactic (associated with the phrase and sentence) means are distinguished.
Phonetic means of expression
1. Alliteration- repetition in the text of consonant or identical consonant sounds.
For example: G about R od g R abil, g R fuck, g R abastal.
2. Assonance- repetition of vowels. For example:
M e lo, m e lo to sun e th e mle
Sun e limits.
St e cha gore e la on the table e,
St e cha burned ... (B. Pasternak)

3. Onomatopoeia- Reproduction of natural sound, imitation of sound. For example:
How do they wear drops of news about the ride,
And all through the night everyone clatters and rides,
Knocking a horseshoe on one nail
Here, then there, then in that entrance, then in this one.

Lexical means of expression (tropes)
1. Epithet- A figurative definition characterizing a property, quality, concept, phenomenon
For example: golden grove, cheerful wind
2. Comparison- Comparison of two objects, concepts or states that have a common feature.
For example: And the birches stand like big candles.
3. Metaphor- figurative meaning of the word based on similarity.
For example: The chintz of the sky is blue.
4. Personification- the transfer of human properties to inanimate objects.
For example: Sleeping bird cherry in a white cape.
5. Metonymy- replacement of one word by another based on the adjacency of two concepts.
For example: I ate three bowls.
6. Synecdoche- replacement plural the only one, the use of the whole instead of the part (and vice versa).
For example: Swede, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts...

7. Allegory- allegory; the image of a particular concept in artistic images (in fairy tales, fables, proverbs, epics).
For example: A fox- an allegory of cunning, Hare- cowardice
8. Hyperbole- exaggeration.
For example: I haven't seen you in two hundred years.
9. Litota- an understatement.
For example: Wait 5 seconds.
10. Paraphrase- paraphrase, a descriptive phrase containing an assessment.
For example: King of beasts (lion).
11. Pun- a play on words, a humorous use of polysemy of words or homonymy.
For example:
Sitting in a taxi, DAKSA asked:
"What is the TAX for the fare?"
And the driver: "Money from TAX
We don't take it at all. That's SO-S!"
12. Oxymoron- a combination of opposite words.
For example: ringing silence, hot snow
13. Phraseologisms- stable combinations of words.
For example: bury talent in the ground.
14. Irony- subtle mockery, use in a sense opposite to the direct one.
For example: Have you been singing? This is the case: so come on, dance.
Syntactic means of expression ( stylistic figures)
1. Inversion- violation direct order words
For example: We have been waiting for you for a long time.
2. Ellipsis- omission of any member of the sentence, more often the predicate.
For example: We sat down - in ashes, hailstones - in dust, In swords - sickles and plows.
3. Default- interrupted statement, giving the opportunity to speculate, reflect.
For example: I suffered... I wanted an answer... I didn't wait... I left...
4. Interrogative sentence- syntactic organization of speech, which creates a manner of conversation.
For example: How to earn a million?
5. Rhetorical question- a question that contains a statement.
For example: Who can't catch up with him?

6. Rhetorical appeal- highlighting important semantic positions.
For example: O Sea! How I missed you!
7. Syntactic parallelism- similar, parallel construction of phrases, lines.
For example: To be able to ask for forgiveness is a sign of strength. To be able to forgive is an indicator of nobility.
8. Gradation- the location of synonyms according to the degree of increase or weakening of the sign.
For example: Silence covered, leaned, engulfed.
9. Antithesis- stylistic figure of contrast, comparison, opposition of opposite concepts.
For example: Long hair, short mind.
10. Anaphora- unanimity.
For example:
take care each other,
Kindness warm.
Take care of each other,
Let's not offend.

11. Epiphora- repetition of final words.
For example:
The forest is not the same!
The bush is not the same!
Thrush is not the same!

12. Parceling- division of the proposal into parts.
For example: A man has gone. In a leather jacket. Filthy. Smiled.

It is known that not a single European lexicon can be compared with juiciness: this opinion is expressed by many literary critics who have studied its expressiveness. It has Spanish expansion, Italian emotionality, French tenderness. Language tools used by Russian writers resemble the strokes of an artist.

When experts talk about the expressiveness of a language, they mean not only the figurative means that they study at school, but also an inexhaustible arsenal of literary devices. There is no unified classification of visual and expressive means, however, conditionally language tools are divided into groups.

In contact with

Lexical means

Expressive means, working at the lexical language level, are an integral part of a literary work: poetic or written in prose. These are words or phrases used by the author in a figurative or allegorical sense. The most extensive group of lexical means of creating imagery in the Russian language is literary tropes.

Varieties of trails

There are more than two dozen tropes used in the works. Table with examples combined the most used:

№	trails	Explanations for the term	Examples
1	Allegory	Replacing an abstract concept with a concrete image.	"In the hands of Themis", which means: in justice
2		These are paths based on figurative comparison, but without the use of conjunctions (like, as if). Metaphor involves the transfer of the qualities of one object or phenomenon to some other.	Bubbling voice (voice as if murmuring).
3	Metonymy	Substitution of one word for another, based on the adjacency of concepts.	The class was noisy
4	Comparison	What is comparison in literature? Comparison of objects on a similar basis. Comparisons are artistic means, with enhanced imagery.	Comparison: hot as fire (other examples: turned white like chalk).
5	personification	The transfer of human properties to inanimate objects or phenomena.	Whispered tree leaves
6	Hyperbola	These are tropes based on literary exaggeration that enhances a certain characteristic or quality on which the author focuses the reader's attention.	Sea of work.
7	Litotes	Artistic understatement of the described object or phenomenon.	Man with nails.
8	Synecdoche	Replacing some words with others regarding quantitative relations.	Invite to zander.
9	Occasionalisms	Artistic means formed by the author.	The fruits of education.
10	Irony	A subtle mockery based on an outwardly positive assessment or a serious form of expression.	What do you say, smart guy?
11	Sarcasm	A stinging subtle sneer, highest form irony.	The works of Saltykov-Shchedrin are full of sarcasm.
12	paraphrase	Replacing a word with a similar one lexical meaning expression.	King of beasts
13	Lexical repetition	In order to enhance the value specific word The author repeats it several times.	Lakes all around, deep lakes.

The article contains main trails, known in the literature, which are illustrated by a table with examples.

Sometimes archaisms, dialectisms, professionalisms are referred to as paths, but this is not true. These are means of expression, the scope of which is limited to the depicted era or area of application. They are used to create the color of the era, the place described or the working atmosphere.

Specialized expressive means

- words that were once called objects familiar to us (eyes - eyes). Historicisms mean objects or phenomena (actions) that have gone out of use (caftan, ball).

Both archaisms and historicisms - means of expression, which are readily used by writers and screenwriters who create works on historical topics (examples are "Peter the Great" and "Prince Silver" by A. Tolstoy). Poets often use archaisms to create a sublime style (bosom, right hand, finger).

Neologisms are figurative means of language that have entered our lives relatively recently (gadget). They are often used in a literary text to create an atmosphere of a youth environment and an image of advanced users.

Dialectisms - words or grammatical forms used in colloquial speech residents of the same locality (kochet - rooster).

Professionalisms are words and expressions that are typical for representatives of a certain profession. For example, a pen for a printer is, first of all, a spare material that was not included in the room, and only then the place where the animals stay. Naturally, a writer who tells about the life of a printing hero will not bypass the term.

Jargon is the vocabulary of informal communication used in the colloquial speech of people belonging to a certain circle of communication. For example, language features text about the lives of students will allow the word "tails" to be used in the sense of "exam debt", and not parts of the body of animals. This word often appears in works about students.

Phraseological turns

Phraseological expressions are lexical language means, whose expressiveness is determined by:

Figurative meaning, sometimes with mythological background (Achilles' heel).
Everyone belongs to the category of high set expressions(sink into oblivion), or colloquial turns (hang ears). These can be linguistic means that have a positive emotional coloring (golden hands - a load of approving meaning), or with a negative expressive assessment (small fry - a shade of disdain for a person).

Phraseologisms use, to:

to emphasize the clarity and figurativeness of the text;
build the necessary stylistic tone (colloquial or elevated), having previously assessed the linguistic features of the text;
express the author's attitude to the reported information.

The figurative expressiveness of phraseological turns is enhanced due to their transformation from well-known to individually authorial ones: to shine in all Ivanovskaya.

A special group is aphorisms ( idioms ). For example, happy hours are not observed.

Aphorisms include works of folk art: proverbs, sayings.

These artistic means are used in literature quite often.

Attention! Phraseologisms as figurative and expressive literary means cannot be used in an official business style.

Syntactic tricks

Syntactic figures of speech are turns used by the author in order to better convey the necessary information or the general meaning of the text, sometimes to give the passage an emotional coloring. Here are some syntactic means expressiveness:

Antithesis is a syntactic means of expressiveness based on opposition. "Crime and Punishment". Allows you to emphasize the meaning of one word with the help of another, opposite in meaning.
Gradations are means of expressiveness that use synonymous words arranged according to the principle of the rise and fall of a feature or quality in the Russian language. For example, the stars shone, burned, shone. Such a lexical chain highlights the main conceptual meaning of each word - “shine”.
oxymoron - right opposite words nearby. For example, the expression "fiery ice" figuratively and vividly creates the contradictory character of the hero.
Inversions are syntactic expressive means based on the unusual construction of a sentence. For example, instead of "he sang" it says "he sang". At the beginning of the sentence, the word that the author wants to emphasize is taken out.
Parceling is the intentional division of one sentence into several parts. For example, Ivan is nearby. Worth watching. In the second sentence, an action, quality or sign is usually taken out, which takes on the author's emphasis.

Important! These figurative means representatives of a number scientific schools referred to as stylistic. The reason for the replacement of the term lies in the influence exerted by the expressive means of this group on the style of the text, albeit through syntactic constructions.

Phonetic means

Sound devices in Russian are the smallest group of literary figures of speech. This is a special use of words with the repetition of certain sounds or phonetic groups in order to depict artistic images.

Usually such figurative means of language used by poets in poetry, or writers in lyrical digressions, when describing landscapes. The authors use repetitive sounds to convey thunder or the rustling of leaves.

Alliteration is the repetition of a series of consonants that create sound effects that enhance the imagery of the described phenomenon. For example: "In the silky rustle of snow noise." The pumping of sounds С, Ш and Ш creates the effect of imitation of the whistle of the wind.

Assonance - the repetition of vowel sounds in order to create an expressive artistic image: "March, march - we wave the flag / / We march to the parade." The vowel “a” is repeated to create an emotional fullness of feelings, a unique feeling of universal joy and openness.

Onomatopoeia - the selection of words that combine a certain set of sounds that creates a phonetic effect: the howl of the wind, the rustle of grass and other characteristic natural sounds.

Expressive means in Russian, tropes

Use of words of speech expressiveness

Output

It is the abundance of figurative means expressiveness in Russian makes it truly beautiful, juicy and unique. Therefore, foreign literary critics prefer to study the works of Russian poets and writers in the original.

In Russian, additional expressive means are widely used, for example, tropes and figures of speech.

Tropes are such speech turns that are based on the use of words in a figurative sense. They are used to enhance the expressiveness of the writer or speaker.

Tropes include: metaphors, epithets, metonymy, synecdoche, comparisons, hyperbole, litotes, paraphrase, personification.

Metaphor is a technique in which words and expressions are used in a figurative sense based on analogy, similarity or comparison.

And my tired soul is embraced by darkness and cold. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

An epithet is a word that defines an object or phenomenon and emphasizes any of its properties, qualities, signs. Usually an epithet is called a colorful definition.

Your thoughtful nights transparent dusk. (A S. Pushkin)

Metonymy is a means of replacing one word with another on the basis of adjacency.

The hiss of frothy goblets and punch blue flames. (A.S. Pushkin)

Synecdoche - one of the types of metonymy - the transfer of the meaning of one object to another on the basis of the quantitative relationship between them.

And it was heard until dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

Comparison is a technique in which one phenomenon or concept is explained by comparing it with another. Comparative conjunctions are usually used in this case.

Anchar, like a formidable sentry, stands alone in the whole universe. (A.S. Pushkin).

Hyperbole is a trope based on the excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object or phenomenon.

For a week I won’t say a word to anyone, I’m all sitting on a stone by the sea ... (A. A. Akhmatova).

Litota is the opposite of hyperbole, an artistic understatement.

Your spitz, lovely spitz, is no more than a thimble ... (A.S. Griboyedov)

Impersonation is a tool based on the transfer of properties animate objects to the inanimate.

Silent sadness will be consoled, and joy will reflect friskyly. (A.S. Pushkin).

Paraphrase - a trope in which the direct name of an object, person, phenomenon is replaced by a descriptive turn, which indicates the signs of an object, person, phenomenon that is not directly named.

"King of beasts" instead of a lion.

Irony is a technique of ridicule, containing an assessment of what is ridiculed. In irony there is always a double meaning, where the true is not directly stated, but implied.

So, in the example, Count Khvostov is mentioned, who was not recognized by his contemporaries as a poet because of the mediocrity of his poems.

Count Khvostov, a poet beloved by heaven, was already singing with immortal verses of the misfortune of the Neva banks. (A.S. Pushkin)

Stylistic figures are special turns that go beyond the necessary norms for creating artistic expression.

It is necessary to emphasize once again that stylistic figures make our speech information redundant, but this redundancy is necessary for the expressiveness of speech, and therefore, for a stronger impact on the addressee.

These figures include:

And you, arrogant descendants…. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

A rhetorical question is such a structure of speech in which the statement is expressed in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer, but only enhances the emotionality of the statement.

And over the fatherland of enlightened freedom will the longed-for dawn finally rise? (A. S. Pushkin)

Anaphora is the repetition of parts of relatively independent segments.

As if you curse the days without a light,

As if gloomy nights scare you ...

(A. Apukhtin)

Epiphora - repetition at the end of a phrase, sentence, line, stanza.

Dear friend, and in this quiet house

The fever hits me

Can't find me a place in a quiet house

Near peaceful fire. (A.A. Blok)

Antithesis is an artistic opposition.

And the day, and the hour, both in writing and orally, for the truth yes and no ... (M. Tsvetaeva)

An oxymoron is a combination of logically incompatible concepts.

You are the one who loved me with the falseness of truth and the truth of lies ... (M. Tsvetaeva)

Gradation - grouping homogeneous members sentences in a certain order: according to the principle of increasing or decreasing emotional and semantic significance

I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ... (With A. Yesenin)

Silence is a deliberate interruption of speech, based on the guess of the reader, who must mentally finish the phrase.

But listen: if I owe you ... I own a dagger, I was born near the Caucasus ... (A.S. Pushkin)

Polyunion - the repetition of the union, perceived as redundant, creates the emotionality of speech.

And for him resurrected again: and the deity, and inspiration, and life, and tears, and love. (A. S. Pushkin)

Non-union is a construction in which unions are omitted to enhance expression.

Swede, Russian, cuts, stabs, cuts, drumming, clicks, rattle ... (A.S. Pushkin)

Parallelism is the identical arrangement of speech elements in adjacent parts of the text.

Some houses are as long as the stars, others as long as the moon .. (V. V. Mayakovsky).

Chiasmus is a cross arrangement of parallel parts in two adjacent sentences.

Automedons (coachman, charioteer - O.M.) are our strikers, our troikas are indomitable ... (A.S. Pushkin). Two parts complex sentence in the example, in order of arrangement of the members of the sentence, they are, as it were, in mirror reflection: Subject - definition - predicate, predicate - definition - subject.

Inversion - reverse order words, for example, the location of the definition after the word being defined, etc.

At the frosty dawn under the sixth birch, around the corner, by the church, wait, Don Juan... (M. Tsvetaeva).

In the above example, the adjective frosty is in the position after the word being defined, which is the inversion.

To check or self-control on the topic, you can try to guess our crossword

Materials are published with the personal permission of the author - Ph.D. O.A. Maznevoy

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In order to correctly complete this assignment for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language, you need to understand the “rules of the game”, which we will tell you about. Our tips will greatly simplify your work.

So, the last task. It meets what you have already repeated before in other tasks. This makes the job much easier.

Task Formulation:

Fill in the gaps (A, B, C, D) with the numbers corresponding to the numbers of the terms from the list. Write in the table under each letter

the corresponding number.

"F. Vigdorova talks about complex phenomena in our everyday life.

life, it is no coincidence that the leading device in the text becomes (A) _________

(proposals 24, 29–30). Focus readers on important

17–18, 28–29). Sincere emotion of the author and indifferent

attitude to the problem posed in the text convey syntactic

means - (B) _________ (“as yourself”, “as in your own”

in sentence 22) and tropes - (D) _________ (" dizzying the mountains"

in sentence 28, " insidious funnel" in sentence 29)".

List of terms:

1) book vocabulary

3) opposition

4) colloquial vocabulary

5) anaphora

6) impersonation

7) introductory word

8) synonyms

9) comparative turnover

Read the wording of the assignment. You are asked to find techniques, syntactic means and tropes. This is a hint that limits the scope of the search. There are paths in the list of terms, there are syntactic means and what is united by the word "techniques".

In the list presented in the task, there are paths: epithet, personification. Hence, the answer G must be sought only among them.

The list contains syntactic means: an introductory word, a comparative phrase. Look for the answer B.

There are even lexical means: book vocabulary, colloquial vocabulary, synonyms. (We exclude them from the circle of searches immediately, since they are not mentioned in the task.)

There is artistic techniques(they are also called stylistic figures): opposition, anaphora. Distribute answers A, B among them.

See how easy the job is. Let's remember the expressive means of the Russian language in groups.

trails–

are words, verbal expressions used in figurative meaning.

1. Epithet is an artistic definition. Most often expressed by an adjective, so look for beautiful, unusual, figurative adjectives in the text.

Through wavy the fog is wading through the moon. And the waves of the sea sad they roared against the stone.

2. personification endowing inanimate objects with signs and properties of a person.
dissuaded by the grove golden birch cheerful language.Thunder muttered awake.

3. Comparison- comparison of two objects and phenomena. Comparison consists of two parts: who (what) is compared and with whom (what) is compared.
snow dust stands like a pillar in the air. (Creative comparisons: dust like a pillar.)

Her love for her son was like madness . (Comparison is created using words similar, similar. Love is like madness.)

Below him is Kazbek, like the edge of a diamond, shone with eternal snows. (Comparison is introduced using words like as if, exactly, as if, as if. Kazbek is like a facet of a diamond.)

4. Metaphor- hidden comparison, the transfer of meaning from one object to another. Always carries a vivid imagery.

Burning in the garden rowan bonfire red. With a clear smile, nature meets through a dream morning of the year. In every fragrant lilac carnation, singing, creeps a bee.

Learn distinguish metaphor from comparison.

Example comparisons: Rain like peas scattered across the roof. rain peas scattered on the roof. (It's about about rain, a comparison is selected for this word-phenomenon.)

Example metaphors: glass rain pea scattered on the roof. (The figurative meaning, the artistic image, came to the fore.)

Distinguish metaphor and phraseology. Phraseologism exists in the language as a linguistic unit, it is fixed in the dictionary, all people will equally reproduce the phraseological unit. The metaphor is unique, it is born from the creative imagination of the author. It can be said that phraseological units are former metaphors that lived in the language for a long time, became known to everyone, familiar, frozen in their composition.

5. Hyperbole- a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of size, strength, value, etc. any phenomenon.

In a hundred and forty suns the sunset was blazing.

6. Metonymy- "renaming" the subject of speech, replacing one concept with another by similarity, by the proximity of phenomena.

All flags will visit us (flags = ships).

Exuberant Rome rejoices (city = inhabitants of the city).

And you, blue uniforms (= gendarmes, people in uniforms).

7. Litotes- excessive underestimation of the properties of the depicted object or phenomenon.
Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, no more than a thimble!

8. Irony- a hidden laugh. We will call stupid - smart, petty - significant, ugly - beautiful, putting the opposite meaning into this characteristic, thereby expressing our neglect, mockery.
Oh what big man coming! (about the child). Welcome to my palace (of a small room). Hardly anyone will be seduced by such a beauty (about an ugly woman).

Lexical means of expression.

We have already talked about them in other tasks. Here we will only list them.

1. Antonyms. contextual antonyms.

2. Synonyms. contextual synonyms.

3. Phraseologisms.

4. Spoken words.

5. Spacious words.

6. Neologisms.

7. Terms.

8. Chancellery- words characteristic of the style of business papers. ( What question is this crying, citizen? took place individual mistakes and shortcomings.)

9. Outdated words.

10. Dialectisms- words used by residents of a particular area: a flock - a barn, a kochet - a rooster, a spinner - a link of a fence.

Syntactic means

Homogeneous members of the proposal. Series of homogeneous members.
Lexical repetition.

It seemed that everything in nature fell asleep: the river was sleeping, the trees were sleeping, the clouds were sleeping.

polyunion.

But And grandson, And great-grandson, And great-great-grandchildren grow in me while I myself grow.

Question-answer form of presentation.

What to do? I won't put my mind to it. Where to run? Do not know.

Introductory words, introductory (plug-in) constructions.

His enemies, his friends (which might be the same thing) he was honored this way and that.

6. Comparative turnover. Unlike comparison as one of the types of paths, it does not have a vivid imagery, does not carry figurative meaning, is used as a clarifying, clarifying thought means, enhances the emotional impact.

7. exclamatory sentences. Interrogative sentences. Incentive Suggestions:

Let's not fight. Do not forget me.

9. Rhetorical question does not require a response. The answer is so clear and embedded in the question itself.

How much longer can you endure this neglect and callousness?(The answer is clear - I'm tired of enduring.)

10. Rhetorical address- this is a conditional appeal to objects, a sign of emotional upsurge, expression. Often combined in a sentence with a rhetorical question.

Where are you galloping, proud horse, and where will you lower your hooves?(Appeal to the monument to Peter I)

Rhetorical exclamation occurs in sentences with rhetorical questions and appeals and helps to convey the emotional upsurge and pathos of the statement.

10. Citation- verbatim excerpt from a text.

Receptions (stylistic figures)

Parceling- the intentional division of a statement that is single in meaning into several separate sentences. One sentence is divided intonationally by pauses, and in writing by end-of-sentence signs.

Remember what you heard today. For a long time. Forever.

Syntax parallelism- "mirror", symmetrical structure of adjacent sentences.

The waves crash in the blue sea

The stars are shining in the blue sky.

I look to the future with fear

I look at the past with longing.

gradation- the sequence of the arrangement of words according to the degree of increase in semantic and emotional meaning.

Glowing, burning, shining huge Blue eyes. Bad, unworthy, stupid and disgusting laugh at a person.

Anaphora monophony, the repetition of the same words at the beginning of stanzas or closely spaced phrases.

To don't fall into a trap to not to get lost in the dark… draw a plan on the map.

Antithesis- a sharp opposition of concepts, thoughts, images.

I'm sad because you're happy. I'm stupid, and you're smart, alive, and I'm dumbfounded.

allusion- an allusion to a well-known historical, literary, social fact, famous quote, aphorism. To see the allusion in the text, one must have a certain amount of knowledge.

My uncle of the most honest rules... This is how Pushkin's novel begins. This line - an allusion, a hint at a line from Krylov's fable : The donkey had the most honest rules ...

Oxymoron – contrasting combination words that are opposite in meaning.

Dead Souls. Sweet bitterness of memories. Poor luxury.

Let's do the task:

BUT: (24) He was not afraid of death on the battlefield, but was afraid to say a word in favor of justice. (29) He is not afraid swim across an unfamiliar river full of insidious funnels. (thirty) But he's afraid to say: "I broke the glass."

Used opposition technique – antithesis.

B: (17)He went to reconnaissance, where every step threatened him with death. (eighteen) He he fought in the air and under water, he did not run from danger, fearlessly walked towards it. (28) He is not afraid to ski off the most dizzying mountain. (29) He not afraid to swim across an unfamiliar river full of insidious funnels.

The method of unity of proposals was used - anaphora.

IN: (22) But when, on the slander of a slanderer, his friend, the person he knew, was fired from work how are you, of whose innocence he was convinced, as in your own, he did not intervene.

Syntax used - comparative turnover.

G: (28) He is not afraid to ski off the dizzying the mountains. (29) He is not afraid to swim across an unfamiliar river full of insidious funnel.

Used trope – epithet.

This is one of the most confusing and tasks for the exam in the Russian language. We conduct intensives on it.