What is inner speech. Speech external and internal

Distinguish between internal and external speech. External speech can be oral and written. Oral speech can be in the form of a monologue (one speaks - others listen) or dialogue (a conversation with one or, alternately, with several interlocutors).

It is not difficult to distinguish between these types of speech in form. It is more important to understand their features in terms of content (in terms of completeness, depth, and detailed presentation). When comparing monologue and dialogic forms of oral speech, one must keep in mind that a monologue should be much more complete and detailed than a dialogue.

Indeed, in the dialogue it turns out what the interlocutor (or interlocutors) knows and what is not known, with what they agree and with what they do not agree. It is not necessary to inform about the known, it is not necessary to convince by points of agreement. In a monologue, one must give all possible information before looking at all possible objections.

Written speech in comparison with the oral one, it should also be more complete, clear, detailed, and convincing. After all, written speech, as a rule (with the exception of the exchange of short notes), is a monologue. In addition, written speech, in contrast to oral speech, is devoid of such powerful allies as gestures and intonation.

The fullness and expansion that should be inherent in written speech does not mean that it should be long. We must strive to ensure that "words are cramped, but thoughts are spacious." The least clear and detailed is inner speech. It is closely connected with external, especially oral, speech. It has now been proven that outwardly imperceptible movements of the sound-reproducing muscles take place in all cases of inner speech.

But inner speech is a conversation with oneself. And, although the “internal dispute” can be very fierce, it proceeds in the forms of “folded” speech, where it is enough to understand the general meaning. It is a different matter if we “rehearse” external speech in inner speech. Then we strive to observe all the rules of external speech in inner speech.

All these features different types speech must be taken into account not only when speech is used to communicate with other people, but also when speech is the basis of individual thinking. Thought begins to “ripen” in us in the form of inner speech (although the source of thought is always the external activity of a person).

But after all, inner speech is "folded" and fuzzy. Therefore, the “embryo” of thought is also fuzzy. To make a thought clear and clear even to oneself, one must say it out loud, or at least “rehearse” this pronunciation. But it is best to explain your thought to others.

Then it will become clearer for you too. The anecdotal story about a professor who claimed to begin to understand a subject when he explained it to his students for the third time is not without a grain of truth. But especially useful for shaping the clarity and completeness of thoughts is their presentation in writing, if you keep a diary, enter into it not only the actual description of events, but also your thoughts about these events. This written “thinking” of life will be of great benefit to you.

The development of speech in the process of age-related development of a person is a long and complex process. From the first days of a child's life, a preparatory, pre-speech period begins in mastering speech. Already cries develop respiratory and speech apparatus child (it must be remembered that the cries of a child are a signal of some kind of trouble in his condition). Then there is babble, which is already directly related to the formation of speech.

Understanding audible words, mastering them as signals first signal system(to designate specific objects), and then the second signaling system (allowing generalization and abstraction) begins at the end of the first - the beginning of the second year of life, even before the child begins to use speech to communicate with others.

"Guide to Medical Psychology",
I.M. Tylevich

External speech

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what "external speech" is in other dictionaries:

EXTERNAL SPEECH- EXTERNAL SPEECH. Speech in natural language. The main sign of V. r. is its sonority, the adequacy of its structure of the situation of communication, emotional coloring, etc.

external speech- speech in the proper sense of the word, i.e. clothed in sound, having sound expression ... Explanatory Translation Dictionary

external speech- Materially expressed (oral or written) speech and thought activity, which has an obvious, directly observable verbal propositional form ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

SPEECH EXTERNAL- EXTERNAL SPEECH. See outer speech... New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

- ← ... Wikipedia

Commonwealth Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów (pl) Rѣch Commonwealth (sla) Confederation, kingdom ← ... Wikipedia

A kind of public speech, which is functionally and structurally opposed to colloquial, private, "everyday" communication. In contrast colloquial speech exchange of more or less simple and short replicas (separate fragmentary ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

The foreign policy of the Republic of Belarus is a set of relations with other states and international structures. Contents 1 Basic principles, goals and objectives 2 Member ... Wikipedia

speech- and there is a system of reflexes of social contact, on the one hand, and on the other hand, a system of reflexes of consciousness par excellence, i.e. to reflect the influence of other systems. ... speech is not only a system of sounds, but also a system ... ... Dictionary L.S. Vygotsky

oral speech verbal (verbal) communication language tools perceived by ear. RU. characterized by the fact that the individual components of a speech message are generated and perceived sequentially. Processes of generation of R. at. include links ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

Books

• "Inner Man" and External Speech, Efim Etkind. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology. We bring to your attention the book by E. Etkind "" Inner man "and external speech. Essays ...
• The exterior of your home. Materials and Technologies, Jozsef Koso. Dear readers! We bring to your attention another volume from a series of publications, united by the name "Design and Technology", by the Hungarian author Jozsef Koso. Publishers have set...

Parameter name	Meaning
Article subject:	Types of speech
Rubric (thematic category)	Psychology

1.External speech - is aimed at other people with the help of a conversation or various technical devices.

Oral speech - communication with the help of linguistic means, perceived by ear.

It is subdivided:

· monologue speech - extended speech of a person addressed to other people. This is the speech of a speaker, lecturer, speaker or any other person who conveys any information. It unfolds in the form of a report, story, lecture, speech.

Monologue speech is coherent, contextual, is built according to a plan, must be consistent and conclusive, sentences are built grammatically flawlessly. Its expressiveness is created by vocal means (intonation, pauses, stress, repetitions, slowing down or speeding up speech, loudness, etc.). The monologue suggests stinginess and restraint of gestures. A person pronouncing a monologue must take into account all the reactions of the listeners that arise and reflect, ᴛ.ᴇ. be aware of how his speech is perceived and, if it is extremely important, correct it (introduce or omit details, make figurative comparisons, strengthen evidence, etc.).

· Dialogic speech most ancient view speech.

Dialog - this is a direct communication of 2 or more people, this is an exchange replicas(answer, objection, remark of one interlocutor to the words of another. It can be expressed by an exclamation, objection, remark on the content of the speaker's speech, as well as by action, gesture, even silence) or extended debate. This is a folded speech, a lot is implied in it, thanks to the knowledge and understanding of the situation by the interlocutor. Non-verbal means (gestures, facial expressions) often replace the statement.

Thematically directed dialogue is called conversation(there must be a goal and a certain question is clarified). There is no target in the dialogue.

Sometimes dialogical speech takes the form dispute͵ dispute, in the course of which any question may be found out.

Situational dialogic speech - related to the situation in which the communication arose. Can be understood only by two communicating.

Contextual dialogue - all previous statements condition subsequent ones. This is a more difficult communication, because there should be a detailed construction of thoughts for the exchange of ideas. Essentially - ϶ᴛᴏ short monologues. These are open discussions about solving creative problems, as well as in philosophical and scientific works.

· Written speech - a kind of monologue speech, which is built using written signs. It is important to note that for semantic highlighting, expressions of relation, not intonations are used, but vocabulary (choosing a combination of words), grammar, punctuation marks, typical syntactic constructions and styles, a special compositional structure. Written speech allows a gap in time and space between the moment of its creation and perception by others (letters, literary works, etc.).

2. inner speech -special view silent speech activity (ʼʼto yourselfʼʼ and ʼʼto yourselfʼʼ). It is characterized by the extreme curtailment of the grammatical structure and content.

· Actually inner speech - folded ͵ the majority of minor members sentences, often only the subject remains, which is the center of thought for a person, around which images unite. There may be changes in the word itself, for example, in Russian, vowels that do not carry semantic loads fall out in the word. Words are understandable only to the subject. It can also be built according to the type of summary ͵ table of contents: about what is talking, what must be said, omitting the known.

· Internal speaking - coincides in structure with external speech.

Inner speech performs planning and control functions. Thus, it is the initial moment of speech utterance, its programming before implementation; a means of reflexive actions that allow you to build self-attitudes when communicating with other people and in the implementation of introspection, self-esteem.

3. egocentric speech - an intermediate link in the transition from external speech to internal. At about 3 years old, the child begins to speak aloud to himself, to plan his actions in speech.

Types of speech - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Types of speech" 2017, 2018.

- Various types of speech

Exist different kinds speech: sound speech and gesture speech, written and oral, external speech, internal and egocentric, literate and illiterate, fast and slow, interesting and boring, expressive and inexpressive, monologue and dialogic, official ... .

- Basic types of speech

There is currently a large number of various theories trying to explain the origin and development of speech. The essence of this problem lies in the fact that today it is quite difficult to give an unambiguous answer as to whether human speech is innate ....

- The concept of speech. Functions and types of speech. Speech and thinking.

One of the main differences between man and the animal world is the presence of a special mental process called speech. Speech is most often defined as the process of communication between people through language. In order to be able to speak and understand someone else's speech, you need to know the language ....

- Basic types of speech

N Broca's center, which is located in the back of the third frontal gyrus of the left hemisphere. This is the motor center of speech. A person loses the ability to pronounce words N Certain structures of the brain belong to the central ones, and peripheral ones ...

human inner speech is a complex, completely unexplored phenomenon studied by psychology, general linguistics, and philosophy. Inner speech in psychology is a hidden verbalization that accompanies the process of thinking. This manifestation represents the ratio of mental operations, language components, communication interaction, as well as consciousness. Simply put, it is verbal mental functioning. In fact, human thoughts are able to "work" without verbal elements. However, in reality, verbal structures combine mental operation with the external environment, society, and the solution of personal issues and social problems. Mental speech is often presented as a "servicing" mechanism for external communication and all active operations of the subject. Consequently, inner speech reveals itself as a silent instrument, a hidden verbalization that arises from mental functioning. It represents a derivative form of sound speech, consciously adapted to the performance of mental functions in the mind.

Inner and outer speech

There are 3 types of forms of communicative interaction through language structures, namely external, written and internal.

How is external speech different from internal speech? The first is turned outward, to the people around. Thanks to it, thoughts are broadcast, while the inner one is silent speech, reflects what the subject thinks. Both of these types of communication are interconnected. Simply put, external speech is for the environment, and internal speech is for oneself.

The features of inner speech lie in its exclusivity, that is, it does not reflect into inner speech, does not precede it. She originates in age period seven years old and comes from the egocentric, outward-looking speech of toddlers. Egocentric communication through the language component in a child is speech directed inward in terms of mental functioning and directed outward in terms of construction. With the beginning of the school period, the transformation of egocentric communication into internal occurs. In addition, there is a distinction between two speech operations: egocentric communication and the delimitation of speech for the environment and for oneself, from a single speech operation.

The characteristic of inner speech is presented the following features: brevity, fragmentation, fragmentation. If it were possible to record an internal conversation, then it would turn out to be incomprehensible, incoherent, fragmentary, unrecognizable in comparison with the external one.

Outwardly directed communication is predominantly carried out in the form of a dialogue, which always involves visual acceptance of the interlocutor, his sign language and acoustic understanding of the intonational aspect of the conversation. Taken together, these two features of external communication allow interaction through hints, understanding understatement.

The inner speech of a person is not exclusively a conversation about oneself. Performing the function of regulation and planning, it is characterized by a reduced structure other than external communication. By semantic meaning communication “to oneself” never means an object and does not carry a purely nominative character. In a word, it does not include the "subject". It shows exactly what needs to be done, where the action should be directed. Structurally, while remaining concise and amorphous, it retains its predicative orientation, defining only a plan for a further proposal, a judgment, or a scheme for a further operation.

Features of inner speech are represented by the following characteristics: soundlessness, fragmentation, generalization, secondary (education from external communication), greater speed (in relation to external), no need for strict grammatical design.

Often, directly speech structures in the course of communication “to oneself” are replaced by auditory, visual ones. There are interdependencies and manifestations of external communication and communication “to oneself”. First, before the sound presentation of a thought, a person in an internal conversation draws up a scheme or plan for a future statement. Secondly, the written presentation is mainly preceded by the pronunciation of words, phrases mentally, during which there is a selection of the most suitable structures and the placement of pauses in the ensuing written statement. Thirdly, with the help of an electrophysiological study, the presence of hidden articulation in the process of internal communication was revealed.

Therefore, communication "to oneself" for the implementation of an external conversation performs the necessary preparatory function.

External communicative interaction can be oral or written. The first is a sounding speech, characterized by relatively free norms in relation to the requirements of exemplary language means. It covers: speaking (broadcasting acoustic speech signals that carry some information) and listening (understanding acoustic speech signals, as well as receiving them).

Oral speech is embodied in two directions: everyday (colloquial) and public. In order to differentiate them, the term " speech situation”, which denotes a lot of circumstances affecting the implementation, its structure and content. This leads to the existence of the following definitions of public communication. First of all, public communication refers to the type of oral interaction, which is characterized by such elements of speech conditions: a large audience, the formality of the event (concert, meeting, lesson, lecture, meeting, etc.).

Everyday communication is a kind of oral interaction, the speech conditions of which are formed by: a small number of listeners and everyday environment (that is, not official).

Inner speech according to Vygotsky

On the problem of the relationship of mental activity and speech communication worked, and to this day many "gurus" of psychology are working.

L. Vygotsky established that words play a significant role in the formation of mental operations and mental processes of human subjects.

Thanks to the experiments conducted by L. Vygotsky, it was possible to detect in younger preschoolers the presence of a form of communication incomprehensible to the adult environment, which later became known as egocentric speech or “communication for oneself”. According to L. Vygotsky, egocentric communication is the bearer of the emerging thinking processes of babies. In this period, the mental activity of the crumbs only enters the path. He proved that egocentric communication is not just a sound accompaniment to the internal thought process that accompanies the movement of thoughts.

Egocentric thinking, according to Vygotsky, is a single form of existence (formation) of children's thoughts, and there is simply no other, parallel, mental reflection in children at this stage. Only after passing the stage of egocentric communication, mental processes in the course of internalization and subsequent restructuring will gradually transform into mental operations, transforming into internal communication. Therefore, egocentric inner speech in psychology is a communication tool necessary for regulating and controlling the practical activities of children. That is, it is a communication addressed to oneself.

It is possible to determine such features of inner speech, in addition to the above: reduction of phonetic aspects (the phonetic side of communication is reduced, words are guessed by the intention of the speaker to pronounce them) and the prevalence of the semantic load of words over their designation. Verbal meanings are much broader and more dynamic than their meanings. They reveal other rules of association and integration than verbal meanings. This can explain the difficulty of shaping thoughts in speech for the environment, in sound communication.

Consequently, in children, the external manifestation of speech is formed from a word to several, from a phrase to a combination of phrases, then to a coherent communication consisting of a series of sentences. Internal communication is formed in a different course. The kid begins to “pronounce” a whole sentence, and then proceeds to comprehend individual semantic elements, dividing the whole thought into several verbal meanings.

The problem of inner speech

The problematics of inner speech to this day belongs to rather complex and completely unexplored issues. Initially, scientists believed that internal communication is similar in structure to external communication, the difference lies solely in the absence of sound accompaniment, since this speech is silent, “to oneself”. However, modern research has proved the fallacy of the described statement.

Inner speech cannot be perceived as a silent analogue of external communication. It differs in essential features own structure, first of all, fragmentation and curtailment. An individual who uses internal communication to solve a problem understands what problem is set before him, which allows him to exclude everything that names the problem. In the net result, only what needs to be done remains. Simply put, a prescription for what the next action should be. This characteristic of inner speech is often referred to as predicativity. She emphasizes that it is important not to define the subject of communication, but to tell something about it.

Inner speech is often elliptical, so in it the individual skips those elements that seem understandable to him. In addition to verbal formulas, images, plans and schemes are used in internal communication. To put it simply, within itself the subject may not name the object, but present it. Often it is built in the form of a synopsis or table of contents, that is, a person outlines a topic for reflection and omits what needs to be said, due to fame.

Inner speech and the latent articulation caused by it should be considered as a tool for purposeful selection, generalization and fixation of information obtained through sensations. Hence, internal communication plays a huge role in the process of visual and verbal-conceptual mental activity. In addition, it is also involved in the development and functioning of the individual's voluntary actions.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
RUSSIAN FEDERATION

State educational institution
higher professional education
"Moscow State Linguistic University"
Department of Psychology and Pedagogical Anthropology

Essay on Pedagogical Anthropology on the topic:
"Outer and Inner Speech".

Performed:
2nd year student
Faculty of French
groups 0-3-1
Samburova Valentina
Supervisor:
Tukalenko Tatyana Yurievna

Moscow 2011
Table of contents

Introduction …………………………………………………………. 2
1. Correlation of thinking and speech ………………………..... .... 4
2. External speech ............................................................... .............................. 6
3. Inner speech ............................................................... .............. ....... eight
List of references ............................................... .......... 10

Introduction
Speech- a form of communication that has developed historically in the course of the material transforming activity of people, mediated by language, - through language structures created on the basis of certain rules. language in action. The rules of language construction have ethno-specific features expressed in the system of phonetic, lexical, grammatical and stylistic means and communication rules in a given language. In speech, external, sensual, as well as internal semantic aspects are presented. From signals and signs, each communication partner scoops out their content. Otherwise, in the course of speech communication, information is continuously encoded and decoded. Speech contains the processes of generation and perception of messages for the purposes of communication or, in a particular case, for the purposes of regulating and controlling one's own activity (internal speech, egocentric speech). Most domestic psychologists consider speech as a speech activity, acting, or as an integral act of activity (if it has a specific motivation that is not realized by other types of activity), or as speech actions included in non-speech activity. The structure of speech activity or speech action, in principle, coincides with the structure of any action - it contains the phases of orientation, planning (in the form of "internal programming"), implementation and control. Speech can be active, constructed anew each time, and reactive - by a chain of dynamic speech stereotypes. In the conditions of spontaneous oral speech, the conscious choice and evaluation of the language means used in it are minimized, while in written speech and in prepared oral speech they occupy a significant place. Different types of speech are built according to specific patterns: for example, colloquial speech allows significant deviations from the grammatical system of the language; a special place is occupied by logical and even more artistic speech. Almost all species of animals have ways of conveying information, through which they can report danger, attract the attention of a potential mating partner, or prohibit entry into their territory. But these signals are always associated with some momentary situation. Apparently, no animal other than man is capable of transmitting information that is not related to the current moment.
Speech performs certain functions:
1)Impact function It consists in the ability of a person through speech to induce people to certain actions or to refuse them.
2)Message function consists in the exchange of information (thoughts) between people through words, phrases.
3)expression function lies in the fact that, on the one hand, thanks to speech, a person can more fully convey his feelings, experiences, relationships, and, on the other hand, the expressiveness of speech, its emotionality significantly expands the possibilities of communication.
4)Designation function consists in the ability of a person through speech to give objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality their own names.
According to the multitude of its functions, speech is a polymorphic activity, i.e. in its various functional purposes, it is presented in different forms and types: external, internal, monologue, dialogue, written, oral, etc.

1. Correlation between thinking and speech
Throughout the history of psychological research on thinking and speech, the problem of the connection between them has attracted increased attention. Its proposed solutions were very different - from the complete separation of speech and thinking and considering them as completely independent functions from each other to their equally unambiguous and unconditional connection, up to absolute identification.
Many modern scientists adhere to a compromise point of view, believing that, although thinking and speech are inextricably linked, they are, both in genesis and in functioning, relatively independent realities. The main question that is now being discussed in connection with this problem is the question of the nature of the real connection between thinking and speech, their genetic roots and the transformations that they undergo in the process of their separate and joint development.
L. S. Vygotsky made a significant contribution to the solution of this problem. The word, he wrote, is just as relevant to speech as it is to thought. It is a living cell containing simple form the main properties inherent in speech thinking in general. A word is not a label affixed as an individual name to a separate object. It always characterizes the object or phenomenon denoted by it in a generalized way and, therefore, acts as an act of thinking.
But the word is also a means of communication, so it is part of speech. Being devoid of meaning, the word no longer refers to either thought or speech; acquiring its meaning, it immediately becomes an organic part of both. It is in the meaning of the word, says L. S. Vygotsky, that the knot of that unity, which is called verbal thinking, is tied.
However, thinking and speech have different genetic roots. Initially, they performed different functions and developed separately. The original function of speech was the communicative function. Speech itself as a means of communication arose due to the need to separate and coordinate the actions of people in the process of joint work. At the same time, in verbal communication, the content conveyed by speech belongs to a certain class of phenomena and, consequently, already by this presupposes their generalized reflection, i.e., the fact of thinking. At the same time, for example, such a method of communication as a pointing gesture does not carry any generalization in itself and therefore does not apply to thought.
In turn, there are types of thinking that are not associated with speech, for example, visual-effective, or practical, thinking in animals. In small children and in higher animals, peculiar means of communication are found that are not connected with thinking. These are expressive movements, gestures, facial expressions that reflect the internal states of a living being, but are not a sign or generalization. In the phylogenesis of thinking and speech, a pre-speech phase in the development of intellect and a pre-intellectual phase in the development of speech clearly emerge.
L. S. Vygotsky believed that at the age of about 2 years, a critical turning point occurs in the relationship between thinking and speech: speech begins to become intellectualized, and thinking becomes verbal.
Thinking and speech cannot be separated from each other. Speech is not just the outer garment of thought that it throws off or puts on without thereby changing its being. Speech, the word serve not only to express, to take out, to transfer to another thought already prepared without speech. In speech we formulate a thought, but in formulating it, we often form it. Speech here is something more than an external instrument of thought; it is included in the very process of thinking as a form associated with its content. By creating a speech form, thinking itself is formed. Thought and speech, without being identified, are included in the unity of one process. Thinking in speech is not only expressed, but for the most part it is done in speech.
Significantly different from each other, and, moreover, also in their attitude to thinking, external, loud oral speech and inner speech, which we mainly use when, thinking to ourselves, we mold our thoughts into verbal formulations.

2. External speech
External speech- a system of sound signals used by a person, written signs and symbols for transmitting information, the process of materialization of thought.
External speech may have jargon and intonation. Jargon- stylistic features (lexical, phraseological) of the language of a narrow social or professional group of people. Intonation- a set of speech elements (melody, rhythm, tempo, intensity, accent structure, timbre, etc.), phonetically organizing speech and being a means of expression different meanings, their emotional coloring.
External speech includes the following types:

oral (dialogical and monologue)
written

Oral speech- this is communication between people through pronouncing words aloud, on the one hand, and listening to them by people, on the other.
Dialog- a type of speech, which consists in the alternate exchange of sign information (including pauses, silence, gestures) of two or more subjects. Dialogic speech is a conversation in which at least two interlocutors participate. Dialogic speech, psychologically the most simple and natural form speech, occurs during direct communication between two or more interlocutors and consists mainly in the exchange of remarks.
Replica- answer, objection, remark on the words of the interlocutor - is characterized by brevity, the presence of interrogative and motivating sentences, syntactically undeveloped structures.
A distinctive feature of the dialogue is the emotional contact of the speakers, their influence on each other by facial expressions, gestures, intonation and timbre of the voice.
The dialogue is supported by the interlocutors with the help of clarifying questions, changes in the situation and intentions of the speakers. A focused dialogue related to one topic is called a conversation. Participants in the conversation discuss or clarify a specific problem with the help of specially selected questions.
Monologue- a type of speech that has one subject and is a complex syntactic whole, structurally completely unrelated to the speech of the interlocutor. Monologue speech is the speech of one person who expresses his thoughts for a relatively long time, or a consistent coherent presentation by one person of a system of knowledge.
Monologue speech is characterized by:
- consistency and evidence, which provide coherence of thought;
- grammatically correct design;
- Expressiveness of vocal means.
Monologue speech is more complicated than dialogue in terms of content and language design and always implies a fairly high level of speech development of the speaker.
There are three main types of monologue speech: narration (story, message), description and reasoning, which, in turn, are divided into subspecies that have their own linguistic, compositional and intonation-expressive features. With speech defects, monologue speech is disturbed to a greater extent than dialogic speech.
Written speech- This is a graphically designed speech, organized on the basis of letter images. It is addressed to a wide range of readers, is devoid of situationality and involves in-depth skills in sound-letter analysis, the ability to logically and grammatically correctly convey one's thoughts, analyze what is written and improve the form of expression.
Full assimilation of writing and written speech is closely related to the level of development of oral speech. During the period of mastering oral speech, a preschool child undergoes unconscious processing of language material, the accumulation of sound and morphological generalizations, which create a readiness to master writing at school age. With underdevelopment of speech, as a rule, there are violations of writing of varying severity.

3. Inner speech
Inner speech differs from outer speech not only in that outward sign that it is not accompanied by loud sounds, that it is "speech minus sound". Inner speech is different from outer speech in its function. While performing a different function than external speech, it differs from it in some respects also in its structure; flowing in other conditions, it as a whole undergoes some transformation. Not intended for another, inner speech allows "short circuits"; it is often elliptical, omitting what the user takes for granted. Sometimes it is predicative: it outlines what is being asserted, while omitting it as a matter of course, as a known thing about which in question; often it is built according to the type of abstract or even a table of contents, when the subject matter of the thought is outlined, as it were, what is being discussed, and it is omitted as a well-known thing that should be said.
A. N. Sokolov showed that in the process of thinking, inner speech is an active articulatory, unconscious process, the unhindered course of which is very important for the implementation of those psychological functions in which inner speech takes part. As a result of his experiments with adults, where in the process of perceiving a text or solving an arithmetic problem, they were asked to simultaneously read well-learned verses aloud or pronounce the same simple syllables (for example, "ba-ba" or "la-la"), it was found that both the perception of texts and the solution of mental problems are seriously hampered in the absence of inner speech. When perceiving texts in this case, only individual words were remembered, and their meaning was not captured. This means that thinking in the course of reading is present and necessarily involves the inner work of the articulatory apparatus, hidden from consciousness, translating perceived meanings into meanings, of which, in fact, inner speech consists.
Even more revealing than with adult subjects were similar experiments conducted with younger students. For them, even a simple mechanical delay in articulation in the process of mental work (clamping the tongue with their teeth) caused serious difficulties in reading and understanding the text and led to gross errors in writing.
Written text- this is the most detailed speech statement, involving a very long and difficult path of mental work to translate meaning into meaning. In practice, this translation, as shown by A. N. Sokolov, is also carried out with the help of an active process hidden from conscious control, associated with the work of the articulatory apparatus.
An intermediate position between external and internal speech is occupied by egocentric speech. This is a speech directed not at a communication partner, but at oneself, not calculated and not implying any feedback from another person who is present at the moment and who is next to the speaker. This speech is especially noticeable in children of middle preschool age, when they play and, as it were, talk to themselves during the game.
Elements of this speech can also be found in an adult who, while solving a complex intellectual problem, thinking aloud, utters some phrases in the process of work that are understandable only to himself, apparently addressed to another, but not requiring an obligatory answer on his part. Egocentric speech is a speech-thinking that serves not so much communication as thinking itself. It acts as external in form and internal in its psychological function. Having its initial roots in external dialogical speech, it eventually develops into internal speech. If difficulties arise in a person's activity, the activity of his egocentric speech increases.
With the transition of external speech into internal egocentric speech gradually disappears. Vygotsky believed that the decrease in its external manifestations should be viewed as an increasing abstraction of thought from the sound side of speech, which is characteristic of inner speech.
Acting as inner speech, speech, as it were, refuses to fulfill the primary function that gave rise to it: it ceases to directly serve as a means of communication in order to become, first of all, a form of internal work of thought. While not serving the purposes of communication, inner speech, like all speech, is social. It is social, firstly, genetically, in its origin: "inner" speech is undoubtedly a derivative form of "external" speech. Flowing in other conditions, it has a modified structure; but even its modified structure bears clear traces of social origin. Inner speech and verbal, discursive thinking flowing in the form of inner speech reflect the structure of speech that has developed in the process of communication.
etc.................