How often do we speak briefly and to the point, listen and really think about what the interlocutor says? It happens rarely and not for everyone. It is possible to learn at least the basics of beautiful speaking, but with a small probability, since the brain of an adult person absorbs new information worse.

So, isn't it better to study beautiful speech from a very young age? After all, it is children's rhetoric that lays the foundation for successful negotiations in the future. For this, many textbooks, workbooks and preparatory courses have been created. You can work with your child on your own or take them to classes in a group.

Materials on rhetoric for preschoolers

• O.S. Sorokko, Rhetoric for the Little Ones. The textbook is intended for children 5–7 years old. It is also suitable for smaller ones. The tasks presented by Sorokko, the baby will be able to perform independently. They will help to master the basics of communication with peers and adults and introduce the culture of speech.
• O.M. Eltsov Rhetoric for preschoolers. This manual is already more serious than that of Sorokko, and is suitable for kindergarten teachers preparatory groups. The presented material will help older preschoolers to join the basics of rhetoric and tell you what are the properties and signs of eloquence.

Parents can use these textbooks to draw up a lesson program on their own, but it is better to send the child to training courses development oral speech. After all, group work is very important for kids.

Materials for lessons on the topic: "Rhetoric for children"

Ladyzhenskaya has published a series of textbooks for children from grades 1 to 8. They will appeal not only to parents and teachers, but also to children, because in addition to the text there are many drawings. This program complies with the Federal State Educational Standard.

• T.A. Ladyzhenskaya "Children's rhetoric in stories and drawings". Tutorials for grades 1–4 go in one series for several years of study for elementary school. According to the author, the textbooks will teach the child to listen to the interlocutor, written and oral speech, successful communication, the basics of writing beautiful texts. Each allowance is provided workbook.
• T.A. Ladyzhenskaya “School rhetoric. 5-8 grade. Under this program, the child learns about the signs of vivid texts, correct speaking, and gets acquainted with the psychology of communication. There are many tasks using audio and video materials. Textbooks for older children talk in detail about writing a reasoned text and a business letter. Workbooks are available for each manual.

For the convenience of teachers, the Ladyzhenskaya course is accompanied by guidelines for teaching the lesson. In them you will find an explanatory note about the purpose of the manual, the features of the organization of the lesson, information about literature and materials for classes.

• Presentation for a rhetoric lesson in grade 3 on the topic “Listen and think”, which will answer why the ability to listen is so important, which depends on understanding the sounding text and how to show the interlocutor that you are listening carefully. Such presentations serve as a support for teachers and are interesting for young children.
• Children's rhetoric is important, but for older readers there is a textbook by A.K. Michalskaya - "Fundamentals of rhetoric. 10-11 grade. With its help, high school students will learn how to write notes correctly, skill public speaking, the art of eloquence, conversation and argument. Also, Michalskaya's textbook will teach you to express thoughts briefly and clearly and talk about the properties and foundations of rhetoric in Russian speech, how to influence groups of people and how to prepare for self-presentation.

Michalskaya will help to get acquainted with the basics of rhetoric and adults.

Education on the listed programs will be interesting for students. Tasks in textbooks and workbooks, the complexity of which gradually increases, will develop their eloquence, the ability to write, listen and read. BUT explanatory notes and abstracts from teaching materials help you plan your lesson better.

Speaking beautifully and competently is not so difficult. It is necessary to create conditions and an atmosphere, because much in this matter depends on us, adults.

Shall we play?

The game perfectly practiced the skills of eloquence. Lots of options. For example, "Explain": a lexeme is selected, which must be given a detailed definition (what is a "dandelion"?).

: you need to recognize the object by a verbal description (“it is soft, warm, protects from the cold and wraps the neck” - a scarf).

"Rhymes": selection of rhymes (bump - barrel, mask - helmet).

"Find differences": the point is to find how one thing differs from another (for example, compare an orange and a ball).

Suitable and all known from childhood entertainment "City, Plant, Animal".

On the way from kindergarten or school, learn tongue twisters and tongue twisters, choose the funniest ones to attract the child's attention:

The parrot said to the parrot:

"I'll scare you, parrot, parrot."

The parrot answers him:

"parrot, parrot, parrot"

Moreover, when repeating, it is not speed that is taken into account, but the correctness and clarity of reproduction. Such exercises are done by artists, presenters. If there are any problems with pronunciation of a certain sound, you can make a selection with an emphasis on it.

We read and listen

Let expressive reading aloud in the evenings become your tradition. Young children (and those who are older) are very fond of listening to stories performed by their parents. Let them be with the maximum number of example dialogues colloquial speech. Unfamiliar kids can be provided with remarks, and schoolchildren can be asked to refer to a dictionary. Someone will like audiobooks, be picky about their choice: listen for yourself before demonstrating. If the style of the reader does not suit you, look for something else.

cultural trips

It's great if you can go with your child to performances and productions. Performance is the whole world. It is curious to watch the heroes of the action, to memorize funny or simply capacious phrases, to begin to understand how many possibilities the human voice has for expressing emotions: a word spoken with different intonation carries a different semantic load. In addition, a good play is first of all an excellent text delivered by professional actors. - this is just a case of combining benefits, pleasure and fresh impressions. Small skits can be put on family holidays. Speaking in a circle of close people will help overcome shyness, stiffness, hone the ability to recite.

Sculpt, draw, sing

The development of fine motor skills contributes to the improvement of speech, since these two centers are located side by side in the brain. Drawing with pencils, crayons, paints, modeling from plasticine, clay, designing, assembling mosaics - all these activities have a positive effect on the quality and content of what our children say. Vocal lessons will be helpful for proper breathing and the necessary articulation (especially if there are difficulties such as intermittency and speed of speaking).

Communication

Pay attention to how you speak yourself. First of all, the younger generation takes an example from their parents. Do not use the so-called parasitic words (“as if”, “this is the same”, “type”, etc.), pronounce everything clearly and distinctly. Ask about how your son or daughter had a day, what happened interesting. Listen without interrupting, even if you are tired. Encourage answers, discuss, express your point of view. Leading questions ("what do you think?", "what did you like?") come in handy. Watch less TV: some modern programs, cartoons and movies are rather harmful. But do not forget about the good old Soviet cartoons. There is an opinion that for today's children they are not very attractive, because they are not very dynamic. However, do not blindly trust this theory, in practice everything is individual.

Rhetoric exercises for caring parents and their curious children

1. Exercise "Explain the word"

Give your child a couple of words to define. Let him explain what a nose is, a dandelion, a chair, a tree, a ball.

But understand what follows at the beginning you need to attribute the word to more general class items.

For example:

A tree is a plant that... A nose is an organ that... A dandelion is a flower that has... and so on. Then you should name the external features, function or structure. So, a tree is a plant that has many legs and leaves, is very hardworking and lives on the street. This will be enough. It will be nice if the child gives the definition of the word "dandelion": a dandelion is a flower that is yellow at the beginning, then white. He has fluffs and if you blow on him, they scatter in all directions. He lives in the summer. He can also heal people. Do not be surprised: some children can say worse definitions! Teach them this. Start by defining the word "dog".

2. Exercise "Remember the word"

Your task and the task of the child is to remember all the known words that are suitable for the chosen topic. Everything you already know about him.

For example:

Theme "man" (you name)

Man, creature (the child repeats the previous word and names his own)

Man, creature, ears

The loser calls the funny phrase "sheep's head."

3. Exercise "Come up with a rhyme for a word"

Take any simple words known to the child and let him choose a rhyme for them.

For example:

Thunderstorm - dew

4. Exercise "Read and repeat"

Pick up an interesting book that will be appropriate for the child's age. Read the phrase aloud. The task of the child is to repeat verbatim what was said. The fairy tales of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin are best suited for this rhetoric workshop, but you can take prose, which will be more difficult. But it all depends on the child, his level. First, take part of the sentence, its short passages, then - gradually the child can cope with long sentences. Developing RAM much needed for rhetoric and expanding vocabulary. This exercise requires the tenacity of the parent, as well as humor and positivity. You can kill the desire to play with you with a strict word and a menacing look.

Read the phrases aloud, and let the child try to repeat what was said.

5. Exercise "Let's listen to the silence"

This game brings up the ability to quickly focus.

First, measure for one and a half to two minutes and listen to all the sounds around you: in the room, in the apartment, outside the window. And then, in turn, tell about the sounds you heard and depict with the help of words. Naturally, it cannot be repeated. The one who calls these sounds the most wins.

For example:

I heard the clock tick in the room

And I heard a car drive by on the street: “trrr-trrr”

It was raining outside the window: "drip-drip-drip"

Footsteps were heard in another room: “top-top-top”

6. Exercise "Find the missing item"

The leader is chosen. For example, this is a child who is invited to carefully look around himself and remember those around him. small item lying on the tables. He then turns away and leaves the room as you remove one of the items. When the driver returns, he must detect a change that has occurred on the tables or in the room in general (if the game is played on a larger scale and it involves objects located throughout the room). Your task is to prompt the driver by coming up with an original definition of the subject, without naming it directly. The task of the child is to ask leading questions to the parent and try to guess the removed object.

For example:

What animal does this item look like?

On a hamster

-… This item can only be used in the classroom?

You can take it with you wherever you want!

Is this a penalty?

Yes! Well done.

7. Exercise "Find the differences"

Children and you are invited to explain in one or two words what is the difference between two outwardly similar objects.

For example:

You: What is the difference between a ball and a lemon?

Child: the ball is round

You: A lemon is also round. Wrong.

Child: It's yellow!

You: Both of these items can be yellow.

Child: The ball is empty.

You: Not all balls inside are empty.

Child: You can't eat the ball.

You: Absolutely right! Therein lies the difference.

.Exercises “Imagine you are an artist”

A story based on a picture, all kinds of presentations, have long been used in school educational process. Their benefits are undeniable. In our opinion, such rhetorical exercises for children can also be successfully practiced. Like drawing, storytelling from a picture develops an associative-color perception of a sounding word, which contributes to a more harmonious formation of rhetorical skills in a child.

1) "What I remember"

The meaning of the exercise follows from the name. The child looks at the reproduction for a while, then turns it over so that he can no longer see it, and tells what he remembers. At first, this may be just a listing of the objects depicted in the picture, but gradually you need to come to a coherent description.

2) "What's going on?"

This task is much more difficult than the previous one. The child should not just describe the picture, but try to understand what is happening there, show some directorial qualities, notice the action taking place in the picture, or fantasize it if it is a landscape or a still life.

3) "What happened before?"

The speaker expresses his assumptions about what happened in the picture before the artist stopped the moment he liked and captured it in paint.

4) “What would I name the painting if I were an artist”

Your child offers his own version of the name of the picture and tries to prove its legitimacy.

9. Exercise "Funny tongue twister"

An exercise that develops a sense of rhythm and logic of speech. A simple well-known a tongue twister to everyone, for example: “About a white bull”.

The text is divided into more or less logically completed passages - phrases. The pauses separating phrases from each other are filled with clapping. Stomping and any other movements can be added to the claps.

It all looks something like this:

Grandma had a bull! (you and your child do two handclaps and two stomp)

White bull. Two claps and two stomps. (child)

There was a bull stupid lips! Two claps and two stomps. (again you)

Stupid bull. Two claps and two stomps. (child again)

The bull has a white lip .... Two claps and two stomps.

Was dumb! (chorus)

The first time the tongue twister is read slowly, thoughtfully. It is necessary to immediately determine what this tongue twister is about. What happens in it, how we relate to its heroes. Then, reading the second and third times, you can increase the tempo, observing the general rhythmic structure, the striking points of which are our playing pauses - claps and stomps, as well as explosive consonants - an explosive sound predominates in this tongue twister " B". It should be pronounced especially distinctly "explode" on the lips.

RHETORIC FOR CHILDREN

To be a speaker means to control people with the help of the word. Usually, when parents offer their child to engage in rhetoric, they do not set such goals for him. Absolutely in vain. Children's rhetoric differs from adult rhetoric only in the form of learning, but not in essence. If you think your child has slurred speech, bad writing, or a fear of speaking in front of strangers, do not limit it to correcting these shortcomings. Offer him more, offer him to be the perfect speaker. He will succeed. We will help.

Rhetoric for children is an exclusive offer of Argument studio. In the process of adapting the classical course oratory to children's perception, we managed to keep rhetoric rhetoric.

GOALS

Remove barriers in communication. Get rid of the fear of public speaking. Add speech connections. Make the language more flexible and rich. Learn to set and achieve speech tasks. Make it a habit to analyze other people's statements. Help to see the beauty in the accuracy of speech. Understand and master the general structure of any text. Master your speech as a tool.

ORGANIZATION

Oratory for children, we teach only in an individual format. The child will get plenty of experience in public speech at school, at our meetings it is important to lay the foundation, add confidence and instill a good skill.

Each lesson includes new theory and exercises for its assimilation, but it is built in the format of live communication with elements of the game. As a rule, one lesson lasts an hour or an hour and a half, takes place from one to three times a week in the environment familiar to the child at his home. The schedule of meetings and program objectives are discussed with parents after the first lesson and can be adjusted as the training progresses.

We have been teaching children since the fifth grade, although some teachers have experience working with first-graders.

If, in addition to pedagogical tasks, you want to set others for us (for example, medical, related to the mental development of your child, or worldview, related to his moral development, his interests, motivation, etc.), then let us know before the first meeting of our teacher with his future student.

PROGRAM

Below is an adult public speaking program.

Oratory for children has a similar program in terms of directions and tasks, but it differs very much in the form of teaching, the detail of study, the sequence of study, and the emphasis on individual blocks. Developed individually.

Rhetoric
Rhetoric is the science of the expedient word. Why "about the word"? Because for your statement you can use not only words. Words are not always needed, and sometimes directly contraindicated, but rhetoric uses them. Why "science"? Because rhetoric is an applied humanities science, it has rules and laws, violating which you will not be able to give your speech the effect you are striving for. Why "appropriate"? Because the speaker has a goal that he wants to achieve by using his speech as a tool. If you don't have a goal, you cannot be a speaker. If you have a goal but don't know the rhetoric, you can't be a speaker either. The speaker wants and knows how to manage people with the help of his written and sounding word.

Fear
People are very afraid to speak in public and communicate in general, for example, with strangers. You will say that fear disappears as a result of good preparation, and you will be right, especially since there is nothing worse than a man who is not prepared, but not afraid. Such a speaker is simply disgusting, because his uncontrolled verbiage is not restrained by anything, not even fear. We are for fear to naturally give way to professionalism and experience. But there are times when you need to specifically work on fear, sometimes even for a long time. Yes, it's more psychological problem, but it can be successfully solved with a specific set of exercises and practices as part of a preliminary study of rhetoric.

Speech thesis, speaker and audience
The speaker speaks to an audience. An audience is a group of people who are united by one problem. The task of the speaker is to solve this problem. Not your problem, but the audience's problem, because the audience doesn't care about the speaker's problems. But if the speaker can solve the audience's problem, the audience will follow. A good speaker, along with the problem of the audience, always solves his own problems. The art is to learn how to combine the solution of one's own problems with the solution of the listeners' problems. The speech thesis is the main idea of ​​the statement in the form of a single sentence, which contains a description of the problem of the audience and a variant of its acceptable solution.

Fact as the basis of worldview
To create a speech, we need to know who is speaking and in front of whom, what the situation around them looks like, what they think about each other and what they think about the topic of the speech, what goals they pursue, what they were going to do before the speech, what the speaker will agree to consider success and what kind of speech the audience will call successful. The situation around the listeners is called a fact. It is the fact that gives rise to the problem of the audience, which the speaker solves. A set of facts is formed into a worldview, and argumentation is based on the worldview. The main property of a fact is that a fact does not exist, only its interpretations exist, which you need to be able to create convincing for the audience.

Argumentation of the thesis
In the thesis of his speech, the speaker proposes a solution to the problem of the audience. Arguments must prove the correctness of this decision in that part of it that is not confirmed by the interpretation of the fact. We propose to master seventeen types of arguments: five arguments to reality, five rational, four arguments to the norm and three arguments to the person. An important note - the strength of an argument does not depend on its type, strong arguments are those that the audience considers as such. Not a speaker, but an audience. For one audience it will be one, for another it will be different.

Monologue and its structure
A monologue is the simplest form of speech. Its purpose is to invest one main idea, containing a description of the problem and its solution, into the minds of the listeners. The structure of speech is needed in order to accomplish this task. Rhetoric teaches to control people with the help of speech, therefore all its laws are based on how people perceive this very speech. During the monologue, the audience makes three accents. The speaker can talk about anything, but people will always focus on the speaker at first, then they will look at how convincing he is, and then they will become interested in what he calls them to. Three important moments- speaker, his persuasiveness, appeal. But we will go further, our structure will be more complicated: Introduction, Thesis, Division, Presentation, Confirmation, Refutation, Generalization, Motivation.

Dialogue in persuasion, thoughtful communication
Most complex view dialogue and the most time-consuming format of public speaking. From the outside, it looks like easy communication, interesting, memorable and inviting. At its core, it is a way of forming a certain thought or desire in the interlocutor, but without voicing this thought by us and without any evidence of this thought on our part. Dialogue in persuasion has nothing to do with neurolinguistic programming and other near-psychological practices.

Dialogue is dialectical
A dialogue for the sake of establishing the truth, in which the participants treat each other with respect and do not believe that they cannot be wrong. In its purest form, the most rare form of dialogue, not only because of its goals, but also because of the complex structure of conduct. However, elements of dialectical dialogue are used in real communication.

Polemic dialogue, sophisms
A rigid form of dialogue, the task of which is to attract listeners to itself, trampling the opponent into the mud, even at the cost of discrediting the truth. Historically, this is the first form of dialogue developed and brought to formal perfection by the Sophists. Sophisms - pseudo-arguments used in a dispute that look true, but have internal error. We propose to study the following types of sophism: traps, insinuations, provocations, reversions, demoralizations and substitutions. The main purpose of sophistry is to humiliate the opponent. The whole voluminous theory of polemical dialogue with a variety of practices and methods of conducting it is subordinated to the same goal.

The quality of life of any person largely depends on the ability to communicate with other people. Rhetoric teaches lively conversation, helps to understand the style of communication in different situations, teaches you to formulate questions, just speak correctly and listen carefully to people. Methods for teaching rhetoric for children of different ages have their own characteristics and rules.

Teaching rhetoric to children from 2-3 years old

Parents should understand that early language development sessions on an ongoing basis contribute to significant results. Normally, if at 2 years old the child understands all the words of adults, and at 3 years old it is simple sentences. When teaching children 2-3 years old, it is necessary to take into account the individual abilities of the child, hereditary predisposition. Of course, there can be no talk of any boring, long lessons with children of this age.

Speech skills develop gradually, throughout the day. This should be done in kindergarten, parents are home. You should talk more with the child, ask him simple questions. Listen carefully to everything he says, correct mistakes. The child should hear clear, understandable speech. It is better to learn unfamiliar words during the game, for example, by interpreting with the characters of your favorite cartoons. If the child is interested and fun, he will quickly learn new things.

The development of fine motor skills of the hands stimulates speech abilities. Sculpting from plasticine, coloring, folding all kinds of pyramids, cubes, trying to fasten a button is simply necessary for a child of 2-3 years old.

For getting positive results, parents and educators should stock up on great patience. Many parents are afraid to "overload" the child with knowledge and try to send him to various training courses (,) at an older age, and in vain! How younger child, the easier it is for him to acquire skills and assimilate information.

Teaching rhetoric to children from 4 to 6 years old

A child at 4 years old already understands a lot, sometimes parents do not even realize how much their baby is already an adult. At this age, all knowledge is absorbed like a sponge and it is very important that the child is surrounded by experienced teachers or those people from whom he can take a good example.

You have probably noticed how quickly the baby grasps the bad words heard in the kindergarten or the store, how quickly he remembers the plot of the film, which it is too early for him to watch.

Worth paying Special attention its development. If from childhood he learns everything, then his whole life will turn out as well as possible. The ability to convince, move correctly, express thoughts beautifully, be polite and obedient - all this is exactly what your child needs in order for him to be successful in life and to be as prepared as possible.

Teaching rhetoric to children 7-9 years old

Expressive reading contributes to the correct intonation of speech. At the age of 7, a little man goes to school, opens up for him new world. Habitual boundaries crumble and he learns how this world, society works - some children have difficulties in communication. Everyone solves this problem in their own way, someone closes in on himself, someone starts bullying everyone. Adults prefer to turn a blind eye to this. can radically change the situation by teaching the child to behave correctly in certain situations.

Children at the age of 9 should be taught to speak in public, do not hesitate to answer an oral lesson in front of the class. Children need to be taught to love reading. Let him choose the books himself, any compulsion will be excluded. To teach how to use facial expressions and gestures that can be helpers or, conversely, overload speech.

The development of rhetoric helps to reveal the potential of the child, increase interest in learning, gain confidence, make more friends. Successful development is possible, given the nature of the child, to arrange classes in a fun way.

Teaching rhetoric to migrant children

The development of the rhetoric of children of a different nationality has certain difficulties. The mentor should learn the traditions, culture, religious values, among which the child was brought up from birth.

This information will allow you to choose effective methodology learning.

With children of migrants, a lot of patience is required, they need to be given special attention. For example, a teenager who grew up in the Caucasus should not be scolded in front of the whole class, it is better to talk in private.

If necessary, ask the parents to explain sensitive issues to the child. It is much more difficult for a migrant child to learn rhetoric, if the child does not know Russian well, misunderstanding sets in. He needs adult support.

Issues to be taken into account different ages especially for Muslim children. The teacher should sometimes make concessions. The main thing is to try to find contact with the child.

Rhetoric in Moscow

Various ways of learning are offered:

• individual training, home visits are possible;
• different numbers of groups, including minimum set(5 - 8 people);
• all kinds of training periods and the number of classes per week (for example, accelerated courses are offered for 20 hours, 10 times for 2 hours).

The amount of tuition fees is democratic, a flexible pricing policy is supported.

A child who has the skills of rhetoric grows up as a sociable and confident person, it is easier for him to find a place in life. Smart and loving parents understand the importance of teaching the child's rhetoric, spare no time and money for this.