The technology of laying asphalt at home and the secrets of the masters how to do it. Modern methods of laying asphalt pavement

Environmental friendliness

Price

Practicality

Appearance

Ease of manufacture

Labor intensity when using

final grade

On the this moment considered the most popular material used for pavement. He is reliable enough. At the same time, asphalt markings with the best performance are intended for heavy loads, for example, such as M1200. A material of slightly lower density (M1000) is no longer able to withstand the weight of numerous machines, so it is usually used only for laying paths and sidewalks.

Initially, it is necessary to mark the area on which asphalt is supposed to be laid. All work will depend on the purpose for which the coating is intended to be used. So, for an “easy” route, along which a large traffic flow is not expected, only one layer of crushed stone will be needed, but when building a highway, it will already be necessary to use at least three of its layers.

Fractions are stacked from largest to smallest and are very carefully rolled with a roller. At the first stage, it is necessary to form a special cushion on which the asphalt will be located.

If it is necessary for the coating to run flush with surrounding area, then you first need to dig a pit of the required depth, and after laying rubble in it, proceed directly to pouring the asphalt mass. All road works on laying asphalt are carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNIP and GOST.

There are two main ways to build asphalt roads:

1. Cold. Usually suitable for repairs, as it sets very quickly and it will soon be possible to use the coating to the fullest;
2. Hot. Applicable for laying new road. In this case, the bituminous mixture must be rolled before it begins to cool.

The consumption of bitumen during the repair of the coating should be at least 0.5 liters. But the consumption of asphalt when laying a new route is calculated separately. Here it is necessary to take into account not only the size of the road, but also its structure, as well as other additional factors.

When working, be sure to use a special thermometer that allows you to determine the temperature of the building material. Constant monitoring of this indicator is important, since after cooling, the bitumen will no longer be suitable for laying a road.

On the video - the technology of laying cold asphalt:

Application of impregnation

At the moment, there are three types of impregnations that are part of the road surface:

• Based on acrylic polymer. One of the expensive coatings, which is used only in limited areas. For example, such as tennis courts. They provide highest quality protection, as well as available in several colors.
• Coal tar. A modified coating that is able to resist the effects of petroleum products. Thanks to special components, not only long-term service is ensured, but also high-quality color.
• asphalt emulsion. It is quite common and affordable, but does not provide adequate protection, which is why the canvas may soon require repair.

When cracks form on the laid asphalt, the bituminous mixture is no longer used as a fill. For this purpose, a sealant is used, which is then sprinkled with a fine crumb of cement. Prevent their occurrence and ensure the best strength allows the use of special grids for asphalt. With the help of them, a reliable coupling of the coating is made, and its service life is improved and extended.

Seal- this is very milestone when laying the cover. For this purpose, it is possible to use special paving machines: a roller, a vibrating plate or an asphalt paver. Each of these types of equipment is quite mobile, but has some advantages over other types of rolling. So, the vibrating plate has the best maneuverability, and the asphalt paver can carry out at least two types of work.

In the photo - the process of compaction of the coating when laying asphalt

Do-it-yourself asphalt laying

In private construction, using asphalt, blind areas are made, paths and sidewalks are arranged. In addition, asphalt can be used to form roofing and interior work.

When laying tracks on your own, the work is done in stages:

• Initially, up to 30 cm of soil is removed and all debris is removed;
• Next, curbs are installed, which will serve not only as an additional decoration, but also prevent the spread of bitumen;
• On the this stage pillow is created. The crushed stone layer should reach 15 cm, after rolling which you can pour a finer fraction of crushed stone and roll it again. The last layer will be sand. It will be enough 5 cm. After creating such a pillow, you will need to fill it with water and roll it with a hand roller;
• Hot asphalt must be evenly scattered around the entire perimeter of the track. Further, to level the bumps, it is necessary to use a mop-engine, gradually filling all the pits with new portions of asphalt. Since the material hardens quickly enough, several workers are needed to carry out all the work;
• When the road section is filled with asphalt and leveled, it is necessary to compact it with a hand roller. You will first need to lubricate the roller with diesel fuel in order to prevent sticking and ensure uniform coverage. It is important to cover with diesel fuel all the tools that work is done.

The temperature of the asphalt during paving is very important. It should not fall below 120C, otherwise the coating will soon become completely unusable.

When laying, it is important to make only direct movements, reverse ones are strictly prohibited. Bitumen consumption in this case is calculated individually and can be either 5 or 10 kg. At the end of work, instead of impregnation, you can use special paint for asphalt. She will give required shade. In addition, you can use white paint for marking asphalt.

How to lay (lay) asphalt with your own hands will tell the video:

Roadbed repair

After some time, the bitumen will need to be repaired. If it is carried out on time, replacing the most worn out areas, then it will last much longer. long term. The most important part of the repair phase is milling. It involves the removal of the old coating with a cutter.

After that, surface texturing is carried out. Hot milling technique involves first warming up asphalt pavement, but with the cold method, this is not considered mandatory. The latter is practically indistinguishable in quality from hot, but it is able to facilitate the work several times.

The seam cutter is also designed for removing the coating, as well as for cutting seams. For the transportation of asphalt mass, a coher is used, which is specially made for this purpose. It can be both mobile and stationary.

To minimize the use of manual labor, in many cases, entire automated systems are used. For example, for road repair, asphalt stripping machines are widely used, which carry out milling and cutting of unsuitable pavement using a diamond blade.

Removing asphalt with a floor cutter

patching

The entire canvas is not always repaired. Most often, the pitting technique is used, the technology of which involves filling all potholes and cracks with bituminous mass. It can be used when damage does not exceed 15% of total number defects.

Before proceeding with the repair, it will be necessary to carry out preparatory work:

1. Markup. In this case, it is necessary to mark not only the damaged area, but also a certain amount of the whole canvas. If several potholes are located in the same radius, then they must be painted with a common contour.
2. Next, the damaged asphalt layer is dismantled using, for example, a jackhammer. It is best to use the cold milling method, as it allows you to create even walls.
3. At this stage, debris and coating crumbs are removed, after which potholes can be treated with a special bitumen composition.

On the video - how asphalt is laid using a machine for patching UYAR-01:

Material evaluation

Having considered in the article the use of asphalt pavement and the most important aspects repair, it can be described as follows:

• Bitumens used in modern laying of coatings are considered the most environmentally friendly, in comparison with similar material of past years;
• Available to many segments of the population, but still quite expensive;
• Let's apply to creation practically of all coverings. Additionally, it can be used in the construction of structures;
• The coating put into operation has a fairly good appearance. Over time, bitumen can fade, but the color can be maintained with the help of special paints;
• Impossible to make by yourself;
• Requires fairly quick skill and the use of additional workers, as it can quickly cool down and become unusable.

07.08.2017

Principles of compaction.

The asphalt pavement is compacted in layers. If the technology is followed, compacted asphalt consists of several layers:

• bottom layer;
• bonding layer;
• wear layer.

For the wear layer (surface layer), classic asphalt concrete, crushed-stone-mastic asphalt concrete and porous asphalt concrete are used.
Asphalt concrete must be compacted to such an extent that the density increases or the porosity of the asphalt layer decreases. The number of air pockets must be reduced to the recommended values ​​in order to achieve the required degree of compaction.

As a result, improved stability of the layer is provided and thus its resistance to deformation is increased. The wear resistance of the surface layer also depends on the degree of compaction.

Along with the compaction work, alignment must take place at the same time to ensure riding comfort, so the wear layer must have a solid and smooth surface, but provide maximum wheel traction.
Asphalt mixture may vary in composition depending on the purpose (it is necessary to take into account the nature of the load on the roadway) and climatic conditions. That is why the formulation of asphalt mixtures is changing, and with it the sealing properties of asphalt. The properties are affected primarily by the composition and size of the mineral components included in its composition. Another important component on which viscosity depends is bitumen and its temperature.

For roads with intensive use, mixtures with high resistance to deformation under loads are used. As a rule, large-sized minerals are included in such mixtures, i.e. they contain a large number of coarse stones, crushed stones in crushed sand and thick bituminous mortar. Such mixtures are very difficult to compact and require a lot of effort and heavy equipment.

When rolling roads with a low intensity of use, mixtures with a lower content of stones and a significantly larger amount of sand, as well as a soft bituminous solution, are used. Such mixtures are easily compacted, however, due to their characteristics, they can easily be deformed during laying, therefore they require special control and hardening time. If the technological cycle is violated, the material itself may be displaced or waves may form on the roadway.

Influence of mixture temperature on sealing

The temperature of the mixture affects the forces required to lay asphalt. As a rule, compaction begins when the temperature drops to 140-100 degrees and is completed when the mixture cools down to 100-80 degrees. Such temperature requirements are due to the properties of the bitumen that are part of the mixtures: the lower the temperature of the bitumen, the greater its viscosity and the more effort the roller will need for compaction. At high temperatures, the bitumen acts as a lubricant and reduces friction between the rollers and mineral inclusions.

Sealing methods

At the initial stage, pre-compaction is carried out by an asphalt paver. Pre-compaction with this type of technique has an excellent effect on the initial layer and its characteristics, and also contributes to a better subsequent rolling, as long as the mixture temperature is high enough. This technology allows rolling in less time, due to fewer passes by the roller.

If you start rolling without pre-compacting, then you can disrupt the uniformity of the coating, if the roller is too heavy, and even cause the material to shift. If, nevertheless, paving with a roller is carried out, it is recommended not to use the vibration mode in the first two runs with tandem rollers.

Due to the roller's own mass, asphalt is statically compacted; both tandem and pneumatic-wheeled rollers are used for this purpose, but they give a rather weak compaction compared to vibratory rollers. Tandem rollers compact due to the linear load (kg / cm) of the drum, and pneumatic-tired ones due to the load from the wheels (t) and air pressure in the wheels (MPa).

The use of these two types is advisable only after pre-compaction with an asphalt paver, or if necessary, lay thin layer(wear layer) or asphalt with high porosity.

Pneumatic rollers have proven themselves well in pre-profiling and compacting soft mixes or in compacting road surfaces with low traffic volumes. During the operation of the pneumatic roller, the mixture is evenly distributed, and the surface pores are filled.

Vibratory rollers are widely used due to their excellent performance and good compaction. They require fewer passes, which saves a lot of time. Vibration from the roller reduces the friction of the material inside the mixture, and due to the mass of the roller and the dynamic load, the density of the asphalt pavement increases. Thus, for a vibratory roller, the key indicators are the mass and vibration indicators: frequency and amplitude.

If it is necessary to compact the coating of several layers, then I use heavy tandem vibratory rollers, which are capable of delivering various vibration amplitudes and frequencies of the rollers.
Working speed for such rollers it ranges from 3 to 6 km/h.

However, vibratory rollers must be used with caution, as a large number of passes can lead to loosening of the material and disruption of the coating structure due to excessive vibration.

Compaction with rollers using an automated control system for the degree of compaction (ASPHALT MANAGER) ASPHALT MANAGER

Automated systems are used to control the degree of compaction and adjust the required force.

Thanks to this tool, the operator has the ability to work in automatic mode without additional adjustments in the course of work. Compaction technology with ASPHALT MANAGER is controlled automatically and continuously monitors current conditions and, if necessary, changes the magnitude and amplitude of the vibration. As a result, the application of the system makes it possible to avoid damage to the base layer and the destruction of the structure of the asphalt layer. In addition to the automatic mode, the roller allows the operator to select a certain direction of vibration in manual mode, there are six of them (from vertical to horizontal (similar to oscillation).

Rollers with the ASPHALT MANAGER system are capable of performing a wide range of asphalt compaction tasks. Thanks to the ability to select different modes, such rollers can be used when working near or inside buildings that are sensitive to vibrations (for example, multi-level parking lots). For compaction of asphalt pavements of bridges, manual mode with horizontally directed vibration is recommended.

Main advantages: Universal application, high-quality compaction without destruction of the base material, compaction in a uniform layer due to the continuous change in the compaction force, smoothness and uniformity of the structure of the asphalt layer, the possibility of compacting areas located at the edge of the roadway, as well as joints. Ideal for paving asphalt on bridges and in the immediate vicinity of vibration-sensitive structures. It is possible to measure the degree of compaction and temperature during operation.

Compaction Equipment

Manual Compaction Equipment
	Vibratory rammers (rammers) are small-scale mechanization equipment. the main scope of their application is limited spaces inside buildings, in areas adjacent to walls, fences, communication elements (for example, hatches), etc. The weight of such rammers most often does not exceed 60-80 kg and is equipped with a 4-stroke gasoline or, less commonly, diesel engine. The crank drive transmits fast vertical reciprocating motions to the rammer shoe.
	Vibratory plates also belong to small-scale mechanization and are used to compact small areas in a limited space, they are linear and reversible, their weight ranges from 50-150 kg, and their working width is from 45 to 60 cm. They are equipped with gasoline or diesel engines. The directional vibrator is driven through a V-belt and a centrifugal clutch. The movement is controlled by adjusting the direction of the vibrator.
	The weight of the tracked rollers is 600-1000 kg, and the working width is from 60 cm to 75 cm. The drive of the rollers is either mechanical - using a two-stage gearbox, or hydrostatic, they work with double vibration.
	Lightweight with a frame on a hinged connection are produced with a weight of 1.3 to 4.2 tons, a working width of 80 cm to 138 cm. Both rollers of the roller are equipped with a hydrostatic drive and a vibration system.
	The design is based on a vibrating drum and a set of wheels. They are excellent for compacting asphalt on sloped surfaces, as well as for repair work and rolling. walking paths and car parks. Combined rollers are produced with a mass of 1.5 to 2.5 tons, as well as from 7 to 10 tons.
	A steered/oscillating front axle and a fixed rear axle are an advantage of the design of pneumatic wheeled rollers. To increase the mass, ballast weighing up to 10 tons can be used, while the total mass can be increased to 24-27 tons, respectively. Compaction occurs statically, due to the own weight of the machine, as well as the mixing of the mixture and the deflection of the wheels.
	Weight can reach 7-14t with a working width of 1.50 m, 2.00 m and 2.13 m; they are designed for medium and large construction projects. Vibration can be carried out on the front, rear or both rollers at once, and they themselves can be solid and split. They always follow one another, even when turning (left/right). In the standard version, the rollers are equipped with a crab run with the displacement of the rollers themselves up to 120 mm in both directions. The crab course greatly facilitates compaction at the edges of the coating, and also makes it possible to go around side obstacles.
	Tandem rollers with steered rollers are produced with a weight of 7 to 10 tons, working widths of 1.50 m and 1.68 m. Such rollers are equipped with a hydrostatic drive of the rollers and a vibration system. Vibration can be transmitted to the front and / or rear roller, and the rollers themselves can be solid and split. Rollers with steered rollers are equipped with electrical system control with selectable settings: Diagonal travel (left/right), alternating operation of the front / rear steered drum, synchronous operation of both drums, or control of the front / rear drum in automatic mode, depending on the direction of travel

On rollers with steered drums, they can turn simultaneously (synchronous control) or individually (front or rear), and also allow you to move in a crab way (with a roller offset of up to 120 mm). These rollers are optimally suited for work both on small sites (crossroads, roundabouts, sharp turns) and on large construction sites (motorways and freeways).

On rollers with steered rollers, the possibility of a "crab run" is an advantage. "Crab move" allows you to distribute the mass of the rink on large area, while the rink itself does not go deep. Using this method, the initial compaction of sensitive materials with high asphalt temperatures is greatly simplified, and large areas can be “flattened”, and the center of gravity of the roller is shifted from the unstable edge of the asphalt pavement.

In tandem rollers with an articulated frame, the rollers are connected to each other by means of a central hinge.

The design allows the rollers to move along the same trajectory even when making turns. In the "crab run" mode, the rear roller is shifted relative to the front roller to the left or right. Due to the design features, the rollers can be offset relative to each other.

The benefits of using the "crab move" are obvious: this is the ability to work close to curbstones or close to the walls of buildings or fences, rational work with the cone of compaction of the edge of the pavement, as well as the ability to avoid the formation of marks from the sharp-edged drum on the asphalt surface.

Asphalting roads or other areas - important process in landscaping. The widespread use of asphalt is due to the relatively low cost and ease of installation. This article will describe step technology laying asphalt on a gravel-sand base.

Laying asphalt in the country significantly improves appearance site. The greatest attention is paid to access roads and footpaths. Some people think that the construction of asphalt in the yard is no different from the construction of roads. However, in the private sector there is no need for a roadway that can take significant loads, and there is no way to call special equipment to a limited area. Consequently, most of the work is done manually, which does not affect the quality of the road.

Before starting work, you should know the expected load on the future roadbed. This is an important parameter, since the speed of the asphalt pavement depends on it. If the land owner has freight car– more reliable technology should be chosen. In this case, asphalting will be considered. suburban area under normal load cars where several base layers are sufficient.

Materials for laying asphalt on gravel

We list the main materials that are most often used when laying asphalt on crushed stone:

1. Hot asphalt (AC) or asphalt concrete (ABS). It is a mixture of bituminous resins, which play the role of a binding element, and sand. It is recommended to use in places where there is no heavy traffic. During the manufacturing process, the temperature of the mixture can reach 200 degrees. Asphalt concrete is characterized by high strength parameters and greater viscosity. During transportation, it is important that the temperature of the asphalt during laying does not fall below 130 degrees, otherwise it will become unusable. The main difference between ABS is the presence of crushed stone and gravel in the composition, the use of various additives and lower porosity due to the use of mineral powders. Asphalt concrete can contain from 40 to 60 percent of crushed stone.
2. Cold AC or ABS. The main difference from the hot type is the presence in the composition of solvents that contribute to liquefaction. Can be used at temperatures environment down to -10 degrees. The quality of the canvas will be optimal when the work is carried out at a temperature of +5 degrees. For cold ABS optimum temperature performance of work from 0 degrees.
3. Liquid asphalt. Produced from the old coating with the addition of bitumen and solvents. It is used for repair work of the upper layer of the roadway.
4. Rubble. This is the component used in the ABS preparation process. Thorough sieving takes place before use. It is widely used for the device of the basis under a paving. Obtained by crushing hard rocks. For ABS, a fraction of 5-15 mm is required, and for the base - 5-100 mm.
5. Sand is a component for the preparation of AS, ABS and the foundation device. It is mined in special sand pits or in riverbeds. Before use, it must be cleaned of impurities and loams.
6. Bitumen is a component for base treatment, preparation of asphalt or asphalt concrete. Method of extraction - from oil, distillation. Acts as a connecting element.
7. Additives - additives designed to change the properties of a mixture or binder.

What is the minimum layer required?

Depending on the thickness of the layer, it is necessary to compact with various manual or self-propelled mechanisms. The recommended thickness is:

1. For the private sector for access roads - from 5 to 7 centimeters.
2. For tracks - from 3 to 4 centimeters.

Substrate preparation for asphalt laying

The structure of the sand-gravel base consists of:

1. Rubble. Contained in an amount of 10 to 20 percent. Fractions of 5-20 and 20-40 mm can be used.
2. Sand.

The basic device process is as follows:

1. The old base is removed.
2. The sole of the soil is compacted.
3. If necessary, tillage is carried out so that there is no vegetation in this place. cm

Also, a sand-gravel base can be made of several clean layers:

1. Sand (10-15 cm).
2. Crushed stone (10-15 cm).
3. Underlying.

Asphalt paving technology

Asphalt laying on a summer cottage consists of the following works:

1. Delivery to the construction site of all materials.
2. Preparation for asphalting (include surface cleaning and removal of the old coating).
3. Foundation device. It is recommended to impregnate with special substances so that in the future the pillow does not fall into the soil.
4. Pillow device. Depending on the expected load on the coating, a certain fraction is selected.
5. Impregnation of a crushed stone pillow with a bitumen-emulsion composition. It is necessary to improve the adhesion of the lower layer to the asphalt components.
6. Border device.
7. Asphalting (laying, leveling and compaction). One of the most important stages, during which it is necessary to compact the site with a manual roller (weight more than 100 kg) or a vibrating plate.

How much does the installation cost per 1 m2?

Asphalting a suburban area will cost depending on the following factors:

1. The location of the area where the work needs to be done. The range of delivery of materials or equipment (if any) depends on this.
2. asphalting method.
3. Performing work on your own or with the involvement of specialists.
4. Materials used.
5. Geological characteristics of the site.
6. Foundation type.

Asphalting of a suburban area according to SNiP

The conditions that must be observed during the asphalting process are contained in:

1. SNiP 2.05.02-85.
2. SNiP 3.06.03-85.
3. other regulatory documents.

The main conditions are:

1. In autumn, the coating device should be carried out at a temperature of +10 degrees, and in spring - +5 or more.
2. Asphalt paving in the rain is prohibited (except in cases where a special technology for paving asphalt in the rain is used).
3. Cold type asphalt is laid at any time of the year.

Conclusion

As it turned out, asphalting a suburban area does not require special skills. The main thing is the observance of the technological process and the availability of all necessary materials. If this article did not answer all your questions, you can use additional sources of information. For example, a video on the technology of laying asphalt on a crushed stone-sand mixture.

Asphalt has unique qualities that allow it to be used as a road surface. Such a choice is practical and effective, in addition, it is suitable for any road, regardless of their purpose. In addition to GOSTs, asphalt laying technology must comply with SNIP (SNiP 2.05.02-85 and SNiP 3.06.03-85), and other normative documentation.

General information

The rules for laying asphalt make it possible to clearly divide all the work into several most important stages:

• preparation of the working area;
• formation of a carrier layer (sand-gravel mixture);
• application of a coating layer (coarse fractional asphalt KZ-7, or KZ-10);
• compacting roller treatment.

Defects during asphalting and immediately after it appear in the roadway quite often. To quickly eliminate them, you can use cold asphalt, which differs from the usual one in a modified composition, high frost resistance and plasticity. This is a functional and wear-resistant material that is perfect for spot repairs, coating formation in areas adjacent to railway, implementation of preventive road repair operations, etc.

Necessary equipment:

• Mixing device;
• Tanks in which bitumen compounds will be located;
• Temperature control devices;
• Mixing mechanisms for the preparation of asphalt mortar.

“Before laying, cold asphalt of a fine-grained (0.5 cm) or sandy (1-1.5 cm) fraction is mixed with bituminous thickeners.”

Special preparation of the surface for laying cold asphalt is not required, you only need to remove excess debris and get rid of excess moisture. Cover the breakdown in the roadway with the prepared mixture and leave to harden. It is not specifically necessary to compact it, this will happen by itself due to the natural compaction on the site.

Types of stackers used

The technology of laying asphalt on old asphalt with an asphalt paver involves the use of the following types of mechanisms:

• road milling machines - devices that allow you to remove upper layer road surfaces;
• pavers - devices used at the main stage of laying;
• rollers - mechanisms that provide compaction and compaction of the soil.

Asphalt pavers, in turn, are also divided into several groups.

According to the type of chassis, they can be:

• caterpillar (used mainly for the construction and reconstruction of the roadway);

• wheeled (more suitable for repair by laying the upper thin layer).

There is also a division of these mechanisms by standard sizes:

1. Laying width 1-3 m: used for processing widening lanes, footpaths, sidewalks;
2. Paving width 2-4.5 m: covers one lane of the road;
3. Paving width 2.5-7.5 m: covers two lanes of the road at once;
4. Paving width 3-9 m: used for work on roads of the 1st and 2nd technical category with a two-lane carriageway.
5. Paving width 3-12 m: used for work on roads of the 1st and 2nd technical category with a three-lane roadway.

What is the minimum layer to be applied on old asphalt?

The minimum layer of asphalt during laying should be at least 80 mm thick. It must be applied at a uniform speed, without stopping. The structure of the road surface may include two layers at once, then each of them individually may not correspond to the specified value, but their total thickness must be at least 8 cm.

The technology of laying new asphalt on the old one

The technology of laying asphalt on old asphalt will differ depending on the nature of the damage and the degree of wear of the previous coating. For example, individual pits can be repaired with cold asphalt. If the damage is non-local, it is possible to use the method of hot or cold milling, which involves removing the top layer of the old asphalt, texturing the base and applying a new coating.

Finally, you can apply the method of asphalt restoration. In this case, you will need:

• carry out a major cleaning of the old asphalt (this will require a watering machine);
• lay a crushed stone layer (this work is done by a grader);
• clean the edges of the road surface and warm it up;
• lay a layer of reclaimed asphalt concrete using rollers.

When the procedure is completed, all seams and all joints are impregnated with bitumen. If the asphalt concrete sheet has worn out evenly and is generally in good condition, then it can be “built up”. It is enough to lay on top of a carefully cleaned old layer - a new one.

The correct technology for laying asphalt on old asphalt (GOST R 54401-2011, 9128) implies the implementation road works of any type, only dry weather and acceptable temperature.»

An asphalt layer laid in the rain can immediately be considered defective.

How much does laying for 1 m2 of new asphalt on the old one cost?

To accurately calculate how much it costs to lay asphalt 1 m2, you need to take into account the cost of expendable materials and for the job itself. Specific figures may vary depending on the region or the features of the selected technology. However, the average cost per square meter of asphalt with laying ranges from 400 to 1000 rubles.

What documents are required for repair work?

Like any other type of construction activity, repair work accompanied by relevant documentation.

Laying agreement (sample):

Contract for asphalting the territory (sample):

Conclusion

We must not forget that any construction works should be completed with the complete removal of garbage. Also, do not save too much asphalt concrete, otherwise you will soon have to get back to work. Compliance with all technological requirements will extend the life of the road surface up to 5-10 years.

The most popular method of paving roads and sidewalks, which meets modern concepts of high-quality coverage and the price of which, moreover, is relatively low, can be called asphalting. But in addition to the mixture itself, the reliability and efficiency of laying approximately 50% depends on the preparatory work, that is, on the pillow that serves as a rough base for the front layer.

Below we will talk about the technology of this production, and also pay attention to the demonstration of a thematic video in this article related to our topic.

Asphalt on the road

Note. The name comes from the Greek ἄσφαλτος which means mountain resin, where 60%-75% bitumen is mixed with minerals. In the artificial version, bitumen is limited to 13% to 60%, and the filler is gravel / crushed stone, sand and mineral powder.

Production stages

• First of all, the technology of laying the asphalt concrete mix, however, like other construction and installation works, depends on the layout, therefore, before starting production, a technical design and financial estimate must be drawn up. This is followed by markings with reference to the features of the terrain of the area in order to ensure the possibility of draining wastewater and underground and surface utilities passing near. Besides, great importance has the presence big trees with a developed root system - if necessary, they are cut down so that there are no problems in the future.
• Upon completion of the preparatory work, the upper, wet layer of soil is removed using an excavator or bulldozer, where the depth, first of all, will depend on the operational purpose of this area. For example, for asphalt pavement or garden paths 10-25 cm of depth is quite enough, but this, of course, is not enough for the roadway - the greater the planned load, the deeper the foundation will have to be laid.
• In addition, the technology of laying asphalt concrete implies a mandatory device drainage system- water should not accumulate either on the coating or under it. In this regard, it is very important to remove all the soil that was removed during the preparation of the base, so that during the rainy season it does not wash out and clog the drainage system.

• After the end of the earthworks asphalt paving is possible concrete base(hard cushion) or crushed stone (gravel) with sand (non-rigid cushion) and this again depends on the future degree of load during the operation of the site according to SNiP 06.03-85. For example, for footpaths, the height of the sand-gravel cushion can be only 5-10 cm, but if this is a roadway with low traffic intensity (access to a house or gate), then here the height will be from 10 cm or more. Moreover, provided that heavy loads are foreseen during operation, the pillow is laid in layers - first gravel (fraction 40-60 mm), then crushed stone (fraction 20-40 mm), and on top of them - coarse river sand.

Note. In order to accelerate the shrinkage of the pillow before laying the asphalt, it is plentifully watered. When the bedding shrinks, it also acquires additional strength. Tamping is done with vibrating plates, rollers, and at home you can even do it yourself with the help of any bit.

• In cases where a very heavy traffic is foreseen on the carriageway and, consequently, a large mechanical load, then concreting or laying is used for the foundation reinforced concrete slabs as shown in the top photo. Due to the high cost of this type of coating in our country, they are extremely rare and for the most part such structures are limited to use for runways or test sites.
• Best used as a bedding construction garbage — broken brick, stone, old broken slabs, blocks and floors, cement-sand plaster and so on. It is noteworthy that with sufficient tamping of such materials, they are in no way inferior to the same crushed stone or gravel, while the cost of the pillow is sharply reduced - after all, garbage, instead of being disposed of, is used as a building material. But here, of course, the laboriousness of the process increases significantly - after all, such waste, as a rule, has a very large fraction and because of this it is more difficult to compact it (you have to break it up).

Note. The laying of the base (pillow) implies the presence of flanging, which is made of stones or special reinforced concrete curbs - this allows you to form the future coating. In addition, asphalt paving also requires molding, therefore, the height of the curb must be calculated for the front cover.

Laying technology

At present, asphalt laying in the Russian Federation is carried out in accordance with GOST 9128-2009 for asphalt concrete road and airfield mixtures, and the instructions given in this document are also applicable for laying such coatings in private (on summer cottages and suburban areas). As a rule, asphalt concrete is ordered at the nearest point of its production - this is preferable to handicraft production.

There are a lot of asphalt plants, including small ones, so that buying a ready-made mixture will cost much less than it independent production, moreover, the proportions of State Standards are easier to comply with in-line production than with one-time production.

It is important to take into account that the air temperature outside must be at least 5ᶛC, and manufacturing process must be carried out in dry weather - installation during rain is strictly prohibited! If these conditions are violated, next year after laying, cracking and erosion of the coating will be observed, in addition, the wear resistance of the asphalt will decrease significantly.

To calculate the amount of consumable material at a particular facility, you will need to calculate the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe site and determine its thickness - for a layer of asphalt 10 cm high and 10 m 2 in area, one ton of mortar will be needed.

Laying order and compaction

The technology of laying asphalt on a concrete base or on a sand-gravel cushion implies the execution of work without the slightest delay after the dump truck with the mortar arrives at the construction site - this is one of the most important facets of the requirements of GOSTs and SNiPs.

For large volume, for example, highway, during installation work, special pavers and large self-propelled rollers are used, but when arranging the same sidewalks, shovels and mops have to be used. In addition, small areas cannot always be compacted even with a small self-propelled roller, therefore, in such cases, vibrating plates are used.

If you are doing similar work on personal plot, then you are unlikely to invite a designer there, but, nevertheless, you will have to adhere to certain coating thickness parameters. Therefore, for garden paths, you can withstand a layer 3-4 cm high, while for driveways (if there is no parking for heavy vehicles) a thickness of 5-7 cm is required.

The quality of asphalt concrete laying and its service life largely depend on the correct and timely compaction of the coating. Such a process can be carried out by three methods, these are vibration, rolling and tamping. To do this, you can use an automatic or manual roller, a vibrating roller and a vibrating plate.

According to GOST 9128-2009, the temperature of laying the asphalt concrete mixture must be maintained at least 105ᶛC - this is one of the prerequisites for good compaction of the layer being laid - the colder the asphalt concrete, the more difficult it is to compact it (the more passes with a roller). To avoid the solution sticking to the roller or vibratory plate, they can be moistened with water.

In order for the entire surface to turn out the same, you will have to monitor the number of passes of the rink - it should be the same, in addition, reverse movements should be avoided so as not to violate the integrity of the monolith.

Note. If you have to lay asphalt on a slope, then the movement of the roller during compaction should be carried out only from the bottom up and nothing else. To level (eliminate) the seams formed in such cases, the movement of the roller is carried out almost perpendicularly - with the same advantage of moving from the bottom up.

Asphalt care

It is strictly forbidden to allow heavy tracked vehicles to run on such surfaces - it is quite soft and the tracks will definitely leave dents, which, in turn, will contribute to destruction. In addition, during the hot season, the arrival of heavy wheeled vehicles is contraindicated, since at such temperatures the asphalt softens and will again be destroyed.

If necessary, all potholes and cracks should be repaired in time so that they do not cause further destruction of the structure.

Types of asphalt concrete

All asphalt concrete mixtures can be divided into three main groups, according to the type mineral filler- crushed stone, gravel and sand. In addition, according to the viscosity used and the laying temperature, the mortars can be hot or cold.

So, hot ones are produced using road viscous and liquid bitumen and spread at a temperature of at least 120ᶛC, while cold ones, using the same bitumen, at a temperature of at least 5ᶛC.

Asphalts can be coarse-grained, when the filler fraction reaches 40 mm, fine-grained, with a fraction of up to 20 mm, and sandy, with a filler fraction of up to 5 mm. At the same time, cold mixtures are only fine-grained or sandy (coarse river sand).

In accordance with the value of residual porosity, hot asphalt mix can be: a) high-density - residual porosity 1-2.5%; dense - 2.5-5%; porous - 5-10%; highly porous - 10-18%. For cold asphalt concrete, residual porosity is allowed from 6% to 10%.

Depending on the content of crushed stone and gravel in the hot mix, they can be classified into types:

• A - contains from 50% to 60% crushed stone;
• B - from 40% to 50%;
• B - from 30% to 40%.

In addition, depending on the content of gravel, they are classified into types Bx and Bx. Hot and cold solutions can be of the type G and Gx, that is, it is sand from crushing screenings or a mixture with natural sand, if the latter is at least 30%. Types D and Dx are based on natural sand or if it is mixed with crushing screenings, but at the same time, its content is not less than 70%.

Table for marking mixtures and asphalt concrete

Note. The processing of hardened asphalt is almost identical to such actions as cutting reinforced concrete with diamond wheels and diamond drilling holes in concrete. But in this case, it is better to focus on cool weather, since in hot weather the bitumen will stick to circles, drills and hole cutters, which will create certain inconveniences in work.

Conclusion

If the asphalt mix is ​​being laid at your home - on or near the site, then most likely you will not need high-density asphalts of the first grade. However, as we mentioned above, in order to maximize the service life, it is important to pay Special attention rolling and tamping of uncured mortar.