Statements or individual words belonging to other persons may be included in the author's narration. There are several ways to introduce someone else's speech into a sentence or text: direct speech, indirect speech, indirect speech and dialog.

1. Punctuation in sentences with direct speech

Legend:

P- direct speech beginning with capital letter;
P- direct speech, starting with a lowercase letter;
BUT- words of the author, starting with a capital letter;
a- words of the author, beginning with a lowercase letter.

An exercise

And his father told him
_ You, Gavrilo, well done!_
(Ershov)

Everything will be decided_ _ he thought, going up to the living room_ I will explain myself to her_. (Pushkin).

He sat down in an armchair, put his cane in a corner, yawned and announced_ _ that it was getting hot outside_ (Lermontov).

I did not ask my faithful companion_ _ why he did not take me straight to those places_ (Turgenev).

Suddenly the coachman began to look to the side and, finally, taking off his hat, turned to me and said _ _ Master, would you order me to return? _ (Pushkin)

No, no, she repeated in despair, it’s better to die, it’s better to go to a monastery, I’d better go after Dubrovsky.

Oh, my fate is deplorable! _
The princess tells him
If you want to take me
Then you deliver to me in three days
My ring from okiyana_.
(Ershov)

I answered indignantly_ _ that I, an officer and a nobleman, would not enter into any service with Pugachev and could not accept any orders from him_ (according to Pushkin).

Sometimes I say to myself_ _ No, of course not! The little Prince at night he always covers the rose with a glass cap, and he watches the lamb very much ..._ (Antoine de Saint-Exupery)

The girl tells him
_ But look, you're gray;
I am only fifteen years old.
How can we get married?
All the kings will start laughing
Grandfather, they will say, took his granddaughter!_
(Ershov)

He reported_ _ that the governor ordered his officials on special assignments to wear spurs_ (according to Turgenev).

He sat down next to me and began to say_ _ what a famous surname he was and an important upbringing_ (according to Leskov).

It doesn't matter, Petrusha_ _ my mother answered me_ this is your imprisoned father; kiss his hand and let him bless you ... _ (Pushkin)

You used to stand, stand in a corner, so that your knees and back would ache, and you would think_ _ Karl Ivanovich forgot about me; he must be comfortable sitting on easy chair and read hydrostatics - but what does it feel like to me? _ _ and you will begin, in order to remind yourself, to slowly open and close the damper or pick the plaster from the wall (Tolstoy).

You are not our sovereign_ _ Ivan Ignatich answered, repeating the words of his captain._ You, uncle, are a thief and an impostor!_ (Pushkin)

The next day, at breakfast, Grigory Ivanovich asked his daughter_ _ whether she still intended to hide from the Berestovs_ (Pushkin).

LECTURE SUMMARY 9

1. Type of text according to the purpose of the statement.

3. Number of components (offers).

4. Connection between sentences: chain, parallel, mixed type.

5. Ways of expressing semantic relations: lexical, grammatical. name.

5. Paragraph (German indent) is a red line, an indent at the beginning of the line and a segment writing from one red line to another. It is used to separate replicas of a dialogue or compositional-semantic segments of a monologue text from each other in writing, which may include one or more complex syntactic wholes, may consist of parts of the STS or individual sentences (look: works of literature!)

3. Offers with indirect speech.

4. Constructions with improperly direct speech.

5. Transferring the content of someone else's speech in sentences ... (independently: R.N. Popov and others - P.448).

6. Principles of Russian punctuation. Punctuation marks and their main uses.

1. Beloshapkova V.A. etc. Modern Russian language. Proc. allowance for a philologist. specialist. un-v.-M.: Enlightenment, 1989. -800s.

2. Valgina N.S. etc. Modern Russian language. –M.: Higher. school, 1987. -480 p.

3. Vinogradov V.V. Modern Russian language. –M.: Higher. school, 1986. -640 p.

4. Galkina-Fedoruk E.M. Modern Russian language. - Part 1. - M.: MGU, 1962. - 344s.; Ch.2.–638s.

5. Graudina L.K. and others. Grammatical correctness of Russian speech. -M.: Russian language, 1976. -232 p.

6. Dudnikov A.V. Modern Russian language. - M .: Higher. school, 1990. -424p.

7. Kasatkin L.L. and others. Russian language. Proc. for stud. ped. in-comrade. - Part 2. -M.: Enlightenment, 1989. -287p.

8. Lekant P.A. Modern Russian language. –M.: Higher. school, 1982. -400s.

9. Modern Russian language. Proc. for universities / Under the editorship of D.E.Rosenthal.–M.: Higher. school, 1984. -736 p.

10. Shapiro A.B. Modern Russian language. -M.: Enlightenment, 1966. -156p.

1 . In the Russian language there are sentences in which, in addition to one's own, author's speech, the speech of another person is transmitted.

Alien speech- the statement of another person, transmitted in the author's narration, is called (an alien speech may be the statement of the author himself, if this statement is reproduced as a fact that has become extraneous for the moment of speech).

Alien speech can be transmitted different ways. If it is necessary to accurately reproduce it, sentences with direct speech are used. If it is necessary to convey only the content of someone else's speech, sentences with indirect speech are used. In works fiction constructions with improperly direct speech are used, combining the signs of direct speech and indirect speech, when the author's statement and someone else's speech merge together. The content or general meaning of someone else's speech can be conveyed with the help of introductory words indicating the source of the message. The theme, the subject of someone else's speech, can only be named and expressed with the help of an addition.

(Attention! The author's narrative may include the speech of another person or the statements and thoughts of the author himself, expressed in a certain situation and transmitted verbatim or by content. The statement of other persons (less often - the author himself), included in the author's narration, forms someone else's speech. Depending on how such a statement is transmitted, direct speech and indirect speech are distinguished).

The main criterion for distinguishing between direct and indirect speech is, first of all, that the first, as a rule, literally conveys someone else's statement, preserving its lexical and phraseological composition, grammatical structure and stylistic features, while the second usually reproduces only the content of the statement, and the original words and expressions speaker, the nature of the construction of his speech change under the influence of the author's context.

From a syntactical point of view, direct speech retains considerable independence, being associated with the author's words only in meaning and intonation, while indirect speech acts as subordinate clause as part of a complex sentence in which the author's words play the role of the main sentence. These are the most important differences between the two ways of transmitting someone else's speech. However, their clear distinction in a number of cases gives way to their convergence, close interaction and crossing.

So, direct speech may not literally convey someone else's statement. We sometimes find an indication of this in the author's words themselves: He said something like this...; He replied something like this... It is clear that in such cases, someone else's speech is reproduced with a greater or lesser approximation to accuracy, but not verbatim.

Naturally, not a literal transmission, but accurate translation we find in cases where the speaker speaks in foreign language, and the direct speech belonging to him is transmitted in Russian: - What? What are you talking about? - said Napoleon. - Yes, tell me to give me a horse.

On the other hand, indirect speech can literally convey other people's words, for example, in an indirect question corresponding to an interrogative sentence of direct speech .: He asked when the meeting would begin. - He asked: "When will the meeting start?"

Sometimes indirect speech differs lexically from direct speech only in the presence of a function word - a union that subordinates the subordinate clause to the main one: He said that the manuscript has already been edited. - He said: "The manuscript has already been edited"; He asked if everyone was ready to leave. He asked, "Are you all ready to leave?" ).

2. Direct speech - this is the transfer of someone else's statement, accompanied by the author's words. direct speech called someone else's speech, transmitted on behalf of the speaker (the person whose speech is reproduced).

Sentences with direct speech consist of two parts, united in meaning and structure, of which one (author's speech) contains a message about the fact of someone else's speech and its source, and the other - direct speech - reproduces someone else's speech without changing its content and linguistic form.

Direct speech can convey:

1) the statement of another person, i.e. in the literal sense, someone else's words: "Iran, you are crying again," Litvinov began with concern;

2) the words of the speaker himself, uttered by him earlier: “Why aren’t you going?” I asked the driver impatiently;

3) unexpressed thoughts: "It's good that I hid the revolver in the crow's nest," thought Pavel.

1) precede direct speech: The overjoyed mother answered confidently: “I’ll find something to say!” ;

2) follow direct speech: “I will, I will fly!” - rang and went in the head of Alexei, driving away sleep;

3) to be included in direct speech: “We will have to spend the night here,” said Maxim Maksimych, “you won’t move through the mountains in such a snowstorm”;

4) include direct speech: To my question: “Is the old caretaker alive?” - no one could give me a satisfactory answer.

Direct speech is most often associated with verbs of utterance or thought that are part of the author's words ( speak, say, ask, answer, exclaim, say, object, think, decide ...), less often - with verbs indicating the nature of speech, its connection with the previous statement ( to continue, to add, to conclude, to terminate ...), with verbs expressing the purpose of speech ( ask, order, explain, confirm, complain, agree ...), as well as with phrases with nouns that are close in meaning or formation to verbs of speech ( asked a question, an answer was heard, exclamations were heard, words were spoken, a whisper was heard, a cry was heard, a voice was heard ... ), or with nouns indicating the emergence of a thought ( a thought was born, flashed in the mind, appeared in the mind ... ). Author's words may contain verbs that indicate the action that accompanies the statement; verbs denoting movements, gestures, facial expressions ( run, jump up, shake your head, shrug your shoulders, spread your arms, make a face... ), expressing feelings, sensations, the internal state of the speaker ( rejoice, be upset, be offended, be indignant, be surprised, laugh, smile, sigh ... ).

The word order in direct speech does not depend on its place in relation to the author's words, and the word order in the author's remark is related to the place it occupies in relation to direct speech, namely:

1) if the author's words precede direct speech, then they usually have a direct order of the main members of the sentence (the subject precedes the predicate): Zhukhrai, standing on the platform of the training machine gun and raising his hand, said: “Comrades, we have collected you for a serious and responsible business”;

2) if the author's words come after direct speech or are included in it, then the order of the main members of the sentence in them is reversed (the predicate precedes the subject): “Fire! Fire" - resounded downstairs desperate cry ; “Collect, brothers, material for the fire, - I said , picking up some block of wood from the road. “We’ll have to spend the night in the steppe.”

3. Indirect speech - this is the transfer of someone else's speech in the form of a subordinate clause.

For example: Gurov said, what he is a Muscovite, a philologist by training, but works in a bank; once prepared to sing in a private opera, but gave up, has two houses in Moscow.

A subordinate clause containing indirect speech follows the main one and joins the predicate of the latter with the help of conjunctions and relative words characteristic of subordinate explanatory clauses: what, to, as if, as if, who, what, which, which, whose, how, where, where, from where, why, why …

Union what indicates the transmission of a real fact and is used when replacing a declarative sentence of direct speech: They said what Kuban is preparing an uprising against the Volunteer Army...

Unions as if and as if give indirect speech a shade of uncertainty, doubts about the truth of the transmitted content: ... Some said, as if he is the unfortunate son of wealthy parents... .

Union to used when replacing an incentive sentence in direct speech: ... Tell the groom, to did not give oats to his horses. Also, in some cases, with the negative predicate of the main sentence: No one could say to ever seen him at some party.

Relative words who, what, what, food, where ... are used when replacing an interrogative sentence in direct speech, i.e., interrogative pronominal words are preserved as interrogative-relative ones: Korchagin repeatedly asked me when he can check out. Such a subordinate clause is called an indirect question. An indirect question is expressed using a conjunction particle whether if the question in direct speech was expressed without pronominal words: Mother asked a worker who worked in the field, far whether to the tar plant.

In indirect speech, personal and possessive pronouns and the faces of the verb are used from the point of view of the author (i.e., the person transmitting indirect speech), and not the person who owns the direct speech. Appeals, interjections, emotional particles that are present in direct speech are omitted in indirect speech; the meanings they express and the expressive coloring of speech are transmitted only approximately by other lexical means. Introduction to Indirect Speech of Modal Particles say, de

they say... allows you to keep in it some shades of direct speech: The servant ... reported to his master that, say , Andrei Gavrilovich did not obey and did not want to return.

Sometimes verbatim expressions of someone else's speech are preserved in indirect speech (in writing this is shown with the help of quotation marks): From Petrushka they heard only the smell of residential peace, and from Selifan that "he performed the service of the state and served before at customs", and nothing more.

4. Improperly direct speech.

Someone else's speech can also be expressed in a special way, the so-called indirect speech .

Improperly direct speech - This is speech, the essence of which lies in the fact that lexical and syntactic features someone else's statement, the manner of speech of the speaking person, the emotional coloring characteristic of direct speech, but it is transmitted not on behalf of the character, but on behalf of the author, narrator. The author in this case expresses the thoughts and feelings of his hero, merges his speech with his speech. As a result, a two-dimensional statement is created: the “inner” speech of the character, his thoughts, moods are conveyed (and in this sense he “speaks”), but the author speaks for him.

With indirect speech, the indirect speech is brought together by the fact that the faces of the verb and pronouns are also replaced in it, it can take the form of a subordinate clause.

The difference between direct, indirect and improperly direct speech is shown by the following comparison:

1) direct speech: Everyone remembered this evening, repeating: “How good and fun we had!”;

2) indirect speech: Everyone remembered this evening, repeating, what im having fun i am having fun;

3) improperly direct speech: Everyone remembered that evening: how good and fun it was for them!

From a syntactic point of view, improperly direct speech appears:

1) in the composition complex sentence: The fact that Lyubka remained in the city was especially pleasing to Seryozhka. Lyubka was a desperate girl, her own way.

2) as an independent, independent proposal: When the grandmother died, they put her in a long, narrow coffin and covered her eyes with two nickels, which did not want to close. Before her death, she was alive and wore soft bagels sprinkled with poppy seeds from the market, but now she sleeps, sleeps ... .

The most characteristic type of improperly direct speech is the form of interrogative and exclamatory sentences that stand out emotionally and intonation against the background of the author's narrative: She could not but confess that he liked her very much; probably, and he, with his mind and experience, could already notice that she distinguished him: how did she still not see him at her feet and still not hear his confession? What kept him? Timidity, pride or coquetry of cunning red tape? It was a mystery to her; Nikolai Rostov turned away and, as if looking for something, began to look at the distance, at the water of the Danube, at the sky, at the sun. How beautiful the sky looked, how blue, calm and deep! How gently and glossy the water shone in the distant Danube!

The interaction of individual ways of transmitting someone else's speech allows, for stylistic purposes, to combine them in one text: He [the provincial] is angrily silent at such comparisons, and sometimes he will venture to say that such and such matter or such and such wine can be obtained from them both better and cheaper, and what about overseas rarities of these large crayfish and shells, and red fish, there and they won’t look, and that it’s free, they say, for you to buy various materials and trinkets from foreigners. They rip you off, and you are glad to be boobies ... .

Attention! In sentences with improperly direct speech, someone else's speech is not distinguished from the author's speech, it is not introduced by special words warning about the fact of someone else's speech, and merges with the author's.

5. Transferring the content of someone else's speech in sentences ... (independently: R.N. Popov and others - P.448).

6. Punctuation (lat. - dot) - this is 1). A collection of punctuation rules. 2). Arrangement of punctuation marks in the text.

Punctuation marks called graphic signs used in writing to divide the semantic segments of the text, syntactic and intonational articulation of speech.

The Russian punctuation system is based on semantic, grammatical and intonation principles, being interconnected with each other.

For example, in a sentence: I did not want death for an eagle, Not for predators of the thicket - I fired an arrow at a friend Unjust malice ...- all punctuation marks delimit semantic segments of the text: a comma separates designations from each other homogeneous concepts(bird of prey, predatory beast); the dash expresses the opposition of phenomena; the dot indicates the completeness of the thought. All punctuation marks also divide sentences into structural and grammatical segments: a comma separates homogeneous members, a dash - two parts unionless proposal, and a period ends the declarative sentence. Each of the signs carries a certain intonation: a comma conveys the same type of enumeration of homogeneous members of the sentence; the dash conveys the intonation of juxtaposition, the dot - the completeness of the utterance with a lowering of the voice (See: R.N. Popov et al. - P. 453-455).

Punctuation marks include: dot, Exclamation point, question mark, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, ellipsis, brackets, quotation marks.

According to the function that punctuation marks perform, they are divided into:

1. separating are punctuation marks that serve to separate one part of the text from another. These include single characters: dots, question and exclamation marks, commas, semicolons, colons, ellipsis, dashes.

2. Allocating - These are punctuation marks that serve to highlight parts of the text. These include paired characters: two commas, two dashes, brackets, quotes.

The norms for the use of punctuation marks were defined in a special code in 1956.

The point is put : at the end of a declarative and motivating non-exclamatory sentence; at the end of the headings.

The question mark is placed: at the end of an interrogative sentence: after separate homogeneous questions in order to separate them; inside or at the end of a quote to express bewilderment or doubt (put in brackets).

An exclamation mark is placed: at the end of an exclamatory sentence; if necessary, intonationally highlight each of the homogeneous members of the exclamatory sentence; inside or at the end of a quote to express attitude towards it (put in brackets).

A comma is placed : between parts of complex sentences; between homogeneous members of the proposal; to highlight separate members sentences, introductory and plug-in constructions, appeals, interjections.

A semicolon is placed: between parts of a complex sentence, if the IFs are complicated and have punctuation marks; between IF groups in BSP and SSP; between common homogeneous members of the sentence; at the end of the enumeration rubrics, if the rubrics are common and have punctuation marks.

The colon is put : before listing homogeneous members of the proposal; in non-union complex sentences with explanatory relations.

A dash is put : between subject and predicate, expressed nouns or the infinitive of a verb; after homogeneous members of the sentence before the generalizing word; to highlight homogeneous members in the middle of a sentence; between predicates or IF of a complex sentence to express opposition, unexpected addition, result or conclusion from what has already been said; if necessary, highlight a common sentence; to separate the words of the author from direct speech; to indicate the omission of any member of the proposal; to highlight introductory and plug-in structures; to indicate spatial, temporal or quantitative limits; at the beginning of the dialogue.

An ellipsis is placed: to indicate the incompleteness of a statement, a break in speech; to indicate a gap in a quote.

Parentheses are put : to highlight introductory and plug-in structures; to highlight the name of the author and the work from which the quote is taken; to highlight remarks in dramatic works.

Quotes are put : when highlighting direct speech and quotations; to highlight words used ironically or in unusual meaning; to highlight titles of works, newspapers, magazines, businesses…

H horrendous speech is the statement of others. It can be transmitted by direct and indirect speech.

From the means of transmitting someone else's speech:

Direct speech is a verbatim reproduction of someone else's statement. For its transmission, special syntactic constructions are used, which consist of 2 components: the words of the author and the actual direct speech.

I said: "Let's go fishing tomorrow!"

Misha replied: "Okay, I'll pick you up at five in the morning."

Direct speech is usually accompanied author's words, explaining to whom it belongs (the words of the author in the examples given: I said, Misha answered).

When transmitting direct speech in writing, direct speech is enclosed in quotation marks.

“The day after tomorrow I will go to the Volga,” Sasha said.

If in this case the direct speech contains a question or it is pronounced with an exclamation, then a question or exclamation mark and a dash are placed after it, for example:

"Who's screaming?" came a harsh cry from the sea.

“Let's go!” said Gavrila, lowering the oars into the water.

Direct speech can be broken by the words of the author, while punctuation marks are placed as follows: if there is no sign at the place of the break in direct speech or there is a comma, semicolon or colon, then the words of the author are distinguished on both sides by commas and a dash.

"Hear me out sometime to the end."

"My name is Foma, and nicknamed Biryuk."

“It will rain: the ducks are splashing, and the grass smells painfully strongly.”

“Hear me out,” said Nadia, “sometime to the end.”

“My name is Foma,” he replied, “and nicknamed Biryuk.”

“It will rain,” Kalinich objected, “the ducks are splashing over there, and the grass smells painfully strongly.”

If there is a dot at the place where the direct speech breaks, then a comma and a dash are placed before the words of the author, and after them - a dot and a dash; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter.

"Let's go for a walk tomorrow morning. I want to learn Latin names from you field plants and their properties.

“Let's go for a walk tomorrow morning,” Anna Sergeevna said to Bazarov. “I want to learn from you the Latin names of field plants and their properties.”

If there is a question or exclamation mark in place of the break in direct speech, then a dash is placed before the words of the author, and after them a period and a dash; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter.

3 punctuation in sentences with direct speech:

Indirect speech This is a paraphrase of someone else's statement. For its design, one of the types of subordinate clause is used - a construction with a subordinate explanatory clause.

The main part of such proposals is built on behalf of the author of the text and matches the words the author in direct speech, and the subordinate part conveys the content utterances and corresponds to direct speech.

The purpose of the statement	Connection method	Examples
Declarative sentence	Unions as if that	He said, what will arrive in the morning.
Interrogative sentence	Pronouns and adverbs who, what, what, where, why, when; particle whether in the meaning of union	Mom asked when the plane will arrive.
incentive offer	Union to	The boss ordered to everyone went outside.

Syntactically indirect speech is complex sentence, where the words of the author are conveyed in the main clause, and the statement itself is conveyed in the subordinate clause.

Anton said that tomorrow we will go out of town.

When transmitting other people's words in direct speech, appeals, interjections, introductory words are preserved, and in indirect speech they are omitted.

For example:

“Hey Petya, did you pass the exam?” - asked Nadia(direct speech).

Nadia asked Petya if he passed the exam(indirect speech).

A question expressed in indirect speech is called indirect question. There is no question mark after an indirect question.

Ways of transmitting someone else's speech

1) the theme of someone else's speech is conveyed with the help of a deliberative object in simple sentence: He told me about his trip to the mountains;

2) through the object infinitive in a complicated simple sentence, the general content of someone else's speech is expressed, represented by an expression of will: I asked him to go get some bread;

3) verbatim, literal transmission of someone else's speech - direct speech: He asked the girl: « Where is your mother?»;

4) the most complete transmission of the content of someone else's speech without preserving its form and style - indirect speech: He asked the girl, where is her mom.

Terms and concepts of linguistics: Syntax: Dictionary-reference book. - Nazran: Pilgrim LLC. T.V. Foal. 2011 .

See what "methods of transmitting someone else's speech" are in other dictionaries:

ways of transmitting someone else's speech- 1) the theme of someone else's speech is conveyed with the help of a deliberative object in a simple sentence: He told me about his trip to the mountains; 2) through the object infinitive in a complicated simple sentence, the general content of someone else's speech is expressed, ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

The dialogue of written speech- is an expression in the text by means of the language of interaction of the communicants, understood as a ratio of semantic positions, as an account of the reactions of the addressee (including the second Self), as well as the explication in the text of the signs of the actual dialogue. At the same time, the concept…

Improperly direct, or improperly authorial, speech- - a method of transmitting someone else's speech, in which elements of direct (see) and indirect (see) speech are used. This is the speech of the narrator, at the same time permeated with vocabulary, meanings (semantics), syntactic constructions of the speech of the character - the source ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

Indirect speech- is someone else's speech, reproduced not on behalf of the speaker and introduced by the author of the narration in the form of an explanatory clause of a complex sentence. For example: So he, without any hesitation, explains to Bunin that he does not consider him a poet and ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

The category of dialogicity is functional semantic-stylistic- - one of the varieties of text categories, which is a system of multi-level language tools(including text) merged on the text plane common function expressions of dialogicity (see); structured on the basis of the field ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

Rome city*

Rome, city- Contents: I. R. Modern; II. History of the city of R.; III. Roman history before the fall of the western Roman Empire; IV. Roman law. I. Rome (Roma) the capital of the Italian kingdom, on the Tiber River, in the so-called Roman Campania, at 41 ° 53 54 north ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

VERA one of the main phenomena human life. By its nature, V. is divided into relig. and non-religious “Everything that is done in the world, even by people who are strangers to the Church, is done by faith... very many human deeds are based on faith; and this is not alone... Orthodox Encyclopedia

Peasants- Contents: 1) K. in Western Europe. 2) The history of K. in Russia before the liberation (1861). 3) The economic situation of K. after liberation. 4) The modern administrative structure of K. I. K. in Western Europe. The fate of the peasant or agricultural ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

literary property- (also musical and artistic) term of our laws, denoting copyright. Like the French propriété littéraire et artistique, it reflects one of the legal theories on the subject. More precise terms: English. copyright (right ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Books

• Modern Russian Literary Language Textbook, Starichenko V., Balush T., Gorbatsevich O.. Illuminated topical issues phonetics, phonology, orthoepy, graphics, word formation; the vocabulary of the modern Russian language is considered from the point of view of its systemic connections, origin, scope ...

Ways to design someone else's speech

I.Direct speech

A: "P". "P", - a. "P, - a, - p."

A: "P?" "P?" - a. "P? - a. - P".

A: "P!" "P!" - a. "P! - a. - P".

A: "P ..." "P ..." - a. "P-a. - P".

Etc.: 1) . P. I. Tchaikovsky wrote: “Inspiration is a guest who does not like to visit the lazy.”

2). “Inspiration is a guest who does not like to visit the lazy,” wrote P.I. Tchaikovsky.

3). “Inspiration,” wrote P. I. Tchaikovsky, “is a guest who does not like to visit the lazy.”

If direct speech is presented in the form of a dialogue, then each replica begins with a new paragraph and is preceded by a dash.

- Are you satisfied, gentlemen generals? - meanwhile the couch potato man asked.

- Satisfied, dear friend, we see your zeal! - answered the generals.

- Will you let me rest now?

- Take a rest, my friend, just put the rope first.

M. Saltykov-Shchedrin

II. Indirect speech

, (). Complex sentence with an explanatory clause after the main clause.

Direct speech sentences	Suggestions with indirect speech
1) He said: "I will bring this book tomorrow."	1) [He said], ( what bring this book tomorrow).
2) He told me: "Bring this book tomorrow."	2) [He told me], ( to I brought this book tomorrow). / indirect inducement/
3) He asked: “When will you bring this book?”	3) [He asked] (when I will bring this book. /Indirect question/
4) He asked: “Will you bring this book tomorrow?”	4) [He asked], (I will bring whether I will read this book tomorrow). /Indirect question/

III. Basic Citation Methods

Proposal with direct speech	A.P. Chekhov wrote: “Everything should be beautiful in a person: face, clothes, soul, and thoughts.”
Sentence with indirect speech	A.P. Chekhov believed that "everything should be beautiful in a person: the face, and clothes, and the soul, and thoughts."
Introductory sentence	According to A.P. Chekhov, “everything should be beautiful in a person: face, clothes, soul, and thoughts.”
Partial citation	A.P. Chekhov believed that "everything should be beautiful in a person."

Introductory constructions (message source)

BB, ….…, BB,……, BB.

1) According to P. I. Tchaikovsky, "inspiration is a guest who does not like to visit the lazy." /Introductory phrase/.

2) As P. I. Tchaikovsky wrote, “inspiration is a guest who does not like to visit the lazy.” /Introductory sentence/.

3) “Inspiration,” as P. I. Tchaikovsky wrote, “is a guest who does not like to visit the lazy.”

Partial citation

1) In the middle or end of a sentence.

Etc. a) "This is the hope of our literature." (V. A. Zhukovsky about A. S. Pushkin)

V. A. Zhukovsky called A. S. Pushkin "the hope of our literature."

b) “You marvel at the jewels of our language: whatever sound, then a gift ...”

(N. V. Gogol)

N.V. Gogol always "marveled at the treasures of the Russian language."

2) At the beginning of a sentence.

"Nikolai Ostrovsky! You left us, but your wonderful fiery life goes on blossoms, boils in millions your readers! (V. Kataev about N. Ostrovsky)

"... Fiery life continues... in millions... of readers", -

V. Kataev wrote about N. Ostrovsky.

IV. Errors in the design of someone else's speech

1. A mixture of direct and indirect speech.

A. P. Chekhov wrote that: "Everything should be fine in a person."

Correctly:

A.P. Chekhov wrote: “Everything should be beautiful in a person.”

A.P. Chekhov wrote that "everything should be beautiful in a person."

2. The use of an extra union in a sentence with indirect speech.

I asked at the theater what will whether premiere today.

Correctly: I asked at the theater whether premiere today.

3. Putting a question mark in a declarative sentence with an indirect question.

I asked at the theater if there would be a premiere today?

Correctly: I asked at the theater if there would be a premiere today.

4. Making the introductory sentence as the words of the author in direct speech.

According to A.P. Chekhov: "Everything should be fine in a person."

Correctly: According to A.P. Chekhov, "everything should be fine in a person."