The result of the military reform of Peter 1 was. Military reforms of Peter I

Peter I became a really important and even fundamental personality in the history of Russia. No wonder they called him great.

He made a huge contribution to the development of the Russian state and its formation as an empire. Left a big mark on foreign policy, worked hard for the military power of the country.

Of course, without a well-trained and armed army and navy, there is no point in getting into big politics. No one will simply reckon with such states, they will simply be captured or enslaved.

But under Peter, in Russia, all this appeared. And a quality army and navy and access to the sea.

A little about Tsar Peter himself

Born in 1672. His father was Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, who at that time was the current autocrat on the Russian throne. From a young age, the future emperor spoke the main European languages. He was trained in some crafts, in which, being a capable student, he succeeded quite well.

When he was not even ten years old, Peter reigned. But after some not entirely pleasant events, his older brother, Ivan, was appointed king. While he was honored with the title of junior on the throne. He got off lightly, it could have been much worse. In 1696 his elder brother dies.

Peter 1 photo

Peter had no legitimate or other competitors left. Now he becomes the official sole autocrat in Russia. After that, he lived abroad for some time, where he learned the wisdom of shipbuilding. The emperor spared no expense for scientific and technological progress in the country. Otherwise, it was impossible to push the state of the army to world standards.

All the time of the reign of this sovereign was marked by numerous reforms and transformations in various spheres and areas. Including in the military. Many of them were so solid that at first they simply did not fit into the minds of not only ordinary people, but also the nobility.

Tsar Peter did a lot to adjust Russia and its army to the standards of the leading European powers. Needless to say, he succeeded. At least a solid foundation has been laid for further development Russia. He determined this direction for decades to come.

Military reforms of Peter

At the end of the 17th century, the archery regiments were abolished by Peter. They were too unreliable and dangerous for him, as an autocrat. To which there was a lot of evidence, in particular, riots on their part. Instead of them, he organized a regular army, recruited from recruits, with the help of widespread extortions.

Simply put, with his filing began conscription into the army, which is regularly practiced in our country to this day. Only then did they occur sporadically and as needed. For example, in war time when the country had a special need for soldiers for the front line.

Ship building photo

It became Peter's first step in his foreign policy. Then for the first time his military reform showed itself in practice. Tens of thousands of recruits were sent to the front, collected from different parts of Russia. All of them were from different classes. Many were also peasants. And there were enough of them in Russia at that time. They were drafted into the army for life.

armies foreign states were staffed mainly by mercenaries, who could be of different nationalities. In Russia, all the soldiers were mostly their own, Russians. This contributed to greater cohesion, ease of command, as well as support for the military, national spirit.

Recruitment during Northern war was put on stream. That is why the Swedes received crushing blows one after another and could not win. While they still did not have time to recover from the last battle, new groups of Russian troops arrived in time. To replace the wounded and the dead. As a result, the Russian army did not lose its high combat capability.

Military reforms of Peter 1 photo

While some were fighting, other recruits were undergoing military training in the rear and could come to the rescue or replacement at any time. On the one hand, it is reasonable to use male power when she is so needed in the defense of the motherland, and not in the field. But on the other hand, the losses were great. Many Russian peasants died on the battlefield during the war with Sweden. Of course, families were left without breadwinners. There were many dissatisfied.

Simultaneously with the formation of the regular army, general standards of training, army order and discipline were introduced. They differed little from modern ones, but did not at all resemble past and foreign ones. The establishment of new, stricter orders in the army had an equally important role in its quality and efficiency.

From the beginning of the 17th century, Peter introduced the procedure for awarding soldiers and officers who distinguished themselves in battle with commemorative and honorary awards (orders and medals).

In 1716, the Military Charter was published, which lasted 150 years. Military, medical, engineering and naval schools were established to train officers. 1699 is considered the year of foundation of the Russian army under Peter.

Conclusion

In general, the armed forces of Russia under this emperor underwent grandiose modifications. Then the foundations were laid, which are still used in the Russian army. Many of them were absolutely new and revolutionary not only for Russia, but also for many leading states of that time.

After himself, the autocrat left a large and efficient army. A powerful navy that could compete with the flotillas of the most powerful maritime powers. Directly under Peter I, he appeared.

Before his reign and reforms, the presence of a fleet for Russia was simply impossible. Then its borders did not have access to the sea. More precisely, they were, but only to the most northern ones. Which, as a rule, were covered with ice and were not suitable for the maintenance of the fleet and shipping in general.

Started in the second half of the 17th century. transformations found their logical conclusion in the reign of Peter I (son of Alexei Mikhailovich).

Peter was proclaimed king in 1682 BC, but in reality there was a so-called “triarchal government”, i.e. together with his brother Ivan and Princess Sophia, who concentrated all power in her hands. Peter and his mother lived in the villages of Preobrazhensky, Kolomensky, Semenovsky near Moscow.

AT 1689 Mr. Peter, with the support of many boyars, nobles, and even the Moscow Patriarch, deprived Sophia of power, imprisoning her in a monastery. Until 1696 (until his death), Ivan remained a “ceremonial king”, i.e. formally shared power with Peter.

From the 90s of the XVII century. starts new era associated with the transformations of Peter I, which affected all aspects of life Russian society. As the ardent admirers of Peter figuratively noted, in fact the 18th century began before the grandiose fireworks arranged in Moscow on January 1, 1700 on the occasion of the new century.

Military reforms

The reforms of Peter I were guided by the conditions of his time. This king did not know the world, he fought all his life: first with his sister Sophia, then with Turkey, Sweden. Not only to defeat the enemy, but also to take a worthy place in the world, Peter I began his transformations. The starting point for the reforms was Azov campaigns (1695-1696).

In 1695, Russian troops besieged Azov ( Turkish fortress at the mouth of the Don), but due to the lack of weapons and the lack of a fleet, it was not possible to take Azov. Realizing this, Peter, with his characteristic energy, set about building a fleet. It was decided to organize the Kumpanstvo, which would be engaged in the construction of ships. A single Kumpanstvo, which consisted of merchants and townspeople, was obliged to build 14 ships; Admiralty - 16 ships; one ship - an obligation from every 10,000 landlord peasants and 8,000 monastery peasants. The fleet was built on the Voronezh River at its confluence with the Don. In 1696 the Russians naval forces won the first victory - Azov was taken. On the next year Peter sends to Europe the so-called Great Embassy of 250 people. In its composition, under the name of the sergeant of the Preobrazhensky regiment, Peter Mikhailov, was the tsar himself. The embassy visited Holland, England, Vienna. As he believed, the idea of ​​\u200b\u200btraveling abroad (the Great Embassy) arose from Peter I as a result of the transformations that had begun. For knowledge and experience, the king went to Europe in 1697-1698. Researcher A.G. Brikner, on the contrary, believed that it was after a trip to Europe that Peter I came up with a reform plan.

In the summer of 1698, the trip was interrupted due to the received report about the rebellion of the archers. The king took a personal part in the executions, Sophia was tonsured a nun. The Streltsy army was to be disbanded. The king began to reorganize the army and continued building the fleet. It is interesting to note that in addition to general leadership, Peter was directly involved in the creation of the fleet. The tsar himself, without the help of foreign specialists, built the 58-gun ship "Predestination" ("God's foresight"). Back in 1694, during a sea campaign arranged by the tsar, the Russian white-blue-red flag was raised for the first time.

With the outbreak of war with Sweden, the construction of the fleet was also started in the Baltic. By 1725, the fleet in the Baltic consisted of 32 battleships armed with 50 to 96 guns each, 16 frigates, 85 galleys and many other smaller vessels. The total number of Russian military sailors was about 30 thousand. Peter personally compiled Marine charter, where it was written "Only that sovereign has both hands, who has both the land army and the fleet."

Peter I chose a new principle for manning the army: recruiting kits. From 1699 to 1725 53 recruits were carried out, giving the army and navy more than 280 thousand people. Recruits underwent military training, received state-owned weapons and uniforms. The army also recruited "eager people" from free peasants with a salary of 11 rubles a year.

Already in 1699, Peter formed, in addition to two guards regiments - Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky - 29 infantry and 2 dragoons. Towards the end of his reign total strength Russian army was 318 thousand people.

Peter strictly ordered all the nobles to carry military service starting with a soldier's rank. In 1716 was published Military charter, which regulated the order in the army in wartime and peacetime. Training of officers was carried out in two military schools - Bombardier (artillery) and Preobrazhenskaya (infantry). Subsequently, Peter opened naval, engineering, medical and other military schools, which allowed him at the end of his reign to completely refuse to invite foreign officers to the Russian service.

Public Administration Reform

Of all the transformations of Peter I, the central place is occupied by the reform government controlled, reorganization of all its links.

The main goal of this period was to provide a solution to the most important problem - victory in. Already in the first years of the war it became clear that the old state mechanism management, the main elements of which were orders and counties, does not meet the growing needs of the autocracy. This was manifested in the lack of money, provisions, and various supplies for the army and navy. Peter hoped to radically solve this problem with the help of regional reform- creation of new administrative formations - provinces, uniting several counties. AT 1708. was formed 8 provinces: Moscow, Ingermanland (St. Petersburg), Kyiv, Smolensk, Arkhangelsk, Kazan, Azov, Siberian.

The main goal of this reform was to provide the army with everything necessary: ​​a direct connection was established between the provinces and the regiments of the armies, which were distributed among the provinces. Communication was carried out through a specially created institution of krieg commissars (the so-called military commissars).

On the ground, an extensive hierarchical network of bureaucratic institutions was created with big staff officials. The former system "order - county" was doubled: "order (or office) - province - province - county".

AT 1711 Senate was created. The autocracy, which had grown considerably in the second half of the 17th century, no longer needed institutions of representation and self-government.

AT early XVIII in. in fact, the meetings of the Boyar Duma are stopped, the control of the central and local state apparatus is transferred to the so-called “Consilia of Ministers” - a temporary council of the heads of the most important government departments.

Particularly important was the reform of the Senate, which took key position in the state system of Peter. The Senate concentrated judicial, administrative and legislative functions, was in charge of colleges and provinces, appointed and approved officials. The unofficial head of the Senate, consisting of the first dignitaries, was prosecutor general, endowed with special powers and subordinate only to the monarch. The creation of the post of Prosecutor General laid the foundation for a whole institution of the Prosecutor's Office, the model for which was the French administrative experience.

AT 1718 - 1721. the system of command administration of the country was transformed. was established 10 colleges, each of which was in charge of a strictly defined industry. For example, the Collegium of Foreign Affairs - with foreign relations, the Military - with ground armed forces, the Admiralty - with the fleet, the Collegium of Chambers - with the collection of income, the Collegium of State Offices - with state expenditures, the Collegium of Commerce - with trade.

Church reform

It became a kind of board Synod, or the Spiritual College, established in 1721 The destruction of the patriarchate reflected the desire of Peter I to eliminate the “princely” system of church authority, unthinkable under the autocracy of Peter the Great. By declaring himself the de facto head of the church, Peter destroyed its autonomy. Moreover, he made extensive use of the institutions of the church to carry out his policies.

Supervision of the activities of the Synod was entrusted to a special state official - chief prosecutor.

Social politics

Social policy was pro-noble and feudal in nature. Decree of 1714 on uniform inheritance established the same order of inheritance of immovable estates, without distinction between estates and estates. The merging of two forms of feudal landownership - patrimonial and local - completed the process of consolidating the class of feudal lords into a single class - estate nobles and strengthened its dominant position (often in the Polish manner, the nobility was called the gentry).

In order to force the nobles to think of service as the main source of wealth, they introduced primogeniture- It was forbidden to sell and mortgage land holdings, including ancestral ones. The new principle reflected in Tables of ranks 1722. strengthened the nobility due to the influx of people from other classes. With the help of the principle of personal service, strictly stipulated conditions for promotion up the ladder of ranks, Peter turned the mass of servicemen into a military-bureaucratic corps, completely subordinate to him and dependent only on him. The table of ranks divided the military, civil and court services. All posts were divided into 14 ranks. An official who reached the eighth grade (collegiate assessor) or an officer received hereditary nobility.

urban reform

Significant was the reform in relation to the inhabitants of cities. Peter decided to unify social structure cities, bringing Western European institutions to it: magistrates, guilds and guilds. These institutions, which had deep roots in the history of the development of Western European medieval city, were brought into Russian reality by force, by administrative means. The chief magistrate supervised the magistrates of other cities.

The townspeople were divided into two guilds: the first was made up of the “first class”, which included the top tenants, rich merchants, artisans, citizens of intelligent professions, and in second guild included small shopkeepers and artisans, who, in addition, were united in workshops on a professional basis. All other townspeople who were not included in the guilds were subject to verification in order to identify runaway peasants among them and return them to their former places of residence.

tax reform

War consumed 90% public spending, numerous duties were carried by peasants and townspeople. In 1718 - 1724. A head-to-head census of the male population was carried out. Landlords and monasteries were ordered to submit "tales" (information) about their peasants. The government instructed the guards officers to revise the submitted statements. Since then, censuses have been called audits, and the “soul” has become the unit of taxation instead of the peasant household. The entire male population had to pay poll tax.

Development of industry and trade

As a result of the transformations of Peter I, manufactory production began to actively develop, and industry was created. By the end of the XVII century. there were about 30 manufactories in the country. During the years of Peter's reign, there were more than 100 of them. A movement began in the direction of overcoming the technical and economic backwardness of Russia. grows in the country big industry, especially metallurgical (in the Urals), textile and leather (in the center of the country), new industries arise: shipbuilding (Petersburg, Voronezh, Arkhangelsk), glass and earthenware, paper production (Petersburg, Moscow).

Russian industry was created in conditions of serfdom. Worked in factories sessional(bought by breeders) and ascribed(paying taxes to the state not with money, but with work at the factory) peasants. Russian manufactory was in fact like a serf estate.

The development of industrial and handicraft production contributed to the development of trade. The country was in the process of creating an all-Russian market. In order to encourage the merchants, in 1724 the first trade tariff was introduced, which taxed the export of Russian goods abroad.

Military reforms take special place among Peter's transformations. It was precisely the tasks of creating a modern, combat-ready army and navy that occupied the young king even before he became a sovereign sovereign. Historians count only a few months of peacetime for more than 35 Years of Peter's reign. It is clear that it was the army and navy that were the main concern of Peter. But military reforms are not only important in and of themselves. They had a great, sometimes decisive influence on transformations in other areas. “The war indicated the order of the reform, told it the pace and the very methods,” wrote the outstanding Russian historian Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky.

Also in early childhood Peter amazed the courtiers with his addiction to military amusements, which were constantly arranged in the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow, where the little prince lived with his mother, Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina. However, from the end 80 -s. XVII in. "game of soldiers" becomes serious. AT 1689 Peter finds in Izmailovo, which belonged to the boyar N.I. Romanov, an old English boat, who was destined to become the "grandfather of the Russian fleet." In the same year, Peter devotes all his time to the construction of small ships on Lake Pleshcheyevo, near ancient city Pereslavl-Zalessky; experienced Dutch masters help him in this. spring 1690 The young tsar equips a whole flotilla of small rowboats and boats, which sets sail on the Moskva River. At the same time, Peter creates from the "robyatki" - comrades of his children's fun - two "amusing regiments", which later became the famous Guards Semyonovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments. The real military maneuvers are about to begin. The fortress of Pressburg is being built on the Yauza, which in Peter's "amusements" played the role of a "capital city" (that is, the capital). With 1691 "amusing" battles are regularly arranged between archers led by I.I. Buturlin and Peter's "amusing regiments", which were usually commanded by the "Prince Caesar" F.Yu. Romodanovsky. The tsar himself, under the name of Peter Alekseevich, had a low rank of captain in one of the regiments. These battles were so fierce that sometimes they could not do without human casualties. So, in one of the "amusing" battles, Prince I.D. was mortally wounded. Dolgoruky.

"Funny regiments" became the core of the future regular (permanent) army and performed well during the Azov campaigns 1695 and 1696 gg.

The first baptism of fire of the Russian fleet, built in Voronezh after the unsuccessful first Azov campaign, also dates back to this time. Due to the lack of the necessary funds in the treasury, the financing of the construction of the fleet was entrusted to the "kumpans" (companies). This was the name of the associations of secular and spiritual landowners, as well as merchants who were supposed to build ships with their own money. With the start of the Northern War ( 1700 –1721 years) Peter's main focus is on the Baltic Sea, and since 1703 St. Petersburg was founded, the construction of ships was carried out almost exclusively in this city. As a result, by the end of Peter's reign, Russia, which had 48 linear and 788 galley (rowing) and other ships, became one of the strongest maritime powers in Europe.

The beginning of the Northern War led to the final creation of a regular army. Previously, the army consisted of two main parts: the noble militia and various semi-regular formations (archers, Cossacks, regiments of a foreign system, etc.). Peter changed the very principle of manning the army. Periodic convocations of the noble militia were replaced by recruitment kits, which were distributed to the entire population, who paid taxes and carried out state duties. The first such set was produced in 1699 d. However, the corresponding decree was signed only in 1705 g., and since that time, recruitment sets have become annual (one person was taken from 20 yards). Only unmarried people over the age of 15 before 20 years (however, during the Northern War, due to the constant shortage of soldiers and sailors, these age limits were constantly changing). Recruitment sets were a heavy burden, first of all, on the Russian village. The term of service was practically not determined, and a person sent to the army did not hope for a return to ordinary life. However, a huge army, which by the end of the reign of Peter I reached 200 thousand people (not counting about 100 thousand Cossacks), allowed Russia to win a brilliant victory in the exhausting Northern War

The main results of Peter's military reforms are as follows:

the creation of a strong regular army capable of fighting and defeating Russia's main opponents;

the emergence of a whole galaxy of talented commanders (Menshikov, Sheremetev, Apraksin, Bruce, etc.);

the creation of a powerful navy - almost out of nothing;

an unprecedented increase in military spending and, as a result, their coverage at the expense of the most severe squeezing of funds from the common people.

The first administrative reform was the creation of 1699 g. a special department of cities. A number of decrees introduced local self-government for the city merchants, as well as the population of Pomeranian (northern) cities. The power of governor was abolished. Elected burmisters they were supposed to be in charge of the court and the collection of state cash payments. The Moscow City Hall, elected by the capital's merchants, was placed at the head of the new local self-government bodies. It was in charge of the main receipts of state revenues from cities, as well as general supervision of the actions of self-government bodies. The former butler of the boyar Sheremetev A.A. headed the Town Hall in the position of "chief inspector of the town hall board". Kurbatov.

But the costs grew, and gradually the king began to lose confidence in the financial capabilities of the Town Hall. Peter comes to the conclusion that “it is difficult for a person to understand and rule everything with his eyes”, and then to the decision to transfer the center of gravity of management to the places. In addition to financial needs, this was also dictated by the needs of the army. According to Peter's plan, after the end of the Northern War, the new local authorities were supposed to deal with the cantonment of troops (that is, their accommodation and provision in peaceful conditions). The practical implementation of the reform began at the end 1707 In 1708, the creation of eight provinces: Moscow, Ingermanland (later - St. Petersburg), Kyiv, Smolensk, Arkhangelsk, Kazan, Azov and Siberian. At the head of the province was governor. Under his command were vice governor(deputy), landrichter, in charge of the court food masters to collect grain revenues, other state-appointed officials. The provincial reform actually abolished the transformation 1699 city: the cities were subordinated county commandants(so with 1710 voivods began to be called), and the Moscow City Hall turned from a nationwide into a provincial institution.

Household census 1710 led to yet another reshaping of the local management. A special payment unit was established in 5536 yards, providing one "share" of all funds needed to cover military expenses. Commandantships (old counties) were abolished, and instead of them, "shares" were introduced, headed by new officials - landrats. It was envisaged that, in accordance with the number of such "shares", each province would have to contain a certain number of regiments.

The main task of the provincial reform - providing the army at the expense of local institutions - was not fulfilled, because. The Northern War, despite the Poltava victory, dragged on until 1721 and it was not possible to place regiments “assigned” to them in the provinces. And the possibilities of governors to collect money from the population turned out to be not unlimited. Very soon, the growth of military spending led to a chronic lack of funds, and many governors, in an effort to demonstrate to the tsar their zeal for "state profits", indulged in all sorts of tricks. So, for example, the Kazan governor Apraksin invented new "incomes" and presented the tsar with false statements on them.

All these transformations caused a complete breakdown of the central administration. As a result of the provincial reform, orders (except for military orders) ceased to exist. At the beginning of the XVIII century. in fact, there was not even a capital in Russia, because Moscow has already ceased to be it, but Petersburg has not yet become. The only central authority was the sovereign himself with his associates, who could be called either the “close office”, or the “council of ministers”, etc. And here in 1711 BC, setting off on a Turkish campaign, Peter issued a short decree, which read: “The Governing Senate was determined to be for our absences for governance.” Thus, with one stroke of the pen, an institution was founded that, in one form or another, existed in Russia for about two hundred years. Initially, Peter wanted to create only a temporary authority that would govern the country during his frequent travels around the country and military campaigns. At first time senate consisted of nine of the king's closest associates, and his tasks were rather vague. On the one hand, he was called upon to exercise supreme supervision over the court and take care of the increase in income, on the other hand, Peter demanded from his subjects that the senate be recognized as the highest state body, to which all persons and institutions were obliged to obey as the king himself.

Also in 1712 Peter had the idea to organize "boards" following the Swedish model, which were supposed to be in charge of individual branches of government. To study foreign experience, the king sent special expeditions abroad. Several years have passed, and 1718 a decree was signed on the establishment of nine colleges: Foreign Affairs, Chamber College (in charge of collecting revenues), Justice College, Revision College (financial control department). Military, Admiralty (Navy), Commerce Collegium (trade), Berg Collegium and Manufactory Collegium (mining and factory industry). State Collegiums (department of public spending). With the advent of the collegiums, many of the still surviving orders ceased to exist. Some of them became part of the new institutions. So, seven old orders were included in the Justice College. A feature of collegiums in comparison with orders was a clearer delineation of their areas of activity and, most importantly, an advisory, “collegiate” order of business. “In the collegium, the proposed need is analyzed by many minds, and what one does not comprehend, the other will comprehend, and what this (this one) does not see, then this (that one) will see” - this is how Peter himself explained it. Soon, however, it became clear that here too, as the tsar self-critically admitted, "it was done without considering." Therefore, the number of colleges, and their composition, and the scope of each of them changed more than once under Peter. However, the basic principles of their work remained unchanged.

After the establishment of the collegiums, Peter I decided to reform local government in the Swedish manner. AT 1719 –1720 gg. another reform of the administrative-territorial structure began. Landrat "shares" that did not justify themselves were cancelled. The provinces were now divided into provinces, which, in turn, were divided into districts, which basically corresponded to the old counties. The rulers of the districts - zemstvo commissars - were appointed by the Chamber Collegium. The only thing that the Russian government decided not to borrow from the Swedish experience was peasant self-government. “There are no smart people in the counties of peasants,” the rulers of Russia explained.

City government has also undergone changes. The position of burmisters, established by the reform 1689 d. has been cancelled. The entire township population was now divided into three parts: the 1st guild (wealthy merchants, owners of handicraft workshops), the 2nd guild (small merchants, wealthy artisans) and the “mean people”, who made up the vast majority of the urban population. The circle of people taking participation in elections; new city governments magistrates, now consisted only of representatives of the 1st guild. The activities of the city magistrates were controlled and coordinated by the Chief Magistrate, subordinate to the Senate.

A special place among the state reforms of Peter I belongs to the adopted in 1722 d. Tables of ranks. Its meaning lies in what she brought into the system all state ranks, distributing them into three branches of service: civil, military land and naval. The table of ranks obliged all nobles to serve and declared service the only way to obtain any state rank, and therefore the basis of any career. “For this reason, we do not allow anyone any rank until they show us and the fatherland no services and receive no character (i.e., official position) for this,” the decree emphasized. At the same time, some opportunities for moving up the career ladder also opened up for people from the "mean people": anyone who received the first officer rank or the eighth rank civil service(there were 14 in total) became a nobleman.

Many historians recognize the administrative reforms as the weakest point of the Petrine reforms. “All these transformations, which followed one after another in a continuous stream ... not only did not lead the population to material and moral prosperity, but were oppression, not much inferior to the war of Petrine time,” wrote the famous Russian historian V.Ya. Ulanov.

In the board of any sovereign, one can find advantages and disadvantages. There is no person who could please everyone without exception. Trying to help the people, the ruler forgets about the upper verst of the population, and caring for the latter, he does not think about the suffering of the people. But this is just an example, in reality everything is much more complicated. The reign of Peter I, according to different people benefited and harmed the country. More about this and will be discussed in the article.

pros

• The main advantage of the reign of Peter I - reforms, which in many ways helped the state become stronger and solved some difficult questions and the problems it contains. Thanks to firmness and perseverance, Peter I managed to reconstruct the state in some areas beyond recognition, of course, in a positive direction.
• The public administration system has become much easier and more convenient. The creation of regulatory bodies greatly facilitated management.
• Peter I created the strongest regular army and navy in an incredibly short time.

• Churches with peasants became the possessions of the state.
• For a long time Peter I studied educational program European countries. To begin with, they began to massively build educational establishments different profile. These were simple schools and institutions for girls, boys, universities and so on. In his educational reforms, he largely focused on the West, thanks to which the system of schools and universities became better and better. Moreover, getting into school was now much easier than before. There were many more students, the population began to new life an educated person, with new opportunities not only at home, but also abroad.

• To the west was not only education system, but also many others. Massive construction began new plants, factories, was carried out the development and enhanced mining. New methods and technologies of work were introduced, which simplified labor, but at the same time more jobs appeared, which was a real gift for ordinary people. The changes also affected agriculture. The state bought new tools. Cultures, types of domestic animals. This diversified the possibilities of agriculture, multiplied them tenfold.
• Thanks to the new reforms, replenished the state treasury. The state prospered, received new opportunities not only in the domestic market, but also in the external one. Other states of Europe and Asia began to reconsider their attitude towards Russia in better side. Russia began to be recognized and respected.

Minuses

• Despite the benefits and positive aspects of the reforms of Peter I, there were opponents of their implementation. Any system has two "sides of the coin", it was the same with Peter's reforms. So it is impossible to call them ideal.
• The creation of a public administration system led to the emergence bureaucracy and corruption. Each official wanted to get a share of the profits in his personal pocket, and ordinary people suffered from this. Besides, new system had not been tested before, which led to confusion at first.

• The army and navy were created hastily» . Yes, it was an achievement, but not for those who served there. Still, the state of the service was poor, the employees did not have a quality uniform, or even good barracks where they could rest. The quality of the food they ate also suffered. In general, there were a lot of shortcomings, and this is quite expected, because the goal was not quality, but speed. For those who sat in warm offices, this is not a problem and even a great achievement, but if you could ask the opinion of the unfortunate employees, then they were probably dissatisfied with such an attitude.
• To spend money from the treasury, it initially had to be replenished. For this, they introduced new increased taxes. The population was impoverished and suffered greatly because of this.

• The authority of the church has fallen. The reason was that the church began to belong to the state, and it was it that decided how and what to do. The people couldn't help but react. The “almighty” church, their stronghold of hope, has now also become part of a state that infringes on their rights.
• For work in factories, factories and even in agriculture were needed new working hands. For this, ordinary people were often forced to work, taken away from their families for several months. Of course, they were paid for such work, but not enough to cover their physical and moral fatigue.
• The state replenished the treasury, but also spent a lot. Although not of high quality, but the army and navy were created, and a lot of money was spent for this. The same goes for their content. The same applies to the construction of schools, factories, factories and so on. Nothing is given for free.
• There was another significant drawback. Peter I "broke" not only the system of administration, education, service and work in Russia, but also the traditional ideas and culture of Russian society. It was an extreme boundary that should not be crossed. Perhaps this was not important for the wealthy segment of the population, but the common people suffered greatly from this, which is why they disliked the ruler.

Conclusion

It is impossible to make dramatic changes in a short period of time. And yet, Peter I did everything that depended on him so that the state flourished. It was thanks to his reforms that Russia gained more influence abroad. But she still had opponents, and not a few. Many countries continued long time consider this country barbaric. So were all of Peter's reforms positive? Yes, in part, but any action has different consequences, so it’s impossible to say for sure.

For the state, his rule was indispensable. It is unlikely that another ruler could do more for the country than he did. But for ordinary people, the reforms of Peter I became a problem. They suffered greatly from them. Although there were some positives. All changes are initially poorly perceived. And yet people got the opportunity to study, there were more jobs, opportunities for people of different classes. So if you look in the prism of perspectives, then even for ordinary people the reforms were for the better.

Peter the Great (1672 - 1725) - Russian Tsar, ruled independently from 1689 to 1725. He carried out a large-scale reform of all areas of life in Russia. The artist Valentin Serov, who dedicated a number of works to Peter, described him as follows: “He was terrible: long, on weak, thin legs and with such a small head, in relation to the whole body, that he should have looked more like some kind of stuffed animal with a poorly set head than a living person. There was a constant tic in his face, and he was always "cutting faces": blinking, twitching his mouth, moving his nose and clapping his chin. At the same time, he walked with huge steps, and all his companions were forced to follow him at a run. .

Prerequisites for the reforms of Peter the Great

Peter accepted Russia as a backward country, located on the outskirts of Europe. Muscovy had no access to the sea, with the exception of the White, regular army, navy, developed industry, trade, the state administration system was antediluvian and inefficient, there were no higher educational institutions (the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was opened in Moscow only in 1687), book printing , theater, painting, libraries, not only the people, but many members of the elite: boyars, nobles - did not know the letter. Science did not develop. Serfdom ruled.

Public Administration Reform

- Peter replaced the orders, which did not have clear responsibilities, with collegiums, the prototype of future ministries

• College of Foreign Affairs
• Collegium military
• Maritime College
• College for commercial affairs
• College of Justice...

The boards consisted of several officials, the eldest was called the chairman or president. All of them were subordinate to the Governor-General, who was a member of the Senate. There were 12 boards in total.
- In March 1711, Peter created the Governing Senate. At first its function was to govern the country in the absence of the king, then it became a permanent institution. The Senate consisted of presidents of colleges and senators - people appointed by the king.
- In January 1722, Peter issued a "table of ranks" with 14 class ranks from State Chancellor (first rank) to collegiate registrar (fourteenth)
- Peter reorganized the secret police system. Since 1718, the Preobrazhensky Prikaz, which was in charge of political crimes, was transformed into the Secret Investigative Office

Church reform of Peter

Peter abolished the patriarchate, a church organization practically independent of the state, and instead created the Holy Synod, all members of which were appointed by the tsar, thereby eliminating the autonomy of the clergy. Peter pursued a policy of religious tolerance, facilitating the existence of the Old Believers and allowing foreigners to freely profess their faith.

Administrative reform of Peter

Russia was divided into provinces, provinces were divided into provinces, provinces into counties.
Provinces:

• Moscow
• Ingrian
• Kyiv
• Smolensk
• Azov
• Kazanskaya
• Arkhangelsk
• Siberian
• Riga
• Astrakhan
• Nizhny Novgorod

Military reform of Peter

Peter replaced the irregular and noble militia with a standing regular army, manned by recruits, recruited one from each of the 20 peasant or petty-bourgeois households in the Great Russian provinces. He built a powerful navy, he wrote the military charter himself, taking the Swedish one as a basis.

Peter turned Russia into one of the strongest maritime powers in the world, with 48 linear and 788 galley and other ships

Economic reform of Peter

The modern army could not exist without state system supplies. To supply the army and navy: weapons, uniforms, food, consumables- it was necessary to create a powerful industrial production. By the end of Peter's reign, about 230 factories and plants operated in Russia. Factories focused on the production of glass products, gunpowder, paper, canvas, linen, cloth, paints, ropes, even hats were created, the metallurgical, sawmilling, and leather industries were organized. In order for the products of Russian craftsmen to be competitive in the market, high customs duties were introduced on European goods. encouraging entrepreneurial activity, Peter widely used the issuance of loans to create new manufactories, trading companies. largest enterprises, which arose in the era of Peter's transformations, were created in Moscow, St. Petersburg, the Urals, Tula, Astrakhan, Arkhangelsk, Samara

• Admiralty shipyard
• Arsenal
• Gunpowder factories
• Metallurgical plants
• Linen production
• Production of potash, sulfur, saltpeter

By the end of the reign of Peter I, Russia had 233 factories, including more than 90 large manufactories built during his reign. During the first quarter of the 18th century, 386 different ships were built at the shipyards of St. Petersburg and Arkhangelsk, at the beginning of the century, about 150 thousand pounds of pig iron were smelted in Russia, in 1725 - more than 800 thousand pounds, Russia caught up with England in iron smelting

Peter's reform in education

The army and navy needed qualified specialists. Therefore, Peter paid great attention to their preparation. During his reign were organized in Moscow and St. Petersburg

• School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences
• artillery school
• engineering school
• medical school
• Marine Academy
• mining schools at the Olonets and Ural factories
• Digital schools for "children of every rank"
• Garrison schools for children of soldiers
• spiritual schools
• Academy of Sciences (opened a few months after the death of the emperor)

Reforms of Peter in the field of culture

• Publication of the first Russian newspaper "Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti"
• Ban on boyars wearing beards
• Establishment of the first Russian museum - Kunskamera
• Requirement for nobility to wear European dress
• Creation of assemblies where the nobles were to appear together with their wives
• Creation of new printing houses and translation into Russian of many European books

Reforms of Peter the Great. Chronology

• 1690 - The first guards regiments Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky were created
• 1693 - Creation of a shipyard in Arkhangelsk
• 1696 - Creation of a shipyard in Voronezh
• 1696 - Decree on the establishment of an arms factory in Tobolsk
• 1698 - Decree banning the wearing of beards and ordering the nobles to wear European clothes
• 1699 - Dissolution of the archery army
• 1699 - creation of trade and industrial enterprises enjoying a monopoly
• 1699, December 15 - Decree on the reform of the calendar. New Year starts January 1
• 1700 - Creation of the Government Senate
• 1701 - Decree forbidding kneeling at the sight of the sovereign and taking off his hat in winter, passing by his palace
• 1701 - Opening of the school of mathematical and navigational sciences in Moscow
• 1703, January - the first Russian newspaper is published in Moscow

• 1704 - Replacement of the Boyar Duma with a council of ministers - the Council of Chiefs of Orders
• 1705 - First recruitment decree
• 1708 November - Administrative Reform
• 1710, January 18 - decree on the official introduction of the Russian civil alphabet instead of Church Slavonic
• 1710 - Foundation of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg
• 1711 - instead of the Boyar Duma, a Senate of 9 members and a chief secretary was created. Monetary reform: minting gold, silver and copper coins
• 1712 - Transfer of the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg
• 1712 - Decree on the creation of horse breeding farms in the Kazan, Azov and Kyiv provinces
• 1714, February - Decree on the opening of digital schools for the children of clerks and priests
• 1714, March 23 - Decree on majorate (single inheritance)
• 1714 - Foundation of the State Library in St. Petersburg
• 1715 - Creation of shelters for the poor in all cities of Russia
• 1715 - Order of the merchant college to organize the training of Russian merchants abroad
• 1715 - Decree to encourage the cultivation of flax, hemp, tobacco, mulberry trees for silkworms
• 1716 - Census of all dissenters for double taxation
• 1716, March 30 - Adoption of military regulations
• 1717 - Introduction free trade grain, annulment of some privileges to foreign merchants
• 1718 - Replacement of Orders by Colleges
• 1718 - Judicial reform. tax reform
• 1718 - Beginning of the census (lasted until 1721)
• 1719, November 26 - Decree on the establishment of assemblies - free meetings for fun and business
• 1719 - Creation of an engineering school, the establishment of the Berg College to manage the mining industry
• 1720 - Adopted the Charter of the Sea
• 1721, January 14 - Decree on the creation of the Theological College (future Holy Synod)