Temperature parameters of the coolant. Temperature chart of the heating system: variations, application, shortcomings

When autumn confidently walks across the country, snow flies beyond the Arctic Circle, and in the Urals night temperatures stay below 8 degrees, then the word form “heating season” sounds appropriate. People recall past winters and try to figure out the normal temperature of the coolant in the heating system.

Prudent owners of individual buildings carefully revise the valves and nozzles of the boilers. By October 1, residents of an apartment building are waiting, like Santa Claus, a plumber from a management company. The ruler of valves and valves brings warmth, and with it - joy, fun and confidence in the future.

The Gigacalorie Path

Megacities sparkle with high-rise buildings. A cloud of renovation hangs over the capital. Outback prays on five-story buildings. Until demolished, the house has a calorie supply system.

The economy class apartment building is heated through a centralized heat supply system. Pipes enter the basement of the building. The supply of heat carrier is regulated by inlet valves, after which water enters the mud collectors, and from there it is distributed through the risers, and from them it is supplied to the batteries and radiators that heat the dwelling.

The number of gate valves correlates with the number of risers. While doing repair work in a single apartment, it is possible to turn off one vertical, and not the whole house.

The spent liquid partially leaves through the return pipe, and partially is supplied to the hot water supply network.

degrees here and there

Water for the heating configuration is prepared at a CHP plant or in a boiler house. The norms of water temperature in the heating system are prescribed in the building rules: the component must be heated to 130-150 ° C.

The supply is calculated taking into account the parameters of the outside air. So, for the South Ural region, minus 32 degrees is taken into account.

To prevent the liquid from boiling, it must be supplied to the network under a pressure of 6-10 kgf. But this is a theory. In fact, most networks operate at 95-110 ° C, since the network pipes of most settlements are worn out and high pressure tear them up like a heating pad.

An extensible concept is the norm. The temperature in the apartment is never equal to the primary indicator of the heat carrier. Here, the elevator assembly performs an energy-saving function - a jumper between the direct and return pipes. The norms for the temperature of the coolant in the heating system on the return in winter allow the preservation of heat at a level of 60 ° C.

The liquid from the straight pipe enters the elevator nozzle, mixes with return water and again goes into the house network for heating. The carrier temperature is lowered by mixing the return flow. What affects the calculation of the amount of heat consumed by residential and utility rooms.

Hot gone

Hot water temperature sanitary rules at the points of analysis should lie in the range of 60-75 ° C.

In the network, the coolant is supplied from the pipe:

• in winter - from the reverse, so as not to scald users with boiling water;
• in summer - with a straight line, since in summer the carrier is heated no higher than 75 ° C.

A temperature chart is drawn up. The average daily return water temperature should not exceed the schedule by more than 5% at night and 3% during the day.

Parameters of distributing elements

One of the details of warming the home is a riser through which the coolant enters the battery or radiator from the norms of coolant temperatures in the heating system require heating in the riser in winter in the range of 70-90 ° C. In fact, the degrees depend on the output parameters of the CHP or boiler house. In the summer, when hot water is needed only for washing and showering, the range moves to the range of 40-60 ° C.

Observant people may notice that in a neighboring apartment, the heating elements are hotter or colder than in his own.

The reason for the temperature difference in the heating riser is the way the hot water is distributed.

In a single-pipe design, the heat carrier can be distributed:

• above; then the temperature on the upper floors is higher than on the lower ones;
• from below, then the picture changes to the opposite - it is hotter from below.

In a two-pipe system, the degree is the same throughout, theoretically 90 ° C in the forward direction and 70 ° C in the opposite direction.

Warm like a battery

Suppose that the structures of the central network are reliably insulated along the entire route, the wind does not walk through the attics, stairwells and basements, the doors and windows in the apartments are insulated by conscientious owners.

Assume that the coolant in the riser complies with building regulations. It remains to find out what is the norm for the temperature of the heating batteries in the apartment. The indicator takes into account:

• outdoor air parameters and time of day;
• the location of the apartment in terms of the house;
• living or utility room in the apartment.

Therefore, attention: it is important, not what is the degree of the heater, but what is the degree of air in the room.

During the day in the corner rooms, the thermometer should show at least 20 ° C, and in the centrally located rooms 18 ° C is allowed.

At night, air in the dwelling is allowed to be 17 ° C and 15 ° C, respectively.

Theory of linguistics

The name "battery" is household, denoting a number of identical items. In relation to the heating of housing, this is a series of heating sections.

The temperature standards of heating batteries allow heating no higher than 90 ° C. According to the rules, parts heated above 75 ° C are protected. This does not mean that they need to be sheathed with plywood or bricked. Usually they put a lattice fence that does not interfere with air circulation.

Cast iron, aluminum and bimetallic devices are common.

Consumer choice: cast iron or aluminum

The aesthetics of cast-iron radiators is a byword. They require periodic painting, as regulations require that the work surface be smooth and allow dust and dirt to be easily removed.

A dirty coating forms on the rough inner surface of the sections, which reduces the heat transfer of the device. But the technical parameters of cast iron products are on top:

• little susceptible to water corrosion, can be used for more than 45 years;
• they have a high thermal power per 1 section, therefore they are compact;
• they are inert in heat transfer, therefore they smooth out temperature fluctuations in the room well.

Another type of radiators is made of aluminum. Lightweight construction, factory painted, no painting required, easy to maintain.

But there is a drawback that overshadows the advantages - corrosion in the aquatic environment. Certainly, inner surface heaters are insulated with plastic to avoid contact of aluminum with water. But the film may be damaged, then a chemical reaction will begin with the release of hydrogen, when an excess gas pressure is created, the aluminum device may burst.

The temperature standards of heating radiators are subject to the same rules as batteries: it is not so much the heating of a metal object that is important, but the heating of the air in the room.

In order for the air to warm up well, there must be sufficient heat removal from the working surface of the heating structure. Therefore, it is strongly not recommended to increase the aesthetics of the room with shields in front of the heating device.

Stairwell heating

Since we are talking about an apartment building, we should mention the stairwells. The norms for the temperature of the coolant in the heating system state: the degree measure on the sites should not fall below 12 ° C.

Of course, the discipline of the residents requires that the doors of the entrance group be closed tightly, that the transoms of the stair windows not be left open, that the glass be kept intact and that any problems be promptly reported to the management company. If the management company does not take timely measures to insulate the points of probable heat loss and maintain the temperature regime in the house, an application for recalculation of the cost of services will help.

Changes in heating design

Replacement of existing heating devices in the apartment is carried out with the obligatory coordination with the management company. Unauthorized change in the elements of warming radiation can disrupt the thermal and hydraulic balance of the structure.

The heating season will begin, a change in the temperature regime in other apartments and sites will be recorded. A technical inspection of the premises will reveal unauthorized changes in the types of heating devices, their number and size. The chain is inevitable: conflict - trial - fine.

So the situation is resolved like this:

• if not old ones are replaced with new radiators of the same size, then this is done without additional approvals; the only thing to apply to the Criminal Code is to turn off the riser for the duration of the repair;
• if new products differ significantly from those installed during construction, then it is useful to interact with the management company.

Heat meters

Let us recall once again that the heat supply network of an apartment building is equipped with heat energy metering units, which record both the consumed gigacalories and the cubic capacity of water passed through the house line.

In order not to be surprised by bills containing unrealistic amounts for heat at temperatures in the apartment below the norm, before the start of the heating season, check with the management company whether the meter is in working order, whether the verification schedule has been violated.

Ph.D. Petrushchenkov V.A., Research Laboratory “Industrial Heat Power Engineering”, Peter the Great St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg

1. The problem of reducing the design temperature schedule for regulating heat supply systems nationwide

Over the past decades, in almost all cities of the Russian Federation, there has been a very significant gap between the actual and projected temperature curves for regulating heat supply systems. As is known, closed and open district heating systems in the cities of the USSR were designed using high-quality regulation with a temperature schedule for seasonal load regulation of 150-70 °C. Such a temperature schedule was widely used both for thermal power plants and for district boiler houses. But, starting from the end of the 1970s, significant deviations of network water temperatures appeared in the actual control curves from their design values ​​at low outdoor air temperatures. Under the design conditions for the outside air temperature, the water temperature in the supply heat pipelines decreased from 150 °С to 85…115 °С. The lowering of the temperature schedule by the owners of heat sources was usually formalized as work on a project schedule of 150-70°С with a “cutoff” at a low temperature of 110…130°С. At lower coolant temperatures, the heat supply system was supposed to operate according to the dispatch schedule. Calculation justifications for such a transition are not known to the author of the article.

The transition to a lower temperature schedule, for example, 110-70 °С from the design schedule of 150-70 °С, should entail a number of serious consequences, which are dictated by the balance energy ratios. In connection with a decrease in the estimated temperature difference of network water by 2 times, while maintaining the heat load of heating, ventilation, it is necessary to ensure an increase in the consumption of network water for these consumers also by 2 times. The corresponding pressure losses in the network water in the heating network and in the heat exchange equipment of the heat source and heat points with a quadratic law of resistance will increase by 4 times. The required increase in the power of network pumps should occur 8 times. It is obvious that neither throughput of heat networks designed for a schedule of 150-70 °С, nor the installed network pumps will ensure the delivery of the coolant to consumers with a double flow rate compared to the design value.

In this regard, it is quite clear that in order to ensure a temperature schedule of 110-70 ° C, not on paper, but in reality, a radical reconstruction of both heat sources and the heating network with heat points will be required, the costs of which are unbearable for the owners of heat supply systems.

The ban on the use for heat networks of heat supply control schedules with “cutoff” by temperature, given in clause 7.11 of SNiP 41-02-2003 “Heat Networks”, could not affect the widespread practice of its application. In the updated version of this document, SP 124.13330.2012, the mode with “cutoff” in temperature is not mentioned at all, that is, there is no direct ban on this method of regulation. This means that such methods of seasonal load regulation should be chosen, in which the main task will be solved - ensuring normalized temperatures in the premises and normalized water temperature for the needs of hot water supply.

To the approved List of National Standards and Codes of Rules (parts of such standards and codes of rules), as a result of which, on a mandatory basis, compliance with the requirements of Federal Law No. 384-FZ of December 30, 2009 " Technical regulation on the Safety of Buildings and Structures" (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 26, 2014 No. 1521) included the revisions of SNiP after updating. This means that the use of "cutting off" temperatures today is a completely legal measure, both from the point of view of the List of National Standards and Codes of Rules, and and from the point of view of the updated edition of the profile SNiP “Heat Networks”.

Federal Law No. 190-FZ of July 27, 2010 “On heat supply”, “Rules and norms for the technical operation of the housing stock” (approved by Decree of the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2003 No. 170), SO 153-34.20.501-2003 “Rules for the technical Operation of Electric Power Plants and Grids of the Russian Federation” also do not prohibit the regulation of seasonal heat load with a “cutoff” in temperature.

In the 90s, good reasons that explained the radical decrease in the design temperature schedule were considered to be the deterioration of heating networks, fittings, compensators, as well as the inability to provide the necessary parameters at heat sources due to the state of heat exchange equipment. Despite the large amount of repair work carried out constantly in heating networks and heat sources in recent decades, this reason remains relevant today for a significant part of almost any heat supply system.

It should be noted that in the technical specifications for connection to heat networks of most heat sources, a design temperature schedule of 150-70 ° C, or close to it, is still given. When coordinating the projects of central and individual heating points, an indispensable requirement of the owner of the heating network is to limit the flow of network water from the supply heat pipeline of the heating network during the entire heating period in strict accordance with the design, and not the actual temperature control schedule.

Currently, the country is massively developing heat supply schemes for cities and settlements, in which also design schedules for regulating 150-70 ° С, 130-70 ° С are considered not only relevant, but also valid for 15 years ahead. At the same time, there are no explanations on how to ensure such graphs in practice, there is no clear justification for the possibility of providing the connected heat load at low outdoor temperatures under conditions of real regulation of seasonal heat load.

Such a gap between the declared and actual temperatures of the heat carrier of the heating network is abnormal and has nothing to do with the theory of operation of heat supply systems, given, for example, in.

Under these conditions, it is extremely important to analyze the actual situation with the hydraulic mode of operation of heating networks and with the microclimate of heated rooms at the calculated outdoor air temperature. The actual situation is such that, despite a significant decrease in the temperature schedule, while ensuring the design flow of network water in the heating systems of cities, as a rule, there is no significant decrease in the design temperatures in the premises, which would lead to resonant accusations of the owners of heat sources in failure to fulfill their main task: ensuring standard temperatures in the premises. In this regard, the following natural questions arise:

1. What explains such a set of facts?

2. Is it possible not only to explain the current state of affairs, but also to substantiate, based on the provision of the requirements of modern normative documentation, or “cutting off” the temperature graph at 115°С, or a new temperature graph of 115-70 (60) °С with high-quality regulation of the seasonal load?

This problem, of course, constantly attracts everyone's attention. Therefore, publications appear in the periodical press, which provide answers to the questions posed and provide recommendations for eliminating the gap between the design and actual parameters of the heat load control system. In some cities, measures have already been taken to reduce the temperature schedule and an attempt is being made to generalize the results of such a transition.

From our point of view, this problem is discussed most prominently and clearly in the article by Gershkovich V.F. .

It notes several extremely important provisions, which are, among other things, a generalization of practical actions to normalize the operation of heat supply systems under conditions of low-temperature “cutoff”. It is noted that practical attempts to increase the consumption in the network in order to bring it into line with the reduced temperature schedule have not been successful. Rather, they contributed to the hydraulic misalignment of the heating network, as a result of which the costs of network water between consumers were redistributed disproportionately to their heat loads.

At the same time, while maintaining the design flow in the network and reducing the temperature of the water in the supply line, even at low outdoor temperatures, in some cases, it was possible to ensure the air temperature in the premises at an acceptable level. The author explains this fact by the fact that in the heating load a very significant part of the power falls on the heating of fresh air, which ensures the normative air exchange of the premises. Real air exchange on cold days is far from the normative value, since it cannot be provided only by opening the vents and sashes of window blocks or double-glazed windows. The article emphasizes that Russian air exchange standards are several times higher than those of Germany, Finland, Sweden, and the USA. It is noted that in Kyiv, the reduction of the temperature schedule due to the “cutting off” from 150 ° C to 115 ° C was implemented and had no negative consequences. Similar work was done in the heating networks of Kazan and Minsk.

This article discusses the current state Russian requirements normative documentation on air exchange of premises. Using the example of model problems with averaged parameters of the heat supply system, the influence of various factors on its behavior at a water temperature in the supply line of 115 °C under design conditions for the outdoor temperature was determined, including:

Reducing the air temperature in the premises while maintaining the design water flow in the network;

Increasing the flow of water in the network in order to maintain the temperature of the air in the premises;

Reducing the power of the heating system by reducing the air exchange for the design water flow in the network while ensuring the calculated air temperature in the premises;

Estimation of the capacity of the heating system by reducing the air exchange for the actually achievable increased water consumption in the network while ensuring the calculated air temperature in the premises.

2. Initial data for analysis

As initial data, it is assumed that there is a source of heat supply with a dominant load of heating and ventilation, a two-pipe heating network, central heating and ITP, heating devices, heaters, taps. The type of heating system is not of fundamental importance. It is assumed that the design parameters of all links of the heat supply system ensure the normal operation of the heat supply system, that is, in the premises of all consumers, the design temperature is set to t w.r = 18 ° C, subject to the temperature schedule of the heating network of 150-70 ° C, the design value of the flow of network water , standard air exchange and quality regulation of seasonal load. The calculated outdoor air temperature is equal to the average temperature of the cold five-day period with a security factor of 0.92 at the time of the creation of the heat supply system. The mixing ratio of elevator units is determined by the generally accepted temperature curve for regulating heating systems 95-70 ° C and is equal to 2.2.

It should be noted that in the updated version of SNiP “Construction Climatology” SP 131.13330.2012 for many cities there was an increase in the design temperature of the cold five-day period by several degrees compared to the version of the document SNiP 23-01-99.

3. Calculations of operating modes of the heat supply system at a temperature of direct network water of 115 °C

The work in the new conditions of the heat supply system, created over decades according to modern standards for the construction period, is considered. The design temperature schedule for the qualitative regulation of the seasonal load is 150-70 °C. It is believed that at the time of commissioning, the heat supply system performed its functions exactly.

As a result of the analysis of the system of equations describing the processes in all parts of the heat supply system, its behavior is determined at a maximum water temperature in the supply line of 115 ° C at a design outdoor temperature, mixing ratios of elevator units of 2.2.

One of the defining parameters of the analytical study is the consumption of network water for heating and ventilation. Its value is taken in the following options:

The design value of the flow rate in accordance with the schedule 150-70 ° C and the declared load of heating, ventilation;

The value of the flow rate, which provides the design air temperature in the premises under the design conditions for the outside air temperature;

Actual maximum possible meaning consumption of network water, taking into account the installed network pumps.

3.1. Reducing the air temperature in the rooms while maintaining the connected heat loads

Let us determine how the average temperature in the premises will change at the temperature of the network water in the supply line t o 1 \u003d 115 ° С, the design consumption of network water for heating (we will assume that the entire load is heating, since the ventilation load is of the same type), based on the project schedule 150-70 °С, at outdoor air temperature t n.o = -25 °С. We consider that at all elevator nodes the mixing coefficients u are calculated and are equal to

For the design design conditions of operation of the heat supply system ( , , , ), the following system of equations is valid:

where - the average value of the heat transfer coefficient of all heating devices with a total heat exchange area F, - the average temperature difference between the coolant of the heating devices and the air temperature in the premises, G o - the estimated flow rate of network water entering the elevator units, G p - the estimated flow rate of water entering into heating devices, G p \u003d (1 + u) G o , s - specific mass isobaric heat capacity of water, - the average design value of the heat transfer coefficient of the building, taking into account the transport of thermal energy through external fences with a total area A and the cost of thermal energy for heating the standard flow rate of the outdoor air.

At a low temperature of the network water in the supply line t o 1 =115 ° C, while maintaining the design air exchange, the average air temperature in the premises decreases to the value t in. The corresponding system of equations for design conditions for outdoor air will have the form

, (3)

where n is the exponent in the criterion dependence of the heat transfer coefficient of heating devices on the average temperature difference, see, table. 9.2, p.44. For the most common heating devices in the form of cast-iron sectional radiators and steel panel convectors of the RSV and RSG types, when the coolant moves from top to bottom, n=0.3.

Let us introduce the notation , , .

From (1)-(3) follows the system of equations

,

,

whose solutions look like:

, (4)

(5)

. (6)

For the given design values ​​of the parameters of the heat supply system

,

Equation (5), taking into account (3) for a given temperature of direct water under the design conditions, allows us to obtain a ratio for determining the air temperature in the premises:

The solution to this equation is t in =8.7°C.

The relative thermal power of the heating system is equal to

Therefore, when the temperature of the direct network water changes from 150 °C to 115 °C, the average air temperature in the premises decreases from 18 °C to 8.7 °C, the heat output of the heating system drops by 21.6%.

The calculated values ​​of water temperatures in the heating system for the accepted deviation from the temperature schedule are °С, °С.

The performed calculation corresponds to the case when the outdoor air flow during the operation of the ventilation and infiltration system corresponds to the design standard values ​​up to the outdoor air temperature t n.o = -25°C. Since in residential buildings, as a rule, natural ventilation is used, organized by residents when ventilating with the help of vents, window sashes and micro-ventilation systems for double-glazed windows, it can be argued that at low outdoor temperatures, the flow of cold air entering the premises, especially after almost complete replacement of window blocks with double-glazed windows is far from the normative value. Therefore, the air temperature in residential premises is in fact much higher than a certain value of t in = 8.7 ° C.

3.2 Determining the power of the heating system by reducing the ventilation of indoor air at the estimated flow of network water

Let us determine how much it is necessary to reduce the cost of thermal energy for ventilation in the considered non-project mode of low temperature of the network water of the heating network in order for the average air temperature in the premises to remain at the standard level, that is, t in = t w.r = 18 ° C.

The system of equations describing the process of operation of the heat supply system under these conditions will take the form

The joint solution (2') with systems (1) and (3) similarly to the previous case gives the following relations for the temperatures of different water flows:

,

,

.

The equation for the given temperature of direct water under the design conditions for the outdoor temperature allows you to find the reduced relative load of the heating system (only the power of the ventilation system was reduced, the heat transfer through the external fences was exactly preserved):

The solution to this equation is =0.706.

Therefore, when the temperature of the direct network water changes from 150°C to 115°C, maintaining the air temperature in the premises at the level of 18°C ​​is possible by reducing the total heat output of the heating system to 0.706 of the design value by reducing the cost of heating the outside air. The heat output of the heating system drops by 29.4%.

The calculated values ​​of water temperatures for the accepted deviation from the temperature schedule are °С, °С.

3.4 Increasing the consumption of network water in order to ensure the standard air temperature in the premises

Let us determine how the consumption of network water in the heating network for heating needs should increase when the temperature of the network water in the supply line drops to t o 1 \u003d 115 ° C under the design conditions for the outdoor temperature t n.o \u003d -25 ° C, so that the average temperature in the air in the premises remained at the normative level, that is, t in \u003d t w.r \u003d 18 ° C. The ventilation of the premises corresponds to the design value.

The system of equations describing the process of operation of the heat supply system, in this case, will take the form, taking into account the increase in the value of the flow rate of network water to G o y and the flow rate of water through the heating system G pu =G oh (1 + u) with a constant value of the mixing coefficient of the elevator nodes u= 2.2. For clarity, we reproduce in this system the equations (1)

.

From (1), (2”), (3’) follows a system of equations of an intermediate form

The solution of the given system has the form:

° С, t o 2 \u003d 76.5 ° С,

So, when the temperature of the direct network water changes from 150 °C to 115 °C, maintaining the average air temperature in the premises at the level of 18 °C is possible by increasing the consumption of network water in the supply (return) line of the heating network for the needs of heating and ventilation systems in 2 .08 times.

It is obvious that there is no such reserve in terms of network water consumption both at heat sources and at pumping stations if available. In addition, such a high increase in network water consumption will lead to an increase in pressure losses due to friction in the pipelines of the heating network and in the equipment of heating points and the heat source by more than 4 times, which cannot be realized due to the lack of supply of network pumps in terms of pressure and engine power. . Consequently, an increase in network water consumption by 2.08 times due to an increase in the number of installed network pumps alone, while maintaining their pressure, will inevitably lead to unsatisfactory operation of elevator units and heat exchangers in most of the heating points of the heat supply system.

3.5 Reducing the power of the heating system by reducing the ventilation of indoor air in conditions of increased consumption of network water

For some heat sources, the consumption of network water in the mains can be provided higher than the design value by tens of percent. This is due both to the decrease in thermal loads that has taken place in recent decades, and to the presence of a certain performance reserve of installed network pumps. Let's take the maximum relative value of network water consumption equal to =1.35 of the design value. We also take into account the possible increase in the calculated outdoor air temperature according to SP 131.13330.2012.

Let us determine how much it is necessary to reduce the average outdoor air consumption for ventilation of premises in the mode of reduced temperature of the network water of the heating network so that the average air temperature in the premises remains at the standard level, that is, tw = 18 °C.

For a low temperature of network water in the supply line t o 1 = 115 ° C, the air flow in the premises is reduced in order to maintain the calculated value of t at = 18 ° C in conditions of an increase in the flow of network water by 1.35 times and an increase in the calculated temperature of the cold five-day period. The corresponding system of equations for the new conditions will have the form

The relative decrease in the heat output of the heating system is equal to

. (3’’)

From (1), (2'''), (3'') follows the solution

,

,

.

For the given values ​​of the parameters of the heat supply system and = 1.35:

; =115 °С; =66 °С; \u003d 81.3 ° С.

We also take into account the increase in the temperature of the cold five-day period to the value t n.o_ = -22 °C. The relative thermal power of the heating system is equal to

The relative change in the total heat transfer coefficients is equal to and due to a decrease in the air flow rate of the ventilation system.

For houses built before 2000, the share of heat energy consumption for ventilation of premises in the central regions of the Russian Federation is 40 ... .

For houses built after 2000, the share of ventilation costs increases to 50 ... 55%, a drop in the air flow rate of the ventilation system by approximately 1.3 times will maintain the calculated air temperature in the premises.

Above in 3.2 it is shown that with the design values ​​of network water flow rates, indoor air temperature and design outdoor air temperature, a decrease in the network water temperature to 115 ° C corresponds to a relative power of the heating system of 0.709. If this decrease in power is attributed to a decrease in ventilation air heating, then for houses built before 2000, the air flow rate of the ventilation system of the premises should drop by approximately 3.2 times, for houses built after 2000 - by 2.3 times.

Analysis of measurement data of thermal energy metering units of individual residential buildings shows that a decrease in the consumed thermal energy on cold days corresponds to a decrease in the standard air exchange by a factor of 2.5 or more.

4. The need to clarify the calculated heating load of heat supply systems

Let the declared load of the heating system created in recent decades be . This load corresponds to the design temperature of the outside air, relevant during the construction period, taken for definiteness t n.o = -25 °С.

The following is an estimate of the actual reduction in the declared design heating load due to the influence of various factors.

Increasing the calculated outdoor temperature to -22 °C reduces the calculated heating load to (18+22)/(18+25)x100%=93%.

In addition, the following factors lead to a reduction in the calculated heating load.

1. Replacement of window blocks with double-glazed windows, which took place almost everywhere. The share of transmission losses of thermal energy through windows is about 20% of the total heating load. Replacing window blocks with double-glazed windows led to an increase in thermal resistance from 0.3 to 0.4 m 2 ∙K / W, respectively, the thermal power of heat loss decreased to the value: x100% \u003d 93.3%.

2. For residential buildings, the share of ventilation load in the heating load in projects completed before the early 2000s is about 40...45%, later - about 50...55%. Let's take the average share of the ventilation component in the heating load in the amount of 45% of the declared heating load. It corresponds to an air exchange rate of 1.0. According to modern STO standards, the maximum air exchange rate is at the level of 0.5, the average daily air exchange rate for a residential building is at the level of 0.35. Therefore, a decrease in the air exchange rate from 1.0 to 0.35 leads to a drop in the heating load of a residential building to the value:

x100%=70.75%.

3. The ventilation load by different consumers is demanded randomly, therefore, like the DHW load for a heat source, its value is summed not additively, but taking into account the coefficients of hourly unevenness. The share of the maximum ventilation load in the declared heating load is 0.45x0.5 / 1.0 = 0.225 (22.5%). The coefficient of hourly non-uniformity is estimated to be the same as for hot water supply, equal to K hour.vent = 2.4. Therefore, the total load of heating systems for the heat source, taking into account the reduction in the ventilation maximum load, the replacement of window blocks with double-glazed windows and the non-simultaneous demand for the ventilation load, will be 0.933x(0.55+0.225/2.4)x100%=60.1% of the declared load .

4. Taking into account the increase in the design outdoor temperature will lead to an even greater drop in the design heating load.

5. The performed estimates show that the clarification of the heat load of heating systems can lead to its reduction by 30 ... 40%. Such a decrease in the heating load allows us to expect that, while maintaining the design flow of network water, the calculated air temperature in the premises can be ensured by implementing a “cutoff” of the direct water temperature at 115 °C for low outdoor air temperatures (see results 3.2). This can be argued with even greater reason if there is a reserve in the value of the network water consumption at the heat source of the heat supply system (see results 3.4).

The above estimates are illustrative, but it follows from them that, based on modern requirements of regulatory documentation, one can expect both a significant reduction in the total design heating load of existing consumers for a heat source, and a technically justified operating mode with a “cut” in the temperature schedule for regulating seasonal load at 115°C. The required degree of real reduction in the declared load of heating systems should be determined during field tests for consumers of a particular heat main. The calculated temperature of the return network water is also subject to clarification during field tests.

It should be borne in mind that the qualitative regulation of the seasonal load is not sustainable in terms of the distribution of thermal power among heating devices for vertical single-pipe heating systems. Therefore, in all the calculations given above, while ensuring the average design air temperature in the rooms, there will be some change in the air temperature in the rooms along the riser during the heating period at different outdoor air temperatures.

5. Difficulties in the implementation of the normative air exchange of premises

Consider the cost structure of the thermal power of the heating system of a residential building. The main components of heat losses compensated by the flow of heat from heating devices are transmission losses through external fences, as well as the cost of heating the outside air entering the premises. Fresh air consumption for residential buildings is determined by the requirements of sanitary and hygienic standards, which are given in section 6.

In residential buildings, the ventilation system is usually natural. The air flow rate is provided by the periodic opening of the vents and window sashes. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that since 2000 the requirements for the heat-shielding properties of external fences, primarily walls, have increased significantly (by 2–3 times).

From the practice of developing energy passports for residential buildings, it follows that for buildings built from the 50s to the 80s of the last century in the central and northwestern regions, the share of thermal energy for standard ventilation (infiltration) was 40 ... 45%, for buildings built later, 45…55%.

Before the advent of double-glazed windows, the regulation of air exchange was carried out by vents and transoms, and, on cold days, the frequency of their opening decreased. At widespread double-glazed windows ensuring normative air exchange has become an even greater problem. This is due to a tenfold decrease in uncontrolled infiltration through cracks and the fact that frequent ventilation by opening window sashes, which alone can provide standard air exchange, does not actually occur.

There are publications on this topic, see, for example,. Even during periodic ventilation, there are no quantitative indicators indicating the air exchange of the premises and its comparison with the standard value. As a result, in fact, the air exchange is far from the norm and a number of problems arise: relative humidity increases, condensation forms on the glazing, mold appears, persistent odors appear, the carbon dioxide content in the air rises, which together led to the emergence of the term “sick building syndrome”. In some cases, due to a sharp decrease in air exchange, a rarefaction occurs in the premises, leading to an overturning of the air movement in the exhaust ducts and to the entry of cold air into the premises, the flow of dirty air from one apartment to another, and freezing of the walls of the channels. As a result, builders are faced with the problem of using more advanced ventilation systems that can save heating costs. In this regard, it is necessary to use ventilation systems with controlled air supply and removal, heating systems with automatic control of heat supply to heating devices (ideally, systems with apartment connection), sealed windows and entrance doors to apartments.

Confirmation that the ventilation system of residential buildings operates with a performance that is significantly less than the design one is the lower, in comparison with the calculated, heat energy consumption during the heating period, recorded by the heat energy metering units of buildings.

The calculation of the ventilation system of a residential building performed by the staff of the St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University showed the following. Natural ventilation in the free air flow mode, on average for the year, is almost 50% less than the calculated one (the cross section of the exhaust duct is designed according to the current ventilation standards for multi-apartment residential buildings for the conditions of St. time, ventilation is more than 2 times less than the calculated one, and in 2% of the time there is no ventilation. For a significant part of the heating period, at an outside air temperature of less than +5 °C, ventilation exceeds the standard value. That is, without special adjustment at low outdoor temperatures, it is impossible to ensure standard air exchange; at outdoor temperatures of more than +5 ° C, air exchange will be lower than standard if the fan is not used.

6. Evolution of regulatory requirements for indoor air exchange

The costs of heating the outside air are determined by the requirements given in the regulatory documentation, which have undergone a number of changes over the long period of building construction.

Consider these changes on the example of residential apartment buildings.

In SNiP II-L.1-62, part II, section L, chapter 1, in force until April 1971, the air exchange rates for living rooms were 3 m 3 / h per 1 m 2 of room area, for a kitchen with electric stoves, the air exchange rate 3, but not less than 60 m 3 / h, for a kitchen with a gas stove - 60 m 3 / h for two-burner stoves, 75 m 3 / h - for three-burner stoves, 90 m 3 / h - for four-burner stoves. Estimated temperature of living rooms +18 °С, kitchens +15 °С.

In SNiP II-L.1-71, Part II, Section L, Chapter 1, in force until July 1986, similar standards are indicated, but for a kitchen with electric stoves, the air exchange rate of 3 is excluded.

In SNiP 2.08.01-85, which were in force until January 1990, the air exchange rates for living rooms were 3 m 3 / h per 1 m 2 of room area, for the kitchen without indicating the type of plates 60 m 3 / h. Despite the different standard temperature in the living quarters and in the kitchen, for thermal calculations it is proposed to take the temperature of the internal air +18°С.

In SNiP 2.08.01-89, which were in force until October 2003, the air exchange rates are the same as in SNiP II-L.1-71, Part II, Section L, Chapter 1. The indication of the internal air temperature +18 ° WITH.

In the SNiP 31-01-2003 that are still in force, new requirements appear, given in 9.2-9.4:

9.2 The design parameters of air in the premises of a residential building should be taken according to optimal standards GOST 30494. The air exchange rate in the premises should be taken in accordance with Table 9.1.

Table 9.1

room	Multiplicity or magnitude air exchange, m 3 per hour, not less
	in non-working	in mode service
Bedroom, shared, children's room	0,2	1,0
Library, office	0,2	0,5
Pantry, linen, dressing room	0,2	0,2
Gym, billiard room	0,2	80 m 3
Laundry, ironing, drying	0,5	90 m 3
Kitchen with electric stove	0,5	60 m 3
Room with gas-using equipment	1,0	1.0 + 100 m 3
Room with heat generators and solid fuel stoves	0,5	1.0 + 100 m 3
Bathroom, shower room, toilet, shared bathroom	0,5	25 m 3
Sauna	0,5	10 m 3 for 1 person
Elevator engine room	-	By calculation
Parking	1,0	By calculation
Garbage chamber	1,0	1,0

The air exchange rate in all ventilated rooms not listed in the table in non-operating mode should be at least 0.2 room volume per hour.

9.3 In the course of thermotechnical calculation of enclosing structures of residential buildings, the temperature of the internal air of heated premises should be taken as at least 20 °С.

9.4 The heating and ventilation system of the building should be designed to ensure that the indoor air temperature during the heating period is within the optimal parameters established by GOST 30494, with the design parameters of the outdoor air for the respective construction areas.

From this it can be seen that, firstly, the concepts of the maintenance mode of the premises and the non-working mode appear, during which, as a rule, very different quantitative requirements are imposed on air exchange. For residential premises (bedrooms, common rooms, children's rooms), which make up a significant part of the area of ​​​​the apartment, the air exchange rates at different modes differ by 5 times. The air temperature in the premises when calculating the heat losses of the designed building should be taken at least 20°C. In residential premises, the frequency of air exchange is normalized, regardless of the area and number of residents.

The updated version of SP 54.13330.2011 partially reproduces the information of SNiP 31-01-2003 in the original version. Air exchange rates for bedrooms, common rooms, children's rooms with total area apartments per person less than 20 m 2 - 3 m 3 / h per 1 m 2 of room area; the same when the total area of ​​the apartment per person is more than 20 m 2 - 30 m 3 / h per person, but not less than 0.35 h -1; for a kitchen with electric stoves 60 m 3 / h, for a kitchen with a gas stove 100 m 3 / h.

Therefore, to determine the average daily hourly air exchange, it is necessary to assign the duration of each of the modes, determine the air flow in different rooms during each mode, and then calculate the average hourly need for fresh air in the apartment, and then the house as a whole. Multiple changes in air exchange in a particular apartment during the day, for example, in the absence of people in the apartment during work time or on weekends will lead to a significant unevenness of air exchange during the day. At the same time, it is obvious that the non-simultaneous operation of these modes in different apartments will lead to equalization of the house load for ventilation needs and to a non-additive addition of this load for different consumers.

It is possible to draw an analogy with the non-simultaneous use of the DHW load by consumers, which obliges to introduce the coefficient of hourly unevenness when determining the DHW load for the heat source. As you know, its value for a significant number of consumers in the regulatory documentation is taken equal to 2.4. A similar value for the ventilation component of the heating load allows us to assume that the corresponding total load will also in fact decrease by at least 2.4 times due to the non-simultaneous opening of vents and windows in different residential buildings. In public and industrial buildings, a similar picture is observed with the difference that during non-working hours ventilation is minimal and is determined only by infiltration through leaks in skylights and external doors.

Accounting for the thermal inertia of buildings also makes it possible to focus on the average daily values ​​of thermal energy consumption for air heating. Moreover, in most heating systems there are no thermostats that maintain the air temperature in the premises. It is also known that the central control of the temperature of the network water in the supply line for heating systems is carried out according to the outdoor temperature, averaged over a period of about 6-12 hours, and sometimes for more time.

Therefore, it is necessary to perform calculations of the normative average air exchange for residential buildings of different series in order to clarify the calculated heating load of buildings. Similar work needs to be done for public and industrial buildings.

It should be noted that these current regulatory documents apply to newly designed buildings in terms of designing ventilation systems for premises, but indirectly they not only can, but should also be a guide to action when clarifying the thermal loads of all buildings, including those that were built according to other standards listed above.

The standards of organizations regulating the norms of air exchange in the premises of multi-apartment residential buildings have been developed and published. For example, STO NPO AVOK 2.1-2008, STO SRO NP SPAS-05-2013, Energy saving in buildings. Calculation and design of ventilation systems for residential multi-apartment buildings (Approved by the general meeting of SRO NP SPAS dated March 27, 2014).

Basically, in these documents, the standards cited correspond to SP 54.13330.2011, with some reductions in individual requirements (for example, for a kitchen with a gas stove, a single air exchange is not added to 90 (100) m 3 / h, during non-working hours in a kitchen of this type, air exchange is allowed 0 .5 h -1, while in SP 54.13330.2011 - 1.0 h -1).

Reference Appendix B STO SRO NP SPAS-05-2013 provides an example of calculating the required air exchange for a three-room apartment.

Initial data:

The total area of ​​​​the apartment F total \u003d 82.29 m 2;

The area of ​​​​residential premises F lived \u003d 43.42 m 2;

Kitchen area - F kx \u003d 12.33 m 2;

Bathroom area - F ext \u003d 2.82 m 2;

The area of ​​​​the restroom - F ub \u003d 1.11 m 2;

Room height h = 2.6 m;

The kitchen has an electric stove.

Geometric characteristics:

The volume of heated premises V \u003d 221.8 m 3;

The volume of residential premises V lived \u003d 112.9 m 3;

Kitchen volume V kx \u003d 32.1 m 3;

The volume of the restroom V ub \u003d 2.9 m 3;

The volume of the bathroom V ext \u003d 7.3 m 3.

From the above calculation of air exchange, it follows that the ventilation system of the apartment must provide the calculated air exchange in the maintenance mode (in the design operation mode) - L tr work \u003d 110.0 m 3 / h; in idle mode - L tr slave \u003d 22.6 m 3 / h. The given air flow rates correspond to the air exchange rate of 110.0/221.8=0.5 h -1 for the service mode and 22.6/221.8=0.1 h -1 for the off mode.

The information given in this section shows that in existing regulatory documents with different occupancy of apartments, the maximum air exchange rate is in the range of 0.35 ... This means that when determining the power of the heating system that compensates for the transmission losses of thermal energy and the costs of heating the outside air, as well as the consumption of network water for heating needs, one can focus in the first approximation on the daily average value of the air exchange rate of residential multi-apartment buildings 0.35 h - one .

An analysis of the energy passports of residential buildings developed in accordance with SNiP 23-02-2003 “Thermal protection of buildings” shows that when calculating the heating load of a house, the air exchange rate corresponds to a level of 0.7 h -1, which is 2 times higher than the recommended value above, not contradicting the requirements of modern service stations.

It is necessary to clarify the heating load of buildings built according to standard projects, based on the reduced average value of the air exchange rate, which will correspond to the existing Russian standards and will allow you to get closer to the norms of a number of EU countries and the United States.

7. Rationale for lowering the temperature graph

Section 1 shows that the temperature graph of 150-70 °C, due to the actual impossibility of its use in modern conditions, should be lowered or modified by justifying the “cutoff” in temperature.

The above calculations of various modes of operation of the heat supply system in off-design conditions allow us to propose the following strategy for making changes to the regulation of the heat load of consumers.

1. For the transitional period, introduce a temperature chart of 150-70 °С with a “cutoff” of 115 °С. With such a schedule, the consumption of network water in the heating network for heating, ventilation needs to be maintained at the current level corresponding to the design value, or with a slight excess, based on the performance of the installed network pumps. In the range of outdoor air temperatures corresponding to the “cutoff”, consider the calculated heating load of consumers reduced in comparison with the design value. The decrease in the heating load is attributed to the reduction in the cost of thermal energy for ventilation, based on the provision of the necessary average daily air exchange of residential multi-apartment buildings according to modern standards at the level of 0.35 h -1 .

2. Organize work to clarify the loads of building heating systems by developing energy passports for residential buildings, public organizations and enterprises, paying attention, first of all, to the ventilation load of buildings, which is included in the load of heating systems, taking into account modern regulatory requirements for room air exchange. To this end, it is necessary for houses of different heights, primarily for typical series, to calculate heat losses, both transmission and ventilation, in accordance with modern requirements of the regulatory documentation of the Russian Federation.

3. On the basis of full-scale tests, take into account the duration of the characteristic modes of operation of ventilation systems and the non-simultaneity of their operation for different consumers.

4. After clarifying the thermal loads of consumer heating systems, develop a schedule for regulating the seasonal load of 150-70 °С with a “cutoff” by 115°С. The possibility of switching to the classic schedule of 115-70 °С without “cutting off” with high-quality regulation should be determined after clarifying the reduced heating loads. Specify the temperature of the return network water when developing a reduced schedule.

5. Recommend to designers, developers of new residential buildings and repair organizations performing overhaul old housing stock, the use of modern ventilation systems that allow for the regulation of air exchange, including mechanical ones with systems for recovering the thermal energy of polluted air, as well as the introduction of thermostats to adjust the power of heating devices.

Literature

1. Sokolov E.Ya. Heat supply and heat networks, 7th ed., M.: MPEI Publishing House, 2001

2. Gershkovich V.F. “One hundred and fifty ... Norm or bust? Reflections on the parameters of the coolant…” // Energy saving in buildings. - 2004 - No. 3 (22), Kyiv.

3. Internal sanitary devices. At 3 p.m. Part 1 Heating / V.N. Bogoslovsky, B.A. Krupnov, A.N. Scanavi and others; Ed. I.G. Staroverov and Yu.I. Schiller, - 4th ed., Revised. and additional - M.: Stroyizdat, 1990. -344 p.: ill. – (Designer's Handbook).

4. Samarin O.D. Thermophysics. Energy saving. Energy efficiency / Monograph. M.: DIA Publishing House, 2011.

6. A.D. Krivoshein, Energy saving in buildings: translucent structures and ventilation of premises // Architecture and construction of the Omsk region, No. 10 (61), 2008

7. N.I. Vatin, T.V. Samoplyas “Ventilation systems for residential premises of apartment buildings”, St. Petersburg, 2004

The supply of heat to the room is associated with the simplest temperature graph. The temperature values ​​of the water supplied from the boiler room do not change indoors. They have standard values ​​and range from +70ºС to +95ºС. This temperature chart of the heating system is the most popular.

Adjusting the air temperature in the house

Not everywhere in the country there is centralized heating, so many residents install independent systems. Their temperature graph differs from the first option. In this case, the temperature indicators are significantly reduced. They depend on the efficiency of modern heating boilers.

If the temperature reaches +35ºС, the boiler will operate at maximum power. It depends on the heating element, where the thermal energy can be taken up by the flue gases. If the temperature values ​​are greater than + 70 ºС, then the boiler performance drops. In this case, its technical characteristics indicate an efficiency of 100%.

Temperature chart and calculation

How the graph will look depends on the outside temperature. The more negative meaning outside temperature, the greater the heat loss. Many do not know where to take this indicator. This temperature is specified in the regulatory documents. The temperature of the coldest five-day period is taken as the calculated value, and the lowest value over the past 50 years is taken.

Graph of outside and inside temperature

The graph shows the relationship between outside and inside temperatures. Let's say the outside temperature is -17ºС. Drawing a line up to the intersection with t2, we get a point characterizing the temperature of the water in the heating system.

Thanks to the temperature schedule, it is possible to prepare the heating system even under the most severe conditions. It also reduces the material costs of installing a heating system. If we consider this factor from the point of view of mass construction, the savings are significant.

inside premises depends from temperature coolant, a also others factors:

• Outside air temperature. The smaller it is, the more negatively it affects heating;
• Wind. When a strong wind occurs, heat loss increases;
• The indoor temperature depends on the thermal insulation of the structural elements of the building.

Over the past 5 years, the principles of construction have changed. Builders increase the value of a home by insulating elements. As a rule, this applies to basements, roofs, foundations. These costly measures subsequently allow residents to save on the heating system.

Heating temperature chart

The graph shows the dependence of the temperature of the outdoor and indoor air. The lower the outdoor temperature, the higher the temperature of the heating medium in the system.

The temperature schedule is developed for each city during the heating season. In small settlements, a temperature chart of the boiler house is drawn up, which provides required amount coolant to the consumer.

Change temperature schedule can several ways:

• quantitative - characterized by a change in the flow rate of the coolant supplied to the heating system;
• high-quality - consists in regulating the temperature of the coolant before being supplied to the premises;
• temporary - a discrete method of supplying water to the system.

The temperature graph is a graph of heating pipelines that distributes heating load and regulated by centralized systems. There is also an increased schedule, it is created for a closed heating system, that is, to ensure the supply of hot coolant to the connected objects. When using an open system, it is necessary to adjust the temperature graph, since the coolant is consumed not only for heating, but also for domestic water consumption.

The calculation of the temperature graph is made according to simple method. Hto build it needed initial temperature air data:

• outdoor;
• in room;
• in the supply and return pipelines;
• at the exit of the building.

In addition, you should know the nominal thermal load. All other coefficients are normalized by reference documentation. The calculation of the system is made for any temperature graph, depending on the purpose of the room. For example, for large industrial and civil facilities, a schedule of 150/70, 130/70, 115/70 is drawn up. For residential buildings, this figure is 105/70 and 95/70. The first indicator shows the temperature on the supply, and the second - on the return. The calculation results are entered in a special table, which shows the temperature at certain points of the heating system, depending on the outside air temperature.

The main factor in calculating the temperature graph is the outside air temperature. The calculation table should be drawn up so that the maximum values ​​​​of the temperature of the coolant in the heating system (schedule 95/70) provide heating of the room. The temperatures in the room are provided for by regulatory documents.

heating appliances

Temperature of heating devices

The main indicator is the temperature of the heating devices. The ideal temperature curve for heating is 90/70ºС. It is impossible to achieve such an indicator, since the temperature inside the room should not be the same. It is determined depending on the purpose of the room.

In accordance with the standards, the temperature in the corner living room is +20ºС, in the rest - +18ºС; in the bathroom - + 25ºС. If the outside air temperature is -30ºС, then the indicators increase by 2ºС.

Except Togo, exist norms for others types premises:

• in rooms where children are located - + 18ºС to + 23ºС;
• children's educational institutions - + 21ºС;
• in cultural institutions with mass attendance - +16ºС to +21ºС.

This area of ​​temperature values ​​is compiled for all types of premises. It depends on the movements performed inside the room: the more of them, the lower the air temperature. For example, in sports facilities people move a lot, so the temperature is only +18ºС.

Air temperature in the room

Exist certain factors, from which depends temperature heating appliances:

• Outside air temperature;
• Type of heating system and temperature difference: for a single-pipe system - + 105ºС, and for a single-pipe system - + 95ºС. Accordingly, the differences in for the first region are 105/70ºС, and for the second - 95/70ºС;
• The direction of the coolant supply to the heating devices. At the top supply, the difference should be 2 ºС, at the bottom - 3ºС;
• Type of heating devices: heat transfers are different, so the temperature graph will be different.

First of all, the temperature of the coolant depends on the outside air. For example, the outside temperature is 0°C. At the same time, the temperature regime in the radiators should be equal to 40-45ºС on the supply, and 38ºС on the return. When the air temperature is below zero, for example, -20ºС, these indicators change. In this case, the flow temperature becomes 77/55ºC. If the temperature indicator reaches -40ºС, then the indicators become standard, that is, at the supply + 95/105ºС, and at the return - + 70ºС.

Additional options

In order for a certain temperature of the coolant to reach the consumer, it is necessary to monitor the state of the outside air. For example, if it is -40ºС, the boiler room should supply hot water with an indicator of + 130ºС. Along the way, the coolant loses heat, but still the temperature remains high when it enters the apartments. The optimal value is + 95ºС. To do this, an elevator assembly is installed in the basements, which serves to mix hot water from the boiler room and the coolant from the return pipeline.

Several institutions are responsible for the heating main. The boiler house monitors the supply of hot coolant to the heating system, and the state of the pipelines is monitored by the city heating networks. The ZHEK is responsible for the elevator element. Therefore, in order to solve the problem of supplying coolant to new house, you need to contact different offices.

Installation of heating devices is carried out in accordance with regulatory documents. If the owner himself replaces the battery, then he is responsible for the functioning of the heating system and changing the temperature regime.

Adjustment methods

Dismantling of the elevator assembly

If the boiler room is responsible for the parameters of the coolant leaving the warm point, then the employees of the housing office should be responsible for the temperature inside the room. Many tenants complain about the cold in the apartments. This is due to the deviation of the temperature graph. In rare cases, it happens that the temperature rises by a certain value.

Heating parameters can be adjusted in three ways:

• Nozzle reaming.

If the temperature of the coolant at the supply and return is significantly underestimated, then it is necessary to increase the diameter of the elevator nozzle. Thus, more liquid will pass through it.

How to do it? To begin with, shut-off valves are closed (house valves and cranes at the elevator unit). Next, the elevator and nozzle are removed. Then it is drilled out by 0.5-2 mm, depending on how much it is necessary to increase the temperature of the coolant. After these procedures, the elevator is mounted in its original place and put into operation.

To ensure sufficient tightness of the flange connection, it is necessary to replace the paronite gaskets with rubber ones.

• Suction dampening.

In severe cold, when there is a problem of freezing of the heating system in the apartment, the nozzle can be completely removed. In this case, the suction can become a jumper. To do this, it is necessary to muffle it with a steel pancake, 1 mm thick. Such a process is carried out only in critical situations, since the temperature in pipelines and heaters will reach 130ºС.

• Drop adjustment.

In the middle of the heating period, a significant increase in temperature can occur. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate it using a special valve on the elevator. To do this, the supply of hot coolant is switched to the supply pipeline. A manometer is mounted on the return. Adjustment occurs by closing the valve on the supply pipeline. Next, the valve opens slightly, and the pressure should be monitored using a pressure gauge. If you just open it, then there will be a drawdown of the cheeks. That is, an increase in the pressure drop occurs in the return pipeline. Every day, the indicator increases by 0.2 atmosphere, and the temperature in the heating system must be constantly monitored.

Heat supply. Video

How the heat supply of private and apartment buildings is arranged can be found in the video below.

When drawing up a temperature schedule for heating, various factors must be taken into account. This list includes not only the structural elements of the building, but the outdoor temperature, as well as the type of heating system.

In contact with

Looking through the statistics of visiting our blog, I noticed that search phrases such as, for example, “what should be the temperature of the coolant at minus 5 outside?” appear very often. I decided to lay out the old schedule for the quality regulation of heat supply based on the average daily outdoor temperature. I want to warn those who, on the basis of these figures, will try to sort out relations with the housing department or heating networks: the heating schedules for each individual settlement are different (I wrote about this in the article on regulating the temperature of the coolant). Thermal networks in Ufa (Bashkiria) operate according to this schedule.

I also want to draw attention to the fact that regulation takes place according to the average daily outdoor temperature, so if, for example, it is minus 15 degrees outside at night and minus 5 during the day, then the coolant temperature will be maintained in accordance with the schedule at minus 10 °C.

As a rule, the following temperature graphs are used: 150/70, 130/70, 115/70, 105/70, 95/70. The schedule is selected depending on the specific local conditions. House heating systems operate according to schedules 105/70 and 95/70. According to schedules 150, 130 and 115/70, main heat networks operate.

Let's look at an example of how to use the chart. Suppose the temperature outside is minus 10 degrees. Heating networks operate according to a temperature schedule of 130/70, which means that at -10 ° C the temperature of the coolant in the supply pipeline of the heating network should be 85.6 degrees, in the supply pipeline of the heating system - 70.8 ° C with a schedule of 105/70 or 65.3 ° C at chart 95/70. The water temperature after the heating system should be 51.7 °C.

As a rule, the temperature values ​​in the supply pipeline of heat networks are rounded off when setting the heat source. For example, according to the schedule, it should be 85.6 ° C, and 87 degrees are set at the CHP or boiler house.

Outside temperature

Temperature of network water in the supply pipeline T1, °С Temperature of water in the supply pipeline of the heating system Т3, °С Temperature of water after the heating system Т2, °С

150 130 115 105 95 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -21 -22 -23 -24 -25 -26 -27 -28 -29 -30 -31 -32 -33 -34 -35

53,2	50,2	46,4	43,4	41,2	35,8
55,7	52,3	48,2	45,0	42,7	36,8
58,1	54,4	50,0	46,6	44,1	37,7
60,5	56,5	51,8	48,2	45,5	38,7
62,9	58,5	53,5	49,8	46,9	39,6
65,3	60,5	55,3	51,4	48,3	40,6
67,7	62,6	57,0	52,9	49,7	41,5
70,0	64,5	58,8	54,5	51,0	42,4
72,4	66,5	60,5	56,0	52,4	43,3
74,7	68,5	62,2	57,5	53,7	44,2
77,0	70,4	63,8	59,0	55,0	45,0
79,3	72,4	65,5	60,5	56,3	45,9
81,6	74,3	67,2	62,0	57,6	46,7
83,9	76,2	68,8	63,5	58,9	47,6
86,2	78,1	70,4	65,0	60,2	48,4
88,5	80,0	72,1	66,4	61,5	49,2
90,8	81,9	73,7	67,9	62,8	50,1
93,0	83,8	75,3	69,3	64,0	50,9
95,3	85,6	76,9	70,8	65,3	51,7
97,6	87,5	78,5	72,2	66,6	52,5
99,8	89,3	80,1	73,6	67,8	53,3
102,0	91,2	81,7	75,0	69,0	54,0
104,3	93,0	83,3	76,4	70,3	54,8
106,5	94,8	84,8	77,9	71,5	55,6
108,7	96,6	86,4	79,3	72,7	56,3
110,9	98,4	87,9	80,7	73,9	57,1
113,1	100,2	89,5	82,0	75,1	57,9
115,3	102,0	91,0	83,4	76,3	58,6
117,5	103,8	92,6	84,8	77,5	59,4
119,7	105,6	94,1	86,2	78,7	60,1
121,9	107,4	95,6	87,6	79,9	60,8
124,1	109,2	97,1	88,9	81,1	61,6
126,3	110,9	98,6	90,3	82,3	62,3
128,5	112,7	100,2	91,6	83,5	63,0
130,6	114,4	101,7	93,0	84,6	63,7
132,8	116,2	103,2	94,3	85,8	64,4
135,0	117,9	104,7	95,7	87,0	65,1
137,1	119,7	106,1	97,0	88,1	65,8
139,3	121,4	107,6	98,4	89,3	66,5
141,4	123,1	109,1	99,7	90,4	67,2
143,6	124,9	110,6	101,0	94,6	67,9
145,7	126,6	112,1	102,4	92,7	68,6
147,9	128,3	113,5	103,7	93,9	69,3
150,0	130,0	115,0	105,0	95,0	70,0

Please do not focus on the diagram at the beginning of the post - it does not correspond to the data from the table.

Calculation of the temperature graph

The method for calculating the temperature graph is described in the reference book "Setting up and operation of water heating networks" (Chapter 4, p. 4.4, p. 153,).

This is a rather laborious and lengthy process, since several values ​​must be calculated for each outdoor temperature: T1, T3, T2, etc.

To our joy, we have a computer and a MS Excel spreadsheet. A colleague at work shared with me a ready-made table for calculating the temperature graph. She was once made by his wife, who worked as an engineer for a group of regimes in thermal networks.

Table for calculating the temperature graph in MS Excel

In order for Excel to calculate and build a graph, it is enough to enter several initial values:

• design temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating network T1
• design temperature in the return pipe of the heating network T2
• design temperature in the supply pipe of the heating system T3
• Outdoor air temperature Tn.v.
• Indoor temperature Tv.p.
• coefficient "n" (it is usually not changed and is equal to 0.25)
• Minimum and maximum cut of the temperature graph Cut min, Cut max.

Entering initial data into the table for calculating the temperature graph

All. nothing more is required of you. The results of the calculations will be in the first table of the sheet. It is highlighted in bold.

The charts will also be rebuilt for the new values.

Graphical representation of the temperature graph

The table also considers the temperature of direct network water, taking into account wind speed.

Download temperature chart calculation

energoworld.ru

Appendix e Temperature chart (95 – 70) °С

Design temperature outdoor	Water temperature in server pipeline	Water temperature in return pipeline	Estimated outdoor temperature	Supply water temperature	Water temperature in return pipeline

Appendix e

CLOSED HEATING SYSTEM

TV1: G1 = 1V1; G2=G1; Q = G1(h2 –h3)

OPEN HEATING SYSTEM

WITH WATER TANK INTO A DEAD-END DHW SYSTEM

TV1: G1 = 1V1; G2 = 1V2; G3 = G1 - G2;

Q1 \u003d G1 (h2 - h3) + G3 (h3 - hх)

Bibliography

1. Gershunsky B.S. Fundamentals of electronics. Kyiv, Vishcha school, 1977.

2. Meyerson A.M. Radio-measuring equipment. - Leningrad.: Energy, 1978. - 408s.

3. Murin G.A. Thermotechnical measurements. -M.: Energy, 1979. -424 p.

4. Spector S.A. Electrical measurements of physical quantities. Tutorial. - Leningrad.: Energoatomizdat, 1987. –320s.

5. Tartakovskii D.F., Yastrebov A.S. Metrology, standardization and technical measuring instruments. - M .: Higher school, 2001.

6. Heat meters TSK7. Manual. - St. Petersburg.: CJSC TEPLOKOM, 2002.

7. Calculator of the amount of heat VKT-7. Manual. - St. Petersburg.: CJSC TEPLOKOM, 2002.

Zuev Alexander Vladimirovich

Neighboring files in the Process Measurements and Instruments folder

studfiles.net

Heating temperature chart

The task of organizations serving houses and buildings is to maintain the standard temperature. The temperature curve of heating directly depends on the temperature outside.

There are three heating systems

Graph of outside and inside temperature

1. District heating large boiler house (CHP), standing at a considerable distance from the city. In this case, the heat supply organization, taking into account the heat losses in the networks, chooses a system with a temperature curve: 150/70, 130/70 or 105/70. The first digit is the temperature of the water in the supply pipe, the second digit is the temperature of the water in the return pipe.
2. Small boiler houses, which are located near residential buildings. In this case, the temperature curve 105/70, 95/70 is selected.
3. Individual boiler installed in a private house. The most acceptable schedule is 95/70. Although it is possible to reduce the supply temperature even more, since there will be practically no heat loss. Modern boilers operate in automatic mode and maintain a constant temperature in the supply heat pipe. The 95/70 temperature chart speaks for itself. The temperature at the entrance to the house should be 95 ° C, and at the exit - 70 ° C.

In Soviet times, when everything was state-owned, all parameters of temperature charts were maintained. If according to the schedule there should be a supply temperature of 100 degrees, then this will be so. Such a temperature cannot be supplied to residents, so elevator units were designed. Water from the return pipeline, cooled down, was mixed into the supply system, thereby lowering the supply temperature to the standard one. In our time of universal economy, the need for elevator nodes is no longer necessary. All heat supply organizations switched to the temperature chart of the heating system 95/70. According to this graph, the coolant temperature will be 95 °C when the outside temperature is -35 °C. As a rule, the temperature at the entrance to the house no longer requires dilution. Therefore, all elevator units must be eliminated or reconstructed. Instead of conical sections that reduce both the speed and volume of the flow, put straight pipes. Seal the supply pipe from the return pipeline with a steel plug. This is one of the heat saving measures. It is also necessary to insulate the facades of houses, windows. Change old pipes and batteries to new ones - modern ones. These measures will increase the air temperature in dwellings, which means you can save on heating temperature. Lowering the temperature on the street is immediately reflected in the residents in the receipts.

heating temperature chart

Most Soviet cities were built with an "open" heating system. This is when water from the boiler room comes directly to consumers in homes and is used for personal needs of citizens and heating. During the reconstruction of systems and the construction of new heating systems, a "closed" system is used. The water from the boiler house reaches the heating point in the microdistrict, where it heats the water to 95 °C, which goes to the houses. It turns out two closed rings. This system allows heat supply organizations to significantly save resources for heating water. Indeed, the volume of heated water leaving the boiler room will be almost the same at the entrance to the boiler room. No need to get into the system cold water.

Temperature charts are:

• optimal. The heat resource of the boiler room is used exclusively for heating houses. Temperature control takes place in the boiler room. The supply temperature is 95 °C.
• elevated. The heat resource of the boiler house is used for heating houses and hot water supply. A two-pipe system enters the house. One pipe is heating, the other pipe is hot water supply. Supply temperature 80 - 95 °C.
• adjusted. The heat resource of the boiler house is used for heating houses and hot water supply. One-pipe system approaches the house. From one pipe in the house, a heat resource is taken for heating and hot water for residents. Supply temperature - 95 - 105 °C.

How to carry out the temperature heating schedule. It is possible in three ways:

1. quality (regulation of the temperature of the coolant).
2. quantitative (regulation of the coolant volume by turning on additional pumps on the return pipeline, or installing elevators and washers).
3. qualitative-quantitative (to regulate both the temperature and the volume of the coolant).

The quantitative method prevails, which is not always able to withstand the heating temperature graph.

Fight against heat supply organizations. This struggle is waged by management companies. By law, the management company is obliged to conclude an agreement with the heat supply organization. Will it be a contract for the supply of heat resources or just an agreement on interaction, the management company decides. An annex to this agreement will be a temperature schedule for heating. The heat supply organization is obliged to approve the temperature schemes in the city administration. The heat supply organization supplies the heat resource to the wall of the house, that is, to the metering stations. By the way, the legislation establishes that thermal workers are obliged to install metering stations in houses at their own expense with an installment payment for residents. So, having metering devices at the entrance and exit from the house, you can control the heating temperature daily. We take the temperature table, look at the air temperature on the weather site and find in the table the indicators that should be. If there are deviations, you need to complain. Even if the deviations are higher, residents will pay more. At the same time, the windows will be opened and the rooms will be ventilated. It is necessary to complain about insufficient temperature to the heat supply organization. If there is no response, we write to the city administration and Rospotrebnadzor.

Until recently, there was a multiplying coefficient on the cost of heat for residents of houses that were not equipped with common house meters. Due to the sluggishness of managing organizations and thermal workers, ordinary residents suffered.

An important indicator in the heating temperature chart is the return temperature of the network. In all graphs, this is an indicator of 70 ° C. In severe frosts, when heat losses increase, heat supply organizations are forced to turn on additional pumps on the return pipeline. This measure increases the speed of water movement through the pipes, and, therefore, the heat transfer increases, and the temperature in the network is maintained.

Again, during the period of general savings, it is very problematic to force thermal workers to turn on additional pumps, which means increasing electricity costs.

The heating temperature graph is calculated based on the following indicators:

• ambient air temperature;
• supply pipeline temperature;
• return pipeline temperature;
• the amount of heat energy consumed at home;
• required amount of thermal energy.

For different rooms temperature curve is different. For children's institutions (schools, gardens, palaces of art, hospitals), the temperature in the room should be between +18 and +23 degrees according to sanitary and epidemiological standards.

• For sports facilities - 18 °C.
• For residential premises - in apartments not lower than +18 °C, in corner rooms + 20 °C.
• For non-residential premises - 16-18 ° C. Based on these parameters, heating schedules are built.

It is easier to calculate the temperature schedule for a private house, since the equipment is mounted right in the house. A zealous owner will provide heating to the garage, bathhouse, and outbuildings. The load on the boiler will increase. We calculate the heat load depending on the lowest possible air temperatures of past periods. We select equipment by power in kW. The most cost-effective and environmentally friendly boiler is natural gas. If gas is brought to you, this is already half the battle done. You can also use bottled gas. At home, you do not have to adhere to the standard temperature schedules of 105/70 or 95/70, and it does not matter that the temperature in the return pipeline is not 70 ° C. Adjust the network temperature to your liking.

By the way, many city dwellers would like to install individual heat meters and control the temperature schedule themselves. Contact the heat supply companies. And there they hear such answers. Most of the houses in the country are built on a vertical heating system. Water is supplied from the bottom - up, less often: from top to bottom. With such a system, the installation of heat meters is prohibited by law. Even if a specialized organization installs these meters for you, the heat supply organization simply will not accept these meters for operation. That is, savings will not work. Installation of meters is possible only with horizontal heating distribution.

In other words, when a heating pipe comes into your home not from above, not from below, but from the entrance corridor - horizontally. At the place of entry and exit of heating pipes, individual heat meters can be installed. Installation of such counters pays off in two years. All houses are now being built with just such a wiring system. Heating appliances are equipped with control knobs (taps). If the temperature in the apartment is high in your opinion, then you can save money and reduce the heating supply. Only ourselves we will save from freezing.

myaquahouse.ru

Temperature chart of the heating system: variations, application, shortcomings

The temperature chart of the heating system 95 -70 degrees Celsius is the most demanded temperature chart. By and large, we can say with confidence that all central heating systems operate in this mode. The only exceptions are buildings with autonomous heating.

But even in autonomous systems there may be exceptions when using condensing boilers.

When using boilers operating on the condensation principle, the temperature curves of heating tend to be lower.

Temperature in pipelines depending on the outside air temperature

Application of condensing boilers

For example, at maximum load for a condensing boiler, there will be a mode of 35-15 degrees. This is due to the fact that the boiler extracts heat from the exhaust gases. In a word, with other parameters, for example, the same 90-70, it will not be able to work effectively.

Distinctive properties of condensing boilers are:

• high efficiency;
• profitability;
• optimal efficiency at minimum load;
• quality of materials;
• high price.

You have heard many times that the efficiency of a condensing boiler is about 108%. Indeed, the manual says the same thing.

Condensing boiler Valliant

But how can this be, because we were taught from the school desk that more than 100% does not happen.

1. The thing is that when calculating the efficiency of conventional boilers, 100% is taken as the maximum. But ordinary gas boilers for heating a private house, flue gases are simply thrown into the atmosphere, and condensing ones utilize part of the outgoing heat. The latter will go to heating in the future.
2. The heat that will be utilized and used in the second round is added to the efficiency of the boiler. Typically, a condensing boiler utilizes up to 15% of flue gases, this figure is adjusted to the efficiency of the boiler (approximately 93%). The result is a number of 108%.
3. Undoubtedly, heat recovery is necessary thing, but the boiler itself for such work costs a lot of money. The high price of the boiler is due to stainless heat exchange equipment that utilizes heat in the last chimney path.
4. If instead of such stainless equipment we put ordinary iron equipment, then it will become unusable after a very short period of time. Since the moisture contained in the flue gases has aggressive properties.
5. The main feature of condensing boilers is that they achieve maximum efficiency with minimum loads. Ordinary boilers (gas heaters), on the contrary, reach the peak of economy at maximum load.
6. The beauty of it useful property is that during the entire heating period, the load on heating is not always maximum. On the strength of 5-6 days, an ordinary boiler works at maximum. Therefore, a conventional boiler cannot match the performance of a condensing boiler, which has maximum performance at minimum loads.

You can see a photo of such a boiler a little higher, and a video with its operation can be easily found on the Internet.

Principle of operation

conventional heating system

It is safe to say that the heating temperature schedule of 95 - 70 is the most in demand.

This is explained by the fact that all houses that receive heat from central heat sources are designed to work in this mode. And we have more than 90% of such houses.

District boiler house

The principle of operation of such heat production occurs in several stages:

• heat source (district boiler house), produces water heating;
• heated water, through the main and distribution networks, moves to consumers;
• in the house of consumers, most often in the basement, through the elevator unit, hot water is mixed with water from the heating system, the so-called return flow, the temperature of which is not more than 70 degrees, and then heated to a temperature of 95 degrees;
• further heated water (the one that is 95 degrees) passes through the heaters of the heating system, heats the premises and again returns to the elevator.

Advice. If you have a cooperative house or a society of co-owners of houses, then you can set up the elevator with your own hands, but this requires you to strictly follow the instructions and correctly calculate the throttle washer.

Poor heating system

Very often we hear that people's heating does not work well and their rooms are cold.

There can be many reasons for this, the most common are:

• the temperature schedule of the heating system is not observed, the elevator may be incorrectly calculated;
• house system heating is heavily polluted, which greatly impairs the passage of water through the risers;
• fuzzy heating radiators;
• unauthorized change of the heating system;
• poor thermal insulation of walls and windows.

A common mistake is an incorrectly dimensioned elevator nozzle. As a result, the function of mixing water and the operation of the entire elevator as a whole is disrupted.

This could happen for several reasons:

• negligence and lack of training of operating personnel;
• incorrectly performed calculations in the technical department.

During the many years of operation of heating systems, people rarely think about the need to clean their heating systems. By and large, this applies to buildings that were built during the Soviet Union.

All heating systems must undergo a hydropneumatic flush before each heating season. But this is observed only on paper, since ZhEKs and other organizations carry out these works only on paper.

As a result, the walls of the risers become clogged, and the latter become smaller in diameter, which violates the hydraulics of the entire heating system as a whole. The amount of transmitted heat decreases, that is, someone simply does not have enough of it.

You can do hydropneumatic purge with your own hands, it is enough to have a compressor and a desire.

The same applies to cleaning radiators. Over many years of operation, radiators inside accumulate a lot of dirt, silt and other defects. Periodically, at least once every three years, they need to be disconnected and washed.

Dirty radiators greatly impair the heat output in your room.

The most common moment is an unauthorized change and redevelopment of heating systems. When replacing old metal pipes with metal-plastic ones, diameters are not observed. And sometimes various bends are added, which increases local resistance and worsens the quality of heating.

Metal-plastic pipe

Very often, with such unauthorized reconstruction and replacement of heating batteries with gas welding, the number of radiator sections also changes. And really, why not give yourself more sections? But in the end, your housemate, who lives after you, will receive less of the heat he needs for heating. And the last neighbor, who will receive less heat the most, will suffer the most.

An important role is played by the thermal resistance of building envelopes, windows and doors. As statistics show, up to 60% of heat can escape through them.

Elevator node

As we said above, all water-jet elevators are designed to mix water from the supply line of heating networks into the return line of the heating system. Thanks to this process, system circulation and pressure are created.

As for the material used for their manufacture, both cast iron and steel are used.

Consider the principle of operation of the elevator in the photo below.

The principle of operation of the elevator

Through branch pipe 1, water from heating networks passes through the ejector nozzle and enters the mixing chamber 3 at high speed. There, water from the return of the building's heating system is mixed with it, the latter is supplied through branch pipe 5.

The resulting water is sent to the heating system supply through diffuser 4.

In order for the elevator to function correctly, it is necessary that its neck be correctly selected. To do this, calculations are made using the formula below:

Where ΔРnas - design circulation pressure in the heating system, Pa;

Gcm - water consumption in the heating system kg / h.

Note! True, for such a calculation, you need a building heating scheme.

The appearance of the elevator unit

Have a warm winter!

Page 2

In the article, we will find out how the average daily temperature is calculated when designing heating systems, how the temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the elevator unit depends on the temperature outside, and what the temperature of the heating batteries can be in winter.

We will also touch on the topic of self-combating the cold in the apartment.

Cold in winter is a sore subject for many residents of city apartments.

general information

Here we present the main provisions and excerpts from the current SNiP.

Outside temperature

The design temperature of the heating period, which is included in the design of heating systems, is nothing less than the average temperature of the coldest five-day periods for the eight coldest winters of the last 50 years.

This approach allows, on the one hand, to be prepared for severe frosts that occur only once every few years, and on the other hand, not to invest excessive funds in the project. On the scale of mass development we are talking about very significant amounts.

Target room temperature

It should be noted right away that the temperature in the room is affected not only by the temperature of the coolant in the heating system.

Several factors are at work in parallel:

• Air temperature outside. The lower it is, the greater the heat leakage through walls, windows and roofs.
• Presence or absence of wind. Strong wind increases the heat loss of buildings by blowing porches, basements and apartments through unsealed doors and windows.
• The degree of insulation of the facade, windows and doors in the room. It is clear that in the case of a hermetically sealed metal-plastic window with a double-glazed window, heat loss will be much lower than with a cracked wooden window and double-glazed windows.

It is curious: now there has been a trend towards the construction of apartment buildings with the maximum degree of thermal insulation. In Crimea, where the author lives, new houses are being built immediately with facade insulation mineral wool or polystyrene and with hermetically closing doors of entrances and apartments.

The facade is covered from the outside with basalt fiber slabs.

• And finally, the actual temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment.

So, what are the current temperature standards in rooms for various purposes?

• In the apartment: corner rooms - not lower than 20C, other living rooms - not lower than 18C, bathroom - not lower than 25C. Nuance: when the design air temperature is below -31C for corner and other living rooms, higher values ​​are taken, +22 and +20C (source - Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05/23/2006 "Rules for the provision of public services to citizens").
• In kindergarten: 18-23 degrees, depending on the purpose of the room for toilets, bedrooms and playrooms; 12 degrees for walking verandas; 30 degrees for indoor swimming pools.
• In educational institutions: from 16C for boarding school bedrooms to +21 in classrooms.
• In theaters, clubs, other places of entertainment: 16-20 degrees for the auditorium and + 22C for the stage.
• For libraries (reading rooms and book depositories) the norm is 18 degrees.
• AT grocery stores normal winter temperature is 12, and in non-food - 15 degrees.
• The temperature in the gyms is maintained at 15-18 degrees.

For obvious reasons, the heat in the gym is useless.

• In hospitals, the maintained temperature depends on the purpose of the room. For example, the recommended temperature after otoplasty or childbirth is +22 degrees, in the wards for premature babies it is maintained at +25, and for patients with thyrotoxicosis (excessive secretion of thyroid hormones) - 15C. In surgical wards, the norm is + 26C.

temperature graph

What should be the temperature of the water in the heating pipes?

It is determined by four factors:

1. Air temperature outside.
2. Type of heating system. For a single-pipe system, the maximum water temperature in the heating system in accordance with current standards is 105 degrees, for a two-pipe system - 95. The maximum temperature difference between supply and return is 105/70 and 95/70C, respectively.
3. The direction of the water supply to the radiators. For houses of the upper bottling (with supply in the attic) and lower (with pairwise looping of the risers and the location of both threads in the basement), the temperatures differ by 2 - 3 degrees.
4. Type of heating appliances in the house. Radiators and gas heating convectors have different heat transfer; accordingly, to ensure the same temperature in the room, the temperature regime of heating must be different.

The convector somewhat loses to the radiator in terms of thermal efficiency.

So, what should be the temperature of heating - water in the supply and return pipes - at different outdoor temperatures?

We give only a small part of the temperature table for the estimated ambient temperature of -40 degrees.

• At zero degrees, the temperature of the supply pipeline for radiators with different wiring is 40-45C, the return one is 35-38. For convectors 41-49 supply and 36-40 return.
• At -20 for radiators, the supply and return must have a temperature of 67-77 / 53-55C. For convectors 68-79/55-57.
• At -40C outside, for all heaters, the temperature reaches the maximum allowable temperature: 95/105, depending on the type of heating system, at the supply and 70C at the return pipe.

Useful extras

To understand the principle of operation of the heating system of an apartment building, the division of areas of responsibility, you need to know a few more facts.

The temperature of the heating main at the outlet from the CHP and the temperature of the heating system in your home are completely different things. At the same -40, a CHP or boiler house will produce about 140 degrees at the supply. Water does not evaporate only due to pressure.

In the elevator unit of your house, part of the water from the return pipeline, returning from the heating system, is mixed into the supply. The nozzle injects a jet of hot water at high pressure into the so-called elevator and recirculates the masses of cooled water.

Schematic diagram of the elevator.

Why is this needed?

To provide:

1. Reasonable mixture temperature. Recall: the heating temperature in the apartment cannot exceed 95-105 degrees.

Attention: for kindergartens, a different temperature norm applies: no higher than 37C. The low temperature of the heating devices has to be compensated by a large heat exchange area. That is why in kindergartens the walls are decorated with radiators of such great length.

1. Large volume of water involved in circulation. If you remove the nozzle and let the water flow directly from the supply, the return temperature will not differ much from the supply, which will dramatically increase heat loss on the route and disrupt the operation of the CHP.

If you stop the suction of water from the return, the circulation will become so slow that the return pipeline can simply freeze in winter.

The areas of responsibility are divided as follows:

• The temperature of the water injected into the heating mains is the responsibility of the heat producer - the local CHP or boiler house;
• For the transportation of the coolant with minimal losses - the organization serving the heating networks (KTS - communal heating networks).

Such a state of heating mains, as in the photo, means huge heat losses. This is the area of ​​responsibility of the KTS.

• For maintenance and adjustment of the elevator unit - housing department. In this case, however, the diameter of the elevator nozzle - something on which the temperature of the radiators depends - is coordinated with the CTC.

If your house is cold and all the heating devices are those installed by the builders, you will settle this issue with the residents. They are required to provide the temperatures recommended by sanitary standards.

If you undertake any modification of the heating system, for example, replacing the heating batteries with gas welding, you thereby assume full responsibility for the temperature in your home.

How to deal with the cold

Let us, however, be realistic: most often we have to solve the problem of cold in the apartment ourselves, with our own hands. Not always a housing organization can provide you with heat in a reasonable time, and sanitary norms not everyone will be satisfied: I want the house to be warm.

What will the instructions for dealing with cold in an apartment building look like?

Jumpers in front of radiators

In front of the heaters in most apartments there are jumpers that are designed to ensure the circulation of water in the riser in any condition of the radiator. Long time they were supplied three-way valves, then they began to be installed without any shut-off valves.

The jumper in any case reduces the circulation of the coolant through the heater. In the case when its diameter is equal to the diameter of the eyeliner, the effect is especially pronounced.

The simplest way to make your apartment warmer is to insert chokes into the jumper itself and the connection between it and the radiator.

Here, ball valves perform the same function. It's not entirely correct, but it will work.

With their help, it is possible to conveniently adjust the temperature of the heating batteries: when the jumper is closed and the throttle to the radiator is fully open, the temperature is maximum, it is worth opening the jumper and covering the second throttle - and the heat in the room comes to naught.

The great advantage of such a refinement is the minimum cost of the solution. The price of the throttle does not exceed 250 rubles; spurs, couplings and locknuts cost a penny at all.

Important: if the throttle leading to the radiator is at least slightly covered, the throttle on the jumper opens completely. Otherwise, adjusting the heating temperature will result in batteries and convectors that have cooled down at the neighbors.

Another helpful change. With such a tie-in, the radiator will always be evenly hot along the entire length.

Warm floor

Even if the radiator in the room hangs on a return riser with a temperature of about 40 degrees, by modifying the heating system, you can make the room warm.

An output - low-temperature systems of heating.

In a city apartment, it is difficult to use underfloor heating convectors due to the limited height of the room: raising the floor level by 15-20 centimeters will mean completely low ceilings.

Much more real option- warm floor. Due to the much larger heat transfer area and more rational distribution of heat in the volume of the room, low-temperature heating will warm the room better than a red-hot radiator.

What does the implementation look like?

1. Chokes are placed on the jumper and the eyeliner in the same way as in the previous case.
2. The outlet from the riser to the heater is connected to a metal-plastic pipe, which is laid in a screed on the floor.

So that communications do not spoil the appearance of the room, they are put away in a box. As an option, the tie-in to the riser is moved closer to the floor level.

It is not a problem at all to transfer the valves and throttles to any convenient place.

Conclusion

You can find more information about the operation of centralized heating systems in the video at the end of the article. Warm winters!

Page 3

The building heating system is the heart of all engineering and technical mechanisms of the whole house. Which of its components will be selected will depend on:

• Efficiency;
• Profitability;
• Quality.

Selection of sections for the room

All of the above qualities directly depend on:

• heating boiler;
• pipelines;
• Method of connecting the heating system to the boiler;
• heating radiators;
• coolant;
• Adjustment mechanisms (sensors, valves and other components).

One of the main points is the selection and calculation of sections of heating radiators. In most cases, the number of sections is calculated by design organizations that develop a complete project for building a house.

This calculation is affected by:

• Enclosing materials;
• The presence of windows, doors, balconies;
• Room dimensions;
• Type of premises (living room, warehouse, corridor);
• Location;
• Orientation to the cardinal points;
• Location in the building of the calculated room (corner or in the middle, on the first floor or last).

The data for the calculation are taken from the SNiP "Construction Climatology". The calculation of the number of sections of heating radiators according to SNiP is very accurate, thanks to which you can perfectly calculate the heating system.

The normative water temperature in the heating system depends on the air temperature. Therefore, the temperature graph for the supply of coolant to the heating system is calculated in accordance with weather conditions. In the article we will talk about the requirements of SNiP for the operation of the heating system for objects for various purposes.

from the article you will learn:

In order to economically and rationally use energy resources in the heating system, the heat supply is tied to the air temperature. The dependence of the water temperature in the pipes and the air outside the window is displayed as a graph. The main task of such calculations is to maintain comfortable conditions for residents in apartments. For this, the air temperature should be about + 20 ... + 22ºС.

The temperature of the coolant in the heating system

The stronger the frost, the faster the living quarters heated from the inside lose heat. To compensate for the increased heat loss, the temperature of the water in the heating system increases.

In the calculations, a standard temperature indicator is used. It is calculated according to a special methodology and entered into the governing documentation. This figure is based on the average temperature of the 5 coldest days of the year. The calculation is based on the 8 coldest winters over a 50-year period.

Why is the drawing up of a temperature schedule for the supply of coolant to the heating system happening in this way? The main thing here is to be ready for the most severe frosts that happen every few years. Climatic conditions in a particular region can change over several decades. This will be taken into account when recalculating the schedule.

The value of the average daily temperature is also important for calculating the margin of safety of heating systems. With an understanding of the ultimate load, it is possible to accurately calculate the characteristics of the necessary pipelines, valves and other elements. This saves on the creation of communications. Considering the scale of construction for urban heating systems, the amount of savings will be quite large.

The temperature in the apartment directly depends on how much the coolant is heated in the pipes. In addition, other factors also matter here:

• air temperature outside the window;
• wind speed. With strong wind loads, heat losses through doorways and windows increase;
• the quality of sealing joints on the walls, as well as the general condition of the decoration and insulation of the facade.

Building codes change as technology advances. This is reflected, among other things, in the indicators in the graph of the coolant temperature depending on the outside temperature. If the premises retain heat better, then energy resources can be spent less.

Developers in modern conditions more carefully approach the thermal insulation of facades, foundations, basements and roofs. This increases the value of objects. However, along with the growth of construction costs are reduced. The overpayment at the construction stage pays off over time and gives good savings.

The heating of the premises is directly affected not even by how hot the water in the pipes is. The main thing here is the temperature of the heating radiators. It is usually in the range of + 70 ... + 90ºС.

Several factors affect battery heating.

1. Air temperature.

2. Features of the heating system. The indicator indicated in the temperature chart for supplying coolant to the heating system depends on its type. In single-pipe systems, water heating up to + 105ºС is considered normal. Two-pipe heating due to better circulation gives a higher heat transfer. This allows you to reduce the temperature to + 95ºС. Moreover, if at the inlet the water needs to be heated, respectively, to + 105ºС and + 95ºС, then at the outlet its temperature in both cases should be at the level of + 70ºС.

So that the coolant does not boil when heated above + 100ºС, it is supplied to the pipelines under pressure. Theoretically, it can be quite high. This should provide a large supply of heat. However, in practice, not all networks allow water to be supplied under high pressure due to their deterioration. As a result, the temperature drops, and during severe frosts there may be a lack of heat in apartments and other heated premises.

3. The direction of the water supply to the radiators. At the top wiring, the difference is 2ºС, at the bottom - 3ºС.

4. Type of heaters used. Radiators and convectors differ in the amount of heat they give off, which means that they must work in different temperature conditions. Radiators have better heat transfer performance.

At the same time, the amount of heat released is affected, among other things, by the temperature of the outdoor air. It is she who is the determining factor in the temperature schedule for supplying coolant to the heating system.

When the water temperature is +95ºС, we are talking about the coolant at the entrance to the dwelling. Given the heat loss during transportation, the boiler room should heat it much more.

To supply water to heating pipes in apartments desired temperature, special equipment is installed in the basement. It mixes hot water from the boiler room with the one that comes from the return.

Temperature chart for supplying coolant to the heating system

The graph shows what the water temperature should be at the entrance to the dwelling and at the exit from it, depending on the street temperature.

The presented table will help to easily determine the degree of heating of the coolant in the central heating system.

Temperature indicators of air outside, °С	Temperature indicators of water at the inlet, °С			Temperature indicators of water in the heating system, ° С		Temperature indicators of water after the heating system, ° С

Representatives of public utilities and resource-supplying organizations measure the water temperature using a thermometer. The 5th and 6th columns indicate the figures for the pipeline through which the hot coolant is supplied. 7 column - for the return.

The first three columns indicate elevated temperatures - these are indicators for heat generating organizations. These figures are given without taking into account heat losses that occur during the transportation of the coolant.

The temperature schedule for supplying coolant to the heating system is needed not only by resource-supplying organizations. If the actual temperature differs from the standard one, consumers have reasons to recalculate the cost of the service. In their complaints, they indicate how warm the air in the apartments is. This is the easiest parameter to measure. Inspecting authorities can already track the temperature of the coolant, and if it does not comply with the schedule, force the resource supplying organization to perform its duties.

A reason for complaints appears if the air in the apartment cools below the following values:

• in the corner rooms in the daytime - below + 20ºС;
• in the central rooms in the daytime - below + 18ºС;
• in corner rooms at night - below +17ºС;
• in the central rooms at night - below +15ºС.

SNiP

Requirements for the operation of heating systems are fixed in SNiP 41-01-2003. Much attention in this document is given to security issues. In the case of heating, a heated coolant carries a potential danger, which is why its temperature for residential and public buildings is limited. It, as a rule, does not exceed + 95ºС.

If the water in the internal pipelines of the heating system is heated above + 100ºС, then the following safety measures are provided for at such facilities:

• heating pipes are laid in special mines. In the event of a breakthrough, the coolant will remain in these reinforced channels and will not be a source of danger to people;
• pipelines in high-rise buildings have special structural elements or devices that do not allow water to boil.

If the building has heating made of polymer pipes, then the temperature of the coolant should not exceed + 90ºС.

We have already mentioned above that in addition to the temperature schedule for supplying coolant to the heating system, responsible organizations need to monitor how hot the accessible elements of heating devices are. These rules are also given in SNiP. Permissible temperatures vary depending on the purpose of the room.

First of all, everything here is determined by the same security rules. For example, in children's and medical institutions, the permissible temperatures are minimal. In public places and at various production facilities, there are usually no special restrictions for them.

Surface of heating radiators general rules should not be heated above +90ºС. If this figure is exceeded, negative consequences begin. They consist, first of all, in the burning of paint on batteries, as well as in the combustion of dust in the air. This fills the indoor atmosphere with substances harmful to health. In addition, damage to the appearance of heating devices is possible.

Another issue is safety in rooms with hot radiators. According to the general rules, it is supposed to protect heating devices, the surface temperature of which is above + 75ºС. Usually, lattice fences are used for this. They do not interfere with air circulation. At the same time, SNiP provides for mandatory protection of radiators in children's institutions.

In accordance with SNiP, the maximum temperature of the coolant varies depending on the purpose of the room. It is determined both by the characteristics of the heating of different buildings, and by security considerations. For example, in hospitals allowable temperature water in the pipes is the lowest. It is + 85ºС.

The maximum heated coolant (up to +150ºС) can be supplied to the following facilities:

• lobbies;
• heated pedestrian crossings;
• landings;
• premises technical purpose;
• industrial buildings, in which there are no aerosols and dust prone to ignition.

The temperature schedule for supplying coolant to the heating system according to SNiP is used only in the cold season. In the warm season, the document in question normalizes the microclimate parameters only in terms of ventilation and air conditioning.