23.11.2017 3 809

Kila cabbage - infection control measures with folk and chemical means

Kila cabbage, the measures to combat which every gardener should know, is a fungal-type infection that negatively affects the functioning of the root system of the plant, and in order to prevent this from happening, it is necessary to understand why the disease appears, what chemicals effective for its destruction, is it worth using folk remedies, how the disease is prevented and much more ...

Kila cabbage - what to do if this infection appears

Kila is a fungal infection that affects the root system of cruciferous crops, which include not only cabbage of all kinds, but also turnips, radishes, mustard, watercress, as well as weeds - colza, rapeseed and field mustard. If clubroot has appeared on cabbage, measures to combat it should be taken as soon as possible, since the fungus quickly spreads throughout the area, and remains viable for up to 7 years.

The fungal disease of cabbage keel causes the formation of large growths on the roots of plants - they regularly increase in size, and the suction hairs on the roots die almost immediately after the infection of the cabbage. As a result, cabbage does not receive nutrients and moisture, stops growing, withers and dries out, and in the meantime, the tumor on the roots can grow larger than the head of cabbage, and then rot. Millions of fungal spores appear in the destroyed tissues of cabbage roots.

Most often, the infectious keel of cabbage, the control measures for which should be comprehensive, affects young seedlings, but it is impossible to detect the disease during the purchase of planting material, since the growths at this stage are small, like poppy seeds. The mass appearance of the disease begins in the phase of heading, - the manifestations of the keel are as follows:

• wilting cabbage;
• Yellowing and drying of the leaf edge of cabbage;
• Stopping the development of a head of cabbage, stopping the growth of cabbage;
• Rolling the head of cabbage on its side.

If an attempt is made to pull out a head of cabbage with roots, they will not find identical thin roots, but large spindle-shaped or spherical growths with dark areas and decaying putrefactive wounds - the last signs indicate the maturation of the pores, and if the disease is not detected in time, the yield loss can reach 100 %.

Kila cabbage - control measures, what the infection is afraid of

Dangerous and extremely resistant to antifungal agents, keel of cabbage, the control measures for which are reduced mainly to the prevention of spread, is not cured on plants, unlike the same phytophthora, which can be destroyed by spraying with certain drugs.

healthy roots on the left, roots affected by clubroot on the right

If growths are found, the only way to cure the keel on cabbage is to remove and completely destroy the plants, and if the infection appeared late, when the heads of cabbage had already begun to spin, the crop can be saved by a set of measures, such as:

• High hilling of cabbage - thanks to this procedure, additional roots are formed on the upper part of the stem, they will play the role of a compensator, fill the cabbage's need for water and nutrients;
• The introduction of deoxidizing components - fluff lime, the preparation HB-101;
• The introduction of organic matter - it is rich in beneficial microflora and inhibits the activity of the fungus, therefore it is recommended to water cabbage infected with keel once a week with mullein, compost, biohumus mixed with potassium salt, yeast slurry are poured into the aisles.

Specialized chemicals for keel have not yet been created, so you can treat the soil with antifungal drugs:

• Glyocladin;
• Trichodermin;
• Alirin B;
• Previcour;
• Topaz.

If cabbage keel has already been noticed on many plants, control measures using these preparations will to a certain extent curb the spread of infection throughout the area, but it is completely impossible to cure the damaged cruciferous roots from the fungus, therefore, after the end of the growing season, they are removed, dried and burned.

Prevention of clubroot in the garden

Since it is impossible to cure keel on cabbage, summer residents, when this infection is detected, should pay attention to preventing the spread of the fungus throughout the area. The affected plants are cared for with individual equipment, since the spores remain on the hoes, shovel and other tools, and after removing the cabbage from the beds, the holes are checked so that parts of the overgrown roots do not remain in them. Then the place where the diseased specimens grew is sprinkled with fluffy lime (500-600 g of dry powder per square meter).

In autumn, crushed beet tops and quinoa are brought in for digging, since these plants of the haze family contain substances that inhibit pathogens of cabbage keel, and the soil is thoroughly cleaned of weeds, especially cruciferous ones, beforehand. Also, more organic matter is added to the beds where cabbage grew - humus, compost, diluted slurry.

In the spring, the application of fluff lime is repeated in the same amount as in autumn, and also good prevention keels - planting on the plot of crops that inhibit fungi, for example:

• Solanaceae, which include potatoes, tomatoes, bell peppers and eggplants - when grown on soil infected with clubroot, they completely destroy the infection after 3 years;
• Marevs are quinoa, beets, spinach, which destroy fungi in the soil in 2 years;
• Daylilies - all bulbs, including garlic, onions (especially spicy varieties), completely destroy the infection in 2-3 years.

When planting together garlic and tomatoes, beets and garlic, potatoes and onions, the soil is cleared of infection in 1 or 2 years.

To avoid reappearance keels, experienced gardeners advise growing kill-resistant white cabbage hybrids:

• Kiloton;
• Tequila F1;
• Winter Gribovskaya 11;
• Ramkila F1;
• Taininskaya 11;
• Hope;
• Kilagerb F1.

Also, cabbage varieties resistant to keel are found in the Beijing variety of the crop, these include Lateman, Clapton F1, Clarifry varieties - they should be preferred if there have been outbreaks of this disease in the past.

If a keel of cabbage is found on the site, measures to combat cruciferous disease should be taken immediately, and it is not necessary to hope that the infection will spontaneously disappear. Even a small weed from the cruciferous family growing in the beds becomes a source of fungus, so only keeping the beds clean, crop rotation and planting healthy seedlings will help to eradicate the cabbage disease.

From time immemorial, cabbage has been one of the most significant vegetable crops in our country. And when she starts to get sick and die, this, of course, is not very pleasant. The most common ailment of cabbage is keel. What is keel on cabbage, how to deal with the disease? This article will be about this.

Kila cabbage disease. How to fight?

Recognizing the keel on young seedlings is quite difficult. The growths are not so large, and in color they are not much different from the roots. With the growth of the plant, they become larger, replacing the small roots, so the affected cabbage is easy to pull out of the soil. Mature spores of the fungus in the growths infect the soil on long time. Any cruciferous plant grown on contaminated soil, even a weed, will provoke the growth of spores.

How to Prevent All Soil Infection

If the keel on the plants was found already in the middle of the season, then it will be very difficult to do something serious in the current season. Remove all diseased plants, dry and burn the roots. Spud the remaining healthy seedlings higher and water more abundantly.

To localize the focus of infection, carefully clean the beds where the keel is found, and the passages near them, from weeds from the cabbage family. Where the kila was found only once, it remains for a long time. Therefore, perform all work on caring for an infected garden bed with specially designated equipment so that the spores do not spread throughout the garden.

In the fall, when the cabbage roots are removed from the garden, dig up the soil with beet tops. All plant residues from the soil must be selected very carefully - do not leave even the smallest seedlings. Before starting to fight clubroot, remove all affected plants from the beds and burn.

Kila on cabbage. Control measures

The question of what is keel on cabbage, how to deal with it, has become quite relevant. Therefore, everyone should understand that in the fight against the disease, soil liming, increased watering and high hilling of planted plants can be used. On the beds where cabbage grew, after harvesting, fluffy lime is added at the rate of 600 g of powder per 1 square meter. Liming is repeated a year later with the same amount of lime.

When planting seedlings of cabbage in another place, fill each well with 250 ml of lime milk solution. To prepare it, pour 800 g of fluffy lime into 10 liters of water. This will prevent the keel of cabbage from appearing on another bed.

soil treatment

The most important point in the fight against keeled cabbage should be the treatment of the soil. One of the essential methods of treating the bed is to cultivate the infected soil with vegetables that cause the death of the pathogen. The main healers of the contaminated land are vegetables of the nightshade, lily and haze families. Nightshade crops (they include tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, eggplant) clean the soil from keel spores in 3 years. Lily (spicy varieties onion, garlic) and hazeweed (spinach, beets, quinoa) release the soil faster - in two years. A pair of "tomatoes - garlic" in a mixed planting is quite effective. In this case, it is possible to clear the soil in one season.

Sometimes the entire area is infected with clubroot. In this case, the question of what is keel on cabbage, how to deal with it, becomes a real headache for the gardener. Such an infected garden can be very difficult to clear of a pathogen. Land treatment should take place in stages. First of all, the entire area must be freed from cabbage crops, including weeds belonging to this family. It can be divided into two parts: plant potatoes on one, and garden crops on the other, but not from the cruciferous family. Swap the planting within three years. At the end of the treatment, test the soil for the presence of clubroot and use the recommended therapeutic crop rotation and agricultural practices in the future. As a test, plant seedlings of early ripe cabbage on the site and monitor its condition throughout the season. If growths do not form on the roots, then the site is cured.

What to do after treating the soil from the keel

After the site has been freed from the keel, always monitor the condition of the soil:

Any waterlogging or excessive drying of the earth is harmful; - acidic soil reaction; - insufficient content of humus in the soil; - lack of potassium and calcium;

Lack of zinc, boron and chlorine.

Particularly zealous agricultural technology should be followed in the first year of planting cabbage crops in the cured area. Give preference to mid-season and late varieties of cabbage that are resistant to clubroot. Refuse to plant broccoli, cauliflower and Brussels sprouts for a while - they are affected by spores in the first place.

Use only high quality planting material. The best solution there will be seedlings grown by you personally.

The cured soil should not be subjected to prolonged waterlogging or drying out. So that the earth does not dry out after planting cabbage, cover its surface with a layer of pine needle mulch. This, in turn, will also be a kind of protection for cabbage from slugs.

During the whole season, cabbage should be sprayed several times with a solution of zinc sulfate at the rate of 0.5 g of zinc sulfate per 1 liter of water. The first spraying is carried out after planting seedlings on the 10-14th day, the second - after another 20-30 days.

Prevention of keels on the site

Conclusion

So, in the course of this article, we found out what keel on cabbage is, how to deal with it. It was told about what is the causative agent of the disease. Special attention was paid not only to the analysis of the question of how to deal with clubroot on cabbage, but also to how to prepare the land for planting cabbage so that it would not be susceptible to this disease later. We talked about acceptance preventive measures. We also discussed how to deal with clubroot on cabbage roots and what to do after the treatment. Thus, when all the topics have been analyzed in detail, we can only hope that this will certainly help our reader.

www.syl.ru

Effective Ways to Fight Kila Cabbage

Cabbage is a common vegetable crop. In almost every area you can see plantations of this plant. Useful, appetizing, necessary for human body. But not everyone knows how difficult it is to grow healthy cabbage and protect it from all kinds of diseases. Cabbage keel is the most common disease that can destroy the entire crop and harm neighboring crops.

What you need to know about keel

Qila - fungal disease, which affects all varieties of cabbage and cabbage crops. These are radish, rapeseed, radish, lettuce. The ground part of the diseased plant looks painful. The leaf withers, curls, even if the soil around is sufficiently moist. If the outer part of the plant looks so oppressed, it is necessary to examine its root. There were suspicions of a quila, and so it happened.

In a diseased plant, the root is simply strewn with growths, forming ugly incomprehensible branches. The native roots of the plant simply die off and the plant dies. But that is not the danger. This is a fungal disease and spores multiply quickly enough, spread, infecting the entire area. This situation is already extremely dangerous, since everything that grows on the site can be destroyed.

But, without drawing such sad consequences for yourself, it is worth knowing that it is necessary to fight the keel, and the sooner this is done, the sooner the successful outcome will be.

How to deal with keel on cabbage

It is necessary to fight with keel, and not only on cabbage. If the fungus multiplies in the soil, then it is quite difficult to destroy it. Even frost will not be able to destroy the spores. What to do if a disease is suddenly detected? First of all, don't panic. Since in the early stages you can get rid of this scourge.

Even if there was no such disease on the site before, it is necessary to carefully monitor the seedlings of cabbage. This is especially important in the case when the seedlings were purchased from the hands. As soon as it is noticeable that one or more plants wither, it is necessary to check the root system. It is difficult not to notice the killa, even in the early stages. Strange growths are clearly visible on the root. This is the kila.

Do not doubt and hope for a mistake, there is no other disease with such signs. The affected plant must be disposed of, it is better to burn it, and outside own site. Neither frost, nor chlorine, nor fire can destroy the mycelium of this fungal disease.

But if a keel of cabbage is found, the control measures proposed here will help prevent sad consequences. This is an emergency help that looks like this:

• seedlings wither, check the root system and if growths are found, all patients must be removed
• plants, simply by checking the roots of each;
• do not use the tool that treated the diseased plant, thoroughly disinfect it;
• all affected plants must be doused with gasoline and burned on a sheet of metal outside the site;
• do not use shoes, gloves in which the garden was previously cultivated.

If the disease is detected during the harvest period, it is necessary not to leave the roots of the diseased plant in the ground and dispose of it in the same way, outside your own plot.

Do not throw away the beet tops, do not throw them into the compost. These wastes are sprayed with therapeutic agents with positive microorganisms. For example, it could be "Shine". The tops are chopped, scattered over the site, after which they dig up the garden in the usual way.

Important! Even smoke during the burning of a diseased plant can settle to the ground along with spores.

With the onset of the spring period, cultivate the land disinfectant solutions. It could be a Bordeaux mixture. But plant plants that are susceptible to clubroot infection. At least one season must be missed. Worms, slugs can also carry spores around the site.

As you can see, there are a lot of favorable factors for the development of the disease in the area. But there are cultures that will help the owner in his fight against the keel.

Vegetables that destroy quila

Strange as it may seem, there are vegetable crops, which effectively destroy the mycelium of the club even in one season. This:

• tomatoes;
• potato;
• garlic;
• beet.

If you focus on onion crops, then this is only various varieties onion. Pore ​​will not cope with this problem. The same can be said for garlic. Only winter is effective. Thus, in areas where the disease was recorded, it is best to plant garlic in the fall and onions with tomatoes in the spring.

How to Test the Soil for Kila

It should already be clear that after identifying the disease, at least one season must be skipped and cabbage should not be planted. But with the onset of the next season, do not rush to plant. It's best to do some testing. After all, using laboratory methods for ordinary summer residents unprofitable and expensive.

Testing is carried out on the site where the cabbage was sick the year before last. So:

• plant several bushes of Beijing cabbage;
• the first examination should be carried out if the seedlings wither or after the formation of new leaves;
• arrange the next check at the moment when the heads begin to form.

If the plant wilts and growths appear on the roots, then the soil is not neutralized. We'll have to devote a couple of years to this event.

In the event that the tested plant did not suffer all season, the roots remained clean throughout the vegetative period, then you managed to defeat the disease. Even a slight growth, the size of a pea, indicates the presence of a disease in the soil. When planting cabbage, the disease will spread quickly, infect the plant and the soil.

Prevention methods

Even if you managed to destroy the keel on the site, you must remember that it can return at any time. Nearby, neighbors burn diseased plants, and spores, along with smoke, settle on your site.

Many other factors can cause clubroot to reappear. This needs to be anticipated and preventive measures taken.

1. Favorable for the spread of keel is acidic soil. The composition can be normalized by treatment with lime or Bordeaux mixture, which contains copper sulfate and lime.
2. Excessively moist soil is a favorable environment for keel. When planting cabbage seedlings, treat the roots with preparations with some sulfur content, phytosporin, alerin.
3. The roots of the acquired seedlings are completely cleared of lumps of earth before planting.
4. Plant in those areas where onions and tomatoes grew last year.

Regular weeding, control over the condition of the plant, will eliminate the formation and spread of keel.

If the soil is in a state of neglect

It often happens that the owner discovers the disease, but year after year continues to plant plants, hoping for a miracle. But a miracle does not happen either this year or next year. The earth is becoming more and more infected, it is quite difficult to cope with this situation.

You can solve it simply, plant the affected area with potatoes. But not everything is so simple. This must be done for three seasons. And this is an unusual way of growing potatoes. Tubers are planted often, do not spud.

With the advent of the new season, test the soil using the method suggested above. If everything is fine, then plant cabbage next year. If not, again call on the help of potatoes.

You can also use the following methods:

• three years do not plant radishes, lettuce, other cabbage crops;
• do not give weeds any chance, constantly weed and remove them even between the beds;
• plant more crops such as onions, garlic, tomatoes, beets, do this at least two seasons in a row.

Constantly test the soil. Record the results in some kind of notebook, indicating the date and results. Such data is easily forgotten, so it is beneficial to write it down.

Get armed. Plant potatoes, beets, tomatoes, garlic, and onions on the plot for three years in a row. Alternate these crops every year in places. No weeds in the area. Rampantly disinfect the soil before planting in the spring and in the fall after harvest. And after three years, you can safely plant cabbage. Rich harvests to you!

prosadiogorod.ru

What you need to know about cabbage keel

Kila is a disease of cabbage that also threatens other crops, the cruciferous group. This disease must be seriously fought.

Cabbage keel attacks primarily the root of the plant

Why is the kila dangerous?

Kila cabbage is dangerous because it spreads through the ground. The reason for the appearance of clubroot is the fungus Plasmodiophora brassicae, which affects not only cabbage, but also radish, mustard, daikon, swede, watercress. Get hit the fastest cauliflower, early white, Dutch hybrids.

If the disease is in the stage of prosperity, the cauliflower head does not form, and the heads of the white-headed species are friable, small.

Manifestation of quila

If on a sunny day, you saw withering cabbage leaves, you need to dig a seedling. The presence of growths on the root system indicates a disease of the vegetable with a clubroot that affects other roots of the cabbage group.

The resulting growths do not allow small roots to develop and feed.

In sick seedlings, the relationship with the ground disappears, so they are pulled out very easily. The growths or nodules that have appeared grow to the size of a fist and rot. This is how cysts form in the ground. The fungus, which is the causative agent of clubroot, can be in the ground in the form of cystospores for five years.

Cabbage can be affected by such a disease at any stage of development. But more often young seedlings that are actively growing suffer. Heavy acidic soils give rise to the disease. Damaged plants develop slowly, leaves wither at noon. At the first stage, the leaves have a light purple hue, then they take yellow tint.

If you do not take appropriate measures in the early stages, this ends with the withering and drying of many plants.

external sign kila is a wilting cabbage leaf

Ways to deal with keel

Control measures at a late stage of the disease will be ineffective. Here it is recommended to highly spud cabbage and systemic watering. Perhaps adventitious roots can begin to develop in this way.

In the autumn, before digging, in a problematic area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe garden, it is useful to give fluffy lime at least 500-600 grams per square meter. Within 4-5 years, it is forbidden to grow cabbage and keel-sensitive crops at the site of the lesion. Repeat liming after a year.

In order to prevent the disease, planting cabbage in another place must be added to the wells milk of lime: dilute 800 grams of fluffy lime in 10 liters of water. Pour 250 grams of milk of lime or a suspension of colloidal sulfur 0.5% into each planting hole. Before starting measures to prevent the spread of clubroot, you need to remove the damaged parts of the plants.

Calcium hydroxide, or milk of lime - an effective prevention of the occurrence of keel

How to prevent the spread of kila

It is important to be able to identify the keel at the initial stage. Only such a fight against the disease will have results.

Seedlings can often be affected by clubroot. The disease quickly spreads throughout the garden.

At the vegetation stage, cabbage is hilled after fertilizing and watering. This is done in order to form new roots. Cabbage that wilts at noon should be removed. It is important to ensure that swelling growths are not left in the ground. After harvesting the fruits, in the autumn period, the remaining stalk is removed, digging them in so that possible growths do not fester.

How to fight if a keel is found?

• Remove affected plants with rhizomes, dry, douse with gasoline and burn on an iron sheet.
• Protect hands with rubber gloves and separate individual instruments.
• During the period of action to destroy the affected roots of the vegetable, try not to walk around the garden in the same shoes.
• In the autumn, chop the beet tops and spray them with an agent with effective microorganisms ("Shining-1"). Dig up the affected land with beet tops.
• Burn the affected seedlings along with the roots over a bright fire. If we allow a weak fire with big amount smoke - this will allow the spread of the disease. Smoke is able to disperse active spores of keel.
• In the new season, do not plant in the affected land and on the approximate areas of culture sensitive to keel. Earthworms and slugs are carriers of spores.
• Get rid of weeds from the cabbage group.

All diseased roots cannot be removed. The more effectively diseased plants are selected, the less soil will be contaminated. Therefore, it is necessary to fight the disease.

If the cabbage has been ill with keel, the next year it cannot be planted in the same place.

soil treatment

In order to eliminate the propagation of infection in the soil, it is recommended to grow crops that help accelerate the death of the keel pathogen:

1. nightshade: tomatoes, potatoes, etc.;
2. lily: onion, garlic;
3. haze: beets, etc.

For three years, the nightshade fully destroy the spores of the club. And lily and haze - for two years. But you need to know that the lilac leek is not an active crop in the fight against spores. The joint planting of nightshade and lily is very effective.

So, the most effective is the planting of tomatoes with spring garlic, which can clear the soil of keel in one season.

To prevent the primary lesion, the technology of narrow ridges is of particular importance, which makes it possible:

1. Avoid spreading clubroot through weeds that are susceptible to the disease;
2. Avoid mixing clean and diseased soil mechanically;
3. Reduce the spread of soil contamination by water from rain and irrigation.

Kila Test

Before planting cabbage in the ground, it is useful to know how clean the soil is. This is done in the following way:

1. sow Beijing cabbage;
2. you need to collect it, digging with the root, not all at once;
3. initial collection when the leaves have grown;
4. the last digging is when heading out begins.

If there are no growths on the roots, this is a sign of clean soil. If at least one small whitish pea is found, it means that the soil has not been cleaned and the treatment must be repeated.

Prevention of clubroot

Everyone knows that any disease is easier to prevent than to cure. To prevent keels, you need to know:

• Kila thrives in acidic soil. To avoid this, take into account the PH level of the soil and, if necessary, add lime.
• The disease occurs when there is a deficiency of potassium, calcium, chlorine, magnesium.
• Non-systematic watering provokes the growth of the fungus.
• Acquired seedlings are treated with alerin, phytosporin, sulfur preparations. before processing. They clean the roots from the ground. At the time of planting cabbage or other vulnerable plants to the keel, dolomite flour is added to the hole.
• Observe the change of cultures. The cabbage family often accumulates in the ground various diseases.
• The usual care of vegetables is prevention (weeding, loosening the soil, hilling).
• Plant varieties that are resistant to fungal diseases.

selomoe.ru

Kila cabbage

Kila is a fungal disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, a unicellular fungus. The name refers to a bump, hernia, swelling or influx, this is what club-shaped galls look like on the roots of cabbage affected by this disease.

Qila can get to your site with infected seeds and seedlings. Therefore, be sure to sterilize the seeds in hot water at 50 degrees for 20 minutes. Inspect the seedlings and at the slightest suspicion - thickening on the roots - destroy.

What does keel look like on cabbage

The causative agent hibernates as dormant spores. When environmental conditions are favorable, spores germinate and motile zoospores are formed, which penetrate the plant through the root hairs. Inside the root, the fungus induces the expression of genes involved in the production of auxins, cytokinins, and other plant growth regulators, which diverts a significant part of the resources for hypertrophic growth of the root tissue, which leads to the formation of galls. The supply of water and nutrients to the aerial part of the plant is disrupted, as a result, it does not develop. Outwardly, this is manifested in the yellowing of the leaves, especially the lower ones, the underdevelopment of heads, and in the early stages of the disease, heads are not formed at all.

Galls begin to rot as they grow. The collapsing galls burst and release millions of spores, the land is infected and without cultivation not a single plant from the cabbage family will grow normal on it: radish, radish, mustard, turnip and weeds, even weeds - shepherd's purse, colza, yarutka, etc.

Cool, moist and acidic soils are most favorable for the development of the pathogen. The optimum humidity for the mushroom is 75–90%. IN acidic soils(pH 5.6-6.5), the infection is in the temperature range from 10 to 32°C, but the most rapid development is at 20-25°C. On neutral soils, the temperature range is smaller - the development of the disease stops already at 15 ° C and below. On alkaline soils, when the acidity is about 7.2, the development of the disease is blocked.

One of the outward symptoms of quila is that when it is a sunny, hot day, the cabbage leaves begin to wilt a little, although there is enough moisture in the ground. It's just that the roots are already affected and the leaves lack nutrition and moisture. The lower leaves stick out spreading to the sides, the central ones acquire a slightly bluish tint.

Kila on cabbage, what to do

There is an opinion that the keel persists in the soil for no more than five years - this is not true, the spores of the fungus can remain viable in the ground for many years. But, without having fertile ground for reproduction (if there are no cruciferous plants or weeds), the number of spores decreases significantly every year. The classic crop rotation scheme involves the return of cabbage to the old beds after five years. However, this is not a panacea, and sometimes self-deception - the pathogen remains for long periods.

But if, in the following years, instead of diseased cabbage, nightshade crops (tomatoes, peppers, potatoes), lilies (onions, garlic) or haze (beets, chard, spinach) are planted, you can get rid of keel spores much faster. By the way, horseradish also suppresses the development of the keel pathogen, but it can spread extremely violently in the area - like a weed, so horseradish is more of a last resort.

It is believed that solanaceous cause accelerated death of pathogenic fungi and destroy it in three years, and onions, garlic and haze - in two years. Some gardeners argue that joint plantings are most effective - when the entire territory infected with clubroot is divided into narrow beds - one with tomatoes, next to garlic and onions, etc.

But it is important to destroy all cruciferous weeds, remove completely with roots.

By the way, all cabbage and weeds from the infected area must be burned, and not thrown away. Make a fire right here - right on the bed with dead cabbage - you should not shake the infection all over the garden. The fire must be organized on a sheet of iron.

Liming with dolomite flour or gypsuming the soil is required to reduce the likelihood of keel breeding. You can lime in the wells: 800 g of fluff lime per 10 liters of water, pour 250 g into each well. Then plant cabbage.

Then, during the growth of cabbage in the beds, deoxidize the soil with dolomite flour - 1 cup of dolomite per watering can (10 l). Water every 3 weeks, about 1 liter per plant.

The introduction of calcium nitrate into the wells during planting also deoxidizes the soil.

Folk remedies for quila

If there is no certainty that the area has been cleared of keel, and it is very necessary to plant cruciferous plants, you have to use not only liming, but also apply it like this, say folk methods. For example, before planting cabbage seedlings, put potatoes in the hole - peel one medium-sized potato and put it a little deeper than the root.

Sulfur preparations help to extinguish the keel: prepare a solution of colloidal sulfur (40-45 g per bucket of water) and water the planted seedlings.

You can add sulfur in advance - prepare wells 2-3 days before planting and pour into each sulfur at the rate of 1/2 teaspoon per well.

If the keel is found at a time when the heads are already tied, you can try to save the crop - by adding dolomite flour and hilling - raking the earth allows the plants to grow more roots and improve the nutrition of the heads. In addition, you need to feed the cabbage more often with fertilizers with a high proportion of potassium and phosphorus.

White cabbage varieties resistant to keel

Fortunately, scientists have discovered at least three genes that are responsible for the resistance of cabbage to the clubroot pathogen. This made it possible to develop varieties more or less resistant to keel. There are no varieties completely (one hundred percent) resistant to the disease, but varieties that have immunity throughout their growth resist the pathogen and form good heads of cabbage. Tubers secrete during decomposition substances that inhibit the development of spores.

• Winter Gribovskaya 13 (medium-late) - for fermentation and storage
• Quilaton (late ripening 130-135 days) - for long-term storage
• Kilagreg F1 (mid-season 75-80 days) - for fresh salads and pickling
• Kilagerb F1 (late ripening 100-110 days) - for storage 3-4 months and for fresh salads
• Kilazol F1 (late ripening 130-135 days) - for long-term storage
• Ladozhskaya 22 (mid-season) - for fresh salads and fermentation, medium resistance to keel
• Losinoostrovskaya 8 (medium-late 115-127 days) - for fresh salads and sauerkraut
• Nadezhda (medium-late 113-133 days) - one of the most popular varieties in central Russia for fermentation, keel resistance is above average
• Ramkila F1 (medium-late 110-115 days) - for fresh salads and pickling, short-term storage (2 months) is possible
• Taininskaya 11 (medium-late 115-127 days) - for fresh salads and fermentation, resistance to keel is above average
• Tequila F1 (mid-season 85-90 days) - for fresh salads, fermentation and storage up to 4 months

Do not buy varieties that are especially susceptible to clubroot damage: Belorusskaya 455, Blizzard, Zolotoy Hektar 1432, Number One Gribovsky 147, Early maturing, Slava 1305 and Slava Gribovskaya 231, Stakhanovka 1513, Rusinovka, Kharkiv Winter

Cauliflower varieties resistant to keel

Chinese cabbage has three Syngenta producer varieties: Janine F1, Kilakin F1 and Suprin F1 with high keel resistance.

• Clarifai (early 70-75 days) - for fresh salads and preservation
• Clapton F1 (medium early 77-80 days) - for salads and freezing
• Medium resistant Berdegrusse and Lateman

I must say that the seeds of some varieties, for example, Kilagerb F1, are difficult to find in small packages, they are mainly sold for farms in packages of 2500 pieces. But some gardeners make collective purchases, order for several people - there will always be those who want quality seeds. Considering that cabbage seeds are stored for 4-5 years, it lasts for several years.

Erysipelas treatment folk remedies red rag

How to get rid of dandelions on garden plot folk remedies

This is the name of diseases caused by infection with roundworms from the ground, in particular hookworm and necatoriasis. Ankylostomiasis - a set of symptoms of a disease caused by roundworms, hookworms. In the course of the disease, the digestive and respiratory systems, skin integuments are affected. The disease is most common in hot countries, the tropics, occasionally in the temperate zone.

Helminth eggs can fall on the soil along with excrement. Within a few days of favorable conditions a larva develops from an egg. If conditions are unfavorable, eggs can still survive long time, in particular to pass through the body of carnivores without harm to themselves.

The risk group for hookworm infection is primarily children, people who grow crops, outdoor enthusiasts, miners and others, one way or another connected with the land. .

Symptoms of hookworm in humans

Drug therapy aimed at killing helminths is not carried out for members of the patient's family if they did not show signs of infection.

The exception to the rule, when drugs that kill worms are not prescribed in the first place, may be a serious patient condition. Then his medical examination is shown, and anthelmintic drugs will be used only when the condition stabilizes and it turns out that there is no threat to life. .

It is impossible to get rid of the hookworm with folk remedies; without medicines, recovery will not occur.

Taking drugs spontaneously or using other people's prescriptions is also absolutely not worth it, it can cause serious harm to your health and even become a threat to life.

After the illness some years it is advisable to undergo a detailed examination by specialized doctors with the obligatory delivery of feces for helminth eggs. .

Prevention

To prevent infection, it is enough to observe a few simple rules, especially this applies to people living in dangerous areas or at risk by occupation: .

1. Careful observance of hygiene, washing hands not only before each meal, which is generally mandatory by default, but also every time after contact with the ground, outdoor recreation, playing with pets.
2. Wash vegetables, fruits, herbs before eating, ideally, pre-dip with boiling water.
3. For residents of potentially dangerous areas - do not sit on bare ground while in nature, wear long trousers, if possible avoid contact of unprotected skin with vegetation, especially during the hot season with high humidity.
4. Pass an annual preventive examination with a mandatory analysis of feces for helminth eggs.
5. At the first symptoms of the disease, contact a specialized doctor, strictly follow his recommendations.

Anyone who buys cabbage seedlings on the side, at some point introduces a common and more harmful disease of cabbage crops into his own garden.

WHAT IS KILA DANGEROUS
At risk
The kila is transmitted mainly through the soil. The causative agent of the disease is the fungus Plasmodiophora brassicae. It infects all varieties of cabbage, other cabbage crops (radish, radish, daikon, turnip, rutabaga, watercress, mustard), as well as weeds of the same family (colza, feral radish, field mustard, shepherd's purse, yarutka, etc.). Particularly sensitive to keel are cauliflower and early white cabbage, as well as many high-yielding modifications of the Dutch selection, regardless of the ripening time.
Infection with clubroot occurs throughout the growing season. The earlier it came out and the more massive it is, the more damage will be done to the crop. In the case of a heavy lesion, cauliflower heads may not form at all, and very small loose forks form in white cabbage. Considering that cabbage crops make up almost a third of all vegetables grown in family gardens, one can imagine what a disaster the kila is, at one fine moment brought to the site.

Damage symptoms
Snow-white thickenings (swellings, outgrowths) form on the roots of affected plants. various shapes and magnitude. If the plants were infected at the seedling stage, then large swellings form on the main roots. If healthy seedlings was planted on contaminated soil, then the keel looks different on the lateral roots, small thickenings are formed in the form of icicles and beads. By dawn, the growths turn brown, rot and collapse. With all this, an unlimited number of spores (cysts) enter the soil, which remain viable for 67 years. Any plant from the cabbage family, which will be on contaminated soil, will provoke the germination of spores with its root secretions. The resulting mycelium, growing towards the roots, infects sensitive plant penetrating the root through the root hairs.

HOW TO PREVENT SPREAD OF KILAS IN THE PRIMARY INFECTION
The first occurrence of clubroot in a previously clean garden is always associated with unhealthy seedlings or planting a plant taken from an infected area. Kila, brought to at least one bed, usually spreads rapidly throughout the garden and remains there forever. But the development of narrow ridges gives a real chance for the localization of the disease with the next quick and complete cleansing of the earth from the pathogen. Pesticides are not used in all this.
What should be done if a keel is found on one of the narrow ridges when harvesting cabbage?
. Collect all infected roots according to your ability, dry them and burn them on a sheet of iron, dousing them with gasoline beforehand.
. Allocate a separate garden tool to work on the infected bed, work in rubber boots and gloves.
. Do not walk around the garden until the work of collecting the roots is completed and you have not changed your shoes.
. In autumn, add beet tops to the soil. After harvesting the beets, chop the tops, process it with any product effective microorganisms(for example, products Siyaniye-1, Baikal) and dig with contaminated soil to a depth of less than 10 cm.

Burn unhealthy roots in the brightest smokeless flame. A sluggish, smoky fire promotes the spread of the disease, as vital spores of the clubweed are dispersed with smoke.
Naturally, it is unrealistic to choose all unhealthy roots from the earth, and there is no doubt that the soil in the garden is infected. But the more carefully all the growths are collected, the less massive the infection will be. Narrow beds are divided by almost meter-long passages that are not dug up, i.e. there is no mechanical mixing of clean and acidified earth, which gives a good chance of localizing the focus of the disease. In subsequent seasons, refrain from planting keel-susceptible crops, not only on the infected bed, but also on adjacent ones, as earthworms, slugs and other soil organisms can bring spores there.

To localize the focus of infection, it is important that there are no weeds from the cabbage family in the garden, on the sides and in the aisles. The development of weed control, practiced on narrow ridges, allows you to keep the garden spotlessly clean. As soon as you have a keel, do not deviate from the instructions and destroy the weeds sprouting from the seeds in time, without wondering whether they belong to the cabbage family or not.

QUARANTINE IS NECESSARY, BUT IT DOES NOT SOLVES DIFFICULTIES
Although resting spores of clubroot remain in the ground for 6 or more years, in the absence of a host plant, the number of viable spores decreases with age. So that the number of spores steadily decreases, radish, radish, daikon, turnip, watercress, lettuce mustard, not to mention all varieties of cabbage, should not be sown on contaminated soil. The presence of clubroot spores is not unsafe for plants that belong to other families, and from this point of view, any other vegetables can be processed on an infected bed. Specifically, such a strategy is advised to adhere to specialists. Give preference to leafy or fruit-bearing and vegetables, beware of root crops, so that when harvesting, do not spread contaminated soil along the site along with root crops.

Quarantine measures are needed, but they do not guarantee the localization of the source of infection and the healing of the earth. Long-term persistence of a viable pathogen in the soil increases the chance of infection spreading despite all precautions.

Healing the Earth
For quick eradication of a hotbed of infection, I recommend a specially developed method of healing the earth, based on the observation that certain vegetable crops are not only resistant to keel, but when cultivated in infected soil, they cause accelerated death of the pathogen. TO medicinal plants representatives of 3 botanical families include nightshade (tomatoes, potatoes, etc.), lily (onions and garlic) and haze (beets, etc.). Nightshade crops completely release the soil from keel spores in 3 years. Vegetables from the lily family (bulb onions, especially spicy varieties, winter and spring garlic) and from the haze family (beets, chard, spinach) clean the soil even faster in 2 years. Of the lilies, the less active culture is the leek, and it is better not to use it for quick healing of the earth. The action of nightshade and lily crops is additive, i.e. with them joint landing healing effects stack.

To heal the earth from the keel, the most effective was a pair of tomatoes and spring garlic. When growing on an infected bed of tomatoes and spring garlic in a mixed planting (row of tomatoes against a row of garlic), cleaning the land from viable spores of the club is achieved in one season.
To avoid accidents, you can extend the healing of the earth for another year: in the next season, you can sow, for example, 2 rows of beets in the garden.

The reason for such miraculous results in the fight against quila is not only the use of healing plants. For the localization of the primary focus of infection and its elimination, the development of narrow ridges is more fundamental, which allows:
. to prevent the spread of infection through weeds sensitive to keel;
. avoid mechanical mixing of contaminated and unpolluted soil;
. minimize the possibility of carrying contaminated land with water during rain and irrigation.

Kila spore test
Before returning cabbage crops to healed soil, check its purity in the spring. Sow Beijing cabbage on the problem bed. Harvest it little by little, digging up the plants with roots, starting from the growth of the first real leaves to the formation of a fork. The complete absence of growths on the roots during the entire period of growth will indicate that the healing of the earth was successful. The appearance of at least one snow-white bead on the peripheral roots will show that the healing of the earth must be extended for another year.

AGRICULTURE AFTER Healing the Earth
On soil freed from spores of clubroot with the help of medicinal plants, soil conditions that promote the development of the disease should be avoided. The defeat of cabbage crops by keel contribute to:
. calcium and potassium deficiencies;
. lack of trace elements zinc, boron and chlorine;
. low (less than 2.5%) sod content in the soil;
. waterlogging and drying of the earth;
. acidic soil environment (Kila spores germinate exclusively in an acidic environment, they are especially active in slightly acidic, waterlogged soil; in a neutral soil environment, their ability to germinate decreases, and in a slightly alkaline (pH 7.2) completely disappears).
Featured agrotechnical measures especially important to do at the first planting of cabbage crops on cured soil.

Organic application
For digging, add any organic matter in the amount of 23 buckets per meter of ridge (compost, manure or coniferous humus). In the absence of organic matter, planted plants must be watered with peat humate (4 times watering with a weekly interval).

Lime application
In the middle zone of Russia, the lands are usually acidic or slightly acidic, therefore liming is an indispensable agricultural technique. Gardeners are well aware of the standard recommendation to lime the soil every 45 years. But the limed soil soon becomes acidic again, which is facilitated by rains, melt water, and the application of mineral and organic fertilizers. To maintain the reaction of the soil environment at a level close to neutral, not periodic, but constantly repeated application of lime is required.

trace elements
Cabbage crops are sprayed twice with the substance of the all-encompassing trace element product. The 1st spraying is carried out 1.52 weeks after planting the seedlings, the 2nd spraying after 34 weeks. Instead of a blanket product, a spray of 0.05% zinc sulphate (0.5 g zinc sulfate/l water) can be done.

Variety selection
In the 1st year after the return of cabbage to an old place, you should not plant colored and early white cabbage, also other very affected cabbages. Choose keel-resistant varieties. Among the usual Russian species relatively resistant to infection with clubroot from the mid-season species Losinoostrovskaya 8, Taininskaya, from the late Winter Gribovskaya 13, Stolichnaya late 15, Stolichnaya late 9.

Planting seedlings
If seedlings are planted without a root ball, its roots must be rolled in limestone flour or dipped in a clay-lime mash. In the latter case, the lime will stick better to the roots.

Watering Requirements
On the treated soil, watering should be moderate, both waterlogging of the earth and lack of water should not be allowed. To create a rational aqua regime, cover the surface of the earth with a mulch of coniferous needles (which will simultaneously protect the cabbage from damage by naked slugs), and cover the entire garden with a breathable material such as lutrasil.

HOW TO KEEP THE AREAS FREE OF KOILA?
In order to keep the site free from the causative agent of clubroot from year to year, make it a rule never to deviate from the proposed 3-year therapeutic and prophylactic crop rotation (see table). In the garden before and after cabbage crops, grow any vegetables belonging to the nightshade, lily and haze families. To organize crop rotation, it is useful to keep a diary. Any bed must have its own number and its recorded long-term history (alternation of crops, the occurrence of one or another disease). Annual plantings are planned based on these records.

In the season preceding the planting of cabbage crops, and in the season following the cabbage, only those vegetables are grown in the beds that specifically act on the pathogen, causing its accelerated death. For 4 years, you can grow any vegetables in the beds, including cabbage. But then for the 5th year, healing cultures again go.

The predecessors of cabbages and after them should always be the vegetables listed in the table.

WHAT TO DO IF KILA LIVES IN THE GARDEN Since ancient times?
On the old ones garden plots very often the whole soil is infected with keel. With all this, the infection from year to year is supported by the cultivation of cabbage, radish, other cabbage crops, and weeds that are also susceptible to keel. Cleansing such land is not easy, and it is better to carry out healing in stages. On the entire site, it is necessary to complete the reproduction of the pathogen and immediately, step by step, win back the terrain from the keel, evenly pushing the boundaries of the unpolluted land.

If the farm has a separate potato field, then the task is simplified - swap the garden and potato field. In the absence of weeds sensitive to keel, it will take 3 years to heal the land with potatoes. It is necessary to process potatoes on narrow ridges (without hilling), because with the classical cultivation of potatoes in ridges, weed control is difficult and the desired cleanliness of plantings is almost achievable. After healing, test the soil for the presence of the pathogen, and then work on clean land with the indispensable introduction of therapeutic crop rotation and adherence to the recommended agricultural practices.

If the potato option does not work, the following measures will help bring the infection under control:
. exclude all cabbage crops from the crop rotation for 2 years;
. prevent weeds from growing both in the ridges and in the passages;
. clean the soil from the pathogen by planting crops included in the therapeutic and preventive crop rotation;
. give preference mixed landings nightshade crops with onions or garlic, alternating them with beets and other haze crops;
. do not disperse healing plants over the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe garden, and process them on adjacent beds, compactly;
. having cleared the first site, promote healing plantings to adjacent beds.

Test the results of healing and be sure to write down the data in a diary, where you also record the fruit rotation, the introduction of organic matter, the cultivation of the land by EM (agronomically useful microbes), etc. To heal the earth from quila, such records are urgently needed.

T.Yu.Ugarova,
Doctor of Biosciences
Magazine "Real Boss" №7/2007

Anyone who buys cabbage seedlings on the side, sooner or later brings quila into his garden - the most common and most harmful disease of cabbage crops.

WHAT IS KILA DANGEROUS
At risk
Kila is transmitted mainly through the soil. The causative agent of the disease is the fungus Plasmodiophora brassicae. It infects all varieties of cabbage, other cabbage crops (radish, radish, daikon, turnip, turnip, watercress, mustard), as well as weeds of the same family (colza, wild radish, field mustard, shepherd's bag, yarutka, etc.). Particularly sensitive to keel are cauliflower and early white cabbage, as well as many high-yielding hybrids of the Dutch selection, regardless of the ripening time.
Infection with clubroot occurs during the entire growing season. The earlier it happened and the more massive it is, the more damage will be done to the crop. In the case of a severe infection, cauliflowers may not form heads at all, while white cabbages form very small, loose heads. When you consider that cabbage crops make up almost a third of all vegetables grown in family gardens, you can imagine what a disaster the kila is, once brought to the site.

Damage symptoms
Thickenings (swellings, growths) form on the roots of affected plants. white color various shapes and sizes. If the plants were infected at the seedling stage, then large swellings form on the main roots. If healthy seedlings were planted on contaminated soil, then the keel looks different - small thickenings in the form of icicles and beads form on the lateral roots. By autumn, the growths turn brown, rot and collapse. At the same time, a huge amount of spores (cysts) enter the soil, which retain their viability for 6–7 years. Any plant from the cabbage family that finds itself on contaminated soil will provoke the germination of spores with its root secretions. The resulting mycelium, growing towards the roots, infects the susceptible plant by penetrating the root through the root hairs.

HOW TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF KILA IN THE PRIMARY INFECTION
The first appearance of clubroot in a previously clean garden is always associated with diseased seedlings or planting a plant taken from an infected area. Kila, brought in at least one bed, as a rule, quickly spreads throughout the garden and remains there forever. But the technology of narrow ridges gives a real chance for the localization of the disease, followed by a quick and complete cleansing of the soil from the pathogen. Pesticides are not used.
What should be done if a keel is found on one of the narrow ridges when harvesting cabbage?
Collect, if possible, all infected roots, dry them and burn them on a sheet of iron, after dousing them with gasoline.
Allocate a separate garden tool to work on the infected bed, work in rubber boots and gloves.
Do not walk around the garden until the work of collecting the roots is completed and you have not changed your shoes.
In autumn, add beet tops to the soil. After harvesting the beets, chop the tops, treat it with any preparation of "effective microorganisms" (for example, the "Shine-1" preparation) and dig with contaminated soil to a depth of no more than 10 cm.

Burn diseased roots in a bright, smokeless flame. A sluggish, smoky fire promotes the spread of the disease, as viable quila spores are dispersed in the smoke.
Of course, it is impossible to select all diseased roots from the ground, and there is no doubt that the soil in the garden is infected. But the more carefully collected all the growths, the less massive the infection will be. Narrow beds are separated by almost meter-long passages that are not dug up, i.e. there is no mechanical mixing of clean and acidified soil, which gives a good chance of localizing the focus of the disease. In the following seasons, refrain from planting crops susceptible to keel, not only on the infected bed, but also on neighboring ones, as spores can bring earthworms, slugs and other soil organisms there.

To localize the focus of infection, it is important that there are no weeds from the cabbage family in the garden, on the sides and in the aisles. The technology of weed control, practiced on narrow ridges, allows you to keep the garden in perfect cleanliness ("The Real Master", No. 5, 2006). As soon as you have a keel, do not deviate from the instructions and destroy the weeds sprouting from the seeds in a timely manner, without wondering whether they belong to the cabbage family or not.

QUARANTINE IS NECESSARY, BUT IT DOES NOT SOLVE THE PROBLEMS
Although resting spores of clubroot remain in the ground for 6 years or more, in the absence of a host plant, the number of viable spores decreases over the years. In order for the number of spores to steadily decrease, radish, radish, daikon, turnip, watercress, lettuce mustard, not to mention all varieties of cabbage, should not be sown on contaminated soil. The presence of keel spores is not dangerous for plants that belong to other families, and from this point of view, any other vegetables can be cultivated on an infected bed. This is the tactic recommended by experts. Give preference to leafy or fruit-bearing vegetables, and avoid root crops so that when harvesting, you do not spread contaminated soil along the site along with root crops.

Quarantine measures are necessary, but they do not guarantee the localization of the source of infection and the cure of the soil. Long-term survival of a viable pathogen in the soil increases the chance of spreading the infection, despite all precautions.

SOIL TREATMENT
To quickly eradicate the source of infection, I recommend a specially developed method of treating the soil, based on the observation that some vegetable crops are not only resistant to keel, but when cultivated in infected soil, they cause accelerated death of the pathogen. Medicinal plants include representatives of 3 botanical families - nightshade (tomatoes, potatoes, etc.), lilies (onions and garlic) and haze (beets, etc.). Nightshade crops completely free the soil from keel spores in 3 years. Vegetables from the lily family (onions, especially spicy varieties, winter and spring garlic) and from the haze family (beets, chard, spinach) clean the soil even faster - in 2 years. Of the lilies, the least active crop is the leek, and it is best not to use it to quickly cure the soil. The action of nightshade and lily crops is additive, i.e. when they are planted together, the therapeutic effects are summed up.

To cure the soil from clubroot, the pair "tomatoes - spring garlic" turned out to be the most effective. When growing on an infected bed of tomatoes and spring garlic in a mixed planting (row of tomatoes against a row of garlic), soil cleansing from viable spores of keel is achieved in one season.
To avoid accidents, you can extend the treatment of the soil for another year: in the next season, you can sow, for example, 2 rows of beets in the garden.

The reason for such miraculous results in the fight against clubroot is not only the use of medicinal plants. For the localization of the primary focus of infection and its elimination, the technology of narrow ridges is no less important, which allows:
to prevent the spread of infection through weeds sensitive to keel;
avoid mechanical mixing of contaminated and clean soil;
minimize the possibility of transfer of contaminated soil with water during rain and irrigation.

Kila spore test
Before returning cabbage crops to healed soil, check its purity in the spring. Sow Beijing cabbage on the problem bed. Harvest it little by little, digging up plants with roots, from the growth of the first true leaves to the formation of a head. The complete absence of growths on the roots during the entire period of growth will indicate that the soil treatment was successful. The appearance of at least one white "bead" on the peripheral roots will show that soil treatment needs to be extended for another year.

AGRICULTURE AFTER SOIL TREATMENT
On soil freed from spores of clubroot with the help of medicinal plants, soil conditions conducive to the development of the disease should be avoided. The defeat of cabbage crops with keel promotes:
calcium and potassium deficiencies;
deficiency of trace elements - zinc, boron and chlorine;
low (less than 2.5%) humus content in the soil;
waterlogging and drying of the soil;
acidic soil environment (Kila spores germinate only in an acidic environment, they are especially active in slightly acidic, waterlogged soil; in a neutral soil environment, their ability to germinate decreases, and in a slightly alkaline (pH 7.2) it completely disappears).
The recommended agrotechnical measures are especially important to carry out at the first planting of cabbage crops on the healed soil.

Organic application
For digging, add any organic matter in the amount of 2-3 buckets per running meter ridges (compost, manure or coniferous humus). In the absence of organic matter, planted plants should be watered with a solution of peat humate (4 times watering with a weekly interval).

Lime application
In central Russia, soils are usually acidic or slightly acidic, so liming is a mandatory agricultural technique. Gardeners are well aware of the standard recommendation - lime the soil every 4-5 years. But the limed soil soon becomes acidic again, which is facilitated by rains, melt waters, and the application of mineral and organic fertilizers. To maintain the reaction of the soil environment at a level close to neutral, not periodic, but constantly repeated application of lime is required. This is exactly what the Mitlider technology provides. On narrow ridges, lime with a micro-additive of boron (mixture 1) is applied for each planted crop (“The Real Host”, No. 3, 2006). In the first year of planting cabbage on treated soil, the dose of mixture 1 should be increased:
150 g per linear meter of the ridge per sandy soil;
200-250 g/m on mineral soil;
250–300 g/m on peat and heavy clay soil;
300 g/m in lowlands with close groundwater.

Feed mix requirements
Plants are fed with mixtures 2, the preparation of which is described earlier (“The Real Host”, No. 4, 2006). The 2 mixes used on keel-treated soil have some features:
only mixtures containing calcium nitrate are suitable;
the composition of the mixture must necessarily include any chlorine-containing fertilizer, for example, potassium chloride; chlorine-free mixtures 2 are not suitable;
an increased dose of boron is added to mixture 2: 30 g of boric acid or 50 g of borax for a full dose (7–9 kg of the mixture).

trace elements
Cabbage crops are sprayed twice with a solution of a complex preparation of microelements. The first spraying is carried out 1.5-2 weeks after planting the seedlings, the second - after 3-4 weeks. Instead of a complex preparation, spraying with a 0.05% solution of zinc sulfate (0.5 g of zinc sulfate / l of water) can be carried out.

Variety selection
In the first year after the cabbage returns to its old place, cauliflower and early white cabbage, as well as other severely affected cabbages, should not be planted. Choose keel-resistant varieties. Among the traditional domestic varieties, mid-season varieties are relatively resistant to clubroot infection - Losinoostrovskaya 8, Taininskaya, from late ones - Zimnaya Gribovskaya 13, Moscow late 15, Moscow late 9.

Transplanting
If seedlings are planted without a root ball, its roots should be rolled in limestone flour or dipped in a clay-lime mash. In the latter case, the lime will stick better to the roots.

Watering Requirements
On the treated soil, watering should be moderate, both waterlogging of the soil and lack of moisture should not be allowed. To create an optimal water regime, cover the surface of the soil with pine needle mulch (which will simultaneously protect the cabbage from damage by bare slugs), and cover the entire bed with breathable material such as lutrasil.

HOW TO KEEP THE AREAS FREE OF KOILA?
In order to keep the site free from the causative agent of clubroot from year to year, make it a rule to never deviate from the proposed 3-year therapeutic and preventive crop rotation (see table). In the garden before and after cabbage crops, grow any vegetables belonging to the nightshade, lily and haze families. To organize a crop rotation, you will need to keep a diary. Each bed should have its own number and its recorded long-term history (alternation of crops, the appearance of a particular disease). Annual plantings are planned based on these records.

In the season preceding the planting of cabbage crops, and in the season following the cabbages, only those vegetables are grown in the beds that specifically affect the pathogen, causing its accelerated death. For 4 years, you can grow any vegetables in the beds, including cabbage. But then for the 5th year again there are medicinal cultures.

The predecessors of cabbages and after them should always be the vegetables listed in the table.

WHAT SHOULD I DO IF KILA LIVES IN THE GARDEN FROM TIME OLD?
In old garden plots, very often the entire soil is infected with keel. At the same time, the infection is maintained from year to year by the cultivation of cabbage, radish, other cabbage crops, as well as weeds susceptible to keel. It is not easy to clear such land, and it is better to carry out treatment in stages. It is necessary to stop the reproduction of the pathogen throughout the entire area and at the same time, step by step, win back the territory from the quila, gradually pushing the boundaries of the clean land.

If the farm has a separate potato field, then the task is simplified - swap the vegetable garden and the potato field. In the absence of weeds sensitive to keel, it will take 3 years to cure the land with potatoes. It is necessary to cultivate potatoes on narrow ridges (without hilling), since in the traditional cultivation of potatoes in ridges, weed control is difficult and the necessary cleanliness of plantings is hardly achievable. After treatment, test the soil for the presence of the pathogen, and then work on the cleared land with the obligatory use of therapeutic and preventive crop rotation and compliance with the recommended agricultural practices.

If the potato option does not go away, the following measures will help bring the infection under control:
exclude all cabbage crops from the crop rotation for 2 years;
prevent weeds from growing both in the ridges and in the passages;
clean the soil from the pathogen by planting crops included in the therapeutic and preventive crop rotation;
give preference to mixed plantings of nightshade crops with onions or garlic, alternating them with beets and other haze crops;
do not disperse medicinal plants over the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe garden, and cultivate them in neighboring beds, compactly;
having cleared the first site, promote medicinal plantings to neighboring beds.

Test the results of the treatment and be sure to write down the data in the diary, where you also record the fruit rotation, the introduction of organic matter, tillage with EM (agronomically beneficial microorganisms), etc. To cure the soil of quila, such records are vital.

T.Yu.Ugarova,
Doctor of Biological Sciences