The electrical part of the ship's fire extinguishing system. Fire safety on board: causes of fire, types of alarms
The ship is a closed system, which is subject to increased requirements in terms of fire safety. Regardless of the type, purpose, navigation area, type of engine, hull / superstructure materials and other parameters, water transport must have effective fire extinguishing equipment. This will ensure the safety of personnel/passengers and minimize damage in the event of an emergency.
Fire extinguishing system on board is designed taking into account the possible causes of a fire - from the design features of the ship to the nature of the goods transported and the human factor. The most effective are automated systems that provide volumetric spraying of a fire extinguishing agent (water, steam, foam, aerosol) in open and hidden flame propagation paths.
Ship fire extinguishing systems: basic requirements
According to the standards of the Russian River and Maritime Register of Shipping, volumetric fire extinguishing systems on passenger and cargo ships of the river / sea fleet, as well as on tugboats and other types of water transport, must provide effective fire protection for such objects as:
- engine rooms, boiler rooms, generators, pumping stations, switchboards;
- ventilation systems in rooms for mechanical and electrical equipment;
- cofferdams and compartments for tanks for fuel, oil, collection of bottom water;
- pantries for storing flammable liquids and gases;
- general purpose premises (for passengers and staff).
Recently, aerosol fire extinguishing installations have been increasingly used to ensure the safety of ships, due to their advantages over other types of fire extinguishing equipment.
Features of aerosol volumetric fire extinguishing
The aerosol fire extinguishing system includes fire extinguishing aerosol generators (GOA), sensors (smoke, fire, temperature), autostart units, light and sound annunciators. When signs of a fire are detected, generators are started, which throw a cloud of gas-aerosol mixture into the room. The composition quickly extinguishes the flame and retains the fire extinguishing concentration for a long time, eliminating the possibility of re-ignition.
Advantages of aerosol fire extinguishing for water transport
- High fire fighting efficiency- the modular system covers all compartments of the ship, the generators are selected according to the size of the room (the protected volume depends on the model and is 2.2-134 m3).
- Excellent performance- after installation, the generators do not require periodic recharging, the operating temperatures of the modules vary in the range of +/-50 ° C, they function smoothly at facilities with a humidity level of up to 98%.
- Economic efficiency- aerosol installations have the lowest price among all types of fire extinguishing equipment, do not require the cost of maintenance and arrangement of a separate room for a fire extinguishing station.
- Easy installation- laying of cables for system automation is carried out along existing routes, generators do not need to be connected to engineering networks, so work can be carried out without decommissioning the ship.
- Environmental friendliness- the aerosol mixture does not contain toxins and aggressive chemicals, does not cause significant harm to people and does not damage expensive ship units and electrical equipment.
JSC NPG "Granit-Salamander" is the world's leading manufacturer of aerosol fire extinguishing systems. We provide a full range of services - from the sale of equipment to the development of design solutions and the professional installation of aerosol fire extinguishing systems on any ships.
The work of ship systems ensures the survivability of the vessel, i.e. safety of navigation, necessary living conditions, safety of cargo, as well as the performance of special functions related to the purpose of the vessel, for example, on tankers, rescuers, fishing vessels.
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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
"NIKOLAEVSK UNIVERSITY OF SHIPBUILDING NAMED AFTER ADMIRAL MAKAROV"
Department of Shipbuilding
ESSAY
with discipline
Vessel ship system
on the topic: "The fire system of the ship"
Student _ V _ course _ 5 11 2 groups
Chernyaev Maxim Igorovich
(name and initials)
Kerivnik
d.t.s. Professor_Zaitsev V.V.___
(settlement, vchene zvonnya, scientific step, nickname and initials)
Kherson - 2014
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………3
1 General concepts of modern fire fighting systems………………..4
2 Types of fire fighting systems…………………………………………….......6
2.1 Water fire fighting system……………………………………..6
2.2 Sprinkler fire extinguishing system………………………………..8
2.3 Deluge fire extinguishing system…………………………..……...10
2.4 Foam fire extinguishing system………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..11
2.5 Powder extinguishing system………………………………..12
2.6 CO2 fire extinguishing system ………………………………………..13
2.7 Aerosol fire extinguishing system……………………………….14
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..16
List of used literature………………...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
INTRODUCTION
ship systems - this is a complex of pipelines with fittings, mechanisms serving them,tanks, apparatus, instruments and means of control and control over them.
Ship systems are a set of specialized pipelines with mechanisms, apparatus, instruments and devices.
They are designed to move liquids, air or gases in order to ensure the normal operation of the vessel (with the exception of the power plant, the pipelines of which are not included in the number of ship systems).
The work of ship systems ensures the survivability of the vessel, i.e. safety of navigation, necessary living conditions, safety of cargo, as well as the performance of special functions related to the purpose of the vessel, for example, on tankers, rescuers, fishing vessels. On civil courts usually provide:
- Bilge systems - drainage, drainage, bypass, oily bilge water.
- Ballast systems- ballast, trim, roll, replacement.
- Fire extinguishing systems- water fire extinguishing, water irrigation, sprinkler, water spray, water curtains, steam extinguishing, foam extinguishing, carbon dioxide extinguishing, volumetric chemical, inert gases, powder fire extinguishing.
- Domestic water supply systems– fresh domestic water, drinking water, washing water, domestic sea water, domestic hot water.
- waste systems - sewage, household water, open deck scuppers.
- Microclimate systems– ventilation, air conditioning, heating (steam, water, air).
- Refrigeration systems- refrigeration.
- Domestic steam supply systems.
- Compressed air systems.
- Marine equipment cooling systems.
- Hydraulic system.
Auxiliary- measuring, air, overflow, communication, signaling, control system.
Special systems:
tankers – cargo, stripping, venting, washing of cargo tanks, irrigation.
Rescuers – soil washing, soil suction, water drainage and rescue, compressed gases.
Commercial - fish oil, brine, fish supply.
1 General concepts of modern fire protection systems
Modern fire protection systems are based on the use of the latest means and methods for detecting and extinguishing fires and reducing losses from the use of fire extinguishing agents. These include, first of all, the use of finely atomized water and aerosol spray water, high expansion foam. All stationary installations of the listed types are designed to extinguish fires in confined spaces.
In modern fire extinguishing installations of a sprinkler deluge type, the use of sprinklers, for example, Aquamaster and similar ones, makes it possible to obtain drops of water supplied for extinguishing with an average diameter of 100–150 microns. Recently, not only sprinklers installed vertically, but also with horizontal installation have appeared on the market. The water pressure in such installations at the outlet of the sprinkler should be in the range of 0.5–1.2 MPa (5–12 kg/m2). The use of finely sprayed water makes it possible to reduce the amount of water supplied for extinguishing by 1.5–2 times and increase the efficiency of its use.
The use of aerosol spray water (superheated water) makes it possible to extinguish with an average droplet diameter of about 70 microns and eliminate the fiery combustion of almost all combustible materials that do not react with water with the release of a large amount of heat and combustible gases. The time for extinguishing the flame of solid combustible materials and liquids, as a rule, does not exceed one minute. The use of installations of this type is constrained by the fact that in order to obtain aerosol spray water, it is necessary either to have a container in which the water is constantly at a temperature of 150–170 ° C, or special equipment that allows heating the water to the required temperature in a short time.
Currently, high expansion foam (foam expansion of 400 or more) is being used to protect closed volumes. The use of fire extinguishing installations with high expansion foam makes it possible to fill the protected volume with foam in a short time and eliminate combustion. To obtain high expansion foam, only those blowing agents should be used for which the certificate indicates that they allow obtaining high expansion foam. The use of such installations can significantly reduce the amount of foam concentrate and water stored in the tanks of the foam fire extinguishing pumping station, and, consequently, the costs.
Increasingly, remote-controlled fire monitors and fire robots are being used. Fire robots in all respects correspond to automatic fire extinguishing installations: they provide automatic fire alarms for the protected area, determine the coordinates of fire and automatically extinguish the fire with water spray or low expansion foam. The area protected by one fire robot is from 5,000 to 15,000 m2 with a flow rate of water or a foam concentrate solution from one barrel of 20 to 60 l s”1.
Remote-controlled fire monitors and scanning monitors are currently the most widely used. They are used for irrigation of load-bearing structures and trusses in the machine rooms of power plants, in the workshops of machine-building and other enterprises. Scanning barrels deliver water jets according to a predetermined program, water supply mode (speed and trajectory of the barrel). Barrels of this type are the cheapest, and partly for this reason, their use is much wider. The use of robotic fire monitors is partially hampered by their high cost and the need for constant maintenance, which requires the involvement of highly qualified specialists.
The use of fire robots of other types and with the use of other types of fire extinguishing agents is still insignificant throughout the world; so, their use is constrained for the same reasons as robotic trunks. But at the same time, it should be expected that the use of fire robots will increase soon enough with the advent of their new types and designs, as well as a decrease in cost.
To extinguish fires of oil and oil products, modern means and methods using low-expansion foam obtained using fluorinated film-forming foam concentrates are increasingly used. To extinguish fires of oil and oil products in tanks, the underlayer method of supplying low-expansion foam has become quite widespread. However, it should be noted that this method is not applicable in all cases. This method should not be used to extinguish fires of flammable liquids having a high viscosity, as well as polar liquids that destroy the supplied foam at a high speed. It is problematic to extinguish high-octane gasolines by the underlayer method, in which the content of polar liquids reaches 18–20%. To extinguish fires of polar liquids and mixed fuels, low-expansion foam should be supplied from above using foam concentrates designed for this purpose.
To extinguish fires in tanks equipped with a pontoon, a combined method of supplying low-expansion foam to the tank should be used. With this method, the foam is fed to the surface of the combustible liquid and under the layer of combustible liquid at the same time. The use of this method of foam supply makes it possible to eliminate combustion in almost all cases, including those when the pontoon is in the lower position, for example, when the tank is taken out of service for repair work.
2 Types of fire fighting systems
Stationary fire extinguishing systems are mounted during the construction of the ship. They are divided into linear and circular . Stationary installations allow you to quickly apply a fire extinguishing agent to the fire, take it under control and ensure extinguishing.
2.1 Water fire extinguishing system- the main system for protection, equipped regardless of the presence of other systems. The piping system consists of a main line with a pipe diameter of 100-150 mm and branches with a diameter of 38-64 mm. All sections of the water fire main passing through the open decks must have drain valves to drain the main in case of a dangerous drop in temperature.
Water fire fighting system (WPPS) is intended for:
- providing high-pressure outboard water to consumers of a complex of damage control systems (BZZh) - irrigation and water spray systems, protection systems for shifts and exits;
- providing high-pressure outboard water as the working water of the ejectors of the hold drainage system;
- supply of sea water to the "sea water" system, designed to service the washing system during sanitation of l / s and service flushing in latrines.
EPPS is made according to ring pattern (see picture) with seven combat jumpers and consists of:
Figure 1 - Scheme of the water fire-fighting system
- three turbopumps TPZhN-150/10 with a capacity of 150 cubic meters per hour and a head of 10 m.a.c. combat jumpers No. 3, 4 and 5;
- four electric pumps NTsV-160/80 with a capacity of 160 cubic meters per hour and a head of 80 m.a.c., located in pairs in pump rooms No. 1 and 2 and serving to supply sea water to combat jumpers No. 1,2,6 and 7;
- seven combat jumpers, each of which is connected to one fire pump. The selection of water for the consumers indicated above is carried out ONLY from jumpers;
- eighteen main disconnecting valves with remote control from the post of power and survivability (PEZH) using an electric drive, which serve to disconnect the RPMS in combat mode and switch sections of the RPPS to supply water to other jumpers in case of failure of any pumps or sections of the system. These valves are marked with an exclamation point in the diagram;
- remote monitoring and control system, consisting of local control pressure gauges located at the pumps, remote pressure gauges located on the mnemonic diagram in the FED and spare FEP (KMKO remote control), as well as pressure sensors connected to each jumper and used to automatically start the duty electric fire pump when drop in pressure in the EPPS up to 6 kgf/sq.cm in everyday mode. In addition, the remote monitoring and control system includes ballasts for electric fire pumps.
The WPPS operates in two modes:
- combat mode - in this mode, all main isolation valves are CLOSED and ALL seven pumps are running. At the same time, independent power supply of jumpers with their consumers is provided. In the event of a failure of the pump serving the jumper and the good condition of any onboard branch of the "ring", by switching the corresponding valves, the non-working jumper is connected to the working ones.
- daily routine- in this mode, TPZHN No. 2 operates in the parking lot, while TPZHN No. 1 and 3 operate in this mode. All electric pumps that are not in a scheduled preventive inspection or repair (PPO and PPR) are on duty - ready for automatic start in case of pressure drop in the VPS up to 6 kgf/sq.cm
The normal value of pressure in the HPF is 7-8 kgf/sq.cm.
On the whole, this design of the EPPS is considered classic and the most reliable, even in comparison with the implementation of a similar system on ships of later projects. The strengths of this solution are:
- very short combat bridges located across the ship's hull (the amount of potential critical damage is minimized);
- the presence of three turbofire pumps. Based on the concept of ensuring the operability of a steam-powered power plant (SPU) in the absence of electricity on the ship (full self-sufficiency), water will also be supplied to the RPS despite the absence of electricity.
The weak point of the constructive solution is the low location of the combat jumpers and side branches of the "ring", i.e. the combat jumpers, together with the outlets to the consumers, fall into the affected volume during underwater explosions. With the location of the jumpers near or at the level of the floodability deck (lower deck), this drawback could be eliminated.
2.2 Sprinkler fire extinguishing systemsused on ferries and passenger ships to protect residential premises, adjacent corridors and public premises. Their purpose is to limit the spread of fire and reduce the temperature in the protected premises, which makes it possible to organize a reliable evacuation of passengers and crew members.
In all protected premises, a sufficient number of sprinklers are installed - special valves with fusible inserts that ensure the closed position of the valves. When the temperature in the premises rises, the fusible insert melts, the sprinkler valve opens, and water begins to spray around the room. On ships, sprinklers are usually used, triggered at a temperature of 60-75 ° C;
Designations: 1 - Distribution pipeline; 2- Universal pressure indicator; 3-Shield of command and control; 4- Pneumatic tank or impulse device; 5- Control and launch unit; 6 - Normal valve; 7 - Electric motor; 8 - Pump; 9 - Fire alarm station; 10 - Compressor.
Figure 2 - Scheme of a sprinkler installation for water fire extinguishing
2.3 Deluge fire extinguishing systemin terms of the layout of the lines and the installation of the spray heads, it is similar to the sprinkler head. Pipelines are normally not filled with water. When the system is turned on, the pump starts and supplies sea water to the line to all sprayers - finely sprayed water covers the protected area. Drencher fire extinguishing installations
used for irrigation of the cargo deck of ships with horizontal loading and tankers, pipelines and open surfaces of gas carrier tanks. In the event of a fire, the deluge unit cools the metal decks and other ship structures, preventing the spread of fire.Drencher installations are designed to simultaneously extinguish a fire throughout the protected area, create water curtains, as well as irrigate building structures, oil tanks and process equipment.
The drencher installation may consist of one or more sections. Each of them is serviced by an independent control and launch unit. Automatic activation of deluge installations can be provided by one of the following incentive systems:
- in the presence of a group action valve - a hydraulic or pneumatic system with sprinklers, a fire alarm system and an incentive pipeline, a cable system with fusible locks;
- in the presence of valves and gates with an electric drive - a fire alarm system with electric fire detectors.
2.4 Foam extinguishing systemused in case of fires in engine rooms and pump rooms. All tankers are equipped with deck foam fire extinguishing systems.
Air-mechanical foam installations are recommended on ships.
Designations: 1 - Automatic water feeder (Pneumatic tank); 2- Pipeline from the main water feeder; 3-Capacity with a foaming agent; 4- Distribution water supply; 5- Locking and regulating device; 6 - Foam sprinkler; 7 - Signaling device; 8 - Control and launch unit.
Figure 3 - Scheme of a foam sprinkler fire extinguishing installation
2.5 Powder extinguishing systemsall ships carrying liquefied gases in bulk must be equipped. There may be several installations on the ship, mounted on skids so that the areas they protect overlap each other.
Foam as a fire extinguishing agent has a high insulating property and partially cooling. When the installation is put into operation, water and a foaming agent begin to be supplied to the mixer. The foam solution formed in the mixer enters the fire. At the outlet of the foam solution, air ejectors are installed, in which the pricing process is completed due to air leakage.
The operating time of the installation depends on the stock of foam concentrate in the tank. When all the foaming agent is used up and water begins to flow through the outlet holes, the installation is turned off to prevent the destruction of the foam. An important condition for extinguishing a fire is the maximum supply of foam during the first 3 minutes. Stationary foam extinguishing nozzles are located so that
so that any point of the protected premises is no more than 9 m away.
According to the control method, powder fire extinguishing installations are divided into:
- Automatic settings - fire detection is carried out by installing an automatic fire alarm, followed by a signal to start the automatic fire alarm.
- Installations with manual start (local, remote) - the signal to start the automatic fire extinguisher is given manually from the premises of the fire post, fire extinguishing station, protected premises.
Autonomous installations - the functions of fire detection and the issuance of the powder composition are carried out independently of external power sources and control (as a rule, fire extinguishing modules are equipped with this function to increase the reliability of operation in case of failure of external systems).
Designations: 1 - Fire extinguisher body; 2- Pneumatic valve; 3-cylinder with compressed gas; 4-guide pipe with load; 5-Tross; 6 - Manual start handle; 7 -Fusible lock; 8 - Nozzles.
Figure 3 - Scheme of an automatic powder fire extinguisher.
2.6 CO2 fire extinguishing systemused to protect cargo, engine and pump rooms, storerooms, galley. Stationary CO2 fire extinguishing installations are equipped with machine and
ship's cargo spaces. The installation of CO2-fire extinguishing in engine rooms is put into operation if the measures taken earlier did not allow to localize the fire. Carbon dioxide is supplied in the liquid phase under pressure along the main line, expands at the outlet and dense gas is supplied to the fire zone, effectively displacing oxygen and reducing its content in the air to 15% or less. Carbon dioxide as a fire extinguishing agent is neutral and does not damage expensive goods and mechanisms.
Before commissioning the CO2 fire extinguishing installation, the protected room must be sealed, 20 seconds before the gas is supplied, an automatic alarm is activated, at the same time as a light panel lights up, warning people of the danger. At the alarm signal, all people must leave the premises. The chief mechanic is obliged to make sure that people are evacuated from the engine room. Without a breathing apparatus, it is dangerous to enter a room where carbon dioxide has been supplied, even for a short time.
2.7 Aerosol fire extinguishing systemsdesigned to extinguish fires inside premises associated with the use of flammable liquids, in the holds of ships, art galleries, museums, archives, cable tunnels, at various electrical installations under voltage, as well as in all cases when the properties of the substances and materials involved in combustion are not allow the use of water or air-mechanical foam for fire extinguishing, or when the use of gas fire extinguishing installations gives a greater economic effect. Gas fire extinguishing installations are subdivided: according to the method of extinguishing, according to the method of start-up and according to the method of storing the fire extinguishing agent.
According to the extinguishing method, these installations are divided into volumetric and local fire extinguishing installations. The method of volumetric extinguishing is based on the uniform distribution of the fire extinguishing agent and the creation of a fire extinguishing concentration throughout the volume of the room, which ensures effective extinguishing at any point in the room, including hard-to-reach ones. Volumetric extinguishing installations are used in enclosed spaces in which a rapid development of a fire is possible. Installations of local (local) extinguishing are used to extinguish fires of units and equipment when it is impossible or inappropriate to extinguish in the volume of the entire room. The principle of local fire extinguishing is to create a fire extinguishing concentration in a dangerous spatial area of the room. Local extinguishing can be carried out both with the help of automatic installations and by manual means.
According to the method of starting a gas fire extinguishing installation, there are:
- with cable (mechanical);
- pneumatic;
- electric;
- combined start.
According to the method of storing the fire extinguishing agent in cylinders, the installations are divided into installations:
- under pressure;
- without pressure.
Designations: 1- Node for disabling automatic start; 2-Incentive pipe; 3-Incentive balloons; 4-Distribution valve; 5-Pressure alarm; 6 - Outlet nozzles; 7 - Nozzles of the incentive system (spriklers); 8 - Crane for manual activation; 9- Stop valve ; 10 - Sectional th fuse; 11-Starting air cylinders; 12-Cylinders with fire extinguishing agent.
Figure 5 - Scheme of the gas fire extinguishing system.
Conclusion
In recent years, reconstruction, overhaul and technical re-equipment of industrial and public buildings for various purposes have been carried out at a high pace in Ukraine. This also applies to water transport facilities. In large, medium and even small cities, where there are reservoirs (river, sea, lake), ships are used to equip hotels, restaurants, office space. For these purposes, they use parking, passenger, permanently or temporarily operated at the berth (shore), and also decommissioned ships.
Fire safety on shipsis extremely important. The vessels are autonomous, their premises with varying degrees of fire danger are located nearby, their structures contain combustible materials, there are sources of ignition in the premises, and escape routes are limited. These factors increase the fire hazard of ships. In this regard, the issues of ensuring the safety of people in case of accidents or fires on ships is particularly relevant.
Ships are designed and built according to special rules, unlike buildings and structures. The safety standards in these rules are constantly being improved taking into account world experience. In Ukraine, the classification of civil ships and their technical supervision is carried out by the national classification society - the Register of Shipping of Ukraine. According to the Rules of the Register of Shipping of Ukraine, "berthing vessels are non-self-propelled floating structures with a pontoon-type hull or ship formation, which are usually operated at a berth (shore)". The fact that a ship has an active class of the Register means that it is under the supervision of its technical condition provided for by the Rules of the Classification Society. According to the conditions of operation and the symbol of the class, the vessel must fully or to a certain extent comply with the requirements of the Rules that apply to it for its intended purpose. The Register Rules contain requirements forfire safety on ships, namely, structural elements of the ship's fire protection, fire extinguishing and fire alarm systems, as well as fire fighting equipment and supplies.
List of used literature
2. http://sea-library.ru/bezopasnost-plavanija/196-uglekislotnoe-pozharotuschenie.html
3. http://www.ooo-ksu.ru/pozharotushenie.html
4. http://admiral-umashev.narod.ru/ttd_14.html
5. http://www.engineerclub.ru/sistemi13.html
6. http://www.glossary.ru/cgi-bin/gl_sch2.cgi?RRzkui:l!xoxyls: [email protected]
7. http://ksbsecurity.com/protivopozharnye-systemy/
8. http://crew-help.com.ua/stati_out.php?id=58&tema=an
9. http://bibliofond.ru/view.aspx?id=51665
10. http://seaspirit.ru/shipbuilding/ustrojstvo-sudna/sudovye-sistemy.html
11. Chinyaev I.A. ship systems
Moscow: Transport, 1984, 216c. 3rd edition revised and enlarged.
12. Aleksandrov A.V. ship systems
Edited by Voitkunsky Ya. I. - L .: Shipbuilding, 1985. - 544 p.
10
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Stationary installations and fire extinguishing systems. The main goal of fighting a fire is to quickly bring it under control and extinguish it, which is possible only if the extinguishing agent is delivered to the fire quickly and in sufficient quantities.
This can be achieved with the help of fixed fire extinguishing systems. Some of the fixed systems can supply extinguishing agent directly to the fire without the participation of crew members.
Fixed fire extinguishing systems are by no means a substitute for the necessary structural fire protection of a ship. Structural fire protection provides sufficiently long-term protection of passengers, crew and critical equipment from fire, which allows people to evacuate to a safe place.
Firefighting equipment is designed to protect the ship. Shipboard fire extinguishing systems are designed taking into account the potential fire hazard existing in the premises and the purpose of the premises.
Usually:
water is used in stationary systems protecting areas where solid combustible substances are located - public premises and corridors;
foam or fire extinguishing powder is used in fixed systems protecting areas where class B fires can occur; stationary systems are not used to extinguish flammable gas fires;
carbon dioxide, a gallon (halon) and an appropriate extinguishing powder are included in systems that provide protection against class C fires;
there are no fixed systems to extinguish Class D fires.
On ships flying the flag of the Russian Federation, nine main fire extinguishing systems are installed:
1) water fire;
2) automatic and manual sprinkler;
3) water spraying;
4) water curtains;
5) water irrigation;
6) foam extinguishing;
7) carbon dioxide;
8) inert gas system;
9) powder.
The first five systems use liquid extinguishing agents, the next three use gaseous agents, and the last uses solid ones. Each of these systems will be discussed below.
Water fire system
Water fire system It is the first line of fire protection on board. Its installation is required regardless of what other systems are installed on the vessel. Any member of the crew, according to the alarm schedule, can be assigned to the fire post, so each member of the team must know the principle of operation and start-up of the ship's water fire system.
The water fire system provides water supply to all areas of the ship. It is clear that the supply of water in the sea is unlimited. The amount of water supplied to the place of fire is limited only by the technical data of the system itself (for example, the performance of pumps) and the effect of the amount of water supplied on the ship's stability.
The water fire system includes fire pumps, pipelines (main and branches), control valves, hoses and barrels.
Fire hydrants and pipelines
Water moves through pipelines from pumps to fire hydrants installed at fire stations. The diameter of the pipelines must be large enough to distribute the maximum required amount of water from two pumps operating at the same time.
The water pressure in the system should be approximately 350 kPa at the two most distant or high fire hydrants (whichever gives the greatest pressure difference) for cargo ships and other ships, and 520 kPa for tankers.
This requirement ensures that the pipeline diameter is large enough so that the pressure developed by the pump is not reduced by friction losses in the pipelines.
The piping system consists of a main line and branches of pipes of smaller diameter extending from it to fire hydrants. It is not allowed to connect any pipelines to the water fire system, except those intended for fire fighting and washing decks.
All areas of the water fire system on open decks must be protected from freezing. To do this, they can be equipped with shut-off and drain valves that allow you to drain water in the cold season.
There are two main schemes of the water fire system: linear and circular.
Linear scheme. In a water fire system made according to a linear scheme, one main line is laid along the vessel, usually at the level of the main deck. Due to the horizontal and vertical pipes extending from this line, the system branches throughout the ship (Fig. 3.1). On tankers, the fire main is usually laid in the diametrical plane.
The disadvantage of this scheme is that it does not make it possible to supply water beyond the point where serious damage to the system has occurred.
Rice. 3.1. Typical linear diagram of a water fire system:
1 - highway; 2 - branches; 3 - shut-off valve; 4 - fire post; 5 - shore connection; b - kingston; 7 - fire pumps
Ring diagram. The system, made according to this scheme, consists of two parallel highways connected at the extreme bow and stern points, thereby forming a closed ring (Fig. 3.2). Branches connect the system to fire stations.
In a ring scheme, the section where the break occurred can be disconnected from the main, and the main can continue to be used to supply water to all other parts of the system. Sometimes disconnect valves are installed on the main line behind fire hydrants. They are designed to control the flow of water when a break occurs in the system.
In some systems with one annular main, isolation valves are provided only in the aft and bow parts of the decks.
Coastal connections. On each side of the vessel, at least one connection of the water fire main with the shore must be established. Each shore connection should be located in an easily accessible place and provided with shut-off and control valves.
A ship on international voyages must have at least one portable shore connection on each side. This makes it possible for ship crews to use shore-mounted pumps or to use the services of shore-based fire brigades in any port. On some ships, the required international shore connections are permanently installed.
Fire pumps. This is the only means of ensuring the movement of water through the water fire system when the vessel is at sea. The required number of pumps, their performance, location and power sources are regulated by the Register Rules. The requirements for them are summarized below.
Quantity and location. On international voyages, cargo and passenger ships with a capacity of 3,000 tons or more must be equipped with two fire pumps with autonomous drives. All passenger ships with a gross tonnage of up to 4,000 tons must be equipped with at least two fire pumps, and on ships of more than 4,000 gross tonnage, three fire pumps, regardless of the length of the ship.
If two pumps are to be installed on the ship, they must be located in different rooms. Fire pumps, kingstones and power sources should be located so that a fire in one room does not disable all pumps, thus leaving the ship unprotected.
The crew is not responsible for the installation of the required number of pumps on the ship, for the correct placement of them and the availability of appropriate power sources. The ship is designed, built and, if necessary, re-equipped in accordance with the Register Rules, but the crew is directly responsible for maintaining the pumps in good condition. In particular, it is the responsibility of mechanics to maintain and test the ship's fire pumps to ensure their reliable operation in the event of an emergency.
Water consumption. Each fire pump must supply at least two jets of water from fire hydrants having a maximum pressure drop of 0.25 to 0.4 N/mm 2 for passenger and cargo ships, depending on their gross tonnage.
In passenger ships of less than 1,000 gross tonnage and all other cargo ships of 1,000 gross tonnage and above, a fixed emergency fire pump must be fitted in addition. The total supply of stationary fire pumps, except for emergency ones, may not exceed 180 m ^ / h (with the exception of passenger ships).
Security. A safety valve and pressure gauge may be provided on the discharge side of the fire pump.
Other fire extinguishing systems (such as a sprinkler system) may be connected to the fire pumps. But in this case, their performance should be sufficient so that they can simultaneously serve the water fire and the second fire extinguishing system, providing water supply under the appropriate pressure.
Use of fire pumps for other purposes. Fire pumps can be used for more than just supplying water to a fire main. However, one of the fire pumps should always be kept ready for use for its intended purpose. The reliability of fire pumps is increased if they are used for other purposes from time to time, providing appropriate maintenance.
If control valves that allow the fire pumps to be used for other purposes are installed on the manifold next to the pump, then by opening the valve to the fire main, the operation of the pump for another purpose can be immediately interrupted.
Unless it is specifically agreed that fire pumps may be used for other purposes, such as cleaning decks and tanks, such connections shall only be provided on the discharge manifold at the pump.
Fire hydrants. The purpose of the water fire system is to supply water to fire hydrants located throughout the ship.
Placement of fire hydrants. Fire hydrants must be located so that the water jets supplied by at least two fire hydrants overlap each other. Fire hydrants on all ships must be painted red.
If deck cargo is carried on board, it should be stowed in such a way as not to obstruct access to fire hydrants.
Each fire hydrant must be equipped with a shut-off valve and a standard quick-closing type coupling head in accordance with the requirements of the Register Rules. According to the requirements of the SOLAS-74 Convention, the use of threaded union nuts is allowed.
Fire hydrants should be placed at a distance of no more than 20 m indoors and no more than 40 m - on open decks.
Sleeves and trunks (refer to fire-fighting equipment).
The hose should have a length of 15+20 m for open deck cranes and 104-15 m for indoor cranes. The exception is hoses installed on the open decks of tankers, where the length of the hose must be sufficient to allow it to be lowered over the side, directing the water jet along the side perpendicular to the water surface.
A fire hose with a suitable nozzle must always be connected to the fire hydrant. But in heavy seas, the sleeves installed on the open deck can be temporarily disconnected from the fire hydrants and stored nearby in an easily accessible place.
The fire hose is the most vulnerable part of the water fire system. If mishandled, it is easily damaged.
Dragging a sleeve over a metal deck, it is easy to damage it - tear the outer lining, bend or split the nuts. If all the water is not drained from the hose before laying, the remaining moisture can lead to mold and rot, which in turn will cause the hose to rupture under water pressure.
Sleeve styling and storage. In most cases, the storage hose at the fire station should be coiled.
In doing so, you must do the following:
1.Check that the hose is completely drained of water. Raw sleeve can not be laid.
2. Lay the sleeve in the bay so that the end of the barrel can be easily fed to the fire.
3. Attach the barrel to the end of the sleeve.
4. Install the barrel in the holder or put it in the sleeve so that it does not fall.
5. The rolled sleeve should be tied up so that it does not lose its shape.
Trunks. Merchant ships use combined shafts with a locking device. They must be permanently attached to the sleeves.
Combined shafts must be equipped with a control that allows you to turn off the water supply and regulate its jet.
River fire nozzles must have nozzles with holes of 12, 16 and 19 mm. In residential and service premises, there is no need to use nozzles with a diameter of more than 12 mm.
What fixed fire extinguishing systems are used on ships?
Fire extinguishing systems on ships include:
●water fire extinguishing systems;
●foam extinguishing systems of low and medium expansion;
● volumetric extinguishing systems;
●powder extinguishing systems;
●systems of steam extinguishing;
●aerosol extinguishing systems;
Ship spaces, depending on their purpose and the degree of fire hazard, must be equipped with various fire extinguishing systems. The table shows the requirements of the Rules of the Register of the Russian Federation for the equipment of premises with fire extinguishing systems.
Stationary water fire extinguishing systems include systems using water as the main fire extinguishing agent:
- fire water system;
- water spray and irrigation systems;
- flooding system of individual premises;
- sprinkler system;
- deluge system;
- water mist or water mist system.
The stationary volumetric extinguishing systems include the following systems:
- carbon dioxide extinguishing system;
- nitrogen extinguishing system;
- liquid extinguishing system (on freons);
- volumetric foam extinguishing system;
In addition to fire extinguishing systems, fire warning systems are used on ships, such systems include an inert gas system.
What are the design features of a water fire fighting system?
The system is installed on all types of ships and is the main both for fire extinguishing and the water supply system for ensuring the operation of other fire extinguishing systems, general ship systems, washing tanks, cisterns, decks, washing anchor chains and fairleads.
The main advantages of the system:
Unlimited sea water supplies;
Cheapness of fire extinguishing agent;
High fire extinguishing ability of water;
High survivability of modern air defense forces.
The system includes the following main elements:
1. Receiving kingstones in the underwater part of the vessel for receiving water in any operating conditions, incl. roll, trim, side and pitching.
2. Filters (mud boxes) to protect the pipelines and pumps of the system from clogging them with debris and other waste.
3. A non-return valve that does not allow the system to be emptied when the fire pumps stop.
4. The main fire pumps with electric or diesel drives for supplying seawater to the fire main to fire hydrants, fire monitors and other consumers.
5. Emergency fire pump with an independent drive for sea water supply in case of failure of the main fire pumps with its own kingston, clink gate valve, safety valve and control device.
6. Manometers and manometers.
7. Fire cocks (terminal valves) located throughout the vessel.
8. Fire main valves (shut-off, non-return-shut-off, secant, shut-off).
9. Pipelines of the fire main.
10. Technical documentation and spare parts.
Fire pumps are divided into 3 types:
1. main fire pumps installed in machinery spaces;
2. emergency fire pump located outside the machinery spaces;
3. pumps permitted as fire pumps (sanitary, ballast, drainage, general use, if they are not used for pumping oil) on cargo ships.
The emergency fire pump (APZHN), its kingston, the receiving branch of the pipeline, the discharge pipeline and shut-off valves are located outside the machine visit. The emergency fire pump must be a stationary pump driven independently by an energy source, i.e. its electric motor must also be powered by an emergency diesel generator.
Fire pumps can be started and stopped both from local posts at the pumps, and remotely from the navigation bridge and the central control room.
What are the requirements for fire pumps?
Vessels are provided with independently driven fire pumps as follows:
●Passenger ships of 4,000 gross tonnage and above must have - at least three, less than 4,000 - at least two.
●cargo ships of 1,000 gross tonnage and over - at least two, less than 1,000 - at least two power-driven pumps, one of which is independently driven.
The minimum water pressure in all fire hydrants during the operation of two fire pumps should be:
● for passenger ships with gross tonnage of 4000 and over 0.40 N/mm, less than 4000 – 0.30 N/mm;
● for cargo ships with gross tonnage of 6000 and more - 0.27 N/mm, less than 6000 - 0.25 N/mm.
The flow of each fire pump must be at least 25 m/h, and the total water supply on a cargo ship must not exceed 180 m/h.
Pumps are located in different compartments, if this is not possible, then an emergency fire pump with its own power source and a kingston located outside the room where the main fire pumps are located should be provided.
The output of the emergency fire pump must be at least 40% of the total output of the fire pumps, and in any case not less than the following:
● on passenger ships with a capacity of less than 1,000 and on cargo ships of 2,000 and more – 25 m/h; and
● on cargo ships of less than 2000 gross tonnage – 15 m/h.
Schematic diagram of a water fire system on a tanker
1 - kingston highway; 2 - fire pump; 3 - filter; 4 - kingston;
5 - pipeline for supplying water to fire hydrants located in the aft superstructure; 6 - pipeline for supplying water to the foam fire extinguishing system;
7 - double fire hydrants on the poop deck; 8 - deck fire main; 9 - shut-off valve for shutting off the damaged section of the fire main; 10 - double fire hydrants on the forecastle deck; 11 - non-return shut-off valve; 12 - manometer; 13 - emergency fire pump; 14 - gate valve.
The scheme of building the system is linear, it is powered by two main fire pumps (2) located in the MO and an emergency fire pump (13) APZhN on the tank. At the inlet, the fire pumps are equipped with a kingston (4), a travel filter (mud box) (3) and a clink valve (14). A non-return shut-off valve is installed behind the pump to prevent water from draining from the line when the pump stops. A fire valve is installed behind each pump.
From the main line through the clink valves there are branches (5 and 6) to the superstructure, from which fire hydrants and other outboard water consumers are powered.
The fire main is laid on the cargo deck, has branches every 20 meters to twin fire hydrants (7). On the main pipeline, secant fire lines are installed every 30-40 m.
According to the Maritime Register Rules, portable fire nozzles with a spray diameter of 13 mm are mainly installed in interior spaces, and 16 or 19 mm in open decks. Therefore, fire hydrants (hydrates) are installed with D y 50 and 71 mm, respectively.
On the deck of the forecastle and poop before the wheelhouse, twin fire hydrants (10 and 7) are installed onboard.
When the ship is in port, the fire water system can be powered from the international shore connection using fire hoses.
How are water spray and irrigation systems arranged?
The water spray system in special category spaces, as well as in machinery spaces of category A of other ships and pump rooms, must be powered by an independent pump, which automatically switches on when the pressure in the system drops, from the fire main.
In other protected premises, the system can be powered only from the fire main.
In special category spaces, as well as in machinery spaces of category A of other ships and pumping spaces, the water spray system must be constantly filled with water and pressurized up to the distribution valves on the pipelines.
Filters must be installed on the suction pipe of the pump that feeds the system and on the connecting pipeline to the fire main, which excludes clogging of the system and sprayers.
Distribution valves should be located in easily accessible places outside the protected area.
In protected premises with permanent residence of people, remote control of distributing valves from these premises shall be provided.
Water spray system in the engine room
1 - roller drive bushing; 2 - drive shaft; 3 - drain valve of the impulse pipeline; 4 - pipeline of the upper water spray; 5 - impulse pipeline; 6 - quick-acting valve; 7 - fire main; 8 - lower water spray pipeline; 9 - spray nozzle; 10 - drain valve.
Sprayers in the protected premises should be placed in the following places:
1. under the ceiling of the room;
2. in the mines of category A machinery spaces;
3. over equipment and mechanisms, the operation of which is associated with the use of liquid fuel or other flammable liquids;
4. over surfaces where liquid fuels or flammable liquids can spread;
5. over stacks of bags of fishmeal.
Sprayers in the protected space should be located in such a way that the coverage area of any sprayer overlaps the coverage areas of adjacent sprayers.
The pump may be driven by an independent internal combustion engine located so that a fire in the protected space does not affect the air supply to it.
This system allows you to extinguish a fire in the MO under the slats with lower water sprays or at the same time upper water sprays.
How does a sprinkler system work?
Passenger ships and cargo ships are equipped with such systems according to the IIC protection method for signaling a fire and automatic fire extinguishing in protected spaces in the temperature range from 68 0 to 79 0 С, in dryers at a temperature exceeding the maximum temperature in the Ceiling Area of no more than 30 0 C and in saunas up to 140 0 C inclusive.
The system is automatic: when the maximum temperatures in the protected premises are reached, depending on the area of the fire, one or more sprinklers (water spray) are automatically opened, fresh water is supplied through it to extinguish, when its supply runs out, the fire will be extinguished by outboard water without the intervention of the ship's crew.
General layout of the sprinkler system
1 - sprinklers; 2 - water line; 3 - distribution station;
4 - sprinkler pump; 5 - pneumatic tank.
Schematic diagram of the sprinkler system
The system consists of the following elements:
Sprinklers grouped in separate sections not more than 200 in each;
Main and section control and signal devices (KSU);
Fresh water block;
Outboard water block;
Panels of visual and sound signals about the operation of sprinklers;
sprinklers - these are closed-type sprayers, inside of which are located:
1) sensitive element - a glass flask with a volatile liquid (ether, alcohol, gallon) or a fusible lock made of Wood's alloy (insert);
2) a valve and a diaphragm that close the hole in the atomizer for water supply;
3) socket (distributor) for creating a water torch.
Sprinklers must:
Work when the temperature rises to the specified values;
Resistant to corrosion when exposed to sea air;
Installed in the upper part of the room and placed so as to supply water to the nominal area with an intensity of at least 5 l / m 2 per minute.
Sprinklers in living quarters and service premises should operate in the temperature range of 68 - 79°C, with the exception of sprinklers in drying rooms and galleys, where the response temperature can be increased to a level exceeding the temperature at the ceiling by no more than 30°C.
Control and signal devices (KSU ) are installed on the supply pipeline of each section of sprinklers outside the protected premises and perform the following functions:
1) give an alarm when the sprinklers open;
2) open water supply routes from water supplies to operating sprinklers;
3) provide the ability to check the pressure in the system and its performance using a trial (bleed) valve and control pressure gauges.
Fresh water block maintains pressure in the system from the pressure tank to the sprinklers in standby mode when the sprinklers are closed, as well as supplying the sprinklers with fresh water during the start of the seawater unit sprinkler pump.
The block includes:
1) Pressurized pneumohydraulic tank (NPHC) with a water gauge glass, with a capacity for two water supplies, equal to two outputs of the sprinkler pump of the outboard water unit in 1 minute for simultaneous irrigation of an area of at least 280 m 2 at an intensity of at least 5 l / m 2 per minute.
2) Means to prevent sea water from entering the tank.
3) Means for supplying compressed air to the NPHC and maintaining such an air pressure in it that, after the constant supply of fresh water in the tank is used up, would provide a pressure not lower than the working pressure of the sprinkler (0.15 MPa) plus the pressure of the water column measured from the bottom tank to the highest sprinkler in the system (compressor, pressure reducing valve, compressed air cylinder, safety valve, etc.).
4) Sprinkler pump for fresh water replenishment, activated automatically when the pressure in the system drops, before the constant supply of fresh water in the pressure tank is completely used up.
5) Pipelines made of galvanized steel pipes located under the ceiling of the protected premises.
sea water block supplies outboard water to the sprinklers that have opened after the operation of the sensitive elements to irrigate the premises with a spray jet and extinguish the fire.
The block includes:
1) Independent sprinkler pump with pressure gauge and piping system for continuous automatic supply of sea water to the sprinklers.
2) Trial valve on the discharge side of the pump with a short outlet pipe having an open end to allow water to pass through the pump capacity plus water column pressure measured from the bottom of the NGCC to the highest sprinkler.
3) Kingston for independent pump.
4) Filter for cleaning outboard water from debris and other objects in front of the pump.
5) Pressure switch.
6) Pump start relay, which automatically turns on the pump when the pressure in the sprinkler supply system drops before the permanent supply of fresh water in the NPHC is completely used up.
Panels of visual and sound signals Sprinkler alarms are installed on the navigation bridge or in the central control room with constant watch, and in addition, visual and audible signals from the panel are output to another location to ensure that the fire alarm is immediately accepted by the crew.
The system must be filled with water, but small outdoor areas may not be filled with water if this is a necessary precaution in freezing temperatures.
Any such system must always be ready for immediate operation and be activated without any intervention from the crew.
How is the drencher system arranged?
It is used to protect large areas of decks from fire.
Scheme of the deluge system on a RO-RO vessel
1 - spray head (drenchers); 2 - highway; 3 - distribution station; 4 - fire or deluge pump.
The system is not automatic, it irrigates large areas at the same time from drenchers at the choice of the team, uses outboard water to extinguish, therefore it is in an empty state. Drenchers (water sprayers) have a design similar to sprinklers but without a sensitive element. It is fed with water from a fire pump or a separate deluge pump.
How is the foam extinguishing system arranged?
The first fire extinguishing system with air-mechanical foam was installed on the Soviet tanker "Absheron" with a deadweight of 13200 tons, built in 1952 in Copenhagen. On the open deck, for each protected compartment, the following was installed: a stationary air-foam barrel (foam monitor or fire monitor) of low expansion, a deck main (pipeline) for supplying a foam concentrate solution. A branch equipped with a remotely controlled valve was connected to each trunk of the deck highway. The foaming agent solution was prepared in 2 foam extinguishing stations fore and aft and was fed into the deck main. Fire hydrants were installed on the open deck to supply the software solution through foam hoses to portable air-foam barrels or foam generators.
foam extinguishing stations
Foam system
1 - kingston; 2 - fire pump; 3 - fire monitor; 4 - foam generators, foam barrels; 5 - highway; 6 - emergency fire pump.
3.9.7.1. Basic requirements for foam extinguishing systems. The performance of each fire monitor must be at least 50% of the design capacity of the system. The length of the foam jet should be at least 40 m. The distance between adjacent fire monitors installed along the tanker should not exceed 75% of the flight range of the foam jet from the muzzle in the absence of wind. Dual fire hydrants are evenly installed along the vessel at a distance of no more than 20 m from each other. A check valve must be installed in front of each fire monitor.
To increase the survivability of the system, secant valves are installed on the main pipeline every 30 - 40 meters, with which you can turn off the damaged section. To increase the survivability of the tanker in case of fire in the cargo area on the deck of the first tier of the aft cabin or superstructure, two fire monitors are installed on the side and dual fire cocks for supplying solution to portable foam generators or barrels.
The foam extinguishing system, in addition to the main pipeline laid along the cargo deck, has branches to the superstructure and to the MO, which end with fire foam valves (foam hydrants), from which portable air-foam barrels or more efficient portable foam generators of medium expansion can be used.
Almost all cargo ships combine two water fire extinguishing systems and a foam fire extinguishing pipeline in the cargo area by laying these two pipelines in parallel and branching from them to the fire monitor combined foam and water trunks. This significantly increases the survivability of the ship as a whole and the ability to use the most effective fire extinguishing agents, depending on the class of fire.
Stationary foam extinguishing system with main consumers
1 - fire monitor (on the VP); 2 - foaming heads (indoors); 3 - medium-expansion foam generator (at airspace and indoors);
4 - manual foam barrel; 5 - mixer
The foam extinguishing station is an integral part of the foam extinguishing system. Purpose of the station: storage and maintenance of the foaming agent (PO); replenishment of stocks and unloading of software, preparation of a foam concentrate solution; flushing the system with water.
The foam extinguishing station includes: a tank with a supply of software, an outboard (very rarely fresh water) supply pipeline, a software recirculation pipeline (software mixing in the tank), a software solution pipeline, fittings, instrumentation, and a dosing device. It is very important to maintain a constant percentage
the ratio of PO - water, because the quality and quantity of foam depends on it.
What are the steps to use the foam station?
| STARTING THE FOAM STATION 1. OPEN VALVE “B” 2. START THE FIRE PUMP 3. OPEN VALVES “D” and “E” 4. START THE FOAM PUMP (BEFORE CHECKING THAT VALVE “C” IS CLOSED) 5. OPEN THE VALVE ON THE FOAM MONITOR (OR FIRE HYDRANT), AND START TO EXTINGUISHING FIRE. | EXTINGUISHING BURNING OIL
1. Never aim the foam jet directly at burning oil, because this can cause the burning oil to splatter and spread the fire 2. It is necessary to direct the foam jet in such a way that the foam mixture “flows” onto the burning oil layer by layer and covers the burning surface. This can be done using the prevailing wind direction or deck slope where possible. 3. Use one monitor and/or two foam barrels |
Foaming station fire monitor
Stationary volumetric foam extinguishing systems are designed to extinguish fires in the Moscow Region and other specially equipped premises by supplying high-expansion and medium-expansion foam into them.
What are the design features of the medium expansion foam extinguishing system?
Medium-expansion volumetric foam extinguishing uses several medium-expansion foam generators permanently installed in the upper part of the room. Foam generators are installed above the main sources of fire, often at different levels of the MO, in order to cover as much of the extinguishing area as possible. All foam generators or their groups are connected to the foam extinguishing station, which is placed outside the protected premises by pipelines of the foam concentrate solution. The principle of operation and the device of the foam extinguishing station are similar to the conventional foam extinguishing station considered earlier.
Disadvantages of the day system:
Relatively low expansion of air-mechanical foam, i.e. lower fire-extinguishing effect compared to high-expansion foam;
Greater consumption of foaming agent; compared to high expansion foam;
Failure of electrical equipment and automation elements after using the system, because the foaming agent solution is prepared in sea water (the foam becomes electrically conductive);
A sharp decrease in the foam expansion rate when hot combustion products are ejected by the foam generator (at a gas temperature of ≈130 0 С, the foam expansion ratio decreases by 2 times, at 200 0 С - by 6 times).
Positive indicators:
Simplicity of design; low metal consumption;
Use of a foam extinguishing station designed to extinguish fires on the cargo deck.
This system reliably extinguishes fires on mechanisms, engines, spilled fuel and oil on and under the floorboards, but practically does not extinguish fires and smoldering in the upper parts of bulkheads and on the ceiling, thermal insulation of pipelines and burning insulation of electrical consumers due to the relatively small layer of foam.
Scheme of the system of medium volumetric foam extinguishing
What are the design features of a volumetric fire extinguishing system with high-expansion foam?
This fire extinguishing system is much more powerful and efficient than the previous medium fire extinguishing system, because. uses more efficient high-expansion foam, which has a significant fire extinguishing effect, completely fills the room with foam, displacing gases, smoke, air and vapors of combustible materials through a specially opened skylight or ventilation closures.
The foaming solution preparation station uses fresh or desalinated water, which greatly improves foaming and makes it non-conductive. To obtain high-expansion foam, a more concentrated PO solution is used than in other systems, approximately 2 times. Stationary high expansion foam generators are used to produce high expansion foam. Foam is supplied to the room either directly from the generator outlet or through special channels. The channels and the outlet from the supply cover are made of steel, they must be hermetically sealed so as not to let the fire into the fire extinguishing station. The lids open automatically or manually at the same time as the foam is dispensed. Foam is supplied to MO at the platform levels in those places where there are no obstacles for the spread of foam. If there are workshops, pantries inside the MO, then their bulkheads must be designed in such a way that foam gets into them, or it is necessary to bring separate valves to them.
Schematic diagram of obtaining a thousandfold foam
Schematic diagram of volumetric fire extinguishing with high-expansion foam
1 - Fresh water tank; 2 - Pump; 3 - Tank with foaming agent;
4 - electric fan; 5 - Switching device; 6 - Skylight; 7 - Foam supply shutters; 8 - Upper closure of the channel for the release of foam on the deck; 9 - Throttle washers;
10 - Foaming grids of the high expansion foam generator
If the area of the room exceeds 400m2, then it is recommended to introduce foam in at least 2 places located in opposite parts of the room.
To check the operation of the system, a switching device (8) is installed in the upper part of the channel, which diverts the foam outside the room onto the deck. The stock of foaming agent for replacement systems should be five times to extinguish a fire in the largest room. The performance of foam generators should be such that it fills the room with foam in 15 minutes.
High-expansion foam is obtained in generators with forced air supply to a foam-forming mesh wetted with a foam-forming solution. An axial fan is used to supply air. Centrifugal atomizers with a swirling chamber are installed to apply the foaming agent solution to the mesh. Such atomizers are simple in design and reliable in operation, they do not have moving parts. Generators GVGV-100 and GVGV-160 are equipped with one atomizer, other generators have 4 atomizers installed in front of the tops of the pyramidal foam-forming grids.
Purpose, device and types of carbon dioxide extinguishing systems?
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishing as a volumetric method began to be used in the 50s of the last century. Until that time, steam extinguishing was very widely used, tk. most of the ships were with steam turbine power plants. Carbon dioxide fire extinguishing does not require any type of ship's energy to drive the installation, i.e. she is completely independent.
This fire extinguishing system is designed to extinguish fires in specially equipped, i.e. protected premises (MO, pump rooms, paint pantries, pantries with flammable materials, cargo spaces mainly on dry cargo ships, cargo decks on RO-RO ships). These rooms must be sealed and equipped with pipelines with sprayers or nozzles for supplying liquid carbon dioxide. In these rooms, sound (howlers, bells) and light (“Go away! Gas!”) Warning alarms about the activation of the volumetric fire extinguishing system are installed.
System composition:
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishing station, where carbon dioxide reserves are stored;
At least two launch stations for remote actuation of the fire extinguishing station, i.e. for the release of liquid carbon dioxide into a certain room;
An annular pipeline with nozzles under the ceiling (sometimes at different levels) of the protected premises;
Sound and light signaling, warning the crew about the actuation of the system;
Elements of the automation system that turn off the ventilation in this room and shut off the quick-closing valves for supplying fuel to the operating main and auxiliary mechanisms for their remote shutdown (only for MO).
There are two main types of carbon dioxide fire suppression systems:
High pressure system - storage of liquefied CO 2 is carried out in cylinders at a design (filling) pressure of 125 kg / cm 2 (filling with carbon dioxide 0.675 kg / l of the cylinder volume) and 150 kg / cm 2 (filling 0.75 kg / l);
Low pressure system - the estimated amount of liquefied CO 2 is stored in the tank at an operating pressure of about 20 kg / cm 2, which is ensured by maintaining the CO 2 temperature at about minus 15 0 C. The tank is serviced by two autonomous refrigeration units to maintain a negative CO 2 temperature in the tank.
What are the design features of the high pressure carbon dioxide extinguishing system?
CO2 extinguishing station - a separate heat-insulated room with powerful forced ventilation, located outside the protected room. Double rows of cylinders with a volume of 67.5 liters are installed on special stands. The cylinders are filled with liquid carbon dioxide in the amount of 45 ± 0.5 kg.
Cylinder heads have quick-opening valves (full supply valves) and are connected by flexible hoses to the manifold. Cylinders are grouped into batteries of cylinders by a single collector. This number of cylinders should be enough (according to calculations) to extinguish in a certain volume. In the CO 2 extinguishing station, several groups of cylinders can be grouped to extinguish fires in several rooms. When the cylinder valve is opened, the gaseous phase of CO 2 displaces liquid carbon dioxide through the siphon tube into the collector. A safety valve is installed on the collector, which bleeds carbon dioxide when the limiting pressure of CO 2 is exceeded outside the station. At the end of the collector, a shut-off valve for supplying carbon dioxide to the protected room is installed. This valve is opened both manually and with compressed air (or CO 2 or nitrogen) remotely from the starting cylinder (the main control method). Opening the valves of cylinders with CO 2 into the system is carried out:
Manually, with the help of a mechanical drive, the valves of the heads of a number of cylinders are opened (obsolete design);
With the help of a servomotor, which is able to open a large number of cylinders;
Manually by releasing CO 2 from one cylinder into the launch system of a group of cylinders;
Remotely using carbon dioxide or compressed air from the starting cylinder.
The CO 2 extinguishing station must have a device for weighing cylinders or devices for determining the level of liquid in a cylinder. Based on the level of the liquid phase of CO 2 and the ambient temperature, the weight of CO 2 can be determined from tables or graphs.
What is the purpose of the launch station?
Launch stations are installed outdoors and outside the CO 2 station. It consists of two starting cylinders, instrumentation, pipelines, fittings, limit switches. The launching stations are mounted in special lockable cabinets, the key is located next to the cabinet in a special case. When the cabinet doors are opened, the limit switches are activated, which turn off the ventilation in the protected room and supply power to the pneumatic actuator (the mechanism that opens the valve for supplying CO 2 to the room) and to the sound and light alarm. The board lights up in the room "Leave! Gas!" or flashing blue lights are lit and an audible signal is given by a howler or loud bells. When the valve of the right starting cylinder is opened, compressed air or carbon dioxide is supplied to the pneumatic valve and CO 2 is supplied to the corresponding room.
How to turn on the carbon dioxide fire suppression system for your pumpvogo and engine rooms.
| 2. MAKE SURE ALL PEOPLE LEAVED THE PUMP COMPARTMENT PROTECTED BY THE CO2 SYSTEM. 3. SEAL THE PUMP COMPARTMENT. 6. SYSTEM IN WORK. | 1. OPEN THE START CONTROL CABINET DOOR. 2. MAKE SURE ALL PEOPLE LEAVED THE ENGINE COMPARTMENT PROTECTED BY THE CO2 SYSTEM. 3. SEAL THE ENGINE COMPARTMENT. 4. OPEN THE VALVE ON ONE OF THE LAUNCH CYLINDERS. 5. OPEN VALVE No. 1 and no. 2 6. SYSTEM IN WORK. |
3.9.10.3. COMPOSITION OF THE SHIP SYSTEM.
Carbon dioxide extinguishing system
1 - valve for supplying CO 2 to the collection manifold; 2 - hose; 3 - blocking device;
4 - non-return valve; 5 - valve for supplying CO 2 to the protected room
Scheme of the CO 2 system of a separate small room
What are the design features of the low pressure carbon dioxide extinguishing system?
Low pressure system - the estimated amount of liquefied CO 2 is stored in the tank at an operating pressure of about 20 kg / cm 2, which is ensured by maintaining the CO 2 temperature at about minus 15 0 C. The tank is serviced by two autonomous refrigeration units (cooling system) to maintain a negative CO 2 temperature in the tank.
The tank and sections of pipelines connected to it, filled with liquid carbon dioxide, are thermally insulated to prevent the pressure from rising below the setting of the safety valves for 24 hours after the refrigeration plant is de-energized at an ambient temperature of 45 0 С.
The storage tank for liquid carbon dioxide is equipped with a remote-action liquid level sensor, two liquid level control valves of 100% and 95% calculated filling. The alarm system sends light and sound signals to the control room and mechanics' cabins in the following cases:
Upon reaching the maximum and minimum (not less than 18 kg / cm 2) pressures in the tank;
When the level of CO 2 in the tank drops to the minimum allowable 95%;
In case of malfunction in refrigeration units;
When starting CO 2 .
The system is started from remote posts from carbon dioxide cylinders, similarly to the previous high-pressure system. Pneumatic valves open and carbon dioxide is supplied to the protected premises.
How is the volumetric chemical extinguishing system arranged?
In some sources, these systems are called liquid extinguishing systems (SJT), because. the principle of operation of these systems is to supply fire extinguishing liquid halon (freon or freon) to the protected premises. These liquids evaporate at low temperatures and turn into a gas that inhibits the combustion reaction, i.e. are combustion inhibitors.
The stock of freon is in the steel tanks of the fire extinguishing station, which is located outside the protected premises. In the protected (guarded) premises under the ceiling there is an annular pipeline with tangential type sprayers. Atomizers spray liquid freon and it, under the influence of relatively low temperatures in the room from 20 to 54 ° C, turns into a gas that easily mixes with the gaseous environment in the room, penetrates into the most remote parts of the room, i.e. capable of fighting the smoldering of combustible materials.
Freon is displaced from the tanks using compressed air stored in separate cylinders outside the extinguishing station and the protected area. When the valves for supplying freon to the room are opened, an audible and light warning alarm is triggered. You must leave the premises!
What is the general arrangement and principle of operation of a stationary powder fire extinguishing system?
Ships intended to carry liquefied gases in bulk must be equipped with dry chemical powder extinguishing systems to protect the cargo deck and all loading areas forward and aft of the ship. It should be possible to supply powder to any part of the cargo deck with at least two monitors and/or hand guns and sleeves.
The system is powered by an inert gas, usually nitrogen, from cylinders located near the powder storage area.
At least two independent, self-contained powder extinguishing installations should be provided. Each such installation must have its own controls, high pressure gas, piping, monitors, and hand guns/sleeves. On ships with a capacity of less than 1000 r.t., one such installation is sufficient.
The areas around the loading and unloading manifolds must be protected by a monitor, either locally or remotely controlled. If from its fixed position the monitor covers the entire area protected by it, then remote targeting is not required for it. At the rear end of the cargo area, at least one hand sleeve, gun or monitor should be provided. All arms and monitors should be capable of being actuated on the arm reel or on the monitor.
The minimum admissible supply of the monitor is 10 kg/s, and that of the hand sleeve is 3.5 kg/s.
Each container must hold enough powder to ensure delivery within 45 seconds by all monitors and hand sleeves that are connected to it.
What is the principle of working withaerosol fire extinguishing systems?
The aerosol fire extinguishing system belongs to the volumetric fire extinguishing systems. Extinguishing is based on chemical inhibition of the combustion reaction and dilution of the combustible medium with a dusty aerosol. Aerosol (dust, smoke fog) consists of the smallest particles suspended in the air, obtained by burning a special discharge of a fire-extinguishing aerosol generator. The aerosol hovers in the air for about 20 minutes and during this time affects the combustion process. It is not dangerous for a person, does not increase the pressure in the room (a person does not receive a pneumatic shock), does not damage ship equipment and electrical mechanisms that are energized.
The ignition of the fire-extinguishing aerosol generator (for igniting the charge with a squib) can be brought manually or when an electric signal is applied. When the charge burns, the aerosol escapes through the slots or windows of the generator.
These fire extinguishing systems were developed by OAO NPO Kaskad (Russia), are novelties, are fully automated, do not require large installation and maintenance costs, and are 3 times lighter than carbon dioxide systems.
System composition:
Fire extinguishing aerosol generators;
System and alarm control panel (SCHUS);
A set of sound and light alarms in a protected area;
Control unit for ventilation and fuel supply to MO engines;
Cable routes (connections).
When signs of fire are detected in the room, automatic detectors send a signal to the control panel, which gives an audible and light signal to the central control room, central control room (bridge) and to the protected room, and then supplies power to: stop ventilation, block the fuel supply to the mechanisms to stop them and to ultimately to actuate the fire-extinguishing aerosol generators. Different types of generators are used: SOT-1M, SOT-2M,
SOT-2M-KV, AGS-5M. The type of generator is selected depending on the size of the room and the burning materials. The most powerful SOT-1M protects 60 m 3 of the room. Generators are installed in places that do not prevent the spread of aerosol.
AGS-5M is operated manually and thrown indoors.
Shchus to increase survivability is powered by different power sources and batteries. ShchUS can be connected to a single computer fire extinguishing system. When the control panel fails, the generators self-start when the temperature rises to 250 0 C.
How does a water mist extinguishing system work?
The fire extinguishing properties of water can be improved by reducing the size of the water droplets. .
Water mist extinguishing systems, referred to as "water mist extinguishing systems", use smaller droplets and require less water. Compared to standard sprinkler systems, water mist extinguishing systems offer the following advantages:
● Small pipe diameter for easy installation, minimum weight, lower cost.
●Smaller pumps required.
●Minimum secondary damage associated with the use of water.
● Less impact on vessel stability.
The higher efficiency of a water system operating with small droplets is provided by the ratio of the surface area of the water drop to its mass.
An increase in this ratio means (for a given volume of water) an increase in the area through which heat transfer can occur. Simply put, small water droplets absorb heat faster than large water droplets and therefore have a higher cooling effect on the fire area. However, excessively small droplets may not reach their destination, because they do not have enough mass to overcome the warm air currents generated by the fire. Water mist extinguishing systems reduce the oxygen content of the air and therefore have a suffocating effect. But even in enclosed spaces such action is limited, both because of its limited duration and because of the limited area of its area. With a very small droplet size and a high heat content of the fire, which leads to the rapid formation of significant volumes of steam, the suffocating effect is more pronounced. In practice, water mist extinguishing systems provide extinguishing mainly by cooling.
Water mist extinguishing systems should be carefully designed, should provide uniform coverage of the protected area, and, when used to protect certain areas, should be located as close as possible to the relevant potential hazard area. In general, the design of such systems is the same as the design of sprinkler systems (with "wet" pipes) described earlier, except that water mist systems operate at a higher operating pressure, in the order of 40 bar, and they use specially designed heads that create drops of the required size.
Another advantage of water mist extinguishing systems is that they provide excellent protection to people, as fine water droplets reflect heat radiation and bind flue gases. As a result, firefighting and evacuation personnel can get closer to the source of the fire.
Class A: Hard materials
Class B: Flammable liquids
Class C: Combustion of gases, incl. liquefied
Class D: Alkali metals (sodium, lithium, calcium, etc.)
Class E: Electrical appliances and live wiring.
Class "A" fires - combustion of solid combustible materials. For such materials
include wood and wood products, fabrics, paper, rubber, some plastics and
Extinguishing of these materials is carried out mainly with water, aqueous solutions, foam.
Class "B" fires - combustion of liquid substances, their mixtures and compounds. To this class
substances include oil and liquid petroleum products, fats, paints, solvents and other
combustible liquids.
The extinguishing of such fires is carried out mainly with the help of foam by covering it
a layer on the surface of a combustible liquid, thus separating it from the combustion zone and
oxidizer. In addition, class "B" fires can be extinguished with water spray,
powders, carbon dioxide.
Class "C" fires - combustion of gaseous substances and materials. To this class
substances include combustible gases used on ships as
technological supply, as well as combustible gases transported by sea vessels in
as cargo (methane, hydrogen, ammonia, etc.). Extinguishing combustible gases is carried out
with compact jets of water or with fire extinguishing powders.
Class "D" fires - fires involving alkali and similar metals and their
compounds in contact with water. These substances include sodium, potassium,
magnesium, titanium, aluminum, etc. To extinguish such fires, they use
heat-absorbing extinguishing agents, such as some powders, do not
reacting with burning materials.
Class "E" fires - combustion resulting from the ignition of a substance under
voltage of electrical equipment, conductors or electrical installations.
Sprinkler systems (Fire detection function).
An automatic sprinkler fire extinguishing and fire detection alarm system shall be installed on board the ship in such a way as to protect accommodation spaces, galleys and other service spaces, with the exception of spaces that do not pose a significant fire hazard (empty spaces, sanitary spaces, etc.).
The sprinkler system consists of a water tank to feed the system, a pump and a system
pipelines. The system provides constant water pressure in pipelines. From the main pipeline there are branches to all rooms protected by the system, equipped with spray heads. The spray heads are equipped with liquid-filled glass fuses. These fuses are designed for a certain temperature, at which they burst and open a hole for spraying water into the room.
Since the pipelines are under pressure, water begins to spray, forming
a vaporous curtain capable of extinguishing the flame.
The sprinkler system is divided into ship coverage sections. Each section has its own control station, including shut-off valves. When the spray head is triggered in a certain section, the pressure sensor detects the resulting pressure difference and sends a signal to the central display panel, which is located on the Bridge.
A typical indication panel provides an audible and visual signal (siren and indication lamp). The light indicates in which section of the vessel the system was triggered and the type of alarm (pressure drop in the system as a result of the triggering of the spray head or shutting off the water supply to the section by the system isolation valve).
With full consumption of fresh water in the tank of the system, automatic use of outside water is provided. Typically, a sprinkler system is used as the initial automatic extinguishing agent.
fire before the arrival of the ship's fire brigade. Use of sea water in the system
undesirable, and if possible, the section should be insulated in a timely manner to stop the flow of fresh water. Arriving firefighters will continue to fight the fire with other available means.
If sea water is used in the system, it is necessary to thoroughly flush the entire piping system with fresh water. Destroyed spray heads must be replaced with spare ones (the necessary stock of which must always be kept on board).
The ship's main fire system. fire main system
Such a system on a ship is a seawater fire extinguishing system, consisting of fire pumps and pipelines, fire hydrants and hoses with adjustable nozzles.
The system is designed to use sea water as a fire extinguishing agent, using the cooling effect (eliminating the "Heat" element in the Fire Triangle).
Foam generators can be connected to the water extinguishing system, forming high-expansion foam.
The system consists of fire pumps and pipelines, fire hydrants and hoses with
adjustable nozzles. It covers the entire space of the vessel, all passages, rooms, including engine rooms, open decks.
The diameter of the fire main and its branches must be sufficient to effectively distribute water with the maximum required supply of two simultaneously working
fire pumps; however, on cargo ships, it is sufficient that this diameter provides a supply of only 140 m3 / h.
The maximum pressure at any faucet must not exceed the pressure at which the fire hose can be operated effectively.
Each fire pump must provide at least two jets of water to fight the fire at the required pressure.
The pump output must be at least 40% of the total fire pump output and in any case not less than 25 m3/h.
On a cargo ship, it is not necessary that the total required capacity of the fire pumps exceed 180 m/h.
The ships shall be provided with fire pumps with independent drives in
the following quantity:
On passenger ships of 4000 gross tonnage and above: at least 3 pumps;
On passenger ships of less than 4000 gross tonnage and on cargo ships of 1000 gross tonnage and above: at least 2;
On tankers, in order to preserve the integrity of the fire main in the event of a fire or explosion, isolation valves shall be installed in the bow in a protected place and on the deck of cargo tanks at intervals of not more than 40 m.
The number and location of taps (hydrants) must be such that at least two jets of water from different taps, one of which is supplied through a single hose, reach any part of the ship, as well as any part of any empty cargo space, any cargo space with horizontal way of loading and unloading or any space of a special category, and in the latter case, two jets must reach any part of it,
supplied in one-piece sleeves. In addition, such cranes should be located at the entrances to the protected premises.
Pipelines and valves should be located so that they can be easily accessed.
attach fire hoses.
A service valve is provided for each fire hose so that any fire hose can be disconnected while the fire pumps are running.
Isolation valves for shutting off a section of the fire main located in
the engine room in which the main fire pump or pumps are located, the rest of the fire main is installed in an easily accessible and convenient place outside the engine rooms.
The location of the fire mains shall be such that, with the isolation valves closed, all ship's cranes, except those located in the above-mentioned machinery space, can be supplied with water from a fire pump located outside this machinery space, through pipelines passing outside it.
International Maritime Union. International Shore Connection
Any ship over 500 tons must have at least one International Maritime Connection in order to be able to connect to the fire main from another ship or from shore.
Connections for such a connection should be provided on the forecastle and stern of the vessel.
Carbon dioxide extinguishing systems
For cargo spaces, the amount of carbon dioxide available must be sufficient to obtain a minimum volume of free gas equal to 30% of the gross volume of the ship's largest cargo space protected by the system.
For machinery spaces, the amount of carbon dioxide available shall be sufficient to obtain a minimum volume of free gas equal to the greater of the following:
40% of the gross volume of the largest machinery space thus protected, excluding the volume of part of the shaft, or 35% of the gross volume of the largest machinery space so protected, including the shaft.
However, for cargo ships of less than 2,000 tons gross tonnage, the percentages quoted may be reduced to 35% and 30% respectively; in addition, if two or more machinery spaces are not completely separated from each other, they are considered to form one space. In this case, the volume of free carbon dioxide should be determined at the rate of 0.56 m^3/kg.
The fixed piping system for machinery spaces shall be able to supply 85% gas to the space within 2 minutes.
Carbon dioxide systems must meet the following requirements:
Two separate means shall be provided to control the supply of carbon dioxide to the protected space and to provide a gas release alarm. One should be used to release gas from storage tanks. The other must be used to open a valve on a pipeline supplying gas to the protected space;
These two controls should be inside a cabinet easily identified for
specific protected space. If the control cabinet is padlockable, the cabinet key must be kept in a case with a breakable lid in a conspicuous place next to the cabinet.
Steam extinguishing systems
As a rule, the use of steam as a fire extinguishing agent in fixed fire extinguishing systems should not be allowed. If the use of steam is authorized by the Administration, it must be used only in restricted areas in addition to the required extinguishing agent, and the steam output of the boiler or boilers providing steam must be not less than 1.0 kg per hour for every 0.75 m3 of gross volume of the largest from the premises thus protected.
Stationary fire extinguishing systems with high-expansion FOAM in engine rooms
premises.
1. Any stationary fire extinguishing system with high expansion foam in engine rooms
rooms should provide a rapid supply through stationary outlets of the amount of foam sufficient to fill the largest protected space, with an intensity that ensures the formation of a foam layer with a thickness of at least 1 m in one minute. The amount of foam concentrate available should be sufficient to produce foam in a volume equal to five the largest protected area. The foam ratio must not exceed 1000:1.
2. Foam supply channels, foam generator air intakes and number of foam generators
installations must ensure efficient production and distribution of foam.
3. The location of the outlet channels of the foam generator must be such that a fire in
the protected room could not damage the foaming equipment.
4. The foam generator, its power sources, foam generator and system controls should be easily accessible, easy to operate and concentrated in the fewest possible places that are not likely to be cut off by a fire in the protected space.
Foam concentrate is a thick liquid. To form a foam, it is diluted with water in proportions between 1 and 6%, depending on the type of concentrate.
The most commonly used in foam extinguishing systems is AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam).
This foam, in addition to the effect of blocking the access of oxygen to combustion, covers the surface of the fuel with a water film, preventing the formation of vapors. Such foam very quickly knocks down the flame. It penetrates deeper into materials better when extinguishing Class A fires.
|
TunaboutGnetatwandtelI |
Cinet |
clawithwith Paboutwellmacaw |
Lathweeetcandmenenande |
|
ATonea |
Torawithny |
When burning solid materials |
|
|
Pena |
Toremnew |
A, B |
Better when extinguishing burning liquids (petroleum products, Flammable liquids, paints and varnishes). |
|
PorowOK |
Golatboh |
A, B, c,E | |
|
CO 2 (angletoancientGaz) |
Hernsth |
A, B, c,E |
It is better when extinguishing live electrical appliances and electrical wiring, it is used in all types of fire. |
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