The temperature in the supply pipe of the heating system. Temperature chart of the heating system: getting acquainted with the mode of operation of the central heating

There are a number of patterns on the basis of which the change in the temperature of the coolant in central heating is carried out. To track fluctuations, there are special graphs called temperature graphs. What they are and what they are for, you need to understand in more detail.

What is a temperature chart and its purpose

The temperature curve of the heating system is the dependence of the temperature of the coolant, which is water, on the temperature indicator of the outside air.

The main indicators of the considered graph are two values:

The temperature of the heat carrier, that is, the heated water that is supplied to the heating system for heating residential premises.
Temperature readings of outdoor air.

The lower the ambient temperature, the more it is required to heat the coolant that is supplied to the heating system. The considered schedule is built when designing heating systems for buildings. It determines such indicators as the size of the heating devices, the flow rate of the coolant in the system, as well as the diameter of the pipelines through which the coolant is transferred.

The designation of the temperature graph is carried out using two numbers, which are 90-70 degrees. What does this mean? These figures characterize the temperature of the coolant, which must be supplied to the consumer and returned back. To create a comfortable indoor environment in winter period at an outdoor temperature of -20 degrees, you need to supply a coolant with a value of 90 degrees Celsius to the system, and return with a value of 70 degrees.

temperature graph allows you to determine the overestimated or underestimated flow of the coolant. If the value of the return coolant temperature is too high, this will indicate high flow. If the value is underestimated, then this indicates a deficit in consumption.

The schedule of 95-70 degrees for the heating system was adopted in the last century for buildings up to 10 floors. If the number of storeys of the building exceeds 10 floors, then the values of 105-70 degrees were taken. Modern standards for heat supply for each new building are different, and are often adopted at the discretion of the designer. Modern norms for insulated houses are 80-60 degrees, and for buildings without insulation 90-70.

Why temperature fluctuations occur

The causes of temperature changes are determined by the following factors:

When weather conditions change, the heat loss automatically changes. When cold weather sets in, to ensure an optimal microclimate in apartment buildings, it is necessary to spend more heat energy than with warming. The level of consumed heat loss is calculated by the value of "delta", which is the difference between the street and indoors.
permanence heat flow from batteries is provided with a stable value of the coolant temperature. As soon as the temperature drops, the apartment radiators will get warmer. This phenomenon is facilitated by an increase in the "delta" between the coolant and the air in the room.

An increase in heat carrier losses must be carried out in parallel with a decrease in the air temperature outside the window. The colder it is outside the window, the higher the temperature of the water in the heating pipes should be. To facilitate the calculation processes, a corresponding table was adopted.

What is a temperature chart

The temperature graph for the supply of coolant to heating systems is a table that lists the values of the coolant temperature depending on the outside temperature.

Generalized graph of water temperature in heating system is of the following form:

The formula for calculating the temperature graph is as follows:

To determine the coolant supply temperature: Т1=tin+∆хQ(0.8)+(β-0.5хUP)хQ.
To determine the return flow temperature, the following formula is used: T2=tin+∆xQ(0.8)-0.5xUPxQ.

In the presented formulas:

Q is the relative heating load.

∆ is the temperature difference of the coolant supply.

β is the temperature difference in the forward and reverse supply.

UP is the difference between the water temperature at the inlet and outlet of the heater.

Graphs are of two types:

For heating networks.
For apartment buildings.

To understand the details, consider the features of the functioning of central heating.

CHP and heat networks: what is the relationship

The purpose of CHP and heating networks is to heat the coolant to certain value and then transport it to the place of consumption. At the same time, it is important to take into account the losses on the heating main, the length of which is usually 10 kilometers. Despite the fact that all water supply pipes are thermally insulated, it is almost impossible to do without heat loss.

When the coolant moves from a thermal power plant or simply a boiler house to a consumer (an apartment building), then a certain percentage of water cooling is observed. To ensure the supply of coolant to the consumer in the required normalized value, it is required to supply it from the boiler house in the most heated state. However, it is impossible to increase the temperature above 100 degrees, since it is limited by the boiling point. However, it can be shifted in the direction of increasing the temperature value by increasing the pressure in the heating system.

The pressure in the pipes according to the standard is 7-8 atmospheres, however, when the coolant is supplied, a pressure loss also occurs. However, despite the pressure loss, a value of 7-8 atmospheres allows for efficient operation of the heating system even in 16-story buildings.

It is interesting! The pressure in the heating system of 7-8 atmospheres is not dangerous for the network itself. All structural elements remain operational in normal mode.

Taking into account the reserve of the upper temperature threshold, its value is 150 degrees. The minimum supply temperature at minus values outside the window is not lower than 9 degrees. The return temperature is usually 70 degrees.

How is the coolant supplied to the heating system

The following limitations are characteristic of the house heating system:

The maximum heating indicator is determined by the limited value of +95 degrees for a two-pipe system, as well as 105 degrees for a one-pipe network. Stricter restrictions apply in preschools. The value of the water temperature in the battery should not rise above 37 degrees. To compensate for the low temperature value, additional sections of radiators are built up. Kindergartens, which are located directly in regions with severe climatic zones, are equipped with a large number of radiators with a numerous number of sections.
The best option is to achieve the minimum value of "delta", which represents the difference between the supply and output temperatures of the coolant. If this value is not achieved, then the degree of heating of the radiators will have a high difference. To reduce the difference, it is necessary to increase the speed of the coolant. However, even with an increase in the speed of movement of the coolant, a significant drawback arises, which is due to the fact that water will return back to the CHP with an excessively high temperature. This phenomenon can lead to the fact that there will be violations of the CHP.

To get rid of such a problem, elevator modules should be installed in each apartment building. By means of such devices, a portion of the supply water with the return is diluted. This mixture will allow you to get accelerated circulation, thereby eliminating the possibility of excessive overheating of the return pipeline.

If an elevator is installed in a private house, then the accounting for the heating system is set using an individual temperature graph. For two-pipe heating systems of a private house, modes of 95-70 are typical, and for single-pipe systems - 105-70 degrees.

How climate zones affect air temperature

The main factor that is taken into account when calculating the temperature graph is presented in the form of an estimated temperature in winter. When calculating the heating, the outdoor temperature is taken from a special table for climatic zones.

The temperature coolant table should be drawn up so that its maximum value satisfies the SNiP temperature in residential premises. For example, we use the following data:

As heating devices, radiators are used, which provide the supply of coolant from the bottom up.
The type of heating of apartments is two-pipe, equipped with a parking piping.
The calculated values of the outdoor temperature are -15 degrees.

This gives us the following information:

Heating will be started when the average daily temperature does not exceed +10 degrees for 3-5 days. The coolant will be supplied with a value of 30 degrees, and the return will be equal to 25 degrees.
When the temperature drops to 0 degrees, the coolant value rises to 57 degrees, and the return flow will be 46 degrees.
At -15, water will be supplied at a temperature of 95 degrees, and the return is 70 degrees.

It is interesting! When determining the average daily temperature, information is taken from both daytime thermometer readings and nighttime measurements.

How to regulate the temperature

CHP workers are responsible for the parameters of the value of heating mains, but the control of networks inside residential buildings are carried out by employees of the housing office or management companies. Often, the housing office receives complaints from residents that it is cold in the apartments. To normalize the system parameters, you will need to carry out the following activities:

Increasing the diameter of the nozzle or installing an elevator with an adjustable nozzle. If there is an underestimated value of the liquid temperature in the return, then this problem can be solved by increasing the diameter of the elevator nozzle. To do this, close the valves and valves, and then remove the module. The nozzle is enlarged by drilling it by 0.5-1 mm. After completing the procedure, the device returns to its place, after which the procedure for bleeding air from the system is necessarily carried out.

Shut off the suction. To avoid the threat of the jumper performing the suction function, it is muted. To perform this procedure, a steel pancake is used, the thickness of which should be about 1 mm. This method of temperature control belongs to the category of emergency options, since during its implementation the occurrence of a temperature jump of up to +130 degrees is not excluded.

Variation regulation. You can solve the problem by adjusting the drops with an elevator valve. The essence of this correction method is to redirect the DHW to the supply pipe. A pressure gauge is screwed into the return pipe, after which the valve of the return pipeline is closed. When opening the valve, it is necessary to carry out a reconciliation with the readings of the manometer.

If you install a conventional valve, it will stop and freeze the system. To reduce the difference, you need to increase the return pressure to a value of 0.2 atm / day. What temperature should be in the batteries can be found on the basis of the temperature graph. Knowing its value, you can check to make sure it matches the temperature regime.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the options for damping the suction and regulating the drops are used exclusively in the development of critical situations. Knowing such a minimum of information, you can contact the housing office or thermal power plant with complaints and wishes about inappropriate coolant standards in the system.

Each heating system has certain characteristics. These include power, heat transfer and temperature operation. They determine the efficiency of work, directly affecting the comfort of living in the house. How to choose the right temperature graph and heating mode, its calculation?

Drawing up a temperature chart

The temperature schedule of the heating system is calculated according to several parameters. Not only the degree of heating of the premises, but also the flow rate of the coolant depends on the selected mode. This also affects the ongoing costs of heating maintenance.

The drawn up schedule of the temperature regime of heating depends on several parameters. The main one is the level of water heating in the mains. It, in turn, consists of the following characteristics:

Temperature in the supply and return pipelines. Measurements are made in the corresponding boiler nozzles;
Characteristics of the degree of heating of air indoors and outdoors.

The correct calculation of the heating temperature graph begins with the calculation of the difference between the temperature hot water in the straight and supply pipe. This value has the following notation:

∆T=Tin-Tob

Where Tin- water temperature in the supply line, Tob- the degree of heating of water in the return pipe.

To increase the heat transfer of the heating system, it is necessary to increase the first value. To reduce the coolant flow rate, ∆t must be kept to a minimum. This is precisely the main difficulty, since the temperature schedule of the heating boiler directly depends on external factors- heat losses in the building, air in the street.

To optimize the heating power, it is necessary to make thermal insulation of the outer walls of the house. This will reduce heat losses and energy consumption.

Temperature calculation

To determine the optimal temperature regime, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the heating components - radiators and batteries. In particular, specific power (W / cm²). This will directly affect the heat transfer of heated water to air into the room.

It is also necessary to make a number of preliminary calculations. This takes into account the characteristics of the house and heating devices:

Heat transfer resistance coefficient of external walls and window structures. It must be at least 3.35 m² * C / W. Depends on the climatic features of the region;
Surface power of radiators.

The temperature curve of the heating system is directly dependent on these parameters. To calculate the heat loss of a house, it is necessary to know the thickness of the outer walls and the building material. The calculation of the surface power of batteries is carried out according to the following formula:

Rud=P/Fact

Where R– maximum power, W, fact– radiator area, cm².

According to the data obtained, a temperature regime for heating and a heat transfer schedule are compiled depending on the temperature outside.

To timely change the heating parameters, a temperature heating controller is installed. This device connects to outdoor and indoor thermometers. Depending on the current indicators, the operation of the boiler or the volume of coolant inflow to the radiators is adjusted.

The weekly programmer is the optimal temperature controller for heating. With its help, you can automate the operation of the entire system as much as possible.

Central heating

For district heating, the temperature regime of the heating system depends on the characteristics of the system. Currently, there are several types of parameters of the coolant supplied to consumers:

150°C/70°C. To normalize the water temperature with the help of an elevator unit, it is mixed with a cooled stream. In this case, it is possible to draw up an individual temperature schedule for a heating boiler house for a particular house;
90°C/70°C. It is typical for small private heating systems designed to supply heat to several apartment buildings. In this case, you can not install the mixing unit.

It is the responsibility of utilities to calculate the temperature heating schedule and control of its parameters. At the same time, the degree of air heating in residential premises should be at the level of + 22 ° С. For non-residential, this figure is slightly lower - + 16 ° С.

For a centralized system, drawing up a correct temperature schedule for a heating boiler room is required to ensure an optimal comfortable temperature in the apartments. The main problem is the lack of feedback - it is impossible to adjust the parameters of the coolant depending on the degree of air heating in each apartment. That is why the temperature schedule of the heating system is drawn up.

A copy of the heating schedule can be requested from the Management Company. With it, you can control the quality of the services provided.

Heating system

It is often not necessary to make similar calculations for autonomous heating systems of a private house. If the scheme provides for indoor and outdoor temperature sensors, information about them will be sent to the boiler control unit.

Therefore, in order to reduce energy consumption, a low-temperature heating mode is most often chosen. It is characterized by relatively low water heating (up to +70°C) and a high degree of water circulation. This is necessary to evenly distribute heat to all heaters.

To implement such a temperature regime of the heating system, the following conditions must be met:

Minimum heat loss in the house. However, one should not forget about normal air exchange - ventilation is a must;
High heat output of radiators;
Installation automatic regulators heating temperatures.

If there is a need to perform a correct calculation of the system, it is recommended to use special software systems. There are too many factors to consider for self-calculation. But with their help, you can draw up approximate temperature graphs for heating modes.

However, it should be borne in mind that an accurate calculation of the heat supply temperature schedule is done for each system individually. The tables show the recommended values for the degree of heating of the coolant in the supply and return pipes, depending on the temperature outside. When performing calculations, the characteristics of the building, the climatic features of the region were not taken into account. But even so, they can be used as a basis for creating a temperature graph for a heating system.

The maximum load of the system should not affect the quality of the boiler. Therefore, it is recommended to purchase it with a power reserve of 15-20%.

Even the most accurate temperature chart of the heating boiler room will experience deviations in the calculated and actual data during operation. This is due to the peculiarities of the operation of the system. What factors can influence the current temperature regime of heat supply?

Pollution of pipelines and radiators. To avoid this, periodic cleaning of the heating system should be carried out;
Incorrect operation of control and shutoff valves. Be sure to check the performance of all components;
Violation of the boiler operation mode - sudden temperature jumps as a result - pressure.

Maintaining the optimal temperature regime of the system is possible only when right choice its components. For this, their operational and technical properties should be taken into account.

Battery heating can be adjusted using a thermostat, the principle of operation of which can be found in the video:

After installing the heating system, it is necessary to adjust the temperature regime. This procedure must be carried out in accordance with existing standards.

Temperature norms

The requirements for the temperature of the coolant are set out in the regulatory documents that establish the design, installation and use of engineering systems of residential and public buildings. They are described in the State building codes and regulations:

DBN (B. 2.5-39 Heat networks);
SNiP 2.04.05 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning".

For the calculated temperature of the water in the supply, the figure is taken that is equal to the temperature of the water at the outlet of the boiler, according to its passport data.

For individual heating to decide what should be the temperature of the coolant, should be taking into account such factors:

1Start and finish heating season according to the average daily temperature outside +8 °C for 3 days;
2The average temperature inside the heated premises of housing and communal and public importance should be 20 °C, and for industrial buildings 16°C;
3 The average design temperature must comply with the requirements of DBN V.2.2-10, DBN V.2.2.-4, DSanPiN 5.5.2.008, SP No. 3231-85. such:
1
For a hospital - 85 ° C (excluding psychiatric and drug departments, as well as administrative or domestic premises);
2 For residential, public, as well as domestic buildings (excluding halls for sports, trade, spectators and passengers) - 90 ° С;
3For auditoriums, restaurants and premises for production of category A and B - 105 °C;
4For catering establishments (excluding restaurants) - this is 115 °С;
5 For production premises (categories C, D and D), where combustible dust and aerosols are released - 130 ° C;
6For stairwells, vestibules, pedestrian crossings, technical premises, residential buildings, industrial premises without the presence of flammable dust and aerosols - 150 ° C. Depending on external factors, the water temperature in the heating system can be from 30 to 90 ° C. When heated above 90 ° C, dust begins to decompose and paintwork. For these reasons, sanitary standards prohibit more heating.
To calculate the optimal indicators, special graphs and tables can be used, in which the norms are determined depending on the season:
- With an average value outside the window of 0 °С, the supply for radiators with different wiring is set at a level of 40 to 45 °С, and the return temperature is from 35 to 38 °С;
- At -20 °С, the supply is heated from 67 to 77 °С, while the return rate should be from 53 to 55 °С;
- At -40 ° C outside the window for all heating devices set the maximum allowable values. At the supply it is from 95 to 105 ° C, and at the return - 70 ° C.
Optimal values in an individual heating system

Autonomous heating helps to avoid many problems that arise with a centralized network, and the optimal temperature of the coolant can be adjusted according to the season. In the case of individual heating, the concept of norm includes the heat transfer of a heating device per unit area of the room where this device is located. The thermal regime in this situation is provided design features heating appliances.

It is important to ensure that the heat carrier in the network does not cool below 70 °C. 80 °C is considered optimal. With gas boiler it is easier to control heating, because manufacturers limit the possibility of heating the coolant to 90 ° C. Using sensors to adjust the gas supply, the heating of the coolant can be controlled.

It is a little more difficult with solid fuel devices, they do not regulate the heating of the liquid, and can easily turn it into steam. And it is impossible to reduce the heat from coal or wood by turning the knob in such a situation. At the same time, the control of heating of the coolant is rather conditional with high errors and is performed by rotary thermostats and mechanical dampers.

Electric boilers allow you to smoothly adjust the heating of the coolant from 30 to 90 ° C. They are equipped with an excellent overheating protection system.

One-pipe and two-pipe lines

The design features of a single-pipe and two-pipe heating network determine different standards for heating the coolant.

For example, for a single-pipe line, the maximum rate is 105 ° C, and for a two-pipe line - 95 ° C, while the difference between the return and supply should be, respectively: 105 - 70 ° C and 95 - 70 ° C.

Matching the temperature of the heat carrier and the boiler

Regulators help to coordinate the temperature of the coolant and the boiler. These are devices that create automatic control and correction of the return and supply temperatures.

The return temperature depends on the amount of liquid passing through it. The regulators cover the liquid supply and increase the difference between the return and supply to the level that is needed, and the necessary pointers are installed on the sensor.

If it is necessary to increase the flow, then a boost pump can be added to the network, which is controlled by a regulator. To reduce the heating of the supply, a “cold start” is used: that part of the liquid that has passed through the network is again transferred from the return to the inlet.

The regulator redistributes the supply and return flows according to the data taken by the sensor, and ensures strict temperature norms heating networks.

Ways to reduce heat loss

The above information will help to be used for the correct calculation of the coolant temperature norm and will tell you how to determine the situations when you need to use the regulator.

But it is important to remember that the temperature in the room is affected not only by the temperature of the coolant, outdoor air and wind strength. The degree of insulation of the facade, doors and windows in the house should also be taken into account.

To reduce the heat loss of housing, you need to worry about its maximum thermal insulation. Insulated walls, sealed doors, metal-plastic windows will help reduce heat leakage. It will also reduce heating costs.

Norms and optimal values of the temperature of the coolant, Repair and construction of a house

After installing the heating system, it is necessary to adjust the temperature regime. This procedure must be carried out in accordance with existing standards. Norms

Coolant for heating systems, coolant temperature, norms and parameters

In Russia, such heating systems that work thanks to liquid-type heat carriers are more popular. This is most likely due to the fact that in many regions of the country the climate is quite severe. Liquid heating systems are a complex of equipment that includes components such as: pumping stations, boilers, pipelines, heat exchangers. The characteristics of the coolant largely determine how efficiently and properly the entire system will work. Now the question arises, which coolant for heating systems to use for work.

Heat carrier for heating systems

Heat transfer requirements

You need to immediately understand that there is no ideal coolant. Those types of coolants that exist today can only perform their functions in a certain temperature range. If you go beyond this range, then the quality characteristics of the coolant can change dramatically.

The heat carrier for heating must have such properties that will allow for a certain unit of time to transfer as much as possible large quantity heat. The viscosity of the coolant largely determines what effect it will have on the pumping of the coolant throughout the heating system for a specific time interval. The higher the viscosity of the coolant, the more good performance he possesses.

Physical properties of coolants

The coolant should not have a corrosive effect on the material from which the pipes or heating devices are made.

If this condition is not met, then the choice of materials will become more limited. In addition to the above properties, the coolant must also have lubricity. The choice of materials that are used for the construction of various mechanisms and circulation pumps depends on these characteristics.

In addition, the coolant must be safe based on its characteristics such as: ignition temperature, release of toxic substances, vapor flash. Also, the coolant should not be too expensive, by studying the reviews, you can understand that even if the system works efficiently, it will not justify itself from a financial point of view.

Water as a heat carrier

Water can serve as a heat transfer fluid required for the operation of a heating system. Of those liquids that exist on our planet in its natural state, water has the highest heat capacity - about 1 kcal. Speaking more in simple words, then if 1 liter of water is heated to such a normal temperature of the heating system coolant as +90 degrees, and the water is cooled to 70 degrees by means of a heating radiator, then the room that is heated by this radiator will receive about 20 kcal of heat.

Water also has a fairly high density - 917kg / 1 sq. meter. The density of water can change when it is heated or cooled. Only water has properties such as expansion when heated or cooled.

Water is the most demanded and available heat carrier.

Also, water is superior to many synthetic heat transfer fluids in terms of toxicology and environmental friendliness. If suddenly such a coolant somehow leaks from the heating system, then this will not create any situations that will cause health problems for the residents of the house. You only need to be afraid of getting hot water directly on the human body. Even if a coolant leak occurs, the volume of coolant in the heating system can be very easily restored. All that needs to be done is to add the right amount of water through the expansion tank of the natural circulation heating system. Judging by the price category, it is simply impossible to find a coolant that will cost less than water.

Despite the fact that such a coolant as water has many advantages, it also has some disadvantages.

In its natural state, water contains various salts and oxygen in its composition, which can adversely affect the internal state of the components and parts of the heating system. Salt can have a corrosive effect on materials, as well as lead to scale build-up of the inner walls of pipes and elements of the heating system.

The chemical composition of water in different regions Russia

Such a disadvantage can be eliminated. The easiest way to soften water is to boil it. When boiling water, care must be taken to ensure that such a thermal process takes place in a metal container, and that the container is not covered with a lid. After such heat treatment a significant part of the salts will settle to the bottom of the tank, and carbon dioxide will be completely removed from the water.

A larger amount of salt can be removed if a container with a large bottom is used for boiling. Salt deposits can be easily seen at the bottom of the vessel, they will look like scale. This method of removing salts is not 100% effective, since only less stable calcium and magnesium bicarbonates are removed from the water, but more stable compounds of such elements remain in the water.

There is another way to remove salts from water - this is a reagent or chemical method. Through this method, it is possible to transfer salts that are contained in water even in an insoluble state.

To carry out such water treatment, the following components will be required: slaked lime, soda ash type or sodium orthophosphate. If you fill the heating system with a coolant and add the first two of the listed reagents to the water, this will cause the formation of a precipitate of calcium and magnesium orthophosphates. And if the third of the listed reagents is added to the water, then a carbonate precipitate is formed. Once the chemical reaction is complete, the sediment can be removed by a method such as water filtration. Sodium orthophosphate is such a reagent that will help soften water. An important point to consider when choosing this reagent is the correct flow rate of the coolant in the heating system for a certain volume of water.

Plant for chemical softening of water

It is best to use distilled water for heating systems, as it does not contain harmful impurities. True, distilled water is more expensive than regular water. One liter of distilled water will cost about 14 Russian rubles. Before filling the heating system with a distilled-type coolant, it is necessary to thoroughly rinse all heating devices, the boiler and pipes with plain water. Even if the heating system was installed not so long ago and has not yet been used before, then its components still need to be washed, since there will be pollution anyway.

In order to flush the system, melt water can also be used, since such water contains almost no salts in its composition. Even artesian or well water contains more salts than melt or rain water.

Frozen water in the heating system

Studying the parameters of the heating system coolant, it can be noted that another big drawback of water as a heating system coolant is that it will freeze if the water temperature drops below 0 degrees. When water freezes, it expands, and this will lead to breakage of heating devices or damage to pipes. Such a threat can only arise if there are interruptions in the heating system and the water stops heating. This type of coolant is also not recommended for use in those houses where the residence is not permanent, but periodic.

Antifreeze as a coolant

Antifreeze for heating systems

Higher characteristics for the efficient operation of the heating system have such a type of coolant as antifreeze. By pouring antifreeze into the heating system circuit, it is possible to reduce the risk of freezing of the heating system in the cold season to a minimum. Antifreeze is designed for lower temperatures than water, and they are not able to change its physical state. Antifreeze has many advantages, since it does not cause scale deposits and does not contribute to corrosive wear of the interior of the heating system elements.

Even if the antifreeze solidifies at very low temperatures, it will not expand like water, and this will not cause any damage to the heating system components. In the event of freezing, the antifreeze will turn into a gel-like composition, and the volume will remain the same. If, after freezing, the temperature of the coolant in the heating system rises, it will turn from a gel-like state into a liquid, and this will not cause any negative consequences for the heating circuit.

Many manufacturers add various additives to antifreeze that can increase the life of the heating system.

Such additives help to remove various deposits and scale from the elements of the heating system, as well as eliminate pockets of corrosion. When choosing antifreeze, you need to remember that such a coolant is not universal. The additives that it contains are only suitable for certain materials.

Existing coolants for heating systems-antifreeze can be divided into two categories based on their freezing point. Some are designed for temperatures up to -6 degrees, while others are up to -35 degrees.

Properties various kinds antifreeze

The composition of such a coolant as antifreeze is designed for a full five years of operation, or for 10 heating seasons. The calculation of the coolant in the heating system must be accurate.

Antifreeze also has its drawbacks:

The heat capacity of antifreeze is 15% lower than that of water, which means that they will give off heat more slowly;
They have a rather high viscosity, which means that a sufficiently powerful circulation pump.
When heated, antifreeze increases in volume more than water, which means that the heating system must include a closed-type expansion tank, and radiators must have a larger capacity than those used to organize a heating system in which water is the coolant.
The speed of the coolant in the heating system - that is, the fluidity of antifreeze, is 50% higher than that of water, which means that all connectors of the heating system must be very carefully sealed.
Antifreeze, which includes ethylene glycol, is toxic to humans, so it can only be used for single-circuit boilers.

In the case of using this type of coolant as antifreeze in the heating system, certain conditions must be taken into account:

The system must be supplemented with a circulation pump with powerful parameters. If the circulation of the coolant in the heating system and the heating circuit is long, then the circulation pump must be outdoor installation.
Volume expansion tank should be no less than twice as compared with the tank, which is used for such a coolant as water.
It is necessary to install volumetric radiators and pipes with a large diameter in the heating system.
Do not use automatic air vents. For a heating system in which antifreeze is the coolant, only manual type taps can be used. A more popular manual type crane is the Mayevsky crane.
If antifreeze is diluted, then only with distilled water. Melt, rain or well water will not work in any way.
Before filling the heating system with coolant - antifreeze, it must be thoroughly rinsed with water, not forgetting about the boiler. Manufacturers of antifreezes recommend changing them in the heating system at least once every three years.
If the boiler is cold, then it is not recommended to immediately set high standards for the temperature of the coolant to the heating system. It should rise gradually, the coolant needs some time to heat up.

If in winter a double-circuit boiler operating on antifreeze is turned off for a long period, then it is necessary to drain water from the hot water supply circuit. If it freezes, the water can expand and damage pipes or other parts of the heating system.

Coolant for heating systems, coolant temperature, norms and parameters

Standard temperature of the coolant in the heating system

Security comfortable conditions life in the cold season - the task of heat supply. It is interesting to trace how a person tried to warm his home. Initially, the huts were heated in black, the smoke went into the hole on the roof.

Later they switched to stove heating, then, with the advent of boilers, to water heating. Boiler plants increased their capacity: from a boiler house in one taken house to a district boiler house. And, finally, with the increase in the number of consumers with the growth of cities, people came to centralized heating from thermal power plants.

Depending on the source of heat energy, there are centralized and decentralized heating systems. The first type is the production of heat based on combined production electricity and heat energy at thermal power plants and heat supply from district heating boiler houses.

Decentralized heat supply systems include boiler plants of small capacity and individual boilers.

According to the type of coolant, heating systems are divided into steam and water.

Advantages of water heating networks:

the possibility of transporting the coolant over long distances;
the possibility of centralized regulation of heat supply in the heating network by changing the hydraulic or temperature regime;
no loss of steam and condensate, which always occur in steam systems.

Formula for calculating heat supply

The temperature of the heat carrier, depending on the outside temperature, is maintained by the heat supply organization on the basis of the temperature graph.

The temperature schedule for supplying heat to the heating system is based on monitoring air temperatures during the heating period. At the same time, eight of the coldest winters in fifty years are selected. The strength and speed of the wind in different geographical areas is taken into account. The necessary heat loads are calculated to heat the room up to 20-22 degrees. For industrial premises, their own parameters of the coolant are set to maintain technological processes.

The heat balance equation is drawn up. The heat loads of consumers are calculated taking into account heat losses to the environment, and the corresponding heat supply is calculated to cover the total heat loads. The colder it is outside, the higher the losses to the environment, the more heat is released from the boiler house.

Heat release is calculated according to the formula:

Q \u003d Gsv * C * (tpr-tob), where

Q - heat load in kW, the amount of heat released per unit of time;
Gsv - coolant flow rate in kg / s;
tpr and tb - temperatures in the forward and return pipelines depending on the outdoor air temperature;
C - heat capacity of water in kJ / (kg * deg).

Parameter control methods

There are three methods of heat load control:

With the quantitative method, the regulation of the heat load is carried out by changing the amount of the supplied coolant. With the help of heating network pumps, the pressure in the pipelines increases, the heat supply increases with an increase in the coolant flow rate.

A qualitative method is to increase the parameters of the coolant at the outlet of the boilers while maintaining the flow rate. This method is most often used in practice.

With the quantitative-qualitative method, the parameters and flow rate of the coolant are changed.

Factors affecting the heating of the room during the heating period:

Heating systems are divided depending on the design into single-pipe and two-pipe. For each design, its own heat schedule in the supply pipeline is approved. For single pipe system heating, the maximum temperature in the supply line is 105 degrees, in a two-pipe - 95 degrees. The difference between the supply and return temperatures in the first case is regulated in the range of 105-70, for a two-pipe - in the range of 95-70 degrees.

Choosing a heating system for a private house

The principle of operation of a single-pipe heating system is to supply the coolant to the upper floors, all radiators are connected to the descending pipeline. It is clear that it will be warmer on the upper floors than on the lower ones. As private house in best case has two or three floors, the contrast in space heating does not threaten. And in a one-story building, there will generally be uniform heating.

What are the advantages of such a heating system:

The disadvantages of the design are high hydraulic resistance, the need to turn off the heating of the entire house during repairs, the limitation in connecting heaters, the inability to control the temperature in a single room, and high heat losses.

For improvement, it was proposed to use a bypass system.

bypass- a pipe section between the supply and return pipelines, a bypass in addition to the radiator. They are equipped with valves or taps and allow you to adjust the temperature in the room or completely turn off a single battery.

A single-pipe heating system can be vertical and horizontal. In both cases, air pockets appear in the system. A high temperature is maintained at the inlet to the system in order to warm all the rooms, so the piping system must withstand high water pressure.

Two-pipe heating system

The principle of operation is to connect each heating device to the supply and return pipelines. The cooled coolant is sent to the boiler through the return pipeline.

During installation, additional investments will be required, but there will be no air jams in the system.

Temperature standards for rooms

In a residential building, the temperature in the corner rooms should not be below 20 degrees, for interior spaces the standard is 18 degrees, for showers - 25 degrees. When the outdoor temperature drops to -30 degrees, the standard rises to 20-22 degrees, respectively.

Their standards are set for the premises where there are children. The main range is from 18 to 23 degrees. Moreover, for premises for different purposes, the indicator varies.

At school, the temperature should not fall below 21 degrees, for bedrooms in boarding schools it is allowed at least 16 degrees, in the pool - 30 degrees, on the verandas of kindergartens intended for walking - at least 12 degrees, for libraries - 18 degrees, in cultural mass institutions temperature - 16−21 degrees.

When developing standards for different rooms the amount of time a person spends in motion is taken into account, so the temperature for sports halls will be lower than in classrooms.

Approved building codes and regulations of the Russian Federation SNiP 41-01-2003 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning", regulating the air temperature depending on the purpose, number of storeys, height of the premises. For apartment building the maximum temperature of the coolant in the battery for a single-pipe system is 105 degrees, for a two-pipe system 95 degrees.

In the heating system of a private house

The optimum temperature in individual system heating 80 degrees. It is necessary to ensure that the coolant level does not fall below 70 degrees. With gas boilers temperature control is easier. Solid fuel boilers work quite differently. In this case, water can very easily turn into steam.

Electric boilers make it easy to adjust the temperature in the range from 30-90 degrees.

Possible interruptions in the heat supply

If the air temperature in the room is 12 degrees, it is allowed to turn off the heat for 24 hours.
In the temperature range from 10 to 12 degrees, heat is turned off for a maximum of 8 hours.
When heating the room below 8 degrees, it is not allowed to turn off the heating for longer than 4 hours.

Regulation of the temperature of the coolant in the heating system: methods, dependency factors, norms of indicators

Classification and advantages of coolants. What determines the temperature in the heating system. Which heating system to choose for an individual building. Standards for water temperature in the heating system.

The supply of heat to the room is associated with the simplest temperature graph. The temperature values of the water supplied from the boiler room do not change indoors. They have standard values and range from +70ºС to +95ºС. This temperature chart of the heating system is the most popular.

Adjusting the air temperature in the house

Not everywhere in the country there is centralized heating, so many residents install independent systems. Their temperature graph differs from the first option. In this case, the temperature indicators are significantly reduced. They depend on the efficiency of modern heating boilers.

If the temperature reaches +35ºС, the boiler will operate at maximum power. It depends on the heating element, where the thermal energy can be taken up by the flue gases. If the temperature values are greater than + 70 ºС, then the boiler performance drops. In that case, in his technical specification 100% efficiency is indicated.

Temperature chart and calculation

How the graph will look depends on the outside temperature. The greater the negative value of the outside temperature, the greater the heat loss. Many do not know where to take this indicator. This temperature is specified in the regulatory documents. The temperature of the coldest five-day period is taken as the calculated value, and the lowest value over the past 50 years is taken.

Graph of outside and inside temperature

The graph shows the relationship between outside and inside temperatures. Let's say the outside temperature is -17ºС. Drawing a line up to the intersection with t2, we get a point characterizing the temperature of the water in the heating system.

Thanks to the temperature schedule, it is possible to prepare the heating system even under the most severe conditions. It also reduces the material costs of installing a heating system. If we consider this factor from the point of view of mass construction, the savings are significant.

Outside air temperature. The smaller it is, the more negatively it affects heating;
Wind. When a strong wind occurs, heat loss increases;
The indoor temperature depends on the thermal insulation of the structural elements of the building.

Over the past 5 years, the principles of construction have changed. Builders increase the value of a home by insulating elements. As a rule, this applies to basements, roofs, foundations. These costly measures subsequently allow residents to save on the heating system.

Heating temperature chart

The graph shows the dependence of the temperature of the outdoor and indoor air. The lower the outdoor temperature, the higher the temperature of the heating medium in the system.

The temperature schedule is developed for each city during the heating season. In small settlements, a temperature chart of the boiler house is drawn up, which provides the required amount of coolant to the consumer.

quantitative - characterized by a change in the flow rate of the coolant supplied to the heating system;
high-quality - consists in regulating the temperature of the coolant before being supplied to the premises;
temporary - a discrete method of supplying water to the system.

The temperature schedule is a heating pipeline schedule that distributes the heating load and is regulated by centralized systems. There is also an increased schedule, it is created for a closed heating system, that is, to ensure the supply of hot coolant to the connected objects. When using an open system, it is necessary to adjust the temperature graph, since the coolant is consumed not only for heating, but also for domestic water consumption.

The calculation of the temperature graph is made by a simple method. Hto build it necessary initial temperature air data:

outdoor;
in room;
in the supply and return pipelines;
at the exit of the building.

In addition, you should know the nominal thermal load. All other coefficients are normalized by reference documentation. The calculation of the system is made for any temperature graph, depending on the purpose of the room. For example, for large industrial and civil facilities, a schedule of 150/70, 130/70, 115/70 is drawn up. For residential buildings, this figure is 105/70 and 95/70. The first indicator shows the temperature on the supply, and the second - on the return. The results of the calculations are entered in a special table, which shows the temperature at certain points of the heating system, depending on the outside air temperature.

The main factor in calculating the temperature graph is the outside air temperature. The calculation table must be drawn up so that the maximum values of the temperature of the coolant in the heating system (schedule 95/70) provide heating of the room. The temperatures in the room are provided for by regulatory documents.

Temperature heating appliances

The main indicator is the temperature of the heating devices. The ideal temperature curve for heating is 90/70ºС. It is impossible to achieve such an indicator, since the temperature inside the room should not be the same. It is determined depending on the purpose of the room.

In accordance with the standards, the temperature in the corner living room is +20ºС, in the rest - +18ºС; in the bathroom - + 25ºС. If the outside air temperature is -30ºС, then the indicators increase by 2ºС.

in rooms where children are located - + 18ºС to + 23ºС;
children's educational institutions - + 21ºС;
in cultural institutions with mass attendance - +16ºС to +21ºС.

This area of temperature values is compiled for all types of premises. It depends on the movements performed inside the room: the more of them, the lower the air temperature. For example, in sports facilities people move a lot, so the temperature is only +18ºС.

Air temperature in the room

Outside air temperature;
Type of heating system and temperature difference: for a single-pipe system - + 105ºС, and for a single-pipe system - + 95ºС. Accordingly, the differences in for the first region are 105/70ºС, and for the second - 95/70ºС;
The direction of the coolant supply to the heating devices. At the top supply, the difference should be 2 ºС, at the bottom - 3ºС;
Type of heating devices: heat transfers are different, so the temperature graph will be different.

First of all, the temperature of the coolant depends on the outside air. For example, the outside temperature is 0°C. At the same time, the temperature regime in the radiators should be equal to 40-45ºС on the supply, and 38ºС on the return. When the air temperature is below zero, for example, -20ºС, these indicators change. In this case, the flow temperature becomes 77/55ºC. If the temperature indicator reaches -40ºС, then the indicators become standard, that is, at the supply + 95/105ºС, and at the return - + 70ºС.

Additional options

In order for a certain temperature of the coolant to reach the consumer, it is necessary to monitor the state of the outside air. For example, if it is -40ºС, the boiler room should supply hot water with an indicator of + 130ºС. Along the way, the coolant loses heat, but still the temperature remains high when it enters the apartments. Optimal value+95ºС. To do this, an elevator assembly is installed in the basements, which serves to mix hot water from the boiler room and the coolant from the return pipeline.

Several institutions are responsible for the heating main. The boiler house monitors the supply of hot coolant to the heating system, and the state of the pipelines is monitored by the city heating networks. The ZHEK is responsible for the elevator element. Therefore, in order to solve the problem of supplying coolant to new house, you need to contact different offices.

Installation of heating devices is carried out in accordance with regulatory documents. If the owner himself replaces the battery, then he is responsible for the functioning of the heating system and changing the temperature regime.

Adjustment methods

If the boiler room is responsible for the parameters of the coolant leaving the warm point, then the employees of the housing office should be responsible for the temperature inside the room. Many tenants complain about the cold in the apartments. This is due to the deviation of the temperature graph. In rare cases, it happens that the temperature rises by a certain value.

Heating parameters can be adjusted in three ways:

Nozzle reaming.

If the temperature of the coolant at the supply and return is significantly underestimated, then it is necessary to increase the diameter of the elevator nozzle. Thus, more liquid will pass through it.

How to do it? To begin with, shut-off valves are closed (house valves and cranes at the elevator unit). Next, the elevator and nozzle are removed. Then it is drilled out by 0.5-2 mm, depending on how much it is necessary to increase the temperature of the coolant. After these procedures, the elevator is mounted in its original place and put into operation.

To ensure sufficient tightness of the flange connection, it is necessary to replace the paronite gaskets with rubber ones.

Suction dampening.

In severe cold, when there is a problem of freezing of the heating system in the apartment, the nozzle can be completely removed. In this case, the suction can become a jumper. To do this, it is necessary to muffle it with a steel pancake, 1 mm thick. Such a process is carried out only in critical situations, since the temperature in pipelines and heaters will reach 130ºС.

In the middle of the heating period, a significant increase in temperature can occur. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate it using a special valve on the elevator. To do this, the supply of hot coolant is switched to the supply pipeline. A manometer is mounted on the return. Adjustment occurs by closing the valve on the supply pipeline. Next, the valve opens slightly, and the pressure should be monitored using a pressure gauge. If you just open it, then there will be a drawdown of the cheeks. That is, an increase in the pressure drop occurs in the return pipeline. Every day, the indicator increases by 0.2 atmosphere, and the temperature in the heating system must be constantly monitored.

When drawing up a temperature schedule for heating, various factors must be taken into account. This list includes not only the structural elements of the building, but the outdoor temperature, as well as the type of heating system.

Heating temperature chart

Heating temperature chart The supply of heat to the room is connected with the simplest temperature chart. The temperature values of the water supplied from the boiler room do not change indoors. They are

The temperature of the coolant in the heating system is normal

Batteries in apartments: accepted temperature standards

Heating batteries today are the main existing elements of the heating system in city apartments. They are effective household devices responsible for the transfer of heat, since comfort and coziness in residential premises for citizens directly depend on them and their temperature.

If we refer to the Government Decree of the Russian Federation No. 354 dated May 6, 2011, the heating supply to residential apartments begins at an average daily outdoor air temperature of less than eight degrees, if this mark is consistently kept for five days. In this case, the start of heat begins on the sixth day after a decrease in the air index was recorded. For all other cases, according to the law, postponing the supply of the heat resource is allowed. In general, in almost all regions of the country, the actual heating season directly and officially begins in mid-October and ends in April.

In practice, it also happens that, due to the negligent attitude of heat supply companies, the measured temperature of the installed batteries in the apartment does not comply with the regulated standards. However, in order to complain and demand a correction of the situation, you need to know what standards are in force in Russia and how exactly to measure the existing temperature of working radiators.

Norms in Russia

Considering the main indicators, the official temperatures of the heating batteries in the apartment are shown below. They are applicable to absolutely all existing systems in which, in direct accordance with the Decree of the Federal Agency for Construction and Housing and Communal Services No. 170 of September 27, 2003, the coolant (water) is supplied from the bottom up.

In addition, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the temperature of the water that circulates in the radiator right at the entrance to the functioning heating system must comply with the current schedules regulated by the utility networks for a particular room. These schedules are regulated by the Sanitary Norms and Rules in the sections of heating, air conditioning and ventilation (41-01-2003). Here, in particular, it is indicated that with a two-pipe heating system, the maximum temperature indicators are ninety-five degrees, and with a single-pipe - one hundred and five degrees. Measurements of these should be carried out sequentially in accordance with established rules otherwise, when applying to higher authorities, the testimony will not be taken into account.

Maintained temperature

The temperature of heating batteries in residential apartments in centralized heating is determined according to the relevant standards, displaying a sufficient value for the premises, depending on their purpose. In this area, the standards are simpler than in the case of working premises, since the activity of residents is, in principle, not so high and more or less stable. Based on this, the following rules are regulated:

Of course, one should take into account individual characteristics each person, everyone has different activities and preferences, therefore there is a difference in the norms from and to, and not a single indicator is fixed.

Requirements for heating systems

Heating in apartment buildings is based on the result of many engineering calculations, which are not always very successful. The process is complicated by the fact that it does not consist in delivering hot water to a specific property, but in evenly distributing water to all available apartments, taking into account all the norms and necessary indicators, including optimal humidity. The effectiveness of such a system depends on how coordinated the actions of its elements, which also include batteries and pipes in each room. Therefore, it is impossible to replace radiator batteries without taking into account the characteristics of heating systems - this leads to negative consequences with a deficit of heat or, conversely, its excess.

As for the optimization of heating in apartments, the following provisions apply here:

In any case, if the owner is embarrassed by something, it is worth applying to the management company, housing and communal services, the organization responsible for the supply of heat - depending on what exactly differs from the accepted norms and does not satisfy the applicant.

What to do about inconsistencies?

If the functioning heating systems used in an apartment building are functionally adjusted with deviations in the measured temperature only in your premises, you need to check the internal apartment heating systems. First of all, you should make sure that they are not airborne. It is necessary to touch the individual batteries available on the living space in the rooms from top to bottom and in the opposite direction - if the temperature is uneven, then the cause of the imbalance is airing and you need to bleed the air by turning a separate tap on the radiator batteries. It is important to remember that you cannot open the tap without first substituting any container under it, where water will drain. At first, the water will come out with a hiss, that is, with air, you need to close the tap when it flows without hiss and evenly. Some time later you should check the places on the battery that were cold - they should now be warm.

If the reason is not in the air, you need to submit an application to the management company. In turn, she must send a responsible technician to the applicant within 24 hours, who must draw up a written opinion on the discrepancy between the temperature regime and send a team to eliminate the existing problems.

If the management company did not respond to the complaint in any way, you need to take measurements yourself in the presence of neighbors.

How to measure temperature?

Consideration should be given to how to correctly measure the temperature of the radiators. It is necessary to prepare a special thermometer, open the tap and substitute some container with this thermometer under it. It should be noted right away that only a deviation upward of four degrees is permissible. If this is problematic, you need to contact the Housing Office, if the batteries are airy, apply to the DEZ. Everything should be fixed within one week.

Exist additional ways for measuring the temperature of heating batteries, namely:

Measure the temperature of the pipes or surfaces of the battery with a thermometer, adding one or two degrees Celsius to the indicators thus obtained;
For accuracy, it is desirable to use infrared thermometers-pyrometers, their error is less than 0.5 degrees;
Alcohol thermometers are also taken, which are applied to the place chosen on the radiator, fixed on it with adhesive tape, wrapped with heat-insulating materials and used as permanent measuring instruments;
In the presence of an electrical special measuring device, wires with a thermocouple are wound to the batteries.

In case of an unsatisfactory temperature indicator, an appropriate complaint must be filed.

Minimum and maximum indicators

As well as other indicators that are important to ensure the required conditions for people's lives (indicators of humidity in apartments, supply temperatures warm water, air, etc.), the temperature of the heating batteries, in fact, has certain allowable minimums depending on the time of year. However, neither the law nor the established norms prescribe any minimum standards for apartment batteries. Based on this, it can be noted that the indicators should be maintained in such a way that the above-mentioned allowable temperatures in the premises. Of course, if the temperature of the water in the batteries is not high enough, it will actually be impossible to provide the optimal required temperature in the apartment.

If there is no established minimum, then the Sanitary Norms and Rules, in particular 41-01-2003, establish the maximum indicator. This document defines the standards that are required for an in-house heating system. As mentioned earlier, for two-pipe this is a mark of ninety-five degrees, and for one-pipe it is one hundred and fifteen degrees Celsius. However, the recommended temperatures are from eighty-five degrees to ninety, since water boils at one hundred degrees.

Our articles talk about typical ways legal issues, but each case is unique. If you want to know how to solve your particular problem, please contact the online consultant form.

What should be the temperature of the coolant in the heating system

The temperature of the coolant in the heating system is maintained in such a way that in apartments it remains within 20-22 degrees, as the most comfortable for a person. Since its fluctuations depend on the air temperature outside, experts develop schedules with which it is possible to maintain heat in the room in winter.

What determines the temperature in residential premises

The lower the temperature, the more the coolant loses heat. The calculation takes into account the indicators of the 5 coldest days of the year. The calculation takes into account the 8 coldest winters over the past 50 years. One of the reasons for the use of such a schedule for many years: the constant readiness of the heating system for extremely low temperatures.

Another reason lies in the field of finance, such a preliminary calculation allows you to save on the installation of heating systems. If we consider this aspect on the scale of a city or district, then the savings will be impressive.

We list all the factors that affect the temperature inside the apartment:

Outdoor temperature, direct correlation.
Wind speed. Heat loss, for example, through the front door, increases with increasing wind speed.
The condition of the house, its tightness. This factor is significantly influenced by the use in construction thermal insulation materials, insulation of the roof, cellars, windows.
The number of people inside the premises, the intensity of their movement.

All of these factors vary greatly depending on where you live. And the average temperature for last years in winter, and the wind speed depends on where your house is located. For example, in central Russia there is always a consistently frosty winter. Therefore, people are often concerned not so much with the temperature of the coolant as with the quality of construction.

By increasing the cost of building residential real estate, construction companies are taking action and insulating houses. But still, the temperature of the radiators is no less important. It depends on the temperature of the coolant, which fluctuates at different times, in different climatic conditions.

All requirements for the temperature of the coolant are set out in building codes and regulations. When designing and commissioning engineering systems, these standards must be observed. For calculations, the temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the boiler is taken as a basis.

The indoor temperatures are different. For example:

in the apartment the average is 20-22 degrees;
in the bathroom it should be 25o;
in the living room - 18o

In public non-residential premises, the temperature standards are also different: at school - 21 ° C, in libraries and sports halls - 18 ° C, in a swimming pool 30 ° C, in industrial premises the temperature is set at about 16 ° C.

The more people gather inside the premises, the lower the temperature is initially set. In individual residential buildings, the owners themselves decide what temperature they should set.

In order to install desired temperature it is important to consider the following factors:

Availability of one-pipe or two-pipe system. For the first, the norm is 105 ° C, for 2 pipes - 95 ° C.
In supply and discharge systems, it should not exceed: 70-105 ° C for a one-pipe system and 70-95 ° C.
The flow of water in a certain direction: when distributing from above, the difference will be 20 ° C, from below - 30 ° C.
Types of heating device used. They are divided according to the method of heat transfer (radiation devices, convective and convective-radiation devices), according to the material used in their manufacture (metal, non-metallic devices, combined), and also according to the value of thermal inertia (small and large).

By combining different properties of the system, the type of heater, the direction of water supply and other things, optimal results can be achieved.

Heating regulators

The device by which the temperature graph is monitored and the necessary parameters are adjusted is called the heating regulator. The regulator controls the temperature of the coolant automatically.

The advantages of using these devices:

maintaining a given temperature schedule;
with the help of control over water overheating, additional savings in heat consumption are created;
setting the most efficient parameters;
all subscribers are created the same conditions.

Sometimes the heating controller is mounted so that it is connected to the same computing node with the hot water supply controller.

Such modern ways make the system work more efficiently. Even at the stage of the occurrence of the problem, an adjustment should be made. Of course, it is cheaper and easier to monitor the heating of a private house, but the automation currently used can prevent many problems.

Coolant temperature in different heating systems

In order to comfortably survive the cold season, you need to worry in advance about the creation of a high-quality heating system. If you live in a private house, you have an autonomous network, and if you live in an apartment complex, you have a centralized network. Whatever it is, it is still necessary that the temperature of the batteries during the heating season be within the limits established by SNiP. Let us analyze in this article the temperature of the coolant for different systems heating.

The heating season begins when the average daily temperature outside drops below +8°C and stops, respectively, when it rises above this mark, but it also stays that way for up to 5 days.

Regulations. What temperature should be in the rooms (minimum):

In a residential area +18°C;
In the corner room +20°C;
In the kitchen +18°C;
In the bathroom +25°C;
In corridors and flights of stairs +16°C;
In the elevator +5°C;
In the basement +4°C;
In the attic +4°C.

It should be noted that these temperature standards refer to the period of the heating season and do not apply to the rest of the time. Also, information will be useful that hot water should be from + 50 ° C to + 70 ° C, according to SNiP-u 2.08.01.89 "Residential buildings".

There are several types of heating systems:

With natural circulation

The coolant circulates without interruption. This is due to the fact that the change in temperature and density of the coolant occurs continuously. Because of this, heat is distributed evenly over all elements of the heating system with natural circulation.

The circular pressure of water directly depends on the temperature difference between hot and cold water. Typically, in the first heating system, the temperature of the coolant is 95°C, and in the second 70°C.

With forced circulation

Such a system is divided into two types:

The difference between them is quite large. The pipe layout scheme, their number, sets of shut-off, control and monitoring valves are different.

According to SNiP 41-01-2003 (“Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”), the maximum coolant temperature in these heating systems is:

two-pipe heating system - up to 95°С;
single-pipe - up to 115°С;

The optimum temperature is from 85°C to 90°C (due to the fact that at 100°C, water already boils. When this value is reached, special measures must be taken to stop boiling).

The dimensions of the heat given off by the radiator depend on the installation location and the way the pipes are connected. Heat output can be reduced by 32% due to poor pipe placement.

The best option is diagonal connection when hot water is coming from above, and the return line - from below the opposite side. Thus, radiators are tested in tests.

The most unfortunate thing is when hot water comes from below, and cold water from above along the same side.

Calculation of the optimal temperature of the heater

The most important is the most comfortable temperature for human existence +37°C.

where S is the area of the room;
h is the height of the room;
41 - minimum power per 1 cubic meter S;
42 - nominal thermal conductivity of one section according to the passport.

Please note that a radiator placed under a window in a deep niche will give almost 10% less heat. Decorative box will take 15-20%.

When you use a radiator to maintain the required air temperature in the room, you have two options: you can use small radiators and increase the temperature of the water in them (high temperature heating) or install a large radiator, but the surface temperature will not be so high (low temperature heating) .

In high-temperature heating, the radiators are very hot and can cause burns if touched. In addition, at a high temperature of the radiator, the decomposition of dust that has settled on it can begin, which will then be inhaled by people.

When using low-temperature heating, the appliances are slightly warm, but the room is still warm. In addition, this method is more economical and safer.

Cast iron radiators

The average heat transfer from a separate section of the radiator from this material ranges from 130 to 170 W, due to the thick walls and the large mass of the device. Therefore, it takes a lot of time to warm up the room. Although there is a reverse plus in this - a large inertia ensures a long preservation of heat in the radiator after the boiler is turned off.

The temperature of the coolant in it is 85-90 ° C

Aluminum radiators

This material is light, heats up easily and has good heat dissipation from 170 to 210 watts/section. However, it is adversely affected by other metals and may not be installed in every system.

The operating temperature of the heat carrier in the heating system with this radiator is 70°C

Steel radiators

The material has even lower thermal conductivity. But due to the increase in surface area with partitions and ribs, it still heats well. Heat output from 270 W - 6.7 kW. However, this is the power of the entire radiator, and not its individual segment. The final temperature depends on the dimensions of the heater and the number of fins and plates in its design.

The operating temperature of the coolant in the heating system with this radiator is also 70 ° C

So which one is better?

It is likely that it will be more profitable to install equipment with a combination of the properties of an aluminum and steel battery - a bimetallic radiator. It will cost you more, but it will also last longer.

The advantage of such devices is obvious: if aluminum can withstand the temperature of the coolant in the heating system only up to 110 ° C, then bimetal up to 130 ° C.

Heat dissipation, on the contrary, is worse than that of aluminum, but better than other radiators: from 150 to 190 watts.

Warm floor

Another way to create a comfortable temperature environment in the room. What are its advantages and disadvantages over conventional radiators?

From the school physics course, we know about the phenomenon of convection. Cold air tends to go down, and when it gets hot it goes up. That's why my feet get cold. The warm floor changes everything - the air heated below is forced to rise up.

Such a coating has a large heat transfer (depending on the area of the heating element).

The floor temperature is also spelled out in SNiP-e (“Building Norms and Rules”).

In a house for permanent residence, it should not be more than + 26 ° С.

In rooms for temporary stay of people up to +31°С.

In institutions where there are classes with children, the temperature should not exceed + 24 ° C.

The operating temperature of the heat carrier in the underfloor heating system is 45-50 °C. Surface temperature average 26-28°С

How to regulate heating batteries and what should be the temperature in the apartment according to SNiP and SanPiN

In order to feel comfortable in an apartment or in your own house during the winter period, you need a reliable heating system that meets the standards. AT high-rise building- this is usually centralized network, in a private household - autonomous heating. For the end user, the main element of any heating system is the battery. Cosiness and comfort in the house depends on the heat coming from it. The temperature of the heating batteries in the apartment, its norm is regulated by legislative documents.

Radiator heating standards

If the house or apartment has autonomous heating, it is up to the owner to adjust the temperature of the radiators and take care of maintaining the thermal regime. In a multi-storey building with central heating, an authorized organization is responsible for compliance with the standards. Heating standards are developed on the basis of sanitary standards applicable to residential and non-residential premises. The basis of the calculations is the need of an ordinary organism. The optimal values are established by law and are displayed in SNiP.

It will be warm and cozy in the apartment only when the heat supply norms stipulated by the legislation are observed.

When is the heat connected and what are the regulations

The beginning of the heating period in Russia falls on the time when the thermometer readings fall below + 8 ° C. Turn off the heating when the mercury column rises to + 8 ° C and above, and keeps at this level for 5 days.

To determine if the temperature of the batteries meets the standards, it is necessary to take measurements

Minimum temperature standards

In accordance with the norms of heat supply, the minimum temperature should be as follows:

living rooms: +18°C;
corner rooms: +20°C;
bathrooms: +25°C;
kitchens: +18°C;
landings and lobbies: +16°C;
basements: +4°C;
attics: +4°C;
lifts: +5°C.

This value is measured indoors at a distance of one meter from the outer wall and 1.5 m from the floor. In case of hourly deviations from the established standards, the heating fee is reduced by 0.15%. The water must be heated up to +50°C – +70°C. Its temperature is measured with a thermometer, lowering it to a special mark in a container of tap water.

Norms according to SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00

Norms according to SNiP 2.08.01-89

Cold in the apartment: what to do and where to go

If the radiators do not heat well, the temperature of the water in the tap will be lower than normal. In this case, tenants have the right to write an application with a request for verification. Representatives of the municipal service inspect the plumbing and heating systems, draw up an act. The second copy is given to the tenants.

If the batteries are not warm enough, you must contact the organization responsible for heating the house

If the complaint is confirmed, the authorized organization is obliged to correct everything within a week. Recalculation of the rent is made if the temperature in the room deviates from allowable rate, as well as when the water in the radiators during the daytime is lower than the standard by 3°C, at night - by 5°C.

Requirements for the quality of public services, prescribed in the Decree of May 6, 2011 N 354 on the rules for the provision of public services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings

Air expansion parameters

The air exchange rate is a parameter that must be observed in heated rooms. In a living room with an area of 18 m² or 20 m², the multiplicity should be 3 m³ / h per sq. m. The same parameters must be observed in regions with temperatures up to -31 ° C and below.

In apartments equipped with two-burner gas and electric stoves and hostel kitchens up to 18 m² in size, aeration is 60 m³/h. In rooms with three burners, this value is 75 m³ / h, with a gas stove with four burners - 90 m³ / h.

In a bathroom with an area of 25 m², this parameter is 25 m³ / h, in a toilet with an area of 18 m² - 25 m³ / h. If the bathroom is combined and its area is 25 m², the air exchange rate will be 50 m³ / h.

Methods for measuring the heating of radiators

Hot water, heated to +50°С - +70°С, is supplied to the taps year-round. During the heating season, heaters are filled with this water. To measure its temperature, open the tap and place a container under the stream of water into which the thermometer is lowered. Deviations are allowed by four degrees upwards. If there is a problem, file a complaint with the housing office. If the radiators are airy, the application must be written to the DEZ. The specialist should come within a week and fix everything.

The presence of a measuring device will allow you to constantly monitor the temperature regime

Methods for measuring the heating of heating batteries:

The heating of the pipe and radiator surfaces is measured with a thermometer. 1-2°C are added to the result obtained.
For the most accurate measurements, an infrared thermometer-pyrometer is used, which determines the readings with an accuracy of 0.5 ° C.
An alcohol thermometer can serve as a permanent measuring device, which is applied to the radiator, glued with adhesive tape, and wrapped with foam rubber or other heat-insulating material on top.
Heating of the coolant is also measured by electrical measuring instruments with the “measure temperature” function. For measurement, a wire with a thermocouple is screwed to the radiator.

Regularly recording the data of the device, fixing the readings on the photo, you will be able to make a claim against the heat supplier

Important! If the radiators do not heat up enough, after submitting an application to an authorized organization, a commission should come to you to measure the temperature of the liquid circulating in the heating system. The actions of the commission must comply with paragraph 4 of the "Methods of control" in accordance with GOST 30494−96. The device used for measurements must be registered, certified and pass state verification. Its temperature range should be in the range from +5 to +40°С, the permissible error is 0.1°С.

Adjustment of heating radiators

Adjusting the temperature of the radiators is necessary in order to save on space heating. In apartments of high-rise buildings, the bill for heat supply will decrease only after the installation of the meter. If a boiler is installed in a private house that automatically maintains a stable temperature, regulators may not be needed. If the equipment is not automated, the savings will be significant.

Why is adjustment needed?

Adjusting the batteries will help achieve not only maximum comfort, but also:

Remove airing, ensure the movement of the coolant through the pipeline and heat transfer to the room.
Reduce energy costs by 25%.
Do not constantly open windows due to overheating of the room.

Heating adjustment must be carried out before the start of the heating season. Before that, you need to insulate all the windows. In addition, take into account the location of the apartment:

angular;
in the middle of the house;
on the lower or upper floors.

insulation of walls, corners, floors;
hydro- and thermal insulation of joints between panels.

Without these measures, the adjustment will not be useful, since more than half of the heat will heat the street.

Warming corner apartment helps to minimize heat loss

The principle of adjusting radiators

How to properly regulate heating batteries? To rationally use heat and ensure uniform heating, valves are installed on the batteries. With their help, you can reduce the flow of water or disconnect the radiator from the system.

In district heating systems of high-rise buildings with a pipeline through which the coolant is supplied from top to bottom, regulation of radiators is not possible. On the upper floors of such houses it is hot, on the lower floors it is cold.
In a single-pipe network, the coolant is supplied to each battery with a return to the central riser. Heat is distributed evenly here. Control valves are mounted on the supply pipes of the radiators.
In two-pipe systems with two risers, the coolant is supplied to the battery and vice versa. Each of them is equipped with a separate valve with a manual or automatic thermostat.

Types of control valves

Modern technologies allow the use of special control valves, which are valve heat exchangers connected to the battery. There are several types of faucets that allow you to regulate heat.

The principle of operation of control valves

According to the principle of action, they are:

Ball bearings providing 100% protection against accidents. They can rotate 90 degrees, let water through or shut off the coolant.
Standard budget valves without temperature scale. Partially change the temperature, blocking the access of the heat carrier to the radiator.
With a thermal head that regulates and controls the parameters of the system. There are mechanical and automatic.

Exploitation ball valve comes down to turning the knob to one side.

Note! The ball valve must not be left half open, as this may cause damage to the sealing ring, resulting in a leak.

Conventional direct acting thermostat

A direct acting thermostat is a simple device installed near a radiator that allows you to control the temperature in it. Structurally, it is a sealed cylinder with a bellows inserted into it, filled with a special liquid or gas that can respond to temperature changes. Its increase causes expansion of the filler, resulting in increased pressure on the stem in the regulator valve. It moves and blocks the flow of coolant. Cooling the radiator causes the reverse process.

A direct-acting thermostat is installed in the pipeline of the heating system

Temperature controller with electronic sensor

The principle of operation of the device is similar to the previous version, the only difference is in the settings. In a conventional thermostat, they are performed manually, in an electronic sensor, the temperature is set in advance and maintained within the specified limits (from 6 to 26 degrees) automatically.

A programmable thermostat for heating radiators with an internal sensor is installed when it is possible to place its axis horizontally

Heat regulation instructions

How to regulate batteries, what actions need to be taken to ensure comfortable conditions in the house:

Air is released from each battery until water flows from the tap.
The pressure is adjustable. To do this, in the first battery from the boiler, the valve opens for two turns, in the second - for three turns, etc., adding one turn for each subsequent radiator. Such a scheme provides optimal passage of the coolant and heating.
In forced systems, the pumping of the coolant and the control of heat consumption are carried out using control valves.
To regulate the heat in the flow system, built-in thermostats are used.
In two-pipe systems, in addition to the main parameter, the amount of coolant is controlled in manual and automatic modes.

Why is a thermal head for radiators needed and how does it work:

Comparison of temperature control methods:

Comfortable living in apartments of high-rise buildings, in country houses and cottages is provided by maintaining a certain thermal regime in the premises. Modern systems heating systems allow you to install regulators that maintain the required temperature. If the installation of regulators is not possible, the responsibility for the heat in your apartment lies with the heat supply organization, which you can contact if the air in the room does not warm up to the values provided for by the regulations.

The temperature of the coolant in the heating system is normal

Batteries in apartments: accepted temperature standards Heating batteries today are the main existing elements of the heating system in city apartments. They represent e…

The temperature graph represents the dependence of the degree of heating of water in the system on the temperature of cold outside air. After the necessary calculations, the result is presented in the form of two numbers. The first means the temperature of the water at the inlet to the heating system, and the second at the outlet.

For example, the entry 90-70ᵒС means that under given climatic conditions, for heating a certain building, it will be necessary that the coolant at the inlet to the pipes has a temperature of 90ᵒС, and at the outlet 70ᵒС.

All values are presented for the outside air temperature for the coldest five-day period. This design temperature is accepted according to the Joint Venture "Thermal protection of buildings". According to the norms, the internal temperature for residential premises is 20ᵒС. The schedule will ensure the correct supply of coolant to the heating pipes. This will avoid hypothermia of the premises and waste of resources.

The need to perform constructions and calculations

The temperature schedule must be developed for each settlement. It allows you to ensure the most competent operation of the heating system, namely:

Adjust the heat losses during the supply of hot water to houses with the average daily outdoor temperature.
Prevent insufficient heating of rooms.
Oblige thermal power plants to supply consumers with services that meet technological conditions.

Such calculations are necessary both for large heating stations and for boiler houses in small settlements. In this case, the result of calculations and constructions will be called the boiler house schedule.

Ways to control the temperature in the heating system

Upon completion of the calculations, it is necessary to achieve the calculated degree of heating of the coolant. You can achieve it in several ways:

quantitative;
quality;
temporary.

In the first case, the flow rate of water entering the heating network is changed, in the second, the degree of heating of the coolant is regulated. The temporary option involves a discrete supply of hot liquid to the heating network.

For the central heating system, the most characteristic is a qualitative method, while the volume of water entering the heating circuit remains unchanged.

Graph types

Depending on the purpose of the heating network, the execution methods differ. The first option is the normal heating schedule. It is a construction for networks that work only for space heating and are centrally regulated.

The increased schedule is calculated for heating networks that provide heating and hot water supply. It is built for closed systems and shows the total load on the hot water supply system.

The adjusted schedule is also intended for networks operating both for heating and for heating. Here, heat losses are taken into account when the coolant passes through the pipes to the consumer.

Drawing up a temperature chart

The constructed straight line depends on the following values:

normalized air temperature in the room;
outdoor air temperature;
the degree of heating of the coolant when it enters the heating system;
the degree of heating of the coolant at the outlet of the building networks;
the degree of heat transfer of heating devices;
thermal conductivity of the outer walls and the overall heat loss of the building.

To perform a competent calculation, it is necessary to calculate the difference between the water temperatures in the direct and return pipes Δt. The higher the value in the straight pipe, the better the heat transfer of the heating system and the higher the indoor temperature.

In order to rationally and economically consume the coolant, it is necessary to achieve the minimum possible value of Δt. This can be ensured, for example, by carrying out work on additional insulation of the external structures of the house (walls, coatings, ceilings above a cold basement or technical underground).

Calculation of the heating mode

First of all, you need to get all the initial data. Standard values of temperatures of external and internal air are accepted according to the joint venture "Thermal protection of buildings". To find the power of heating devices and heat losses, you will need to use the following formulas.

Heat loss of the building

In this case, the input data will be:

the thickness of the outer walls;
thermal conductivity of the material from which the enclosing structures are made (in most cases it is indicated by the manufacturer, denoted by the letter λ);
surface area of the outer wall;
climatic area of construction.

First of all, the actual resistance of the wall to heat transfer is found. In a simplified version, you can find it as a quotient of the wall thickness and its thermal conductivity. If a outdoor structure consists of several layers, individually find the resistance of each of them and add the resulting values.

Thermal losses of walls are calculated by the formula:

Q = F*(1/R 0)*(t inside air -t outside air)

Here Q is the heat loss in kilocalories and F is the surface area of the exterior walls. For a more accurate value, it is necessary to take into account the area of \u200b\u200bglazing and its heat transfer coefficient.

Calculation of the surface power of batteries

Specific (surface) power is calculated as a quotient of the maximum power of the device in W and the heat transfer surface area. The formula looks like this:

R beats \u003d R max / F act

Calculation of the coolant temperature

Based on the obtained values, the temperature regime of heating is selected and a direct heat transfer is built. On one axis, the values of the degree of heating of the water supplied to the heating system are plotted, and on the other, the outside air temperature. All values are taken in degrees Celsius. The results of the calculation are summarized in a table in which the nodal points of the pipeline are indicated.

It is rather difficult to carry out calculations according to the method. To perform a competent calculation, it is best to use special programs.

For each building, this calculation is carried out individually. management company. For an approximate definition of water at the inlet to the system, you can use the existing tables.

For large suppliers of thermal energy, coolant parameters are used 150-70ᵒС, 130-70ᵒС, 115-70ᵒС.
For small multi-unit systems, the settings apply. 90-70ᵒС (up to 10 floors), 105-70ᵒС (over 10 floors). A schedule of 80-60ᵒС can also be adopted.
When arranging an autonomous heating system for an individual house, it is enough to control the degree of heating using sensors, you can not build a graph.

The performed measures allow determining the parameters of the coolant in the system at a certain point in time. By analyzing the coincidence of the parameters with the schedule, you can check the efficiency of the heating system. The temperature chart table also indicates the degree of load on the heating system.

Today, the most common heating systems in the Federation are those operating on water. The temperature of the water in the batteries directly depends on the indicators of the air temperature outside, that is, on the street, in a certain period of time. A corresponding schedule has also been legally approved, according to which responsible specialists calculate temperatures, taking into account local weather and a source of heat supply.

The graphs of the coolant temperature depending on the outside temperature are developed taking into account the support of the mandatory temperature conditions in the room, those that are considered optimal and comfortable for the average person.

The colder it is outside, the higher the level of heat loss. For this reason, it is important to know which indicators are applicable when calculating the desired indicators. You don't need to calculate anything yourself. All figures are approved by the relevant regulatory documents. They are based on the average temperatures of the five coldest days of the year. The period of the last fifty years is also taken, with the selection of the eight coldest winters for a given time.

Thanks to such calculations, it is possible to prepare for low temperatures in winter, which occur at least once every few years. In turn, this allows you to significantly save when creating a heating system.

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Additional influencing factors

The coolant temperatures themselves are also directly affected by such no less significant factors as:

Lowering the temperature on the street, which entails a similar indoor;
Wind speed - the higher it is, the greater the heat loss through the front door, windows;
The tightness of walls and joints (the installation of metal-plastic windows and the insulation of facades significantly affects the preservation of heat).

Recently, there have been some changes in building codes. For this reason, construction companies often carry out thermal insulation work not only on the facades of apartment buildings, but also in basements, foundation, roof, roofing. Accordingly, the cost of such construction projects increases. At the same time, it is important to know that the costs of insulation are very significant, but on the other hand, this is a guarantee of heat savings and reduced heating costs.

For their part, construction companies understand that the costs incurred by them for the insulation of objects will be fully and soon paid off. It is also beneficial for the owners, since utility bills are very high, and if you pay, then it is really for the received and stored heat, and not for its loss due to insufficient insulation of the premises.

Temperature in the radiator

However, no matter what the weather conditions are outside and how insulated it is, the most important role is still played by the heat transfer of the radiator. Typically, in central heating systems, temperatures range from 70 to 90 degrees. However, it is important to take into account the fact that this criterion is not the only one in order to have the desired temperature regime, especially in residential premises, where temperatures in each individual room should not be the same, depending on the purpose.

So, for example, in corner rooms there should not be less than 20 degrees, while in others 18 degrees are allowed. In addition, if the temperature outside drops to -30, the established norms for rooms should be two degrees higher.

Those rooms that are intended for children should have a temperature limit of 18 to 23 degrees, depending on what they are intended for. So in the pool it cannot be less than 30 degrees, and on the veranda it must be at least 12 degrees.

Talking about school educational institution, there should not be below 21 degrees, and in the boarding school bedroom - at least 16 degrees. For a cultural mass institution, the norm is from 16 degrees to 21, and for a library - no more than 18 degrees.

What affects battery temperature?

In addition to the heat transfer of the coolant and the temperatures outside, the heat in the room also depends on the activity of people inside. The more movements a person makes, the lower the temperature can be and vice versa. This must also be taken into account when distributing heat. As an example, you can take any sports institution where people are a priori in active movement. It is not advisable to maintain high temperatures here, as this will cause discomfort. Accordingly, an indicator of 18 degrees is optimal.

It can be noted that the thermal performance of batteries inside any premises is affected not only by the outside air temperature and wind speed, but also by:

Approved schedules

Since the temperature outside has a direct impact on the heat inside the premises, a special temperature chart has been approved.

Temperature readings outside	Inlet water, °С	Water in the heating system, °С	Outlet water, °С
8 °C	from 51 to 52	42-45	from 34 to 40
7 °С	from 51 to 55	44-47	from 35 to 41
6 °С	from 53 to 57	45-49	from 36 to 46
5 °C	from 55 to 59	47-50	from 37 to 44
4 °С	from 57 to 61	48-52	from 38 to 45
3 °С	from 59 to 64	50-54	from 39 to 47
2 °C	from 61 to 66	51-56	from 40 to 48
1 °C	from 63 to 69	53-57	from 41 to 50
0 °C	from 65 to 71	55-59	from 42 to 51
-1 °C	from 67 to 73	56-61	from 43 to 52
-2 °C	from 69 to 76	58-62	from 44 to 54
-3 °C	from 71 to 78	59-64	from 45 to 55
-4 °C	from 73 to 80	61-66	from 45 to 56
-5 °C	from 75 to 82	62-67	from 46 to 57
-6 °C	from 77 to 85	64-69	from 47 to 59
-7 °C	from 79 to 87	65-71	from 48 to 62
-8 °С	from 80 to 89	66-72	from 49 to 61
-9 °C	from 82 to 92	66-72	from 49 to 63
-10 °C	from 86 to 94	69-75	from 50 to 64
-11 °C	from 86 to 96	71-77	from 51 to 65
-12 °C	from 88 to 98	72-79	from 59 to 66
-13 °C	from 90 to 101	74-80	from 53 to 68
-14 °C	from 92 to 103	75-82	from 54 to 69
-15 °C	from 93 to 105	76-83	from 54 to 70
-16 °C	from 95 to 107	79-86	from 56 to 72
-17 °C	from 97 to 109	79-86	from 56 to 72
-18 °C	from 99 to 112	81-88	from 56 to 74
-19 °С	from 101 to 114	82-90	from 57 to 75
-20 °C	from 102 to 116	83-91	from 58 to 76
-21 °С	from 104 to 118	85-93	from 59 to 77
-22 °С	from 106 to 120	88-94	from 59 to 78
-23 °C	from 108 to 123	87-96	from 60 to 80
-24 °С	from 109 to 125	89-97	from 61 to 81
-25 °С	from 112 to 128	90-98	from 62 to 82
-26 °C	from 112 to 128	91-99	from 62 to 83
-27 °C	from 114 to 130	92-101	from 63 to 84
-28 °С	from 116 to 134	94-103	from 64 to 86
-29 °C	from 118 to 136	96-105	from 64 to 87
-30 °C	from 120 to 138	97-106	from 67 to 88
-31 °С	from 122 to 140	98-108	from 66 to 89
-32 °С	from 123 to 142	100-109	from 66 to 93
-33 °C	from 125 to 144	101-111	from 67 to 91
-34 °C	from 127 to 146	102-112	from 68 to 92
-35 °С	from 129 to 149	104-114	from 69 to 94

What is also important to know?

Thanks to tabular data, it is not difficult to find out about the temperature indicators of water in systems central heating. The required part of the coolant is measured with an ordinary thermometer at the moment when the system is lowered. The identified inconsistencies between the actual temperatures and the established standards are the basis for the recalculation of utility bills. General house meters for accounting for heat energy have become very relevant today.

The responsibility for the temperature of the water that is heated in the heating main lies with the local CHP or boiler house. Transportation of heat carriers and minimal losses are assigned to the organization serving the heating network. Serves and adjusts the elevator unit of the housing department or the management company.

It is important to know that the diameter of the elevator nozzle itself must be coordinated with the public heating network. All questions regarding low room temperature must be resolved with the governing body of the apartment building or other immovable object in question. The duty of these bodies is to provide citizens with minimum sanitary standards temperatures.

Norms in living quarters

In order to understand when it is really relevant to apply for recalculation of payment for a utility service and require the adoption of any measures to provide heat, it is necessary to know the norms of heat in residential premises. These norms are fully regulated by Russian legislation.

So in the warm season, living quarters are not heated and the norms for them are 22-25 degrees Celsius. In cold weather, the following indicators apply:

However, do not forget about common sense. For example, bedrooms must be ventilated, they should not be too hot, but it cannot be cold either. The temperature regime in the children's room should be regulated according to the age of the child. For babies, this is the upper limit. As they grow older, the bar decreases to the lower limits.

The heat in the bathroom also depends on the humidity of the room. If the room is poorly ventilated, there is a high water content in the air, and this creates a feeling of dampness and may not be safe for the health of residents.

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home > Abrasives

The temperature in the supply pipe of the heating system. Temperature chart of the heating system: getting acquainted with the mode of operation of the central heating

What is a temperature chart and its purpose

Why temperature fluctuations occur

What is a temperature chart

CHP and heat networks: what is the relationship

How is the coolant supplied to the heating system

How climate zones affect air temperature

How to regulate the temperature

Drawing up a temperature chart

Temperature calculation

Central heating

Heating system

Temperature norms

Optimal values ​​in an individual heating system

One-pipe and two-pipe lines

Matching the temperature of the heat carrier and the boiler

Ways to reduce heat loss

Coolant for heating systems, coolant temperature, norms and parameters

Heat transfer requirements

Water as a heat carrier

Antifreeze as a coolant

Standard temperature of the coolant in the heating system

Formula for calculating heat supply

Parameter control methods

Choosing a heating system for a private house

Temperature standards for rooms

Possible interruptions in the heat supply

Temperature chart and calculation

Temperature heating appliances

Additional options

Adjustment methods

The temperature of the coolant in the heating system is normal

Batteries in apartments: accepted temperature standards

What should be the temperature of the coolant in the heating system

Coolant temperature in different heating systems

How to regulate heating batteries and what should be the temperature in the apartment according to SNiP and SanPiN

The need to perform constructions and calculations

Ways to control the temperature in the heating system

Graph types

Drawing up a temperature chart

Calculation of the heating mode

Heat loss of the building

Calculation of the surface power of batteries

Calculation of the coolant temperature

Additional influencing factors

Temperature in the radiator

What affects battery temperature?

Approved schedules

What is also important to know?

Norms in living quarters

We also recommend

Optimal values in an individual heating system