The concept of the system of social protection of the population: factors of formation and development. Principles of social protection of the population

In accordance with the current legislation in Russia, there is a system of social services based on various forms of ownership, which includes:

• · State social services that are the property of the Russian Federation or subjects of the Russian Federation and are under their jurisdiction. These services are not subject to privatization and cannot be re-profiled into other types of activities. They are also not entitled to lease or pledge the property assigned to them. The types of social protection institutions are defined both in federal laws, for example, in the Federal Law “On Social Services for the Population of the Russian Federation”, and in the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
• · Municipal organizations of social protection and social services for the population, which are under the jurisdiction of local governments and represent the municipal sector of social protection of the population. At the same time, it should be noted that the bodies of social protection of the population have been transferred to the jurisdiction of state authorities.
• · Non-state social protection and social services are based on forms of ownership that are not related to the state and municipal. Non-state social services of various organizational and legal forms, as well as private individuals carrying out activities in the field of social services in accordance with the established procedure, represent the non-state sector of social protection and social services. The non-state sector also includes social service organizations formed on the basis of the property of public associations, including professional associations, religious and public organizations, whose activities are related to social services.

Social service institutions, regardless of their form of ownership, enjoy preferential taxation, and organizations and legal entities (banks, enterprises, institutions) that direct property, financial and intellectual values ​​for the development of social services and provide them with support, enjoy the benefits provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The structure of the social protection system is extensive and includes the following components:

• · social Security;
• · social insurance;
• social assistance;
• social work;
• social support;
• · rehabilitation and adaptation;
• social benefits and guarantees;
• self-defence and self-help;
• · a system of social control over the implementation of the functioning of social protection.

A feature of the structure of social protection is that its elements are both social institutions and the main functions of this system.

The central element and function of the social protection system is social security as a system created and regulated by the state and bearing the main burden of social protection.

Social Security is an institution that has historically developed in society, through which the vital needs of people who need support from society are met. The system of types of social security is a system of cash payments, natural assistance and services provided to citizens from special funds. It includes blocks that can be considered as relatively independent systems:

• pension;
• cash benefits;
• medical care;
• maintenance and upbringing of children in children's, preschool and health institutions;
• social services and social assistance.

Each of them also consists of components (pensions of various types, benefits, benefits in kind, services). Thus, the pension system includes old-age pensions, pensions: for disability, for the loss of a breadwinner, for long service, social; allowance system benefits: for temporary disability, for pregnancy and childbirth, at the birth of a child, for child care, etc.

Social help- this is a system of social relations that develops between citizens (families) with an average per capita income below the subsistence level, and state bodies regarding the provision of cash payments, natural assistance and services to citizens (families) in excess of their earnings, scholarships, pensions, allowances, etc. in order to ensure a living wage and meet their basic needs.

Social support It also includes measures to provide assistance to persons (families) who have an income not lower than the subsistence level, but who need additional support due to a difficult life situation. In accordance with the Federal Law of August 28, 1995 "On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation", social support is administered by local self-government.

Social insurance should remain state, be mandatory and cover all citizens and stateless persons living and working in the territory of this state.

Social needs, which are primarily aimed at social policy, have a unifying value. Their satisfaction must be guaranteed by society, the state to every person.

An important role in the system of social protection belongs to the system of social standards and regulations, the creation and practical implementation of mechanisms for the introduction of social standardization and regulation at the federal, regional and municipal levels.

There are two types of social protection: limited and absolute. Limited social protection - providing all members of society with a guaranteed minimum standard of living, that is, a certain minimum in food, housing and clothing sufficient to maintain health and performance. This type of security should not be considered as a privilege. This is a legitimate requirement of every member of society and a natural addition to the market system.

Absolute protection is the provision by the state of guaranteed relative well-being to some person or category of citizens in order to insure individual members of society from what is the norm for the market - from a possible decrease in their income level. The provision of this type of protection by the state is, in fact, the implementation of a “fair” remuneration, i.e. correlated with the subjective merits of a person, and not with the objective results of his work. Thus, this is the provision of a “deserved” or “deserved” level of income. Absolute security is characteristic of societies in which full control over the market is exercised or market relations are eliminated. In both cases, we are dealing with a totalitarian type of society.

Social security is a complex of real rights and freedoms of citizens, providing a level of security and comfort of their life guaranteed by society. The degree of social protection is determined by the level of socio-economic development of the country and the established mechanisms to ensure security.

Social protection of the population covers a wide range of measures for state and public support of the population, including measures related to social security, understood as the activities of the state to provide material support to citizens in old age, in case of disability, in connection with the birth and upbringing of children, medical care and treatment.

The rules and regulations of social protection of the population directly depend on the regulated law and the direction of this type of support to the population.

The basis of the state social guarantee is a minimalized social standard, which determines the living conditions of people.

For example, for the mother of a newborn child, some rules for support are established, for an elderly person (pensioner) others.

Protection of the population is designed to determine the necessary minimum standard of living so that citizens of the Russian Federation do not fall below the poverty line, establish benefits that are important for certain social groups, and allow some to use certain services for free.

The essence of social protection

Social protection itself is a system for distributing resources among vulnerable segments of the population. Insecurity is classified and defined according to some principles.

Public funds are based on a source of funding from the budget.

Thus, the funds directed to the social are formed at the expense of taxation. Social Security is:

• care of the Russian Federation about people who have lost their ability to work;
• implementation of guarantees for the population;
• a framework to ensure that a minimum standard of living is maintained.

Principles of social protection

Social protection of the population is designed in such a way that it can be based on the following basic principles:

• partnership. The state undertakes to fulfill its obligations to people for social protection, but partnership is an integral part of this. Therefore, close cooperation between the state and private organizations is observed everywhere;
• economic justice. The very structure of the state is largely based on economic relations. Without the possession of certain resources, which are obtained through the ability to work, the life of citizens cannot be supported. The state must equalize the opportunities of people, determining, on the basis of the principle of economic justice, the priorities for the distribution of funds, and each of the categories of citizens must satisfy their own established individual needs in order to maintain a comfortable life;
• adaptability. Social protection should work in such a way that it gradually improves itself, for which different links of the entire system of social relationships functioning in the state are responsible;
• priority of state principles. The main task of the Russian Federation in the social direction is the need to help achieve a certain standard of living, which will be acceptable, to people who, for objective reasons, cannot do this on their own;
• preventive social protection measures. Identification of risk factors associated with the social direction. As a rule, it works at the regional level, has its own links of managerial priority, the main task of which is considered to be the most flexible combination of the provision of services on a paid or free basis to maintain normal living conditions.

Bodies of social protection in the Russian Federation

The structure of the bodies responsible for the social status of citizens consists of:

• state bodies (provide the legal framework, strategy and tactics of social policy);
• civil communities (associations, organizations, firms and enterprises);
• charitable and voluntary.

Management of social protection at the federal level in Russia is handled by the Ministry of Labor.

Pension, social insurance and medical insurance funds are in charge.

In the regions, the executive bodies of social protection in the Russian Federation are the Department. For questions in the districts of Moscow, you can contact the district administration.

Objects of social protection

• pensioners, including singles;
• disabled veterans of the Great Patriotic War, families of fallen soldiers;
• unemployed;
• Chernobyl people;
• disabled people;
• orphans;
• large families and low-income families;
• single mothers;
• citizens who do not have a place of residence;
• infected with HIV.

Another measure to protect the social protection of citizens is social insurance, but this area is usually considered auxiliary on a national scale.

It covers persons who have lost their ability to work, and also applies to those who support disabled citizens.

Means of social protection

The means of the state for the creation of social protection include:

• regulatory restrictions. They were created so that through the use of certain tools it would not be possible to influence the condition of the unprotected segments of the population. For this, minimum wages, levels of benefits are set, there is free medicine and free education;
• social stimulants in the form of subsidies, preferential forms of assistance partially paid from the budget of services;
• analysis of the results of the work carried out to maintain the average standard of living. Within the framework of these programs are being developed;
• the existence of non-state pension systems, which allows people to invest funds allocated to the budget for the subsequent receipt of pensions, to contribute them to private funds on other conditions;
• creation of a set of actions for the service and social protection of disabled citizens. For example, medical supplies or materials for patients may be distributed;
• organization of charitable foundations that direct funds to maintain a higher standard of living for different social groups.

Participants in insuring people from life's difficulties that prevent them from maintaining a minimum standard of living are the state, insurance non-state funds and commercial, as well as charitable organizations.

Stock! Paid consultation - FREE!

The state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of social support of citizens is formed in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

According to Art. 7 Constitutions « The Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person. (Article 7., Clause 1.). And also in the Russian Federation, labor and health of people are protected, a guaranteed minimum wage is established, state support is provided for the family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, the disabled and the elderly, a system of social services is being developed, state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection are being established ( article 7.p.2.) .

The Constitution of the Russian Federation also establishes that the coordination of issues related to the protection of the family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood; social protection, including social security, is under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Thus, all the above guarantees are implemented through the system of social protection of the population. The basis of state social guarantees are minimum social standards- that is, the minimum levels of social guarantees established by the laws of the Russian Federation or decisions of representative bodies of state power for a certain period of time, expressed through social norms and standards, reflecting the most important human needs for material goods, public and free services, guaranteeing an appropriate level of their consumption and intended to determine mandatory minimum budget expenditures for these purposes.

Social protection of the population is a practical activity for the implementation of the main directions of social policy.

When developing and implementing social policy, the question arises about social priorities, that is, social tasks that are recognized by society at this stage of its development as the most urgent and urgent, requiring a priority solution. At the same time, it is necessary not only to support, but also

In a broad general sociological sense, the term "social protection" first appeared in the United States in the 1930s. and gradually became widespread in Western sociology to refer to a system of measures that protect any citizen from economic and social disadvantage due to unemployment, loss or sharp reduction in income due to illness, childbirth, work injury or occupational disease, disability, old age, loss of a breadwinner, etc. etc., and also became the main attribute of the social policy of any civilized state.

Social protection of the population is considered by Russian social law as a system of legal guarantees and protective measures that protect members of society from economic, social and physical degradation. It acts as a process of providing state and municipal bodies with existing guarantees and rights that protect the individual, his economic, socio-political, social needs and interests.

In practical terms, social protection is represented by a set of legal economic and social guarantees enshrined in legislation and by-laws at the state level using a two-stage system of legal acts - federal and regional legislation.

At the same time, social protection also acts as a process of ensuring by state or other bodies the guarantees and rights existing in society that protect the individual, his economic, socio-political, social needs and interests in all spheres of society. In its action, it extends to all members of society, however, the functional manifestation in relation to different groups is not the same.

Models of social protection(according to Antropov V.V.)

The economic model of social protection can be understood as the established principles of organization and functioning of its programs in a particular country. Four main models dominate in the countries of the European Union: continental or Bismarckian, Anglo-Saxon or Beveridge model, Scandinavian and South European.

Continental model (Bismarck model) establishes a rigid link between the level of social protection and the duration of professional activity. It is based on social insurance, the services of which are financed mainly by contributions from employers and the insured. This model is based on the principle of professional solidarity, which provides for the existence of insurance funds managed on a parity basis by employees and entrepreneurs. They accumulate social contributions from wages, from which insurance payments are made. Financing of such systems, as a rule, is not carried out from the state budget, since the principle of budgetary universality is opposite to such a model of social protection. However, in the modern conditions of the existence of a welfare state in Europe with its extensive network of social programs, this model of social protection, as a rule, is not always based only on this principle. Therefore, for low-income members of society who are unable to receive social insurance payments for a number of reasons (for example, due to the lack of the necessary insurance period), national solidarity is realized through social assistance systems. In this case, we can talk about auxiliary mechanisms that are deviations from the main logic of the "Bismarckian" model. Despite the existence of the principle of mandatory social insurance (for example, in Germany the mandatory nature of social insurance is prescribed by law), it is not fully observed. This is due to the existence of wage limits, above which membership in social insurance regimes is not mandatory (only voluntary insurance is possible), or the limitation of contributions (in this case, within the framework of compulsory social insurance, contributions are made only within the limits of the marginal wage, and social payments calculated in relation to this level). Thus, this model is based on the principle of actuarial justice, when the amount of insurance payments is determined primarily by the amount of insurance premiums. At the time of his birth in Germany at the end of the XIX century. the German social security system reproduced exactly this model. Today, a significant development of the social assistance system (based on the principle of assistance, not insurance) leads to a modification of this model and an increase in the share of budgetary financing of social protection.

Anglo-Saxon model (Beveridge model) represented in Europe by the UK and Ireland. It is based on the report of the English economist W. Beveridge, presented to the British government in 1942. Keynes' ideas that the dynamics of social production and employment are determined by factors of effective demand, and, consequently, the redistribution of income in the interests of social groups, had a significant impact on the provisions put forward by Beveridge. earning lower incomes can increase the money demand of mass buyers. The model is based on the following principles: the principle of universality (universality) of the social protection system - its extension to all citizens in need of material assistance; the principle of uniformity and unification of social services and payments, which is expressed in the same amount of pensions, benefits and medical care, as well as the conditions for their provision.

The principle of distributive justice is fundamental in this model, since in this case we are not talking about professional (as in the case of the Bismarck model), but about national solidarity. Such social protection systems are financed both by insurance premiums and by taxation. Thus, the financing of family allowances and health care is carried out from the state budget, and other social benefits - at the expense of insurance premiums of employees and employers. Unlike the continental one, this model includes social insurance with rather low social benefits and social assistance, which plays a dominant role in this system.

Scandinavian model of social protection typical for Denmark, Sweden and Finland. Social protection in it is understood as a legitimate right of a citizen. A distinctive feature of the Scandinavian model is the wide coverage of various social risks and life situations that require the support of society. The receipt of social services and payments, as a rule, is guaranteed to all residents of the country and is not conditional on employment and payment of insurance premiums. In general, the level of social security offered by this model is quite high. Last but not least, this is achieved through an active redistributive policy aimed at equalizing incomes. A necessary prerequisite for the functioning of this model is a highly organized society, built on the basis of commitment to the principles of an institutional welfare society.

The social safety nets of this model are financed primarily through taxation, although insurance premiums from entrepreneurs and employees play a role. The only part of social protection separated from the general system is unemployment insurance, which is voluntary and administered by trade unions. Until recently, employees were practically exempt from paying insurance premiums and participated in the social protection system by paying taxes. However, in the last decade of the XX century. There has been a trend towards a gradual increase in the share of employees in the financing of insurance programs and an increase in insurance deductions from wages. The same trend can be traced in relation to entrepreneurs, while social spending by the state has significantly decreased in recent years.

South European model Social Security is represented in Italy, Spain, Greece and Portugal. Only in recent decades, under the influence of socio-economic and structural changes in these states, social protection systems have been created or improved. Unlike the previous ones, this model can be interpreted rather as developing, transitional, and therefore not having a clear organization. That is why the "rudimentary" nature of this model is noted as its main feature by various Western researchers. As a rule, the level of social protection characteristic of this model is relatively low, and the task of social protection is often seen as the concern of relatives and families. Therefore, the family and other institutions of civil society play an important role here, and social policy is predominantly passive in nature and is focused on compensating for losses in the incomes of certain categories of citizens. A characteristic feature of this model is also the asymmetric structure of social spending. Thus, in Italy, this is manifested in the fact that the largest part of social spending is pensions (14.7% of GDP compared to the average European level of 12.5%), while relatively insignificant funds are spent on supporting the family, motherhood, education and employment policy. (about 1%).

The formation of modern systems of social protection is associated with the process of industrialization, the strengthening of state regulation of social processes, and the complication of the socio-demographic structure of society. The peak of development of social protection systems falls on 1960-1970, when many states assumed high obligations to ensure social protection of the population. This was facilitated by the accelerated rates of economic growth, the strengthening of the role of the state in socio-economic processes, and the formulation of the theory of the “welfare state”. The subsequent economic crises changed the situation, as a result of which in 1980 - 1990. the main problems of the current stage of development of social protection systems were identified. They were caused by a number of demographic, political and economic reasons. By the 1980s, the trend of expanding social protection had exhausted its possibilities, approaching the thresholds.

Principles of social protection

Social protection is based on the following principles:

- Social partnership– the state solves practical social problems jointly with interested bodies and organizations.

- Economic justice - socio-economic support for those who cannot participate in economic relations for objective reasons.

- Adaptability - the ability of the social protection system to self-development and self-improvement.

- The priority of state principles - the state acts as a guarantor of ensuring a socially acceptable standard of living for those who cannot achieve this on their own.

- Preventive measures for social protection - forecasting and prevention of social risks at the regional level for their more effective elimination, in particular through a flexible combination of paid and free services.

Objects of social protection

Federal and regional legislation distinguishes the following categories of the population, protected by certain legal acts, since they will be in difficult life situation:

• elderly citizens who are single and live alone;
• disabled veterans of the Great Patriotic War and families of fallen servicemen;
• disabled people, including those disabled since childhood, and children with disabilities;
• citizens affected by the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and radioactive emissions elsewhere;
• unemployed;
• forced refugees and migrants;
• children - orphans, children left without parental care and the family in which they live;
• children with deviant behavior;
• low-income families;
• large families;
• single mothers;
• citizens infected with HIV or suffering from AIDS;
• persons without a fixed place of residence.

For these categories social protection is considered as a system of state-guaranteed permanent or long-term measures that provide conditions for overcoming a difficult life situation. These measures are aimed at creating opportunities for protected categories of the population to participate in the life of society on an equal footing with other citizens. These include social assistance and social support.

Social help- Periodic or regular activities that contribute to the elimination or reduction of a difficult life situation.

In accordance with Art. 1 of the Federal Law No. 178-FZ of July 17, 1999, state social assistance means the provision of social benefits, subsidies, compensations or essential goods to low-income families or citizens living alone at the expense of the budget. A person is recognized as poor if his monthly income is less than the subsistence minimum established in the subject of his residence.

Benefit is a donated amount of money. It is non-targeted. That is, its recipient can dispose of the money at his discretion. The payment of benefits is an auxiliary measure, its purpose is to support a person, and not to fully provide him with material resources.

Unlike allowance, subsidy has a designated purpose, and is a payment for material goods or services provided to citizens.

Compensation- this is a reimbursement to citizens of the expenses incurred by them, and not any, determined arbitrarily according to their needs, but established by the state. The appointment and payment of benefits and compensations is also carried out by the relevant departments of the territorial bodies of social protection of the population.

Social support- one-time or episodic events of a short-term nature, not directly focused on eliminating a social problem, but contributing to its reduction.

To all disabled and socially vulnerable strata and groups of the population, social protection provides, in accordance with the procedure established by law, advantages in the use of public consumption funds, direct social assistance, and tax cuts. Social protection not only has a pronounced targeted focus, but is also distinguished by the variety of its methods and forms, and is of a complex nature. Along with social security, various forms of social assistance and support are used, including various forms of social services, counseling and psychological assistance.

For able-bodied citizens, social protection guarantees equal opportunities for subsistence through personal labor contribution, economic independence and entrepreneurship.

Principles of social protection declared by a number of regulations.

The leading principle of social protection is social justice, according to which all members of society are provided with equal access to social benefits and guarantees on a legal basis.

Targeting of social protection is a means of ensuring social justice, as it takes into account the individual difficult life situation of a particular person. The criteria for providing targeted social assistance are:

The contingent of protected people in legislative practice is limited to those categories of the population that are completely or partially deprived of the ability to work and self-sufficiency. Targeted assistance to those in need is provided in accordance with social criteria. The criteria are based on social standards, which are scientifically based indicators of the level of consumption of the most important goods and services, the amount of cash income and other data characterizing the conditions of human life.

The principle of economic efficiency focuses on a positive ratio of the costs of social protection and its socio-economic effect. The volume of social spending should be in such a ratio that the receipt of benefits does not become preferable to wages. Deductions for financing the social sphere should be correlated with all economic indicators, including GDP, wage fund, household incomes, etc.

On the basis of the principle of an integrated approach, the tasks of supporting marginal strata of the population and stabilizing economic and social development - the leading goals of social policy - are most effectively solved. Complexity is ensured by the coordination and consistency of the actions of the subjects of social policy, the unity of goals and directions of their activities.

The principle of social partnership is focused on solving practical social problems by the state together with business, public organizations, representatives of various levels and branches of government.

The principle of solidarity, the essence of which is the redistribution of income from some socio-demographic groups to others.

Principle of adaptability implies the ability of the social protection system to self-development and self-improvement.

The principle of economic justice is to protect all participants in labor activity by maintaining the ratio of wages between budgetary organizations and subjects of market relations. This principle is realized in two forms: fair exchange and fair distribution. Social justice implies socio-economic support for those who cannot participate in economic relations for objective reasons (disabled people, children, adolescents, students, pregnant women, mothers with many children, etc.) or who have lost their ability to work due to various circumstances.

The principle of priority of state principles suggests that the state should act as a guarantor of the economic provision of a socially acceptable standard of living for those who cannot achieve this on their own.

The principle of economic independence local authorities highlights the role of local authorities. Social benefits and other payments at the federal level are guaranteed at a minimum amount. All payments above this level are made from the local budget and local funds so that the population of the region and its administration are interested in developing the economy of their own region.

The right to prevent social protection measures makes it possible to predict social risks at the regional level for their more effective elimination. Prevention of social risks is carried out by various mechanisms (for example, in case of loss of a job, assistance in finding a job). The combination of paid and free services makes it possible to meet a wide range of social needs of people.

Social law highlights a number ofsubjects of social responsibility for the quality of life of the population.

The most important subject of social protection of the population is the state, which develops and implements social protection measures. It provides a minimum level of social guarantees, creates conditions for people's livelihoods, develops the legal basis for social protection and organizes the work of non-budget state social insurance funds.

Public organizations actively influence the improvement of social security of citizens. 49% of non-profit organizations belong to the category of public associations and carry out their activities in the social sphere.

The role of employers in the system of social protection of the population is growing, which is associated with the development of the domestic economy. Successful enterprises and firms with significant financial resources are increasingly providing their employees with additional social benefits: payment for rest, treatment, issuance of long-term interest-free loans, food, transportation .

The modern concept of social protection proceeds from the fact that it should not be reduced to free assistance. The main subject of social protection of able-bodied citizens is a person who realizes his needs and interests in the field of social and labor relations.

The means of social protection are:

Regulatory restrictions that do not allow the consequences of market mechanisms to reach a socially dangerous level. To do this, the state regulates the minimum level of wages, guarantees the minimum allowable tax rates, guarantees a minimum free education and medical care;

The system of social incentives in the form of benefits, subsidies, installments, free or partially paid services and stimulation of philanthropists.

Taking into account the results of a comprehensive analysis of the level of social and economic living conditions of population groups in need of support;

Organization of pensions for citizens, including the creation of a non-state system of pensions;

Development of measures for material and household services for disabled and other citizens in need of social protection;

Creation of a targeted, differentiated support system on a state and charitable basis;

Organization and introduction of new forms and types of natural assistance, humanitarian, technical, emergency assistance.

The structure of the bodies of social protection of the population

The structure of the bodies of social protection of the population consists of the following elements:

• The state represented by its representative and executive bodies operating at the federal, regional and local levels. They formulate a general concept, determine the main directions of social policy, its strategy, tactics, provide a legislative, legal basis, and implement specific provisions on the ground.
• Structures of the emerging civil society (public associations, organizations, enterprises, firms).
• Of great importance in solving social problems of certain categories of the population are social activities carried out within the framework of enterprises and firms; activity of political, trade union and public associations, charitable and voluntary organizations. They implement social policy within relatively narrow limits corresponding to their competence. The management of the state system of social protection depends on the level at which it is implemented.

For management and control, a unified system of executive bodies in the field of social protection is being created, which is formed by social protection management bodies and their subordinate enterprises, institutions, organizations, and territorial bodies.

An important goal in the field of improving this system is the establishment of stable, orderly links between all its levels and institutions of the social infrastructure that ensure its functioning.

At the federal level, the management of the social protection system is carried out by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation (see: www.rosmintrud.ru) .

The management of the social insurance system is carried out with the help of specialized Funds: the Pension Fund, the Social Insurance Fund and the Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund.

At the regional level, management is carried out by the executive authorities of the subject of the federation. Thus, in Moscow, the functions of implementing state policy in the field of social protection of citizens are carried out by the Moscow Department of Social Protection of the Population (see: Regulations on the Department on the website www.dszn.ru).

The Department, enterprises, institutions, organizations subordinate to it, as well as territorial bodies of social protection of the population form a unified state system of social protection of the population, providing state support for families, elderly citizens, veterans and disabled people, persons discharged from military service, and members of their families, development systems of social services, the implementation of state policy in the field of pensions and labor relations.

At the local level, most often there is a department of social protection of the population under the district administration. Consider, for example, the management structure in the city of Mytishchi, Moscow Region:

MANAGMENT STRUCTURE:

Regional departments of social protection of the population are territorial structural subdivisions of regional ministries or departments of social protection of the population and implement social protection functions in relation to the population of a particular municipality.

Understanding the peculiarities of the organizational structure of social protection bodies is necessary for a church social worker, in view of the fact that he can, saving time and energy, directly contact a competent specialist to resolve a specific problem. The complexity of studying this topic lies in the fact that each region forms a system of bodies and institutions independently, and even a regional body that manages the entire social sphere can be called completely different, which somewhat complicates the understanding of the functions and tasks of these bodies. So, if in Moscow it is the Department of Social Protection of the Population, then in the Leningrad Region it is the Committee for Social Protection of the Population, the Ministry of Social Policy - in the Sverdlovsk Region, the Committee for Social Security - in the Kursk Region.

Organizational and legal forms of social protection of the population

Nesterova G.F.

Leading organizational and legal forms social protection of the population are:

The right to social security is one of the basic socio-economic rights of the population: “Everyone is guaranteed social security in cases of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law” (Constitution of the Russian Federation, Article 39).

Pension provision guarantees the constitutional right of citizens to provision in old age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law. Pension relations in Russia are regulated by the laws "On State Pensions in the Russian Federation" and "On Labor Pensions "dated December 17, 2001. The grounds for providing labor pensions are insurance risks: reaching the age of disability, the onset of disability, loss of a breadwinner. The grounds for state pension provision are different, for example, the achievement of length of service. The legislation subdivides pensions: labor pensions for old age, for disability, for the loss of a breadwinner; state pensions to participants in the Great Patriotic War, military personnel and members of their families, civil servants for long service and allocates pensions to disabled citizens who are not entitled to labor pensions (social pensions). In accordance with the legislation, pensions are divided into state and labor. Citizens who for some reason do not have the right to a pension in connection with labor and other socially useful activities are provided with a social pension. Pensions are subject to indexation in connection with the increase in the cost of living in the manner prescribed by law.

The right to an old-age pension with at least 5 years of service is available to men upon reaching 60 years of age, and women upon reaching 55 years of age. For certain categories of workers (miners, military) pensions are assigned on preferential terms (with a lower age and length of service).

Labor and its results are recognized as the main criterion for the conditions and norms of pension provision. Pension legislation ensures the right of citizens to choose one of the types of pension. An exception is established only for persons who have become disabled due to a military injury, who can receive two types of pensions at the same time: for old age and for disability. Pensioners are paid in full to working pensioners, and a supplement is also provided for each year worked. Certain rules have been established for the recalculation of other types of pensions.

The circle of persons receiving a social pension includes: disabled people, including those disabled since childhood; children under the age of 18 who have lost one or both parents, citizens who have reached retirement age. The social pension does not depend on the participation of citizens in socially useful work and is set in an amount that depends on the minimum labor pension and is calculated in a certain ratio.

Financing the payment of pensions is carried out by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation (PFR). The Pension Fund of the Russian Federation was established in 1990 for the purpose of state management of the finances of pension provision in the Russian Federation. The PFR is an independent financial and credit institution and is administered by the Government of the Russian Federation. The rate of insurance contributions to the Pension Fund is determined by federal law. The funds of the Pension Fund are formed at the expense of:

• employers' insurance premiums
• insurance premiums of citizens engaged in individual entrepreneurial activity;
• insurance premiums of other categories of working citizens;
• appropriations from the federal budget.

Non-state pension funds operate independently of the state pension provision system. The payment from these funds is carried out along with the payment of state pensions. Non-state pension provision can be carried out both in the form of additional professional programs and in the form of personal pension insurance of citizens.

An important step in the implementation of the concept was the adoption of the Federal Law "On Individual (Personalized) Accounting in the System of State Pension Insurance". Additional pension provision is provided by non-state pension funds (NPF);

According to the Pension Fund of Russia, at the end of 2011, the coefficient of replacement of lost earnings by pensions (an indicator of the ratio of the average pension to wages) amounted to 20%.

According to international standards, a replacement rate of up to 20% is considered a gross violation of a citizen's pension rights. Convention of the International Labor Organization No. 102 requires this figure to be at least 40%. Russia has not yet ratified this document.

An important legal form of social protection of the population is the law "On State Social Assistance", which regulates state social assistance to low-income citizens and families at the expense of regional budgets and monthly cash payments (UDV) from the federal budget and "social packages" for certain categories of the population, included to the federal register. The system of social support for the population under this law is based on regional budgets. According to this law, the right to receive one-time state social assistance is granted to pensioners, disabled people, and other disabled citizens whose total average per capita income does not exceed the minimum established at the regional level.

The financial source of social security is the current income of participants in social production, withdrawn through taxation (income tax) and earmarked contributions from employers and employees. These taxes and contributions, in addition to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, form the Social Insurance Fund, which forms the financial basis of social insurance benefits.

The objects of state social insurance are temporarily economically inactive population.

Social insurance acts as an institution to protect the economically active population from the risks of loss of income(salary) due to incapacity(illness, accident, old age) or places of work.

The following are distinguished as social insurance risks:

• need for medical care;
• temporary disability;
• work injury and occupational disease;
• motherhood;
• disability;
• the onset of old age;
• loss of a breadwinner;
• recognition as unemployed;
• death of the insured person or disabled members of his family who are dependent on him.

The main task of the Social Insurance Fund- provision of state-guaranteed benefits for temporary disability, pregnancy and childbirth, at the birth of a child, for caring for a child upon reaching one and a half years, for burial, for sanatorium treatment and rehabilitation of employees and their families.

The formation of a modern system of social insurance takes place on the basis of the adoption of a number of laws: "On the health insurance of citizens in the Russian Federation" (1993), "On employment in the Russian Federation" (1991), "On the basics of compulsory social insurance" (1999), " On Compulsory Social Insurance Against Industrial Accidents and Occupational Diseases” (1998), “On Compulsory Pension Insurance in the Russian Federation” (2001).

Currently, there are two forms of social insurance: compulsory (according to the law for subjects of insurance - state) and voluntary. Typical types of social insurance are pension, medical, industrial accident insurance.

State pension insurance- a type of insurance carried out at the expense of contributions from employers and employees in order to provide citizens with labor pensions for old age, disability, in the event of loss of a breadwinner.

The law "On health insurance of citizens in the Russian Federation" determined the legal, economic and organizational foundations of this institution of social protection. Purpose of health insurance- guarantee citizens, in the event of an insured event, receiving medical care at the expense of accumulated funds. In accordance with the Law, health insurance is represented by two types:

• mandatory;
• voluntary.

Compulsory health insurance is universal for the population of the Russian Federation and is implemented in accordance with programs that guarantee the volume and conditions for providing medical care to citizens.

Voluntary medical insurance is carried out on the basis of programs that provide citizens with services in excess of those established in compulsory medical insurance programs on the basis of payment for services by citizens or organizations.

In accordance with the Law, funds for compulsory medical insurance (insurance payments to employees) are concentrated in the Federal and Territorial (regional) compulsory medical insurance funds. Compulsory medical insurance is provided, therefore, by a system of funds, consisting of a federal fund and territorial compulsory medical insurance funds in the subjects of the Federation. The insurance rate of contributions for compulsory health insurance paid by employers and other payers is determined by the federal law of the Russian Federation.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 41) defines the minimum social guarantees in the field of healthcare. To assess the minimum acceptable level of satisfaction of needs in medical care, indicators of the provision of doctors, hospital beds, outpatient facilities per 1000 inhabitants in the region are used.

New entities appear in the healthcare system - insurance medical organizations that choose medical institutions and pay for medical and preventive care provided to insured persons. Since 1993, compulsory health insurance has been included in the social insurance system of Russia, which is financed in the form of contributions by most employers of all forms of ownership, as well as by the state directly from the budget. Health insurance has come to be regarded as the most appropriate healthcare system for a market economy, improving the quality of medical services.

The insurance premiums of most enterprises amount to 26% of the wage fund. The amounts of contributions for certain types of social insurance in relation to the accrued wages are:

• to the Pension Fund - 19%;
• to the Social Insurance Fund - 3.4%;
• to the Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund - 3.6%.

As state minimum standards in the field of wages are established:

• the minimum wage (minimum wage);
• living wage for the working population.

Minimum social guarantees in the field of wages will not be valid until the economic function of wages is restored. In terms of social protection, this is important, since wages are not only an economic category, but also a moral one, designed to provide a person with a certain social status.

One of the important aspects of minimum social guarantees is guarantees of protection against unemployment. There are two sides to solving this problem: the creation of economic conditions for maximum employment and self-employment of the population, on the one hand, and state support, on the other. The state employment assistance programs adopted annually by the government, as well as the implementation of the federal target program for creating jobs, are aimed at reducing the unemployment rate.

The state guarantees the unemployed:

• payment of unemployment benefits;
• assistance in finding a suitable job
• payment of scholarships during the period of vocational training, advanced training, retraining in the direction of the employment service;
• the opportunity to participate in paid public works and temporary work.

Unemployment benefits are provided from regional budgets, paid during the year of unemployment, subject to an active search for a suitable job through the Employment Center and is equal to the subsistence minimum for a given subject of the Federation in the first 4 months of unemployment (later it decreases).

An important link in the social protection of the population is the legislatively mandatory programs of employment, retraining and housing, aimed primarily at young people.

To stimulate the economic independence of young people, vocational training or retraining and socio-psychological preparation for entering the role of economically independent taxpayers are offered. This policy leads not only to a decrease in the number of unemployed, but also to other positive effects. To reduce the number of unemployed, "income policy" and monetary policy are also actively used.

Thus, social protection is carried out at the expense of the federal, regional budgets, specially created off-budget social funds. Its complex nature can be represented, for example, by a system of measures for the social protection of people with disabilities:

Measures for the social protection of persons with disabilities can be divided as follows:

social service

One of the leading organizational and legal forms of social protection of the population is social services. Social service is the activity of social services for social support, the provision of social, social, medical, psychological, pedagogical, social and legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult situations.

The relevant branch of social law is represented by two federal laws. The Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation” dated December 10, 1995 No. 195-FZ is a framework, providing general concepts of the content, concept and organization of the social service system. The Federal Law “On social services for the elderly and the disabled” dated 02.08.95 No. 122-FZ specifies, in addition to the regulation of particular issues of servicing the target category of persons, a number of concepts and mechanisms of social services. There are also 26 National Standards for Social Services for the Population. These regulations include, for example, GOST R 52495-2005 “Social services for the population. Basic terms and definitions”, GOST R 52143-2003 “Social services for the population. Main types of social services”, GOST R 52142-2003 “Social services for the population. Quality of social services”, GOST R 52496-2005 “Social services for the population. Quality control of social services. Basic provisions”, GOST R 52497-2005 “Social services for the population. The quality system of social service institutions”, GOST R 52883-2007 “Social services to the population. Requirements for the staff of social service institutions.

These regulations are essentially technical and do not provide fundamental legal norms. They define the basic requirements for the volume, quality and forms of social services.

The state guarantees citizens the right to social services in the state system of social services for the main types of services defined by the Law.

The following basic concepts are used in the Law (as amended by Federal Law No. 122-FZ of August 22, 2004):

1) social services - enterprises and institutions, regardless of the form of ownership, providing social services, as well as citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activities for social services to the population without forming a legal entity;

2) a client of a social service - a citizen who is in a difficult life situation, who, in connection with this, is provided with social services;

3) social services - actions to provide certain categories of citizens in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, to the client of the social assistance service provided for by this Federal Law;

4) difficult life situation - a situation that objectively disrupts the life of a citizen (disability, inability to self-service due to old age, illness, orphanhood, neglect, low income, unemployment, lack of a fixed place of residence, conflicts and abuse in the family, loneliness, etc. ), which he cannot overcome on his own.

Social services are provided on the basis of an application of a citizen, his guardian, custodian, other legal representative, public authority, local government, public association. Every citizen has the right to receive free information about the possibilities, types, procedures and conditions of social services in the state system of social services.

Foreign citizens and stateless persons enjoy the same right to social services in the Russian Federation as citizens of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise established by international treaties of the Russian Federation.

In the Constitution of the Russian Federation there are no direct indications of social services, except for an explanation that in the Russian Federation, as in a social state, a system of social services is developing (Article 7 Part 2). Considering the basic principles of social services, formulated in Article 5 of the Federal Law "On the basics of social services for the population in the Russian Federation":

1) targeting;

2) availability;

3) voluntariness;

4) humanity;

5) the priority of providing social services to minors in difficult life situations;

6) confidentiality;

7) preventive orientation, it should be noted that they are not based on civil law, but introduce a certain block of norms that are analogous to the provisions of the Universal Declaration of 1948, since they are human rights fixed by the Declaration. These principles include accessibility, voluntariness, humanity, confidentiality. Unfortunately, the Law does not decipher the specific implementation of these principles in the form of articles. Partially, their implementation is presented in articles 7, 9, 11,12,15 of the Federal Law "On social services for the elderly and the disabled." So, for example, the principle of confidentiality, to which Art. 11 "Confidentiality of Information". At the same time, the mechanism for implementing the principle of accessibility is very vague, and there are no direct indications of it in any article of both laws. Voluntary service is mentioned in Art. 7, 9, 12, but exceptions to this rule are given in Art. 15. Separate aspects of the implementation of the principle of humanity can be seen in Art. 7, 12 and some other articles of the Federal Law "On social services for the elderly and disabled", but a single and consistent mechanism is not presented.

The system of social services includes state, municipal and non-state services. The state social service includes institutions and enterprises of social services, executive authorities of the Russian Federation and the subject of the Russian Federation, in whose competence the organization and implementation of social services are transferred. The municipal social service includes institutions and social service enterprises, local self-service bodies, whose competence includes the organization and implementation of social services. Non-state social services include institutions and social service enterprises created by charitable, public, religious and other non-governmental organizations and individuals.

To types of social services relate:

The forms of services provided by social services are determined by the State Standards:

• Material assistance (cash, food, manufactured goods, vehicles, special equipment, prosthetic and orthopedic products, medicines, fuel, etc.).
• Help at home (fulfillment of household services, childcare, medical and social assistance and other services).
• Permanent service in a hospital (food, welfare, health care, medical, labor rehabilitation, leisure activities).
• Advisory help.
• Providing temporary shelter.
• Organization of day stay in social service institutions.

A person in a difficult life situation may receive social assistance in case of applying to the social service. Specialists of a social institution are obliged to check the compliance of the parameters of the life situation of the applicant with the prescribed requirements for the recipient of social assistance.

The current system of social services in Russia is of a territorial-departmental nature, that is, it is as close as possible to the population.

The management of social services for the population is carried out by territorial (regional and district) bodies of social protection of the population, which build their activities in cooperation with the authorities of health, education, culture, physical culture and sports, law enforcement agencies, state services for youth affairs, employment services, as well as public, and religious organizations.

Financing of social services is carried out on a budgetary basis and consists of:

• normative deductions from the budgets of the corresponding level (subject of the federation or municipal) in the amount of at least 2% of the expenditure side of the budget;
• funds from the federal budget for the implementation of certain tasks;
• finance as a result of the redistribution of funds between committees and departments of services at various levels for the implementation of regional, city and district programs;
• additional funds from the regional and local budgets to provide targeted measures to adapt the population's income to the rising cost of living;
• income from paid services and from economic activity;
• charitable donations and contributions from enterprises, public organizations and individuals, proceeds from charitable events.

State standards of social services regulate social services that provide for the most important human needs: social and domestic; socio-psychological; socio-legal; socio-pedagogical; socio-medical and other needs of citizens.

In Art. 25 of the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services in the Russian Federation” emphasizes that the effectiveness of the activities of social services is provided by specialists who have a professional education that meets the requirements and nature of the work performed, experience in the field of social services and are inclined in their personal qualities to provide social services. In Art. 36 of the Federal Law "On Social Services for Elderly and Disabled Citizens" defines the rights of social workers employed in the state and municipal sectors:

• work on the terms of an employment contract (contract);
• free preventive examination and examination upon admission to work and free dispensary observation in state and municipal health care institutions at the expense of appropriate budgetary allocations;
• protection of professional honor, dignity and business reputation, including in court;
• obtaining qualification certificates and licenses for professional activities in the field of social services;
• free receipt of living space and housing and communal services if they live in a rural area or an urban-type settlement, in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

In addition, social workers have the right to provide overalls, footwear and equipment or receive monetary compensation for their purchase, extraordinary service by the enterprise for trade, public catering, everyday life, free travel on public transport, priority telephone installation.

A number of factors hinder the development of a network of social services:

• problems related to the mechanism for monitoring the volume and quality of social services provided;
• lack of competent, educated specialists in the social sphere;
• imperfection of the regulatory and legislative framework;
• insufficient funding for some projects;
• insufficient awareness of the population about the activities of social services;
• low social status and inadequate wages of social workers;
• low awareness of the population about the activities of social services;
• lack of broad participation in the formation of the state order for the volume of services to the population in terms of social services for all sectors of social partnership: state authorities, local governments, businesses and associations of entrepreneurs and non-profit organizations.

Non-state social services turn out to be more competitive both in terms of the quality of the proposed services and their price. The role of religious social organizations is constantly growing, as they more actively take care of the elderly, dependent people, children left without parental care.

Characteristics of modern social services

Currently creating networks of various social services with the aim of providing assistance to different groups of the population is close to completion. This means that many social problems have organizational, legal and financial frameworks for their solution defined by law. On the one hand, it turns out that the crystallization of bureaucratic structures in social work is close to completion. On the other hand, in order to meet the requirements of a changing reality, social services must respond flexibly to new problems, increasing the number of functions of existing services or creating new, specialized ones.

The tendency to create the most economical territorial network of social services, covering all problem categories of the population with their activities, has led to the design and implementation modular system services. In this system, each service consists of compartments-modules specialized in providing social assistance to a certain category of the population. Depending on the problems of the territory served, the structure of the social service institution is formed as a set of departments-modules that most adequately meet local social needs.

The widest range of modules complex centers of social services for the population (KTSSON). They can contain up to 13 branches:

• Organizational and methodological department focused on macro-social activities. Conducts social monitoring of the service area, draws up its "social passport". Predicts social processes and proposes measures to improve the social protection of the population of the territory. It introduces advanced forms and types of social assistance. Develops and distributes methodological materials on social protection issues. Informs the population through the media about the activities of the KTSSON.
• Advisory department advises on issues of social services, career guidance, education and employment of disabled people. Contributes to the solution of legal problems that fall within the competence of the social protection authorities, Provides social and psychological counseling, provides emergency psychological assistance through the "helpline".
• Department of Urgent Social Services provides one-time assistance in a crisis situation with free hot meals or food packages, clothes, shoes and other essentials, cash benefits to support life. Provides psychological, pre-medical medical and social and legal assistance. Assists in obtaining temporary housing.
• Department of trade services for low-income citizens provides essential goods at reduced prices to low-income citizens referred by the emergency social service department.
• Department of Psychological and Pedagogical Assistance to Families and Children patronizes dysfunctional families, promotes the upbringing of children, teaching family members a healthy lifestyle, maintaining mental and physical health, and resolving family conflicts. Conducts a personality survey, behavior analysis to determine the tactics of psychological and pedagogical assistance. Diagnoses the psychophysical, intellectual and emotional development of the child, his inclinations and abilities. Corrects developmental distortions and communication disorders in children, inadequate emotional reactions and behavioral stereotypes, conflicting relationships between parents and children, deviant parental attitudes in raising children, violations of marital relations. Conducts trainings to relieve anxiety and stress, overcome inappropriate forms of behavior. Organizes the activities of self-help groups, communication clubs, conducts seminars, round tables, talks on family and childhood issues.
• Department of assistance to women in difficult life situations patronizes women with physical and mental health problems or subjected to psychophysical violence. Carries out work to increase the stress resistance and psychological culture of women in the field of interpersonal, family and parental communication. It helps to create a favorable microclimate in the family, to overcome violations of marital and intra-family relations. Provides socio-psychological assistance in adapting to the socio-economic conditions of life.
• Department for Prevention of Neglect of Children and Adolescents patronizes maladjusted children prone to antisocial acts. Provides social assistance to orphans and children left without parental care. Identifies the causes of social maladaptation. Conducts psychological, medical and pedagogical diagnostics of forms and degrees of maladaptation. Forms individual and group programs of social rehabilitation. Involves correctional children's institutions, institutions of additional education, social sphere bodies in their implementation. Supervises the conduct of correctional and rehabilitation measures by families at home.
• Department of day care for children and adolescents implements programs for their social rehabilitation in semi-stationary conditions. Creates rehabilitation groups of 5-10 people in their free time from study according to group programs that take into account individual rehabilitation programs. Provides medical, social and psychological assistance, conducts training sessions and circle work, promotes active leisure, provides groups with hot meals and conditions for daytime sleep.
• Department of Rehabilitation of Children and Adolescents with Physical and Mental Disabilities carries out psychological and social, socio-pedagogical, socio-medical, social and household, social and labor habilitation in conditions of daytime stay. Teaches parents methods of education and habilitation. Creates conditions for the implementation of individual programs together with other institutions of the social sphere in their free time from study. Organizes leisure and out-of-school education depending on age and state of health. Teaches self-service skills, behavior, self-control, communication. Conducts career guidance, work and play therapy. Interacts with parents in order to ensure the continuity of habilitation activities and the adaptation of children in the family. Advises families, including on social and legal issues. Provides customers with hot meals and the possibility of daytime sleep.
• Department of social services at home for elderly and disabled citizens provides social assistance to people who have partially lost the ability to self-service in order to prolong their stay in their usual habitat and maintain their social, psychological and physical status. Depending on the nature and degree of need, it provides social, advisory, and psychological and social services included in the Federal List of State-Guaranteed Social Services, as well as, at their request, additional social services.
• Specialized department of social and medical care at home for elderly and disabled citizens provides home social services, first-aid medical and medico-social assistance to people who have lost the ability to self-service and who have chronic diseases. Provides qualified care and moral and psychological support to clients and their families, teaches relatives how to care for the sick, monitors the state of health, and prevents exacerbations of diseases. Among the services: sanitary and hygienic care (rubbing, washing, hygienic baths, cutting nails, combing, changing linen) measuring temperature and pressure, compresses, dressings, treatment of bedsores and wounds, feeding debilitated patients, taking samples for laboratory tests, calling a doctor at home, accompanying clients to medical institutions and visiting them during hospitalization.
• Department of day care for the elderly and disabled provides social, socio-psychological, domestic, socio-cultural services to people who have retained the ability to self-service, attracts them to feasible work activities and maintains an active lifestyle. Conducts social rehabilitation activities in the form of restorative therapeutic groups and groups for the development of communication skills, therapeutic and recreational physical education, occupational therapy, lectures, excursions, individual socio-psychological counseling.
• Department of Temporary Residence of Elderly and Disabled Citizens organizes living conditions close to home, provides social and rehabilitation services for single people who have fully or partially retained the ability to self-service and free movement. Carries out treatment by the environment: adaptation of clients to new living conditions, restoration of their personal and social status with the help of corrective and rehabilitation methods similar to those used in the day care department for these categories of citizens. Provides social, social, medical, social and advisory assistance.

Center for social assistance to families and children contains modules aimed at working with these categories of the population, including:

• advisory department
• urgent social service department
• department of psychological and pedagogical assistance
• department of assistance to women in difficult life situations
• juvenile neglect department
• juvenile day care unit
• Department of Rehabilitation of Minors with Physical and Mental Disabilities

This set is complemented reception department receiving, identifying the needs of children and families living in the service area, sending them to the relevant departments of the Center, creating a database on applications to the Center and inpatient department, which implements programs for the social rehabilitation of maladjusted children in a temporary hospital. The directions and forms of work in this department are similar to the activities of the day care department for children and adolescents. As a structural subdivision of the Center can be organized social shelter for children and adolescents, working as a temporary hospital for social rehabilitation programs and taking care of orphans and children left without parental care.

Social service centers provide services to the elderly and disabled and consist of the following modules:

Social rehabilitation centers for minors specialize in the social rehabilitation of maladjusted children, or in the rehabilitation of children with physical and mental disabilities. Both forms of centers consist of departments with standard functions:

Social shelters for children and adolescents - temporary hospitals, in which orphans and children left without parental care live until their final arrangement. In accordance with the goals, objectives and condition of children, they may consist of the following units:

Centers for psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population provides socio-psychological, socio-pedagogical and psychotherapeutic assistance to families with children. Carries out measures to increase stress resistance and psychological culture, prevention of deviant forms of behavior of family members, psychological and social correction of developmental disorders in children and conflict relationships between parents and children. Advises on the development of children, the formation of marital and family relationships. Provides assistance to families in raising children, teaching family members a healthy lifestyle, maintaining physical and mental health. Organizes the activities of self-help groups, communication clubs, psychological emergency telephone.

Telephone emergency psychological help centers differentiate activities according to the characteristics of the population category served. Depending on it, the services "Child in danger", "Woman in danger", "Man in danger" are distinguished.

Crisis centers for women are departments of the center for social assistance to families and children, specializing in helping women in a crisis situation and, according to the content of their work, may include

Social assistance centers at home are part of the social service centers, which specializes in home-based social and social and medical services for the elderly and the disabled. They include:

Social homes for single elderly are intended for the free residence of single elderly people and married couples, provided that they maintain their independence and provide them with psychological, social and medical and social assistance. Multi-apartment buildings of a hotel-corridor type, where clients live who have given their housing to the state in exchange for a one- or two-room apartment in the House. Nursing posts are on duty on the floors, the halls are intended for meetings and circle work. The lower floors are occupied by departments and household services that provide medical, social, social rehabilitation and other services, including a canteen, laundry, post office, etc. in such a way that the client can satisfy his needs without leaving the House if he finds it difficult to walk. The House has:

• organizational and methodological department
• advisory department.

Department of Psychological and Pedagogical Assistance conducts classes for restorative T-groups and groups for the development of communication skills, organizes circle and socio-cultural work, self-help groups.

Gerontological centers carry out medical-social, social-rehabilitation, social-advisory work with elderly citizens at their place of residence. Contain:

• organizational and methodological department
• advisory department
• department of medical and social rehabilitation
• day care unit.

Departments of social services at home, specialized social and medical care at home and inpatient department are introduced into the structure of the Center, if the territorial Center for Social Services or the CSC cannot carry out this activity in a timely manner in relation to the elderly.

Stationary social service institutions (boarding houses) provide assistance to citizens who, for various reasons, cannot serve themselves and receive care from relatives and family members. In their structure, in addition to organizational and methodological and stationary branches include medical and labor workshops where clients work voluntarily, mastering various labor skills, and departments of social rehabilitation, combining elements of basic and additional education with activities characteristic of the departments of psychological and pedagogical assistance.

Depending on the contingent served, these institutions are divided into nursing homes for the elderly and disabled, neuropsychiatric boarding schools for persons with profound mental retardation or incurable mental illness, boarding houses for mentally retarded children, boarding houses for children with physical disabilities.

Night stay houses provide advisory, social rehabilitation and, in some cases, medical and social services to persons without a fixed place of residence and occupation (homeless citizens). The structure of the Houses consists of:

In recent years, various changes have been taking place in the structures of the centers associated with the consolidation of organizations and the transition to another system of both financing the work with clients itself and encouraging the work of specialists; institutions are reorganized. However, the results of these transformations should be discussed a little later.

benefit- in a broad (general sense) - this is an improvement in the position of the subject in comparison with the usual state by granting him additional powers or by relieving him of certain duties. In a narrow (special, sectoral) sense, this is the release of the subject from the burden of performing (bearing) part of the duties, fixed by legal norms (Sakhno S.V., Zelenova V.V. The concept and place of the institution of benefits in the social security system. - [Electronic document] - Access mode: http://www.zabgu.ru/sites/default/files/s_ahno_zelenova.pdf Date of access: 09/01/2013) Sakhno Zelenova The concept of benefits

See: Averin A.N. State system of social protection of the population: textbook. M.: RAGS, 2010. - 124 p.; Platonova N.M., Nesterova G.F. Theory and methodology of social work. M: Academy, 2010. 384 p.

// Grigoryeva I.A., Kelasyev V.N. Theory and practice of social work: Textbook. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg State University, 2004. - S. 313-315. (Grigorieva)

Social protection of the population

Social protection of the population of the state is today one of the most priority areas of social policy.

The essence of this direction is to establish and further maintain a stable and socially necessary position of the population and each of its members in accordance with its needs and social capabilities. But this definition is one of the most extensive, further we will analyze a more local definition.

Remark 1

In a narrower sense, social protection is interpreted as ensuring and further guaranteeing a stable, fixed level of income for that part of the population that, due to some reasons and due to specific circumstances and difficulties, is unable to independently ensure its full existence.

• disabled people,
• unemployed,
• persons without a fixed place of residence,
• people suffering from serious physical and mental illnesses and disabilities,
• single mothers or single fathers,
• large families,
• orphans and pensioners in need of patronage.

As the principles that formed the basis of social protection of the population today, it is worth highlighting the following:

• firstly, it is humanity and tolerance, understanding of the rights and freedoms of a person, even if he suffers from any deviations from the norms.
• secondly, targeting - before assigning social assistance to a person, it is necessary to check his standard of living and income, as well as the circumstances due to which he found himself in such a rather complex and controversial situation.
• thirdly, the complexity of social protection, which will affect not only the economic situation of a person, but also his social protection, cultural upsurge, raising the level of education and subsequent employment.

The system of social protection of the population and its structural features

The system of social protection acts as a whole complex of measures. This includes legislative acts and orders of the president or head of state, planning and implementation of special events, as well as organizations that ensure the full implementation of measures for the social protection of special categories of the population, support for the most vulnerable segments of the population. The system implies the presence of a rather complex structure, which includes the following elements.

Social security for the most disadvantaged individuals or individual social groups. In Russia, this direction arose much earlier than all the others - in the 20s of the 20th century. It meant the creation of a special state system of material support, as well as for servicing the elderly and disabled citizens. Social security is expressed in the form of pension payments, as well as benefits for temporary disability, childbirth, child care; subsidies and preferential terms for accommodation, training and health care. After the social security system became more market-oriented, it lost its usual functions, but some of its most important elements entered the modern system of social protection of the population;

Social guarantees- another type of social assistance, which is aimed at providing citizens without taking into account their labor contribution, and also without special means testing. In this case, the principle of distribution of social guarantees works depending on the needs of the person, as well as taking into account the available resources.

In Russia, social guarantees include a number of aspects. First, it is a guarantee of free medical care; secondly, the general availability of education, the possibility of free education for any person, regardless of his social position and status, as well as origin; thirdly, providing everyone with a minimum wage, as well as a minimum amount of scholarships and pension payments.

Social insurance- Another type of social security, which is aimed at protecting the economically active population. In this case, an important role is played by the presence of certain social risks based on collective solidarity with further compensation for damage. As social risks, the authors single out old age, loss of a breadwinner, disability, unemployment, illness, disease associated with professional activities.

Social support as one of the forms of social protection

Social support (social assistance) is one of the methods of social protection of the population, which is aimed at helping specific socially vulnerable and unprotected groups of the population. Assistance can be provided in several ways: cash payments, as well as in-kind payments (provision of free clothes and food). Funding comes from general tax revenues.

In order for a person to receive social support, it is necessary to check how much he or his family members need this type of assistance. to identify the degree of need, an income check is carried out (a prerequisite is that incomes must be below the subsistence minimum and minimum living standards). It is this condition that is an obligatory element of the policy to combat poverty of the population. It provides a minimum guaranteed income that will allow a person and his family to meet their vital needs. Also, thanks to social protection, a person can declare his rights and freedoms, as well as his significance for society.

Activity in the field of social protection is possible only in the process of training and development of specially trained personnel - social workers. These are people who must navigate not only in the social sphere, but also in the economic, political and cultural compartments of society. It is also important to explore the field of psychology, since social assistance is often in the nature of forced rehabilitation, diagnosis and further adaptation to constantly changing conditions.

Social protection of the population - a system of measures carried out by society and its various structures to ensure guaranteed minimum sufficient living conditions, maintaining life support and the active existence of a person.

The institution of social protection as a complex system that is being formed in society to solve numerous interrelated social problems caused by the need to help socially vulnerable social strata and population groups. The formation and development of such an institution takes place on the basis of the emerging legislative and regulatory framework, the creative use of historical experience, under the influence of the political, socio-economic, spiritual and moral situation in society, existing ideas about the nature and forms of social assistance to people. Its development as a mechanism for regulating the entire set of socio-economic, political, spiritual and moral relations in society is influenced by numerous factors: political, economic, ideological, moral and psychological factors associated with social work as a professional activity.

Political factors. They are connected with the strengthening of power, its social policy, its ability to influence the state of affairs in the social sphere and carry out reforms here in the interests of the individual, to ensure peace and social stability in society. The political factor manifested itself in the revitalization of the activities of public associations and political parties. Issues of development and improvement of social protection, support for people in difficult life situations began to attract the attention of public associations more often, be included in their programs and other documents, and be introduced as an initiative for discussion by the legislative authorities.

Economic forces determine the nature and specifics of the functioning of the institution of social protection: the economic consequences associated with the use of certain methods of regulating social protection; the value of the general level of consumption of the most important types of goods; income modeling through the collection of contributions, considered as a form of taxation and the provision of benefits in cash or in kind. The family, being the most important unit of society, becomes a natural protective mechanism for its members, ensuring the development of a worldview of basic behavior patterns and life strategies, the possibility of adapting to the changing conditions of society.

Ideological factors play an important role in the development of the institution of social protection. They reflect the economic life of society through a system of public views and ideas, actively influence its development through the activities of the state, public associations, parties, groups and strata of society. Their influence on the performance of the emerging institution of social protection is also real.

Moral and psychological factors are the most important regulators of relations arising in the field of human social protection. Moral and psychological problems often arise and manifest themselves in all areas of social assistance and support for a person - in the interaction of a social worker and a client, in the family, in the activities of social service institutions. Therefore, the task of the institution of social protection is to contribute to the restoration of social justice, the legal rights of the client, to achieve the realization of his basic needs, respect for human values. When providing social protection, the influence of psychological factors that accompany a significant part of the social problems of clients increases - the problems of interaction between people, their influence on each other, relations between them. Establishing interaction with people, assisting them in social functioning is the sphere of interests of the institute of social protection.

Factors related to social work as a professional activity. The system of social protection of the population and professional social work are closely connected and interdependent. Becoming a professional activity, social work presupposes the existence of the necessary legislative and regulatory framework, developed infrastructure, trained personnel, in a word, everything that social protection as a social institution can provide. The system of social protection is a kind of "organizational-legal field" for social work, where it fulfills its goals and objectives, implements its main functions. In turn, with the help of social work, the functions of social protection are implemented. The arrival of trained specialists in social work, an increase in the level of professionalism in working with clients, an increased ability to ensure interaction in providing assistance and support to people with state organizations and public associations - all this increases the effectiveness of social protection measures.

The system of social protection of the population is based on the principles that make up its scientific basis. Principles are scientifically substantiated provisions expressing the nature of the requirements for its content, forms and methods for the social protection of people. The most important principles social protection are humanism and social justice.

To be humane and fair in the implementation of social protection means to recognize the inherent value of the human personality, its right to freedom, the development of one's abilities, a decent, full and happy life, regardless of national, racial, religious and other individual or social characteristics. This is the creation of disinterested relationships between people based on mutual assistance, mutual understanding and kindness.

To be fair and humane in social protection is to be able to correctly assess the personal potential of a person, his internal resources, to be aware of the main causes of life's difficulties and to determine ways out of them. This is also an assessment of a person in terms of the ability to carry out specific activities for self-defense, to show initiative, entrepreneurship. This is also important because it is necessary to protect the system of social protection that is being created from the danger of its transformation into an instrument of general averaging and the spread of general poverty at a time when it should be a means of helping and supporting a really needy person.

Justice and humanism in social protection is the provision on a legal basis to all members of society, all strata and groups of the population of equally accessible protective guarantees and benefits, taking into account the labor contribution.

The system of social protection is based on the principles of consistency and complexity. It is created as an ordered set of interacting components, as an integral formation made up of parts, as a complex of interconnected structural elements that, in the process of integration, form a certain integrity.

Comprehensiveness is closely related to the consistency in the organization and content of social protection, i.e. ensuring close unity of the whole range of measures of an economic, social, legal and other nature to ensure a state-guaranteed minimum level of social protection.

Complexity is ensured by: unity of goals, principles and activities; a combination of historical experience and traditions with modern practice of helping people; a comprehensive study of the object of social protection (individual, social group, territorial community, labor collective); coordination and consistency of actions of subjects of social protection; control over the implementation of measures to provide assistance and support to people.

The principle of preventive measures for social protection, which means that the causes of social ill-being should be prevented, revealed at the very initial stage of formation and eliminated. Prevention is the creation of such conditions when people themselves can cope with a difficult life situation, use personal resources in case of social risks: old age, illness, unemployment.

The most important principle of social protection is its targeting, i.e. implementation of a set of measures to support decent living conditions for specifically needy people who find themselves in a difficult life situation, taking into account their individual needs and the possibilities of satisfying them in accordance with established criteria. In modern conditions, the provision of livelihoods to old, sick people, as well as people who find themselves in a difficult life situation, is not always targeted and fair: benefits are often paid not to those to whom they should be allocated in the first place, the pensions assigned do not fully take into account seniority of citizens, the list of social services is narrow. The targeting of social protection, based on scientific methods and calculations and taking into account the individual difficult life situation of a particular person, is a means of ensuring social justice and a factor in activating its internal potential. Thanks to the principle of targeting, it is possible to achieve the main thing - to help people who find themselves in a difficult life situation, to encourage and support their social initiative and activity, their desire to independently resolve the problems that have arisen.