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Fire fighting equipment is technical means extinguishing a fire, limiting its development, protecting people and property from it.

Currently, fire fighting equipment covers a large arsenal of various means: primary funds fire extinguishers, fire trucks, fire extinguishing installations and communication facilities.

Before the start of extinguishing fires, a number of special works can be performed: reconnaissance of a fire, removal of combustion products from premises, rescue of people, opening of structures, etc. To perform these works, a range of special fire engines with special equipment is required.

A fire truck is a transport or transportable vehicle designed to extinguish a fire.

Auxiliary fire engines are used to service personnel and fire equipment, especially on large fires.

Fire engines are created on the basis of various Vehicle: wheeled and tracked vehicles, swimming and aircraft, trains. They are called: fire trucks (PA), fire boats, ships, helicopters, trains.

Fire trucks are equipped with subdivisions of the State Fire Service (SFS). Some of them use fire boats, helicopters, tanks.

Divisions are also equipped with fire trucks fire brigade various ministries (railway transport, forestry, etc.).

A variety of fires and fire extinguishing conditions, as well as the work performed during their extinguishing, required the creation of PAs for various purposes. According to the main types of work performed, PAs are divided into main, special and auxiliary. The main PAs, in turn, consist of PAs of general and targeted use (Table 1.3).

Table 1.3

Basic fire trucks		Special fire trucks	Auxiliary fire vehicles
general use	intended use
AC - tank trucks ANR - pump-hose APP - first aid HP - with pump high pressure	AA - airfield AP - powder extinguishing APT - foam extinguishing ACT - combined extinguishing AGT - gas extinguishing PNS - pumping station AGVT - gas-water extinguishing	AL - ladders APC – articulated car lifts AR - sleeve DU - smoke exhaust GDZS - gas and smoke protection service ASA - emergency vehicles ASh - staff	Buses Trucks Cars

The main PAs are designed to deliver the personnel of the State Fire Service units, fire extinguishing agents and equipment to the fire site and supply fire extinguishing agents to the burning zone. PA general use designed to extinguish fires at urban facilities and in the residential sector. PA intended use provide fire extinguishing at oil facilities chemical industry, airfields, etc.

General requirements for fire equipment and fire trucks are established by the Federal Law "Technical Regulations and Fire Safety Requirements". Based on the regulations, they are reduced to the following:

fire equipment must ensure the functions assigned to it in fire conditions;

the design and use of materials for its production should ensure its safety during transportation, storage, operation and disposal of fire equipment;

marking of fire equipment should allow identification of products;

technical documentation for fire equipment should contain information for training personnel in the rules for the effective use of fire equipment;

fire equipment must be used in accordance with its parameters to fire safety requirements in accordance with the methods established by fire safety regulations.

All PAs are built on the chassis of motor vehicles (ATS) for various operational purposes, mainly of domestic production. Therefore, it becomes expedient to state the system of their designations.

In accordance with the OH 025.270-06 standard, the following ATS designation system has been adopted (Table 1.4).

Table 1.4

Gross weight, t	Operational purpose of the car
	airborne		dump trucks	cisterns		special
Over 40.0

Note. Classes 18 to 78 are reserved and not included in the index.

The 1st digit indicates the class of ATS (trucks) in terms of gross weight, i.e.

The 2nd digit indicates the type of PBX:

1 - passenger car;

2 - bus;

3 - cargo onboard vehicle or pickup truck;

4 - truck tractor;

5 - dump truck;

6 - tank;

7 - van;

8 - reserve figure;

9 - a special vehicle.

The 3rd and 4th digits of the indices indicate the serial number of the model.

5th digit - modification of the car.

6th digit - type of execution: 1 - for a cold climate, 6 - export version for a temperate climate, 7 - export version for a tropical climate.

Some vehicles have the prefix 01, 02, 03, etc. in their designation, indicating that this model or modification is transitional or has additional equipment.

According to this classification, in most cases, the letter designation of the manufacturer is indicated before the digital index. For example, ZIL, Ural, KamAZ, etc.

Currently, a transition is being made to a new (European) classification of fire trucks in terms of the permissible gross weight. Fire trucks are divided into three classes:

light with a gross weight of 2000 to 7500 kg ( L- Class);

medium with a gross weight of 7500 to 14060 kg ( M- Class);

heavy with a gross weight of over 14,000 kg ( S- Class).

Fire trucks, depending on the cross-country ability, are divided into three categories.

Basic PA general use are designated as follows: fire trucks - AC; pump-hose fire trucks - ANR; fire trucks with high pressure pumps - AVD, first aid fire trucks - AMS. They are characterized by a number of parameters. Fire safety standards established that the following parameters are used as the main parameters that determine the functional purpose of the PA: tank capacity, m 3; pump flow, l/s, at rated speed of the pump shaft; pump head, m w.c.

The initial letters of the PA names and the main parameter of the PA type form the basis of their conventional designations.

Examples of symbols.

Example 1АЦ-3,0-40/4(4331) model ХХХ-ХХ. Fire truck with a tank capacity of 3 m 3, a combined pump with a supply of 40 (normal pressure stage) and 4 l / s (high pressure stage) on the ZIL-4331 chassis, the first modernization of the XXX model, modification of the XX (with a combined pump).

Example 2 APT 6.3-40 (5557) model XXX. Foam extinguishing vehicle with a tank for a foam concentrate with a capacity of 6.3 m 3 on the Ural 5557 chassis with a pump with a feed rate of 40 l / s, model XXX.

Example 3 ACT 2.0/2000-40/60 (4310) model XXX. Combined extinguishing vehicle on a KamAZ chassis with a tank for water or a foaming agent solution with a capacity of 2.0 m 3, a mass of exported powder of 2000 kg, a pump with a feed rate of 40 l / s and a powder fire monitor flow rate of 60 kg / s, model XXX.

Special PAs are used to perform a variety of jobs: lifting to heights, dismantling structures, lighting, etc. As the main parameters, characteristics of PAs that determine the functional purpose, for example, the height of the ladders, the power of the generator of the emergency rescue vehicle, etc. are used.

Auxiliary vehicles ensure the functioning of fire departments. These include: trucks, tankers, mobile repair shops, etc.

In order to distinguish PA from the general traffic flow in conditions of significant density and intensity of traffic, they must have a certain information content. It is carried out by the shape of the product, color, light and sound signal ization.

All fire equipment products are painted red. To enhance the information content in the color-graphic scheme, a contrasting White color. Color-graphic scheme, inscriptions and identification marks, as well as requirements for special light and sound signals are established by the standard. The breakdown of the surfaces to be painted, the location of the inscriptions and symbols are set in the order shown in fig. 1.8.

The number of the fire department and the city are indicated on the cabin door, on the stern - the type of PA, for example AC, - the tank truck and the number of the fire department. According to the color-graphic scheme, PA bumpers are painted white, the frame, wheel disks and visible parts of the running gear are painted black.

The knees of fire escapes, car and foam lifters are painted white or silver.

When performing an operational task, the information content of the PA is enhanced by sound and light signals.

The alarm light signaling of the PA is created by a flashing beacon of blue color. They operate from the on-board network with a voltage of 12 or 24 V, providing a flashing frequency of (2 ± 0.5) Hz, while the dark phase should not be less than 0.2 s.

Sound signal can be generated by sirens direct current, giving two or more alternating signals with a sound frequency from 250 to 650 Hz. The sound pressure level at a distance of 2 m from the siren should be in the range of 110-125 dB.

A siren activated by engine exhaust gases can be used as an audible signal.

The high combat readiness of fire departments and the efficiency of fire equipment is achieved by proper maintenance, as well as scheduled maintenance of fire trucks and their maintenance in the shortest possible time after a fire. To ensure the combat readiness of fire departments great importance has the correct organization of storage of fire equipment (oxygen-insulating gas masks, pressure hoses, etc.), stocks of fuels and lubricants, foam concentrate, etc.

Maintenance of fire trucks and storage of fire equipment is carried out in fire stations and on the territory of fire departments.

Fire stations should be located on land plots with exits to main streets or citywide roads. The distance from the borders of the depot site to public buildings must be at least 15 meters, and to the borders of land plots of children's institutions and cars at least 30 meters.

Fire stations must be located in areas with a distance from the red line to the front of the exit of vehicles by at least 15 meters, and for fire stations II, III, IV and V types, this distance can be reduced to 10 meters.

The territory of the fire station must have two exits with a gate width of at least 4.5 meters. All sites on the territory and roads must have a hard surface.

The fire brigades also house a training campus, a petrol station, and the paramilitary fire brigades have barracks for personnel. On the territory of some units, it is possible to place educational and training facilities of garrison significance (for example, smoke chambers, sports complexes, etc.).

A fire station is a building that houses a fire department guard, fire trucks and fire equipment. The fire station (Fig. 1.9) should have a garage, a communication point, a battery, post or base of the gas and smoke protection service (GDZS), offices of the commanding staff, classrooms, rest rooms for the duty shift, etc.

Rice. 1.9. An example of a fire station layout:

A - facade; B - plan of the first floor of the new depot: 1 - garage; 2 - office of the head of the unit; 3 - office; 4 - office of the deputy head of the unit; 5 - premises of public organizations; 6 - room for briefing; 7 - room for instructors; 8 - electrical panel; 9 - rechargeable; 10 - point of contact; 11 - hardware; 12 - corner of traffic safety; 13 - control post; 14 – workshop of the maintenance post; 15 - pantry; 16 - compressor room; 17 - drying sleeves; 18 - training tower; 19 – washing of sleeves; 20 - drying clothes; 21 - Gym

In connection with the organization of centralized maintenance of hoses in garrisons in the newly built fire stations, premises for servicing fire hoses are not provided.

The fire station is designed for 2, 4 and 6 fire trucks. In fire stations of large fire departments, 8 or more fire trucks can be installed. When designing a fire station for 2 vehicles, the land area of ​​the fire station must be at least 2500 m 2. At more cars N its area is determined approximately by the formula

S = 1000 N,

where S - square land plot, m 2 .

Depot buildings must be designed not lower than the III degree of fire resistance. The layout of the depot should ensure the quick and safe collection of personnel on combat alert and the departure of fire trucks in a minimum a short time.

Fire alarm and communication equipment, as well as battery equipment, are located in a special room adjacent to the garage on the right side. A window measuring 0.5x0.75 m is arranged in the wall adjacent to the garage, located opposite the driver's cab of a fire truck, through which waybill and monitoring the departure of fire trucks.

The duty guard room is usually located on the first floor behind the back wall of the garage or on the second floor. When located on the ground floor, exits to the garage are made at the rate of one exit 1.2x2 m in size for each fire truck. When placing a room for a guard on duty on the second floor, in addition to the common staircase, they arrange descending metal poles to the garage at the rate of 1 pole for 7 people. Descending posts with a diameter of 100 mm must have a perfectly smooth surface. Soft mats should be laid at the base of the pillars.

Washing and drying of sleeves are usually carried out in the observation tower shaft. The area of ​​drying shafts is determined at the rate of 0.16 m 2 per sleeve, but not less than 2.4 m 2 per shaft.

The height of the shaft from the floor to the blocks on which the hoses are suspended can be 12 m when the hoses are suspended at half their length and 22 m when the hoses are suspended for the full length. The height of the room above the blocks must be at least 2 m.

In the lower part of the drying shaft, a washing machine, a tank for washing sleeves, and a calorific unit are installed. To dry the sleeves, you can use infrared emitters, which are installed in a special room.

The layout and equipment should ensure that fire trucks are on alert in the shortest possible time. In this case, you can focus on the complexity of the work (in man-min):

Maintenance 52

Replacement of 7 sleeves 20

Taking into account that a tank truck squad can consist of 6 people, the minimum maintenance time after a fire is about 20 minutes.

Fire stations are located in areas with an indent from the red building line along the front of the garage gate by at least 15 m. The area in front of the garage must be asphalted or paved and have a slight slope from the gate threshold to the red line.

Fire station garages are designed to service fire trucks and keep them on duty. In garages, dead-end or direct-flow methods of arranging fire trucks are adopted. With a dead-end method, the car drives into the parking lot in reverse. Each parking lot has its own gate, preferably with an automatic opening drive. An inspection ditch is provided for servicing fire trucks.

When designing garages and maintenance posts, the dimensions of the room are determined depending on the dimensions of fire trucks. Some planning dimensions, m, specified in SNiP P-93-74 are given below:

The depth of the garage for 1 fire truck is at least 15

The height from the floor to the protruding floor structures is at least 3.8

Distance between vehicle axles 5.2

Distance from the car to the edge of the column 1.5

Distance from vehicle to front wall 1.0

Distance from the far right of the exit and the left car

to the wall 1.5

Distance from vehicle to rear wall 2.0

Fire stations are equipped with central heating and ventilation. In addition to general ventilation in garages, gas outlets are provided for the removal of exhaust gases. The temperature in the garages must be maintained at least +16 ° C. At the same time, comfortable conditions are provided for servicing fire trucks and fire equipment, as well as reliable engine starting. To reduce the duration of the engine in the warm-up mode after it is started, it is advisable to equip the parking lots with local individual engine heating, which helps to increase the speed of the fire truck after leaving.

The organization of the duty of combat units should ensure high technical readiness and operational mobility of fire trucks.

In the system of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, fire trucks occupy special place. They form the material basis for the mechanization of fire extinguishing and emergency rescue operations.

The effective use of fire trucks and fire rescue vehicles (ASA) requires a deep knowledge of the design of equipment, mechanisms and machines, their technical capabilities and rational operating modes. Their parameters determine the performance characteristics of these machines. Therefore, the first task of the course under study is a comprehensive study of the designs of fire engines and their performance characteristics.

Fires occur at random, unpredictable intervals. The damage from the fire will be the less, the sooner the extinguishing of the fire begins. Therefore, in fire departments, fire engines must be kept in a state of high technical readiness for use. Therefore, studying the course of PA and PSA, it is necessary to solve the second problem, which includes techniques and methods for maintaining the state of continuous technical readiness of fire engines.

During the operation of fire engines, the working surfaces of the parts of the mechanisms wear out. As a result, the parameters of the tactical and technical characteristics of fire engines are deteriorating. This, in turn, leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of fire extinguishing. Wear of mechanism parts and non-compliance with the recommended operating modes can lead to failures in their operation. Therefore, when studying the course, the third task should be solved - mastering the basics of organizing the maintenance and repair of fire equipment, ensuring its reliable operation in fires and the required durability.

When following a fire, extinguishing it, as well as maintaining and repairing fire engines due to incorrect methods of controlling them, non-compliance with their operating modes, factors affecting the safety of work and the health of members of the combat crew may appear. Therefore, when studying the course, the fourth task should be solved - the organization of ensuring the safety of firefighters.

Fire trucks are constantly being improved, new mechanisms and equipment are being used, new vehicles are being created. Therefore, another task becomes important: when studying the course, it is necessary to learn not only to master this technique, but also to develop the ability to train subordinates.

And finally, the last task of the course is to substantiate the techniques and methods that determine the economical use of all material resources (fuel, OM, etc.), and hence the protection of the environment.

Test questions

The main stages in the development of fire equipment.

The role of Russian engineers in the creation of fire extinguishing agents.

The development of fire fighting equipment in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Formulate requirements technical regulation for fire engines and fire engines.

Classification of fire trucks.

Fundamentals of the designation system for vehicles used as chassis for fire trucks.

Classification of fire trucks. The scope of their application.

Give examples of the designation of tank trucks, fire pump station, ladder trucks.

Requirements of the Technical Regulations for fire stations.

Appointment and general device fire trucks

To Category:

fire trucks

Purpose and general arrangement of fire trucks

Fire is an uncontrolled burning process, accompanied by the destruction of material values ​​and creating a danger to human life. Fires are fast-growing processes, therefore, in order to reduce damage, they should be extinguished quickly, localized, and then eliminated in the shortest possible time.

To eliminate a fire, it is necessary: ​​- to deliver combat crews, fire extinguishing agents and fire equipment to the required area; - submit to required quantity fire extinguishing agents in the centers of combustion; – perform a number of special works before and during extinguishing.

These tasks can be carried out in a short time only using various mechanized means. They are installed on wheeled and less often on tracked vehicles: cars, tractors, tracked tractors. As a rule, mechanized means on wheeled chassis - fire trucks are used in the arsenal of fire brigades in fire protection garrisons.

To extinguish fires in river and sea ports, etc., fire ships and boats can be used, on railway transport- fire trains, for extinguishing forest fires - planes and helicopters.

Depending on the purpose of the equipment that the vehicles are equipped with, there are three types of fire engines: main, special and auxiliary.

The main fire engines are used to deliver combat crews, fire equipment and a supply of fire extinguishing agents to the fire site, as well as to supply fire extinguishing agents to the fires.

The main ones include fire trucks, powder, foam, airfield and other fire trucks. This group also includes fire trucks that do not have a stock of fire extinguishing agents, but only ensure their supply to the fire from extraneous containers or systems. Such vehicles include fire trucks, pump-hose, pumping stations, gas-water extinguishing vehicles, etc.

Special fire trucks are designed to perform special work when extinguishing fires. In fire departments, a complex of vehicles is used for this purpose. Thus, fire ladders and car lifts are designed to save people, lift firefighters and fire equipment when extinguishing fires in rooms above the ground floor. Fire autofoam lifts provide lifting of fire nozzles to a predetermined height, fire communication and lighting vehicles are used to organize communication in a fire, lighting in the dark.

Special fire engines also include hose fire trucks (delivery and replacement of hoses on fires), staff and operational fire trucks. These vehicles have equipment used by the firefighting headquarters.

Auxiliary fire engines have equipment for performing auxiliary work on a fire. These include tankers, mobile auto repair shops, campaign vehicles, cars, trucks, tractors, etc.

Fire trucks are created on the basis of trucks produced in the country. Basic and special fire trucks consist of a truck chassis; containers for fire extinguishing agents on the main vehicles; fire equipment or special mechanisms on special vehicles; additional equipment(for example, cooling systems); fire equipment control drives.

The primary tactical unit in the fire department is a tank truck (ATs) or pump-hose fire truck (ANR). These fire trucks are technical basis armament of fire departments.

Fire tank trucks are used to deliver combat crew, fire equipment, a supply of fire extinguishing agents (water and foam concentrate) to the fire site and extinguish the fire with water or air-mechanical foam.

ANR fire engines and earlier fire truck pumps (AH) are equipped with fire pumps. They are similar to the AC, but they do not have a water tank. They extinguish fires with water only from extraneous sources - reservoirs or water supply networks. To extinguish with air-mechanical foam, tanks with a foaming agent are installed on them. Along with this, AN and ANR are sleeve cars. They have a supply of fire hoses from 300 to 1000 m.

Water from a tanker is used to extinguish a fire, or a tanker truck is installed on a water source. In this case, the pump takes water from artificial or natural reservoirs or from the water supply network. Water can be supplied from another fire truck with a pumping unit when working "over-pumping". In this case, the tank is used as an intermediate container.

Tanker trucks can also be used to carry water over long distances in waterless areas.

Rice. 1.1. Fire truck AC-40 (131) -137:
1 - chassis; 2 - engine; 3 - driver's cabin; 4 - cockpit combat crew; 5 - tank; 6 - body of a fire truck; 7 -- body compartments; c - pump compartment

Fire trucks are characterized by high driving performance, they are reliable in operation and easy to maintain. They are created on the chassis (Fig. 1.1) of ZIL-130, ZIL-131, GAZ-66, etc. At the same time, the main parts of cars - the engine, transmission, chassis, control mechanisms are preserved. However, changes are being made to some of them to facilitate the reliable operation of fire equipment and main units. So, the engine, working on the pump in the summer in stationary mode may overheat. Therefore, an additional heat exchanger is introduced into the cooling system, connected by pipes to a fire pump.

Vacuum in the cavity centrifugal pump when water is sucked in in the case of its intake from an external container, it is carried out using a gas-jet vacuum apparatus. It is created by the exhaust gases of the engine, which are used to operate the gas siren, heat the water in the tank, and also to heat the pump room and, sometimes, the crew cabin in winter.

Exhaust pipes, silencer and radiators form the exhaust system.

Significant changes are made to the electrical equipment of the car. It additionally includes lighting devices (combat crew cabin, compartments of the body, pump room, as well as platforms around it), light and sound alarms, and instrumentation.

An all-metal combat crew cabin is rigidly connected to the driver's cab 3. Cabins have thermal insulation and rubber mats. The driver's cab heater radiator is included in the engine cooling system. In the cockpit of the combat crew, in the seat stand on the AC-30 (130), a gasoline-electric heater 0-15 is installed.

In the middle part of the chassis, behind the crew cabin, a steel water tank is mounted. On fig. 1.1 the installation site of the tank is conditionally shown by dashed lines. The tank is attached to the frame spars. A steel body 6 is installed on brackets welded to the tank supports. It consists of two all-metal pedestals of panel construction. Water-foam communications, an additional transmission, control drives, a gas-jet vacuum apparatus and other equipment are mounted in the body. Fire equipment is placed in the compartments of the body and on the roof.

Fire extinguishing liquids on the tank truck are supplied by a pumping unit. It includes: a fire pump, water and foam communications, a foam mixer and a vacuum system. Pumping units can be placed behind the fire truck or in the middle. The transmission of power from the engine to the pump is carried out through an additional transmission, which consists of a power take-off and cardan gear. The power take-off is installed instead of the gearbox cover or is an independent mechanism. In case of rear pumping unit for the convenience of controlling the engine and transmission, the drives for controlling the clutch and throttle valve of the carburetor are duplicated. Thus, changing the operating modes of the pump can be done either from the driver's cab or from the pump room.

The fire pump, control drives and instruments, as well as the foam concentrate tank are located in the pump compartment 8 of the rear of the body.

Foam tanks are made of stainless steel. They are attached with special clamps to the tank and the roof of the pump room.

To Category: - Fire trucks

Fire trucks are the main technical means of the fire department, ensuring the delivery of forces and means to the place of fire, the conduct of basic actions to extinguish fires, save people and property.

In accordance with NPB 180-99 “Fire fighting equipment. Fire trucks. Development and putting into production" fire truck - an operational vehicle based on an automobile chassis, equipped with fire fighting equipment and intended for use in fire fighting. Depending on the purpose, fire trucks are divided into main, special and auxiliary.

The main ones are used to deliver crew members, fire equipment and a supply of fire extinguishing agents to the fire site, as well as to supply them to the fires. They are divided into two groups: general use- to extinguish fires in cities and other settlements and intended use- to extinguish fires at facilities and enterprises for various purposes (oil depots, chemical industry enterprises, airports, etc.).

Special fire trucks are designed to perform special work when extinguishing fires: lifting personnel to a height and rescuing victims from the upper floors of buildings, providing communications and lighting, fighting smoke, laying hose lines, providing control, etc.

Auxiliary fire trucks provide refueling, transportation of goods, repair of fire equipment and other activities.

Classification of fire trucks by purpose is the main, but not the only method of classification. At different stages life cycle(development of a type, creation, operation) fire trucks are also classified according to such criteria as wheel and landing formulas, layout, extinguishing agents used, gross vehicle weight, etc.

According to the number of axles and wheel arrangement, fire trucks are divided into all-wheel drive with a wheel arrangement of 4 × 4, 6 × 6, 8 × 8 and non-wheel drive with a wheel arrangement of 4 × 2, 6 × 2, 6 × 4, 8 × 4.

According to the landing formula, fire trucks are divided into vehicles with a calculation of 1 + 2 (or 1 + 1), i.e. without an additional cabin for personnel; 1+5 (or 1+6), i.e. with an additional cab with one row of seats; 1+8, i.e. with an additional cabin with two rows of seats. In the landing formula, the first digit indicates the driver, the second - the number of personnel.

According to the layout of the base chassis, depending on the location of the cab, fire trucks are divided into vehicles with a cab located behind the engine (rear cab), above the engine (front cab), in front of the engine (front cab). The location of the cab determines the free layout space, which is important when creating a fire truck. At the same time, the front cabin has certain advantages, creating conditions for reducing the overall height of the machine.

According to the total mass, on which the number of extinguishing agents removed depends, fire trucks are divided into the following classes: light (L-class)– from 2 to 7.5 tons, middle (M-class)– from 7.5 to 14 tons, heavy (S-class)- over 14 tons.

According to the extinguishing agents used, fire trucks are divided into water, foam, powder, gas extinguishing vehicles, as well as combined ones (water-foam, water-powder, foam-powder, water-foam-powder, etc.).

By adapting to climatic conditions fire trucks are divided into three groups. For areas with temperate climate produce cars in a normal (standard) version. Based on these cars, they produce special vehicles in the northern version (water heating in the tank, insulation of the tank, special layout with an average location of the pump, chassis in the northern version) and tropical version ( increased efficiency cooling systems for stationary operation, special coatings).

The designation system, covering the type of fire trucks (PA), is based on the use of a combined principle using alphabetic and numeric characters.

The main fire extinguishing agents, depending on the type of fire extinguishing agents exported and the methods of their supply, are classified into the following types:

AC - fire truck;

AC(B) - armored tank truck;

ACL - fire truck with a ladder;

ATSKP - fire truck with an articulating lift;

AP - powder extinguishing fire truck;

AKT - combined extinguishing fire truck;

APT - foam extinguishing fire truck;

AGT - gas extinguishing fire truck;

AGVT - fire truck for gas-water extinguishing;

APP - first aid fire truck;

MAP - fire microcar;

ANR - pump-hose fire truck;

AVD - fire truck with a high pressure pump;

PNS - fire truck pumping station;

AA - airfield fire truck;

PPP - fire foam lifter;

APS - fire and rescue vehicle;

APSL - fire and rescue vehicle with a ladder.

Special fire protection agents, depending on the type of work performed accompanying fire extinguishing, are classified into the following types:

AL - fire ladder;

APK - fire articulated car lift;

ALC - fire ladder truck with a tank;

APKTs - fire articulated truck with a tank;

ASA - fire rescue vehicle;

ASA MK - modular rescue vehicle;

AVZ - fire-fighting waterproof vehicle;

ASO - fire truck communication and lighting;

AG - fire truck of the gas and smoke protection service;

AD - smoke exhaust fire truck;

AR - fire hose car;

ASh - fire command vehicle;

ALP - fire autolaboratory;

APRSS - fire truck for the prevention and repair of communications;

ADPT - fire equipment diagnostic vehicle;

ABG - fire truck - GDZS base;

APTS - fire technical service vehicle;

AOPT - car for warming up fire equipment;

PKS - fire compressor station;

AOC - fire-fighting service vehicle;

AT - fire fighting vehicle;

PP - fire trailer;

KP - fire container.

For operation in the conditions of the North, PAs in the northern version are intended. Such cars in the letter designation have the symbol (C), for example, AC (C), APP (C), ASh (C), ACO (C).

PA designations should have the following structure:

After the letter designation of the PA type, the distinctive characteristic of the product is indicated in the form of the value of its main parameter. The value of the main parameter is indicated in the following units of measurement:

§ water tank capacity - m 3;

§ foam tank capacity - m 3;

§ mass of exported powder - kg;

§ mass of fire extinguishing gas - kg;

§ pump flow at nominal speed - l/s;

§ head of pump stages at nominal speed - m. Art.;

§ powder consumption through the fire monitor - kg / s;

§ power of a stationary electric generator - kW;

§ length of the hose line - km;

§ boom lifting height - m;

§ productivity of the fan unit - thousand m 3 / h;

§ the number of places for combat crew (including the driver's seat);

§ number of stationary searchlights - pcs.;

§ number of portable searchlights - pcs.;

§ load moment – ​​tf × m.

The numbers enclosed in brackets indicate the model of the base chassis, and the next two or three digits indicate the model number of the PA manufactured by the manufacturer. After the index of the model, letters may be given indicating the modernization of the product (A - the first, B - the second, etc.), and the numbers following this - the modification. For example:

АЦ-40(431410)63Б - fire truck on the ZIL-431410 chassis, with a fire pump with a capacity of 40 l / s, model number 63, modernization B.

ATs-3-40/4(43206)003-PS TU - fire truck on the URAL-43206 chassis, tank capacity 3 m 3, with a combined pump (supply of a normal pressure stage of 40 l / s, a high pressure stage of 4 l / s) , model 003, manufactured by Posevninsky Machine-Building Plant according to specifications(THAT).

AP-5 (53213) 196 - powder extinguishing fire truck with a mass of exported (useful) powder of 5000 kg, on the KamAZ-53213 chassis, model 196.

AL-30 (131) PM-506D - fire ladder truck 30 meters high on the ZIL-131 chassis, model PM-506, upgraded by D.

ASA-20(43101)PM-523 - fire rescue vehicle on the KamAZ-43101 chassis with a permanently installed electric generator with a capacity of 20 kW, model PM-523.

AR-2 (131)133 - a hose truck that transports 2 thousand m (2 km) of hoses on the ZIL-131 chassis, model 133.

In the designations of fire trucks until 1995, there was no value of the main parameter (water tank capacity). Since 1995, this parameter has been indicated.

Fire trucks are operational vehicles, painted in the established colors, they have identification marks. In addition, they are equipped with special light and sound signals. Colorographic schemes of PA, availability, content and General requirements to the location of identification marks and inscriptions, as well as technical requirements GOST R 50574-2002 is established for special light and sound signals.

Fire trucks are painted red. Identification marks and contrasting elements are set to white. The undercarriage of the cars is painted black.

In certain places indicated short designation type of fire truck (ATs, PNS, etc.), city name and fire department number.

Inscriptions on surfaces painted in the main color should be made in a contrasting color, and on surfaces painted in a contrasting color - in the main color. It is not allowed to apply inscriptions, drawings and emblems of advertising content on the outer surfaces of the PA. The knees of fire ladders, car and foam lifts are painted white or silver, and the protruding and moving parts of these vehicles that pose a danger to service personnel, shall be painted with alternating stripes of red and white.

A special sound signal is created by a signaling device (siren). At present, DC electric sound signals with a nominal voltage of 12 and 24 V have become widespread. A special sound signal has a changing fundamental sound frequency.

Light signaling PA is created using blue beacons. The signal beacon (beacons) is installed on the roof of the PA or above it in such a way that a special light signal is visible from all angles (visibility angle in the horizontal plane is 360 0). In the presence of a rear beacon (beacons), it is allowed to reduce the visibility angle of the front signal beacon to 180 0, but so that the beacon is not closed from the front of the UA).

MAIN FIRE VEHICLES

Depending on the primary use, the main fire trucks are divided into general purpose vehicles - for extinguishing fires in cities and towns (ATs, ACL, ATsKP, ANR, AVD, APP), and vehicles for targeted use - for extinguishing fires at oil depots, timber processing enterprises, chemical, petrochemical, oil refining industries, at airports and other special facilities (AA, APT, AGVT, PNS, ACT, AP, AGT).

fire trucks occupy a dominant position among the main types of fire trucks.

Conventionally, fire trucks are divided into 3 groups:

1)lungs- water tank capacity up to 2 m 3;

2)medium- water tank capacity from 2 to 4 m 3;

3)heavy– the capacity of the water tank is over 4 m 3 .

The main elements of a fire truck are:

§ base chassis with a driver's cab or a special cab for driver accommodation and calculation;

§ a cabin for placing the calculation in the form of a separate module;

§ compartments of the body to accommodate the pumping unit and the fire extinguishing equipment;

§ vessels for fire extinguishing agents (OTV);

§ pumping unit with communications;

§ additional drive transmissions of the pumping unit;

§ fire monitor;

§ additional electrical equipment;

§ additional engine cooling system;

§ interior heating system.

Depending on destination and design AD can be equipped with additional devices in the absence of one or more of the components listed above.

For the manufacture of domestic fire trucks, manufacturers currently use automobile chassis of ordinary (4 × 2, 6 × 4) or increased (4 × 4, 6 × 6, 8 × 8) cross-country ability of such automobile enterprises as ZIL, Ural, KamAZ, GAZ, MAZ in standard version.

At the same time, the main parts of cars - the engine, transmission, chassis, control mechanism are preserved. However, changes are being made to some of them to facilitate the reliable operation of fire equipment and main units. So, the engine, working for the pump in the summer in stationary mode, can overheat. Therefore, an additional heat exchanger is introduced into the cooling system, connected by pipes to a fire pump.

The vacuum in the cavity of a centrifugal pump during the suction of water in the case of its intake from an external container is often carried out using a gas-jet vacuum apparatus. It is generated by engine exhaust gases, which are also used in winter time for heating the pump room and water in the tank. Exhaust pipes, muffler and radiators form the exhaust gas system of fire engine engines.

Significant changes are made to the electrical equipment of the car. It additionally includes lighting devices (calculation cabin, compartments of bodies, pump room, as well as platforms around it), light and sound alarms, and instrumentation.

As a rule, an all-metal calculation cabin is rigidly connected to the driver's cab. In the middle part of the chassis, behind the calculation cabin, a water tank is mounted. A steel body is installed on brackets welded to the tank supports. Fire equipment is placed in the compartments of the body and on the roof of the car. Special clamps are attached to the body elements for foam concentrate tanks, which, as a rule, are made of stainless steel.

Fire extinguishing liquids on the tank truck are supplied by a pumping unit. It includes: a fire pump, water and foam communications, a foam mixer and a vacuum system. Pumping units can be placed behind the fire truck or in the middle. The transmission of power from the engine to the pump is carried out through an additional transmission, which consists of a power take-off and cardan gear. The power take-off is installed instead of the gearbox roof or is an independent mechanism. In the case of the rear location of the installation, for ease of control of the engine and transmission, the drives for controlling the clutch and throttle valve of the carburetor (or the high-pressure fuel pump rail) are duplicated. Thus, changing the operating modes of the pump can be done either from the driver's cab or from the pump room.

ANR fire pump-hose vehicles are similar to tank trucks, but they do not have a water tank. Due to the elimination of the tank, the calculation cabin and the exportable supply of pressure hoses were increased. Table 2.1 presents the main technical data of some of the main general purpose PAs.

The most popular fire tank trucks are currently AC-40(431410)63B and AC-40(131)137A.

The fire tank truck AC-40(431410)63B (see Fig. 2.1 and 2.2) is mounted on a ZIL-431410 automobile chassis with a 4 × 2 wheel arrangement.

The car is equipped with a V-shaped eight-cylinder four-stroke carburetor engine ZIL-508 with a power of 110 kW (150 hp). Behind the three-seat driver's cab is a four-seat calculation cabin, rigidly connected to the first one. On the lodgements, reinforced through rubber shock absorbers to the chassis frame, a tank with 2350 liters of water is installed behind the crew cab.

The body of the fire tank truck consists of two all-metal pedestals, which are located along the tank and are attached to it with brackets. In the back of the cabinet there is a compartment where a pumping unit with instrumentation, control levers is located, and in the upper part there is a tank for a foam concentrate with a capacity of 165 liters.

Table 2.1

Basic technical data of some main general purpose PAs

Fire truck brand	Base Chassis Model	Wheel formula	Gross weight, kg	Overall dimensions, mm (length, width, height)	Engine power, h.p. (kW)	Max Speed, km/h	Calculation, pers.	Exported OTV, l: water / foaming agent	Type of pumping unit	Pump productivity, l/s. / Pump head, m
AC-40(431410) model 63B	ZIL-431410	4x2		6810 2500 2720	150 (110)				PN-40UV
AC-40(131) model 137A	ZIL-131	6x6		7640 2500 2950	150 (110)				PN-40UV
AC-40(43202) model 186	Ural-43202	6x6		8000 2500 3000	210 (155)				PN-40UV
AC-3-40 (43206) model 1MI	Ural-43206	4x4		7900 2500 3350	180 (132)				PN-40UV
AC-5-40(43101) model PM-525A	KAMAZ-43101	6x6		8500 2500 3100	210 (155)				PN-40UV
AC-7-40 (53213) model PM-524	KAMAZ-53213	6x4		8250 2500 3200	210 (155)				PN-40UV
AC-2.5-40 (433362) model PM-540	ZIL-433362	4x2		6900 2500 3100	150 (110)				PN-40UV
AC-6-40/4(53211) model 1DD	KAMAZ-53211	6x4		7600 2500 3200	240 (176)				NH-30 Rosenbauer	40/4
	100/400
AC-1.0-4/400(5301) model PM-542D	ZIL-5301	4x2		6700 2500 2800	109 (80)				NTsPV-4/400
АЦ-3,2-40(433104) model 8ВР	ZIL-433104	4x2		7650 2500 3140	185 (136)				NPTs-40/100
ANR-40(431412) model 127B	ZIL-431412	4x2		7150 2470 2730	150 (110)			0 .	PN-40UV
Note: on tank trucks of models PM-525, PM-540, 8VR, 1MI, pumps NTsPN-40/100, NTsP-40/100, NTsPK-40/100-4/400, as well as pumps from Rosenbauer, Ziegler and Magirus. In addition, pumps of the NTs group, which have the same connecting dimensions with the PN-40 pump, can also be installed on tankers of early production when they are overhaul and modernization.

Fig. 2.2. Fire tank truck AC-40 (431410) 63B

The pumping unit of the tank truck is based on the fire centrifugal single-stage cantilever pump PN-40UV, with a nominal flow of 40 l / s at a pressure of 100 meters. The fire pump is driven from the vehicle engine through a gearbox and an additional transmission consisting of a power take-off (PTO) mounted on the cover of the gearbox (gearbox), two cardan shafts and one intermediate shaft. The AC-40 (131) 137A fire tanker (see Fig. 2.3) resembles the AC-40 (431410) 63B in general design. The model 137A superstructure is mounted on an off-road vehicle chassis with a 6 × 6 wheel arrangement (ZIL-131 or ZIL-433440 chassis). On the roof of the tank truck cabin

Fig. 2.3. Fire tank truck AC-40 (131) 137A

a fire monitor controlled from the cab is installed, having a capacity of 20 l / s.

Modern fire trucks often use a modular fire superstructure layout, which is especially effective when fire trucks are produced in small batches or in the production of modifications to the base model. For example, by replacing a pump room module with a normal pressure pump with a pump room module with a high pressure or combined pump, the characteristics of a fire truck can be significantly changed.

If there is a set of standard modules on the same chassis, it is possible to produce vehicles for various purposes, as unified as possible with each other. To do this, it is enough to replace one or more modules.

Recently, fire trucks are increasingly being assembled with tanks made of reinforced fiberglass. When installing metal tanks, manufacturers use effective coatings to protect internal cavities from corrosion.

On the modern models fire trucks, the tank and the foam tank are often made in the form of a single welded block, as is done, for example, at AC-2.5-40 (433362) PM-540 (see Fig. 2.4). This tank truck, widely used in the divisions

Fig. 2.4. Fire tank truck AC-2.5-40 (433362) PM-540

various regions of our country, mounted on a ZIL-433362 chassis with a 4 × 2 wheel arrangement and a 110 kW (150 hp) gasoline engine. The machine is equipped with a stationary pumping unit with a fire pump PN-40UV. The tanker uses a modular layout principle for the fire superstructure. The tank-foam tank module is made as a whole - inside the tank body with a useful volume of 2.5 m 3, a tank for a foam concentrate with a capacity of 200 liters is mounted (welded).

Modern fire trucks are increasingly equipped with pumping units that provide water supply with both normal and high pressure. The presence of a high-pressure pump (or stage) makes it possible to create finely dispersed (finely atomized) water jets with increased fire extinguishing efficiency. In the production of new fire trucks or in the course of modernization of obsolete vehicles, a modern domestic-made pumping unit is often installed instead of the traditional normal pressure fire pump PN-40UV, consisting of a combined centrifugal pump NTsPK 40/100-4/400, vacuum pump volumetric type and reels with a high pressure sleeve. The connecting dimensions of the new pump and PN-40UV are the same, the power consumption is the same, therefore, the modernization of the pumping unit can be carried out not only at the plant, but also on the ground in the conditions of the Production and Technical Centers (PTC) or technical service units (OTS).

On the ZIL-5301 and ZIL-432720 chassis, superstructures of light-type tankers are mounted. The most common machines in this group include tankers of models 002MM and PM-542 of various modifications (see Fig. 2.5).

These fire trucks are mounted on a chassis with a 4×2 wheel formula and a wheelbase of 3600 mm (ZIL-530104) or 4250 mm (ZIL-5301GA), equipped with tanks from 800 to 1400 liters, foam concentrate tanks for 80-150 liters, fire pumps PN-20, NTsPV-4/400 or NTsPK-40/100-4/400. Cars are multifunctional to some extent, as they can be used as AMS or APS (fire and rescue vehicles).

The same group of light multifunctional tankers includes AC-0.8-4 / 400 (432720) model PM-541 (see Fig. 2.6), additionally equipped with an electric generator

with 4.0kw output power, fixed retractable light tower, remote floodlights, hydraulic rescue tool and other kinds of special equipment. The armament of the vehicle allows it to be used both as a tank truck and as a rescue vehicle. To increase the mobility and cross-country ability of the tank truck, it is mounted on a ZIL-432720 vehicle with a 4 × 4 wheel formula.

The fire tank truck AC-3.0-40 (43206) 1MI (see Fig. 2.7) was made on the Ural 43206 chassis with a YaMZ-236M2 diesel engine with a capacity of 180 l / s and a 4 × 4 wheel arrangement. The tank truck is equipped with a 6-seat crew cabin, a 3000-liter water tank and a 180-liter foam concentrate tank, single-stage

Fig. 2.7. Fire tank truck AC-3.0-40 (43206) 1MI

pump PN-40UV, the hydraulic communications of which provide for the installation of a stationary fire monitor on the roof of the vehicle. Instead of a gas-jet vacuum apparatus, an autonomous system ABC-01E was used.

Fire tank trucks on the KamAZ chassis of ordinary and off-road terrain AC-7-40(53215)PM-524 with a wheel arrangement of 6 × 4 and AC-5-30 (43118)PM-525 with a wheel arrangement of 6 × 6 (see Fig. 2.8 ) have a modular layout of the fire superstructure, are equipped with water tanks with a volume of 7 and 5 m 3, respectively, foam tanks with a volume of 450 and 350 liters and normal pressure fire pumps with

Fig. 2.8. Fire tankers PM-524 and PM-525

nominal flow up to 40 l/s. Machines can be completed by special order with high-pressure fire pumps and combined pumps, including foreign-made ones. Instead of the classic PN-40UV, these tankers can be equipped with pumps NTsPN-40/100, NTsPK-40/100-4/400, NTsPV-4/400, NTsPV-20/200, Ziegler-FP16/8-2H with a nominal flow of 50 l / s and others.

According to the same modular principle, on the base chassis KAMAZ-53211 with a wheel arrangement of 6x4, the fire tanker AC-6.0-40 / 4 (53211) 1DD is manufactured, corresponding to the Austrian prototype TLF-6500. Behind the 7-seat calculation cabin, a heated tank for 6 m 3 of water and a 600-liter tank for a foam concentrate with an automatic foam mixer are mounted. The combined pump Rosenbauer NH30 is installed in the rear compartment of the vehicle. Art., and in the high pressure stage 4 l / s at a pressure of 400 m. of water. Art. The water and foam communications of the pump unit are equipped with a fire monitor installed on the roof of the vehicle.

A special group of tank trucks is made up of the so-called simplified tank trucks (ATsU or ADC) (see Fig. 2.9), on which, due to the abandonment of the personnel compartment and the reduction in the number of crews to 3 people, the amount of water transported is almost doubled compared to standard ATS on the same chassis.

car takes out large quantity pressure hoses, has an increased volume of the foam tank and, as a rule, an elongated cabin of the combat crew, which can accommodate 9 people. On fig. 2.10 shows the previously widespread pump-hose truck AHP-40 (431412) model 127. The task of the AHP is to supply water from a water source either directly to the fire site, or to a tank truck operating "pumping". The supply of hoses and a large number of combat crews ensure the quick laying of main hose lines with a length of up to 800 meters. Design features of the machine is the middle location of the PN-40 pump, as well as the suction pipe facing forward, which makes it easier to access the water source. Free from the pumping unit, the rear compartment of the body, designed to accommodate hoses, simplifies the laying of the main line on the go. Modern samples of pump-hose cars (see Figure 2.11) have a slightly different focus. On them, the number of combat crew was reduced to 7 or even to 3 people, as, for example, on the ANR-40-1.4 (433112)PM-584 car (see Fig. 2.11 "a"), but increased up to 1400 meters transportable supply of pressure hoses.

time are becoming more common, often solving the same problems as tank trucks. The increased role of AMS is directly related to the increase in the intensity traffic in cities where the small dimensions and high dynamic characteristics of these machines can become a decisive factor for timely arrival at the fire site and extinguishing it at an early stage. Most often, AMS are made on the chassis trucks or minibuses "Gazelle" of various modifications. Figure 2.12 shows one of the serially produced AMS samples on the GAZ-33023 chassis with a 4 × 2 wheel formula. The APP-2(33023)01 vehicle, with a gross weight of 3.65 tons, is equipped with a GAZ-562 diesel engine or a ZMZ-4052 gasoline engine and is equipped with a reinforced suspension. The maximum speed of the vehicle reaches 115 km / h, the combat crew is 5 people. The car is equipped with a TsSG-7.2-150 pumping unit, which provides a supply of 1.1 to 3.3 l / s with a head of 155 - 105 m, respectively. up to 2.5 MPa. This makes it possible to form a finely dispersed water jet at heights up to 160 meters using a multi-mode barrel. The pump is driven via an automatic clutch from an auxiliary gasoline engine, which also serves as a drive for an electric generator. The car takes out 500 liters of water and 10 liters of foam concentrate as fire extinguishing agents in a portable foam mixing module. The vehicle is equipped with breathing apparatus, a set of electrical protective equipment, portable fire extinguishers, hydraulic emergency tools, manual fire escapes, a fire column, remote and stationary spotlights and other fire equipment typical for the main fire truck of general use.

On other AMS models, permanently installed high-pressure motor pumps of domestic or foreign production can be used as a pumping unit.

FIRE PUMP STATIONS designed to extinguish large fires and are used when supply is required a large number extinguishing agents.

The fire pumping station PNS-110(131)131A (see Fig. 2.13) is mounted on the chassis of a three-axle off-road vehicle ZIL-131. She represents

It is an autonomous pumping unit mounted on the vehicle frame behind the driver's cab and covered with a special metal body. The unit consists of a drive motor, a friction clutch and a PN-110 centrifugal pump connected to the motor by a driveline. Drive engine 2D12B diesel, two-row, V-shaped, 12-cylinder, four-stroke, high-speed, liquid-cooled with jet fuel spraying. Engine power at a crankshaft speed of 1350 rpm is 300 hp. All engine systems are independent of the chassis.

Fire pump - centrifugal, single-stage, cantilever, with a double-volute spiral outlet. Pump delivery at 1350 rpm. is 110 l / s; at the same time, the pump creates a head of 100 m. The pump is equipped with a foam mixer PS-12 of a jet type for 6, 9 and 12 GPS-600. To mechanize the lowering and lifting of suction hoses with a mesh, a manual winch with a block is provided on the vehicle. Fire equipment on the car is located in the compartments of the body. The set of fire equipment includes: two 4-meter suction hoses with a diameter of 200 mm, a suction mesh SV-200, two tees 200 × 150 × 150 and four branches RS-150.

Modern fire pumping stations (see Fig. 2.14) are often equipped with the same PN-110B pump, which has proven itself due to its reliability and efficiency, driven by 2D12B or YaMZ-238 engines. Both ZIL-4334 vehicles of various modifications and KamAZ-43114 all-wheel drive vehicles are used as the base chassis.

At the same time, a number of enterprises are mastering new pumping units, for example, NTsPN-100/100. fire department pumping station PNS-100 (43114) 50VR with this pump is produced by FSUE "Vargashinsky PPSO Plant".

FIRE CARS OF FOAM EXTINGUISHING are used in cases where fires can be most effectively extinguished with air-mechanical foam. They are used to extinguish oil and oil products, as well as if it is necessary to fill the entire volume of burning rooms (ship holds, cable channels, basements, etc.) with air-mechanical foam. Foam extinguishing vehicles deliver crew members, a foaming agent, fire equipment, technical means for supplying air-mechanical foam (medium expansion foam generators, dispensers-mixers for supplying foaming agent to hose lines, portable foam lifters, etc.) to the fire site. Due to the presence of special foam dispensers and foam dispensers in the fire extinguishing equipment kit, foam extinguishing vehicles are able to ensure the simultaneous operation of a large number of foam barrels and other means of foam supply.

Foam extinguishing vehicles fundamentally differ little from fire tankers. At the same time, they are subject to additional requirements related to