The role of commodity science in customs business. When making a decision, the customs authorities consider expert opinions based on the results of examinations, including those conducted at the initiative of the declarant or other interested person.

The textbook reveals the essence and content of commodity science, standardization, metrology and certification as the basis for the procedure for confirming the conformity of the quality of goods to the established requirements, is aimed at developing students' knowledge and skills in organizing and conducting customs examination. Includes lecture material guidelines for study corresponding to lecture topics practical materials, questions for self-examination, questions for tests and exams, glossary, list of sources of information.

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Commodity science as a scientific and educational discipline arose and was formed in the process of development commodity production and the exchange of one commodity for another.
In the history of the development of merchandising, there are three main stages:
- mid-16th-early 17th century - commodity-descriptive- manuals are created describing the properties and methods of using various products;
- XVIII-early XX century - commodity-technological - the influence of the properties of raw materials, materials and technologies on the quality of goods is studied;
- beginning of the 20th century - present - commodity-forming– are being developed scientific foundations formation, evaluation and management of use value, quality, assortment of goods
Professor M.Ya. Kittara, who defined the subject and content of the discipline, developed a classification and described the properties of goods. Professor P.P. Petrov and Ya.Ya. Nikitinsky clarified the content of commodity science and showed its connection with production technology, agricultural and economic sciences. Professor F.V. Tserevitinov made a great contribution to the development of commodity science food products.

Experts also associate the origin of the term "commodity science" with two main words: "product" and "doing".

commodity science - the science of the fundamental characteristics of goods that determine their use value and the factors that ensure these characteristics. The subject of commodity science are the use-values of goods. Target commodity science- the study of the fundamental characteristics of the goods that make up its use value, as well as their changes at all stages of the distribution of goods.

The tasks of commodity science.

A clear definition of the fundamental characteristics that make up the use value;

Establishment of the principles and methods of commodity science, which determine its scientific foundations;

Systematization of a variety of goods through the rational application of classification and coding methods;

The study of the properties and indicators of the range of goods for the analysis of the assortment policy of an industrial or trade organization;

Determination of the nomenclature of consumer properties and indicators of goods;

Assessment of the quality of goods, including imported ones;

Determination of quantitative characteristics of single copies of goods and consignments;

Ensuring the quality and quantity of goods on different stages their technological cycle by taking into account the forming and regulating the retaining factors;

Identification of quality gradations and defects in goods, their causes and measures to prevent the sale of low-quality goods;

Establishing the types of commodity losses, the causes of their occurrence and the development of measures to prevent or reduce them;

Information support of goods distribution from the manufacturer to the consumer;

Commodity characteristics of specific goods.

The role of commodity science in customs business. Main principle state regulation foreign economic activity is the protection by the state of the rights and legitimate interests of participants in foreign economic activity, as well as the rights and legitimate interests of Russian producers and consumers of goods and services.

Russia's accession to the WTO will lead to an even greater growth in international trade and an expansion of the range of imported goods. In this regard, the tasks of protecting the consumer market from the import of dangerous and harmful products, identifying falsified and counterfeit goods are relevant. Under these conditions, the role of merchandising in the work of customs services is growing.

Goods crossing the customs border of the Russian Federation are subject to customs clearance and customs control. In the course of customs control, a customs examination may be appointed in order to establish the country of origin, raw material composition, manufacturing method, cost, etc. A specialist with commodity knowledge can largely contribute to ensuring effective counteraction to violations customs regulations and customs crimes. Customs expertise, in addition, is one of the barriers to protecting the country's consumer market from imports of poor quality, harmful and dangerous goods.

2. The concept of products and goods. The concept of "goods" in the customs business.

Currently, there is no unambiguous definition of the above concepts. The Federal Law "On technical regulation» the term "product" means the result of activity presented in material form and intended for further use for economic and other purposes. In accordance with this definition, only objects in material form can be attributed to products. The international standard defines products as a result of a process, activity, designed to meet real or potential needs. Moreover, products can be material (raw materials, processed materials, equipment, etc.) and intangible (services, information, products of intellectual labor - software).

Commodity science studies material products, which have two main features: firstly, it must be produced, and secondly, it must satisfy someone's needs (i.e., it must be needed by someone). ___ A product becomes a commodity when it is an object of sale commercial activities). Thus, product- tangible products intended for sale and purchase. The concepts of "product" and "goods" differ in that the product becomes a commodity, being offered to the market. Product- any thing that is not limited in circulation, freely alienable and transferable from one person to another under a contract of sale.

There is a difference in the definition the term "goods" - in commodity science and customs practice.___ In accordance with the Customs Code of the Russian Federation (Article 11), goods are any movable property moved across the customs border, including currency, currency values, electrical, thermal, other types of energy, as well as those moved across the customs border classified as immovable vehicles, with the exception of vehicles used in international transportation.__That is, goods, by definition in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, are property. In accordance with Article 128 Civil Code In the Russian Federation, the concept of property includes things (including money and securities) and do not include such objects civil rights as action (work and services), information and intangible benefits. These last objects obviously cannot be regarded as commodities.

3.Principles and methods of commodity science, their use in customs practice.
Principles commodity science are: safety, efficiency, compatibility, interchangeability, systematization. Security - the fundamental principle, which is the inadmissibility of the risk of causing damage to life or health of people by a product or service; property of individuals and legal entities, state or municipal property; environment; life or health of animals and plants. Efficiency - the principle of achieving the most optimal result in the production, packaging, storage, sale and consumption of goods.

Compatibility - a principle determined by the suitability of goods, processes and services for sharing without causing unwanted interactions. Interchangeability - the principle determined by the suitability of one product to be used instead of another product in order to satisfy the same needs.

Systematization - the principle of establishing a certain sequence of homogeneous, interrelated goods, processes and services. Systematization is the consideration of each object as part of a larger complex system. The principle of systematization is the basis of commodity science methods - such as identification, classification, coding. Methods commodity science subdivided into empirical, or experimental and analytical.

empirical methods depending on the used technical means measurements are divided into:

Measuring - physical, physico-chemical, chemical, biological, are carried out with the help of technical measuring instruments.

Organoleptic - methods for determining quality indicators using the senses.

Analytical (mental) methods - this is analysis, forecasting, programming, planning, systematization, identification (method of identification, establishing the coincidence of one object with another), classification. For example, identification (of goods

Examination in the customs business is a set of studies carried out by customs experts who have the knowledge necessary to conduct work in this area.

The need for an examination is usually associated with customs conflicts that have arisen.

Specialists who are employees of the customs organization and have the right to conduct research of this type are appointed to carry out the examination. It is also considered lawful to involve experts from other organizations with the relevant specialization to conduct a customs examination.

Research types

There is a classification of customs examinations, including the following studies:

identification
merchandising
materials science
technological and others.

Customs examination is carried out both by one specialist and by a commission, which includes experts with the same specialization. In case of disagreement between the members of the commission, each of them submits his report in the form of an expert opinion.

In situations where the knowledge of various specialists is required, a comprehensive examination is carried out. In this case, each expert examines the materials directly in his specialty.

Commodity expertise

Commodity expertise in the customs business includes the study of the goods, the determination of its quality, origin, composition. It also establishes its safety and compliance with existing standards of standardization. At the end of the study, the expert issues a conclusion, which includes the identified reliable facts.

Commodity expertise is subject to consumer goods from domestic and foreign manufacturers, equipment for various purposes, raw materials for various industries industry. The study includes not only trade, but also agricultural and industrial branches in the event of conflicts.

Commodity research and examination of goods in customs activities include the following:

Contractual examination, carried out in accordance with an agreement or contract. At the same time, the quantity and quality of goods, the condition of vehicles and the quality of packaging materials are checked.

Customs expertise includes research activities, during which the tasks of customs are solved:

raw materials and goods are identified
manufacturer's country is set
commodity coding is revealed
checking the conformity of the goods with the specified marking
a study is carried out to determine the rate of obtaining finished products from processed raw materials, the method of processing is determined and identified.

Identification expertise

Identification customs examination is aimed at establishing the ownership of this product according to its characteristics any commodity group or corresponding list.

relation of the product to food or for technical use
the class or group of goods is determined
the conformity of the quality of the goods with its technical characteristics is determined
the type of goods is determined
the presence of the investigated product in the list of prohibited

In order for the identification customs examination to be more effective, it is necessary to select representative samples of goods, according to the characteristics and quality of which it is possible to obtain information about the entire batch. Also, according to the available samples, the compliance of the goods with standardization standards is determined.

There are certain principles for the customs valuation of goods, which are based on international standards applied by the World Trade Organization. Also, the governing document is the Law Russian Federation"About the customs tariff". The customs value may be determined by the value of transactions for imported, similar or homogeneous goods. Subtraction, addition and various fallback methods are also used.

In principle, all methods can be used in turn. This procedure should be independent of the source of supply of the goods. That is, regardless of the country supplying the goods, the terms of the transaction and other factors, the determination of the value of the goods should take place in a certain direction without any changes.

The procedure for conducting customs examination

The study is carried out by specialists of customs departments or organizations with an expert profile. For its implementation, a person with the necessary knowledge in this area is appointed. When an outside expert is involved, a contract is concluded.

The objects of customs examination may be goods for various purposes, vehicles, customs, transport, transportation and other documents.

The term for conducting a customs examination should not exceed twenty days from the date of submission of the necessary data. However, it may be extended if there are important reasons.

Based on the results of the examination, the expert issues a conclusion that includes all the findings and all the data on the procedure and methods used.

The staff of the Interregional Center for Assessment and Assessment employs experts who have licenses for the right to conduct customs examinations. In addition, modern technical equipment and the existing laboratory allow conducting research of any complexity.

The conclusion issued by the ICSEO specialists is an authoritative document and is accepted by all government bodies RF. Professional approach, objectivity and independence of experts are the main advantage of our company.

Topic 1. Basic concepts of commodity science. The role of commodity science in customs business - 4 hours.

The purpose of the practical lesson: learn the basic concepts of merchandising.

Plan:

3. Teaching technologies used:

Information and communication technologies (1-7 topics).
Problem-based learning (1 - 18 topics).
Contextual learning (2 - 18 topics).

4. Text of the task:

Any product is produced as a result of any activity and is intended to meet certain needs.

Products can be created as a result of tangible and intangible activities. Intangible products are services, securities, etc. Material products that are intended for sale and purchase are goods.

In the customs business, goods are understood as "any movable property moved across the customs border, as well as vehicles classified as immovable things moved across the customs border" (Article 11 of the Customs Code of the Russian Federation).

A product is a product of material activity, created for sale and satisfying any needs. The product has certain consumer properties that create consumer value in the product.

Commodity science as a science and academic discipline studies the consumer properties of goods. The term "commodity science" consists of two words: "product" and "leading", which means "knowledge about goods".

The commodity as a product made for exchange or sale, due to the dual nature of the labor expended on its production, is characterized by two sides: exchange value and use value.

Exchange value characterizes a commodity in terms of its exchange for other things in certain proportions.

Use value of a commodity is the usefulness of a product, its ability to satisfy certain human needs. Use value is inherent in all products of labor, but it manifests itself only during consumption or use, since only during exploitation can their usefulness be assessed.

The subject of commodity science is the study of the use value of the products of labor.

There are many definitions of merchandising. For example, K. Marx believed that “ consumer values of goods are the subject of a special discipline - commodity science».

At the International Theoretical Conference on General Commodity Science in Leipzig (September 1962) lecturers high school was given the following definition: Merchandising is natural science discipline, the subject of which is the use value of goods».

By another definition, commodity science is the science of the fundamental characteristics of goods that determine their consumer value, and the factors that ensure these characteristics».

Commodity science arose in the 16th century. in connection with the development of foreign trade relations. The first department of commodity science (plant and animal pharmaceutical materials) was established in 1549 at the University of Padua (Italy). In Russia, one of the first manuals on merchandising was the Trade Book (1575). As an independent academic discipline, commodity science began to be introduced in commercial secondary and higher educational institutions at the end of the 18th century In some countries (Great Britain, USA), commodity science is studied in advanced technology courses for various groups of goods. The founders of scientific commodity science in Russia were M. Ya. Kittary (1825-80), P. P. Petrov (1850-1928), Ya. Ya. Nikitinsky (1854-1924). Under the editorship of the latter in 1906-08, a textbook on merchandise science "Guide to merchandising with the necessary information from technology" was published, which examined the structure, composition, properties and technology of processing raw materials and materials used in industrial production.

In the 20th century the content of commodity science in different countries differentiated. In the USSR, the commodity science of consumer goods has received the most extensive development. It continuously expanded due to the study of new groups of goods (clothes, knitwear, goods cultural and household purposes and household chores). The study of the structure and properties of materials has become an independent scientific discipline - materials science (by industry). The central task of commodity science was the quality of goods and all issues related to it.

Commodity science is subdivided into a number of academic disciplines depending on the profile of specialties: commodity science of materials, machines, equipment; merchandising of industrial consumer goods, foodstuffs, etc. In merchandising, instrumental, organoleptic, calculation, and other methods are used to determine the quality indicators of goods. When studying the nature of goods, their structure, properties, processes occurring in them, commodity science uses the achievements of many sciences: physics, chemistry, biology, etc. When studying the processes of forming an assortment of goods, commodity science takes into account the patterns of development of social production and distribution.

The purpose of commodity science - the study of consumer properties of goods, as well as all those changes that occur in the product at all stages of product distribution.

Commodity science as a science and academic discipline should solve the following main tasks:

Systematization of many goods by applying classification, coding;

A clear definition of the main characteristics that make up the consumer value of the goods;

Studying the range of goods and factors influencing its formation;

Assessment of the quality of goods, identification of defects, their causes;

Compilation of commodity characteristics of specific goods.

Merchandising includes a general part and private merchandising.

In the general part, the theoretical foundations are considered, which are very important for understanding private commodity science. In private commodity science, commodity science is studied not food products, state and prospects for the development of certain groups of goods, classification, commodity characteristics of groups, types and varieties of goods.

All goods must meet certain requirements, which are understood as the features of the goods that determine its use for its intended purpose under certain conditions and for a given time.

Product Requirements are divided into current and prospective, general and specific.

Current- requirements for mass-produced products, determined by the possibilities of production and the nature of demand. Current requirements are regulated state standards and TU.

Promising- requirements developed on the basis of forecasts for the use of new types of raw materials and materials, technologies and production methods. Over time, promising requirements become current, higher-level requirements appear.

General- requirements for the vast majority of goods. These include such requirements as the most complete conformity of the product to the intended purpose and the degree of fulfillment of the main function, as well as ease of use, safety, strength and reliability, aesthetic requirements, and the possibility of repair.

Specific- requirements for goods are determined mainly by the conditions of their operation (for example, the water-repellent properties of raincoat fabrics).

In accordance with the requirements, goods have properties that, depending on the role of the goods in life cycle, can be subdivided into properties :

- functional- consumer properties of the goods, determining its compliance as an object of consumption or operation with the intended purpose;

- ergonomic- consumer properties of the product, ensuring the convenience and comfort of its consumption or operation at different stages of the functional process "man-product-environment" (the convenience of using the product, which determines its ability to function, taking into account the structural features and properties of the body of each consumer),

Hygienic properties - part of the ergonomic properties that characterize the conditions of life and human performance when interacting with the product and the environment;

- security- ensure the safety of human consumption and use of the goods. Safety is considered as a consumer property that ensures the protection of human life and health and the protection of its environment from the harmful and dangerous effects of the product during its consumption or operation;

- reliability- properties of goods, characterized by the preservation of the main parameters of their functioning in time and within the limits corresponding to certain conditions of consumption or operation. Reliability indicators:

Reliability - the ability of a product to continuously maintain performance for some time, is estimated by the average time for one failure and the duration of work without failure,

Durability - the ability of a product to maintain its performance until the onset of limit state(destruction or wear) at installed system maintenance and repair,

Maintainability is a characteristic of a product that determines its ability to eliminate the causes of failure, detect and prevent failures in operation,

persistence - the ability of a product to constantly maintain its consumer properties during storage, transportation, sale, consumption or operation under the conditions established by the regulatory and technical documentation. The criterion of storage is the service life (shelf life) of the product - the period during which the product is suitable for effective use by appointment;

Aesthetic properties product determine its ability to express in sensually perceived signs of its public value and socio-cultural significance.

Aesthetic properties indicators:

Commodity (external) appearance;

Rationality of form (reflection in the form of a product of the function it performs, constructive solution, features of technology and materials used, as well as features of working with goods);

Integrity of the composition (organization of the volume-spatial structure of the product, plasticity, graphic clarity of the elements and the form as a whole, color coloring);

Quality (perfection) of production performance;

Compliance with style and fashion;

Design, color and pattern;

Other characteristics associated with the satisfaction of a person's spiritual needs.

Consumer properties of goods are based on a number of natural properties:

- chemical- characterize the resistance of materials to aggressive environments (acids, alkalis, organic solvents), exposure to water and climatic factors. They depend on the nature of the material, its chemical and physical structure etc.

- physical- play a major role in the design and manufacture of goods, determine the conditions and modes of their operation, the duration of the service life and reliability. May be subdivided into:

Strength and deformation;

Bulk;

Density;

Electrical, optical, acoustic, thermal and thermophysical;

- physical and chemical- include sorption indicators and characteristics that determine the vapor, water, dust permeability of materials and goods made on their basis (important in terms of ensuring comfort, functional properties of goods (adsorption - as the basis of the washing action of soap and synthetic detergents));

biological- properties that characterize the resistance of materials and products made from them to damage by insects and rodents, microorganisms.

Among the factors that form the consumer properties of goods, three main groups can be distinguished:

Directly affecting the formation of consumer properties - the properties of raw materials and materials, product design, quality of technological processes;

Stimulating consumer properties - the feasibility and efficiency of production, the material interest of workers, sanctions imposed for the production of poor quality products;

Ensuring the preservation of consumer properties when bringing goods from production to the consumer - the conditions for storage and transportation, sale and operation of goods.

Commodity classification goods has developed historically and is based on the needs of trade.

There are national, trade and foreign trade classifications. By All-Russian classifier industrial products (OKP) goods are divided into classes, subclasses, groups, types,

In trade, a trade classification is applied. In accordance with the purpose, source material and method of production, goods are divided into groups, subgroups and a lower level of classification.

AT trade classification the concept of an article is used. vendor code- a symbol assigned to a product in order to reflect its features and differences from another similar product in terms of insignificant features. The article allows you to replace detailed description goods with a special designation that facilitates the maintenance of trade documentation, accounting, drawing up orders for the supply of goods.

Classification is the process of distributing a set (concepts, properties, objects) into categories or stages depending on common features.

Exist two main classification methods:

- hierarchical method, where the highest level for the classification of goods is the class.

A class of goods is a set of goods that satisfy generalized groups of needs.

A subclass is a set of goods that satisfy groups of needs that have certain differences.

A group of goods is a subset of goods that satisfy specific groups of needs, which is due to the characteristics of raw materials, materials, and structures.

Subgroup - a subset of goods that have the main purpose with the group, but differ from the goods of other subgroups only by their inherent features.

Type of goods - a set of goods that differ in their individual purpose and identification features.

Variety of goods - a set of goods of the same type, differing in a number of particular characteristics.

- faceted a method where the division of goods into separate independent parallel groups (facets) is carried out on the basis of some feature in each of the groups (a more flexible method that allows in each individual case to limit the division of a set of goods to only a few groups of interest in each specific case).

Trade classification divides all goods into food and non-food.

Product range - a set of goods formed according to certain characteristics and satisfying a variety of needs.

Industrial (industrial) range - a set of goods produced by the manufacturer based on its production capabilities.

Trading assortment - a set of goods formed by a trade organization, taking into account its specialization, consumer demand and material and technical base.

A simple assortment is a set of goods represented by a small number of groups, types and names.

A complex assortment is a set of goods represented by a significant number of groups, types and names.

Group assortment - a set of homogeneous goods, combined common features and satisfy similar needs.

Expanded assortment - a set of goods, which includes a significant number of subgroups, types, varieties, names.

Branded assortment - a set of goods of the same type of branded names. Such goods can satisfy both physiological needs and social, psychological ones. These are prestigious brands of cars, clothes, shoes, perfumes.

The optimal assortment is a set of goods that meets real needs with the most beneficial effect for the consumer.

A rational assortment is a set of goods that satisfies real needs, which depend on the standard of living of the population, the achievements of science and technology, and other features of the external environment.

Managing the development of a product range involves the formation of an optimal assortment structure, the removal of obsolete products from production, and the production of new products. Managed using scientific analysis the existing structure of the assortment, by forming a preferred assortment.

The main factors influencing the formation of the assortment are demand and profitability!!!

Specific factors - raw materials and material base of production, achievements of scientific and technical progress and use modern achievements science in the production of goods, socio-demographic and socio-psychological factors.

One of the fundamental characteristics of a product that has a decisive influence on the creation of consumer preferences and the formation of competitiveness is goods quality.

The choice of the nomenclature of consumer properties and quality indicators depends on the purpose of the product and is necessary condition establishing the quality of goods.

In the customs business, the period of preservation of the quality of goods is taken into account in order to limit the periods of storage of goods in temporary storage warehouses and customs warehouses, quantity and quality are taken into account for the purposes of identification, establishing conditions for release and applying non-tariff regulation measures. In cases established by the Government of the Russian Federation, goods of a certain type and quality, as well as those having certain characteristics, may be subject to prohibitions, as well as quantitative and cost restrictions on import, as well as restrictions on their use, placement under specific customs regimes.

Commodity diversity, which appeared in a market economy, has created certain difficulties. It has become difficult for the consumer to choose a product without reliable and accessible information.

Product labeling is one of the means available to the buyer's understanding. The product is labeled with text, a brief annotation, symbol, drawing, etc. Marking must be clear, visual, reliable and meet the requirements of standards.
5. Issues to be discussed:

The content of commodity science as a science.
Product requirements. Goods properties.
Commodity classification of goods.
The role of commodity science in customs business.

6. Recommended reading:

Customs Code Customs Union(Annex to the Agreement on the Customs Code of the Customs Union, decision Interstate Council of the EurAsEC at the level of heads of state of 27.11.2009, N17) // http://www.consultant.ru;
Gamidullaev S.N., Simonova V.N. etc. Fundamentals of Customs Expertise: Textbook. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg branch of the RTA, 2001. - 250 p.
Gamidullaev S.N., Ivanova E.V., Nikolaeva S.L., Simonova V.N. Commodity science and expertise of food products: Textbook. - St. Petersburg "Alpha", St. Petersburg branch of the RTA, 2000. - 187 p.

Practice 2

Purpose of merchandising.

Merchandising tasks.

Merchandising principles.

The purpose of commodity science

The purpose of commodity science is to study the fundamental characteristics of a product that make up its use value, as well as their changes at all stages of product distribution.

The tasks of commodity science

To achieve this goal, commodity science as a science and academic discipline must solve the following tasks:

A clear definition of the fundamental characteristics that make up the use value;

Establishment of the principles and methods of commodity science, which determine its scientific foundations;

Systematization of a variety of goods through the rational application of classification and coding methods;

The study of the properties and indicators of the assortment for the analysis of the assortment policy of an industrial or trade organization;

Organization assortment management;

Determination of the nomenclature of consumer properties and indicators of goods;

Assessment of the quality of goods, including new domestic and imported ones;

Identification of quality gradations and defects in goods, their causes and measures to prevent the sale of low-quality goods;

Determination of quantitative characteristics of single copies of goods and consignments;

Ensuring the quality and quantity of goods at different stages of their technological cycle by taking into account the forming and regulating the retaining factors;

Establishing the types of commodity losses, the causes of their occurrence and the development of measures to prevent or reduce them;

Information support of goods distribution from the manufacturer to the consumer;

Commodity characteristics of specific goods.

Commodity science is one of the fundamental academic disciplines in the formation of professional competence of merchandisers, experts, merchants and marketers. In addition, the basics of commodity knowledge are necessary for accountants, economists, managers and technologists, since accounting, planning of commodity resources, analysis of financial and economic activities, production management and other types of professional activities should be carried out taking into account the characteristics of goods, their fundamental characteristics and possible changes during transportation, storage and sale.

Commodity science is far from the only academic discipline necessary for vocational training experts, merchandisers, merchants, marketers and other specialists. It is related to other disciplines interdisciplinary connections: antecedent, concomitant and subsequent.

Commodity science is connected by previous links with a number of natural science and mathematical disciplines - physics, chemistry, biology, microbiology, mathematics, as well as with a general professional discipline - the basics of standardization, metrology and certification. Knowledge of these disciplines is necessary for a deeper understanding and evaluation of the consumer properties of goods, their changes during production and storage.

At the same time, commodity science is a basic academic discipline for many general professional and special disciplines - organization and technology of commercial activities, economics, accounting, marketing, etc. They are united by subsequent and related interdisciplinary connections.

Commodity science as a scientific discipline includes a general part and a particular commodity science.

General part of commodity science is devoted to the consideration of the theoretical foundations that are fundamental for its private sections. It does not provide commodity characteristics of specific groups of goods. However, without knowledge of the theoretical foundations, it is difficult to give a complete and objective assessment of the fundamental characteristics of any product.

Private merchandising analyzes the state and prospects for the development of the relevant market segment, the classification of goods into assortment groups and other structural elements of the lower levels. In separate subsections of private commodity science, a generalized and systematized commodity research characteristic of assortment groups, types and varieties of goods is given.

The objects of study in private sections of commodity science can be not only consumer goods, but also industrial goods (raw materials, means of production), agricultural products, pharmaceutical products and medicinal raw materials. In some agricultural and technological universities, colleges and technical schools, the teaching of these particular sections of commodity science has already been introduced.

This approach is not accidental and is dictated by the socio-economic transformations that are taking place in the country. The transition to the market requires a different attitude to the needs of the consumer and to the product as a means of satisfying them. Therefore, it is no longer enough to study only the technology of production in technological and agricultural universities. It is necessary to thoroughly know the end result of this production - marketable products or goods, as well as the needs for it.

Principles of commodity science

Any science and professional activity are based on certain principles.

Principle (Latin principium - basis, beginning) - the basic starting point of any theory, doctrine, guiding idea, the basic rule of activity.

The principles of merchandising are safety, efficiency, compatibility, interchangeability and systematization, compliance.

Security- the fundamental principle, which is the absence of unacceptable risk associated with the possibility of causing damage to life, health and property of people by a product (or service, or process).

Safety is at the same time one of the mandatory consumer properties of the product, which is considered as a risk or damage to the consumer, limited to an acceptable level.

From the standpoint of merchandising, the product must be safe for all commercial entities. At the same time, in commodity science, the principle of safety for goods and the environment must also be observed in relation to the processes of packaging, transportation, storage, and pre-sale preparation for sale. The packaging must be safe Environment and etc.

Efficiency- the principle of achieving the most optimal result in the production, packaging, storage, sale and consumption (operation) of goods.

This principle is important in the formation of the range, as well as ensuring the quality and quantity of goods at different stages of product distribution. All types of commodity research activities should be aimed at increasing efficiency. This is achieved by an integrated approach based on the choice of such methods and means that provide the best final results when minimal cost. Thus, the efficiency of packaging or storage is determined by the amount of goods of good quality stored and the costs of these processes.

Compatibility is a principle defined by the suitability of goods, processes or services for joint use without causing undesirable interactions.

Compatibility goods is taken into account when forming the assortment, placing them in storage, choosing packaging, as well as optimal mode. Compatibility of parts, components during installation, commissioning and operation of complex technical and other goods is an indispensable condition for maintaining their quality with the consumer. The compatibility of goods during their consumption is important for the most complete satisfaction of needs. Thus, the use of incompatible foods can cause serious metabolic disorders in humans.

Interchangeability- a principle determined by the suitability of one product, process or service for use in place of another product, process or service in order to fulfill the same requirements.

The interchangeability of goods causes competition between them and at the same time allows you to satisfy similar needs with different goods. The closer the characteristics of individual products, the more they are suitable for interchangeable use. Thus, the interchangeability of kefir and curdled milk is greater than that of kefir and milk; this is especially important for consumers whose body does not digest milk lactose.

The ability of a product or its individual components to be used instead of another to fulfill the same requirements plays an important role in the formation of a range of interchangeable products.

Systematization- the principle of establishing a certain sequence of homogeneous, interrelated goods, processes or services.

Given the diversity of objects, systematization in commodity science is extremely important, as it allows you to combine them into interconnected and mutually subordinate categories (systematic categories), to create a system built according to a specific plan.

The principle of systematization is the basis of a group of methods, which include classification, generalization and coding. It is widely used in merchandising. This principle is based on the presentation educational information in all sections of "Commodity research of food products" and "Commodity research of non-food products".

Systems approach to the management of goods movement, based on the principle of systematization, means that each system is an integrated whole , even if it consists of separate, disparate subsystems. A systematic approach allows you to see the product, its commodity characteristics, processes to ensure quality and quantity as a complex of interrelated subsystems, united by a common goal, to reveal its integrative properties, internal and external communications.

Conformity- the principle of compliance with established requirements. At the same time, the characteristics of goods or processes of production, transportation, storage, sale and operation must comply with the regulated requirements. normative documents or consumer requests.

In commodity science this principle plays a decisive role in assortment management, quality assessment, ensuring the conditions and terms of transportation, storage and sale, as well as in the choice of packaging. This principle is based on the definition of quality gradations, the identification of defects and forecasting the persistence of goods.

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The role of commodity science in customs business. When making a decision, the customs authorities consider expert opinions based on the results of examinations, including those conducted at the initiative of the declarant or other interested person.

Research types

Commodity expertise

Identification expertise

The procedure for conducting customs examination

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