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Anna Alexeevna Almazova

Russian language and culture of speech. Tutorial

Introduction

This textbook is devoted to work on the speech skills of a teacher-defectologist and corresponds to the content of the courses "Russian Language and Culture of Speech", "Practicum on the production of voice and expressiveness of reading", designed for students of pedagogical universities and pedagogical colleges. The authors tried to select the material that is necessary, first of all, for the professional activity of a teacher-defectologist.

Speech skill is the basic professional quality of a teacher-defectologist. It includes several components. The most important of them is the culture of speech, which is part of the general culture of man. By the way a person speaks, one can judge the level of his spiritual development, his inner culture.

The culture of speech is the ability, firstly, to speak and write correctly and, secondly, to use language means in accordance with the goals and conditions of communication. Speech in which there are expressions that contradict the literary norm cannot be called cultural.

However, correctness is only the first component of a true speech culture. You can speak (or write) without errors, but monotonous, colorless, sluggish. Such speech lacks expressiveness. And it is achieved by skillful and appropriate use of vocabulary of different styles, a variety of syntactic constructions; in oral speech, the richness of intonation is especially valuable.

Possession of the expressive means of the language and the ability to use them depending on the communicative situation is the second component of speech mastery. In order for it to be implemented, the speaker (writer) must have a clear idea of ​​the stylistic gradation of linguistic elements, of their different purposes.

The stylistic expediency of using language means, their compliance with the needs of communication - important conditions speech culture. They also underlie the normalization activities of linguists (their development of reference books and manuals on the style and culture of speech) and the promotion of linguistic knowledge in the media. mass media.

Sounding speech is the result of a complex and coordinated work of many parts. human body. The accuracy and purity of the pronunciation of individual sounds, combinations, words, phrases depends not only on the correct articulation (i.e., the position of the lips, jaw, tongue), but also on the correct setting of breathing, on the development of hearing, and on muscle freedom. The same actions, repeatedly, systematically repeated, become consistently skill, habit, habit, become "stereotypical".

The formation of speech skills involves the preparation of a teacher-defectologist who owns expressive, logically clear, emotional literary speech, has good diction and a flexible voice of a wide range. In this regard, this manual solves the following tasks:

1) to acquaint students with the norms of the modern Russian literary language;

2) to develop their ability to use the expressive means of the language in the conditions of verbal communication;

3) help them master the technique, psychotechnics and logic of speech and reading;

4) to form special pedagogical skills that provide expressive reading and storytelling and allow influencing children with words;

5) to promote the methodological preparation of future defectologists for working with children with developmental disabilities.

One of the main principles of the organization of educational material in the manual is interdisciplinary communication for the purpose of professional training of a future speech therapist, teacher of the deaf, a specialist in the field of correctional pedagogy and special psychology.

The manual consists of five chapters, each of which covers theoretical basis work on individual components of speech skills, questions and tasks for self-examination are given, as well as questions and tasks for independent work.

Chapter 1 was written by Yu.P. Bogachev and Z.A. Shelestova, chapter 2 - A.A. Almazova, V.V. Nikultseva and Z.A. Shelestova, chapter 3 - Yu.P. Bogachev, chapter 4 - L.L. Timashkova, chapter 5 - Z.A. Shelestova.

Chapter 1. MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE AND ITS STYLES

1.1. The concept of modern Russian literary language

The Russian national language (native word) enters a person's life from the cradle, awakens his mind, shapes his soul, inspires thoughts, reveals the spiritual wealth of the people. Like other languages ​​of the world, the Russian language is a product of human culture and at the same time a condition for its development.

In the linguistic aspect language - this is "a system of verbal and other sound means that serve to convey thoughts and express feelings, for people to communicate with each other" . People need it to communicate, exchange thoughts, store knowledge and pass it on to future generations.

Language is a purely human phenomenon. It exists only in human society and serves truly human needs - thinking and communication. The native language of any people, including Russian, is the true soul of the nation, its primary and most obvious sign. In the language and through the language, such features as the national psychology of the people, their character, features of thinking and artistic creativity are revealed.

Language is a powerful tool of culture, the most important factor in the spiritual development of a nation. Love for it implies an intolerant attitude towards its impoverishment and distortion, therefore the culture of the native language is the value of every modern person and society as a whole.

In the Russian national language, its processed and normalized part is distinguished, which is called literary language. About the relationship between the literary language and local dialects, M. Gorky said: “The division of the language into literary and folk only means that we have, so to speak, a“ raw language ”and processed by masters.”

Modern Russian literary language is a literary form of the national language that has developed historically and establishes strict standards in the pronunciation of speech sounds and in the use of words and grammatical forms.

Speaking in literary language, a person has the right to rely on what will be correctly understood by the interlocutor or addressee.

The term "modern" has two meanings:

1) language from Pushkin to the present day;

2) the language of the last decades.

Native speakers living in the 21st century use this term in the first (narrow) sense.

The modern Russian literary language is the language of the people with rich history, traditions, it is an integral part of the Russian national culture, highest form national language.

The masters who polished their native language were writers, scientists, and public figures. They all admired his power and wealth. So, M.V. Lomonosov wrote: “The master of many languages, the Russian language, not only by the vastness of the places where it dominates, but also by its own space and contentment is great before everyone in Europe ... Charles V, the Roman emperor, used to say that Spanish- with God, French - with friends, German - with the enemy, Italian - with the female sex to speak decently. But if he were proficient in the Russian language, then, of course, he would add to this that it is decent for them to speak with all of them, for he would find in it the splendor of Spanish, the liveliness of French, the strength of German, the tenderness of Italian, moreover, wealth and strong in images of the brevity of Greek and Latin".

In these words, M.V. Lomonosov expressed not only an ardent love for the language of his people, but also a true assessment of the remarkable properties and practical qualities of the Russian language.

“The word of the British will respond with heart-knowledge and wise knowledge of life,” wrote N.V. Gogol, - the short-lived word of the Frenchman will flash and scatter like a light dandy; the German will intricately invent his own, not accessible to everyone, smart-thin word; but there is no word that would be so bold, smart, so burst out from under the very heart, would tremble and tremble so vividly, like the aptly spoken Russian word.

Boundless love for the native language, a passionate desire to preserve and increase its wealth are heard in the address of I.S. Turgenev to future generations of Russian people: “Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this property handed down to us by our predecessors, among whom Pushkin shines. Treat this mighty weapon with respect; in the hands of the skilful, it is able to perform miracles!

Russian literary language serves as a single means of communication between people. It incorporates all the wealth of speech and visual means created by the people over the centuries. However, the vocabulary of the literary language does not include everything that folk speech has. Yes, to non-literary varieties Russian language include:

Dialects (from the Greek dialektos - dialect, dialect) are such non-literary variants of the language that are used in certain territories, incomprehensible to people living in places where this dialect is unknown: chicken- House, veksha- squirrel, poneva- a kind of skirt, etc. Dialectisms (local words and expressions), if they occur in speech that should be literary, can distract listeners from the content and interfere with correct understanding;

Slang vocabulary - special words and expressions characteristic of various professional groups and social strata, placed in separate conditions of life and communication;

Argotic words and expressions inherent in the language of thieves, gamblers, cheaters and swindlers;

Swearing (obscene, taboo) words and expressions.

At the same time, the literary language is closely connected with vernacular - the everyday everyday vocabulary of the people, which has great figurative power and accuracy of definitions.

In the manner of speech, in the language habits of a person, the era in which he lives, and the features of the social environment to which he belongs are always reflected. For example, the characters of "Dead Souls" N.V. Gogol is spoken in a completely different way than the peasants in the "Notes of a Hunter" by I.S. Turgenev. Social varieties are a phenomenon that is historically conditioned and quite natural, since various social circles, according to the conditions of their life, always have specific interests. In human society, language is used differently. Residents of the village and the city speak differently, people young and old, educated and semi-literate. There are such territorial differences as local dialects (dialects), since the language changes much more slowly than society. A specific manner of speech is more characteristic of the older generation of the inhabitants of the modern village, and the rural youth, under the influence of the language of books, print, radio, television, and cinema, are increasingly becoming attached to the literary language. In addition, dialects have only an oral form of existence.

It is impossible to treat dialectisms with disdain, because the best Russian writers drew expressive means from folk speech, who introduced many dialect words into literary use.

There are also elements of language differences depending on the gender of the speakers. The science of speech etiquette deals with similar gender features in the language. For example, men and women greet each other differently: men, especially young and well-known to each other, can use along with the phrases “hello (those)”, “good afternoon”, “hello”, etc. the form “great ”, which is not typical for women. In the speech of a woman, the appeals “mother”, “dad”, “friend” are almost never found, but the words “baby” (to the child), “darling” are more often used. In general, linguistic differences between men and women are expressed primarily in the forms of greetings, farewells, thanks, apologies, etc.

Thus, the modern Russian literary language is understood as an ideal mental phenomenon that makes verbal information accessible, excludes dialect, swear words, slang and slang elements, and serves as a means of communication in the modern cultural space, both on the territory of the Russian Federation and in other countries.

Stylistics, based on the data of linguistic sciences, on the development trends of the modern Russian literary language and the features of the functioning of language units in different types speech, relying on the linguistic and stylistic norm, taking into account its dynamism and variability, implements the principle of expediency in the practice of working on the language and style of the work (in which it approaches the culture of speech).

Basic subject of style - language styles. Their evolution is considered in connection with the history of the literary language and the language of fiction, which determines the methods of constructing works of literature, genres of communication, expressive means of the language. It is possible to single out practical stylistics, teaching the stylistic norms of the native language, and theoretical, in the center of which is the problem of the speech act and the text as its result. In this way, style - this is a branch of the science of language that studies the styles of language, the patterns of functioning of the language in different areas use, features of the use of language means depending on the situation, content and goals of the statement, the scope and conditions of communication, as well as the expressive properties of the language. It introduces the stylistic system of the language at all its levels and the stylistic organization of correct (in compliance with the norms of the literary language), accurate, logical and expressive speech. Stylistics teaches the conscious and expedient use of the laws of language and the use of linguistic means in speech, in its various styles and genres.

The main content of stylistics is theory functional types language and speech, namely: the variety of forms and their implementation in the structure of the text; text-forming factors in the process of communication; expediency in the selection and combination of language means and the regularity of their use in various areas and situations of communication; synonymy (phonetic, lexical, morphological, syntactic); assessment of the figurative and expressive possibilities of various means of the language and their stylistic properties. Stylistics studies, as G.O. Vinokur, the use of that set of “linguistic habits and norms established in a given society, by virtue of which a certain selection is made from the available stock of language resources, which is not the same for different conditions of linguistic communication” .

In accordance with the language levels, stylistics is divided into phonetic (phono-stylistics), lexical, grammatical - morphological and syntactic (including the stylistics of the text and its units - a complex syntactic whole, period, etc.). Based linguistic stylistics as sciences about the purposeful use of language means, about the stylistic role of language units in typified forms of speech actions (functional styles of language and functional types of speech) and text style new concepts and terms of stylistics are introduced into use, as well as already known ones are rethought or clarified.

1) stylistic coloring, understood as expressive and functional properties, additional to the expression of the main, nominative, subject-logical or grammatical meaning, which limit the possibilities of using this unit by certain areas and conditions of communication and thus carry stylistic information;

2) stylistic meaning- additional features to their own lexical, subject or grammatical meaning, which are of a permanent nature, are reproduced under certain conditions and are included in the semantic structure of a language unit; stylistic meaning is inherent in units of speech in the process of their use, therefore it is realized in the context;

3) stylistic means- functional (in literary and colloquial, colloquial, colloquial, scientific, artistic and other styles of speech) and expressive (in high, neutral, reduced styles).

TO functional and stylistic means refer as book elements (words like for, to believe, to exaggerate, structures such as participial etc.), and colloquial (phrases like what is true is true). They have a scope limited to functional styles.

Expressive means are represented by emotional-evaluative elements (words like crybaby, scribbler). They, in addition to the nominative function (transfer of basic information), express the attitude of the speaker to what is being stated, that is, they contain additional information and have pictorial features.

The subject of special interest of stylistics is the definition of functional styles of the language, the identification of their specificity and speech system, classification, the establishment of interaction between styles while maintaining their integrity, the definition of stylistic norms, etc.

1.3. Functional style

The basic unit of the stylistic system is the functional style. functional styles - these are varieties of the language (in which its main functions are realized), historically established, socially conditioned, corresponding to certain areas human activity, characterized by a set of linguistic means (their high frequency, regularity), necessary and convenient for expressing a certain content in certain conditions and areas of communication. In essence, it is the functional style that is the organizing principle for the selection of language means that best reflect the social practice of a given collective, a given group of people.

The interaction of functional styles opens up great opportunities in the field of compositional-speech, stylistic creativity. The trend towards the emergence of new types of literature today is clearly manifested in a variety of genres. However, the linguistic consciousness of society in each period of its development needs a style that would represent the literary language in its entirety. This is all the more important, because some styles (mono- or narrowly thematic, for example, scientific) cover, although a wide, but rather homogeneous zone of reality. Others (the language of fiction, colloquial language) are universal in nature and can be called polythematic. The range of their thematic variation is practically unlimited.

In the modern language, there are two oppositely directed tendencies: the interpenetration of styles (their integration) and the formation of each of them into an independent holistic speech system (their differentiation).

We must not forget that the stylistic features of different languages ​​\u200b\u200bare of a nationally distinctive character (difference in volume, interconnection, place in the language system, etc.) Therefore, the study of the stylistic system is impossible without taking into account national identity given language.

Depending on the goals and objectives that are set in the process of communication, there is a selection of language means. At the same time, a functional approach is needed, assuming that the language tools used by the author must correspond to this functional style of speech.

The term "functional style" emphasizes that the varieties of the literary language are distinguished on the basis of the function (role) that is performed in each case. There are following functional styles:

1) colloquial,

2) book:

- scientific,

- technical,

- official business

- newspaper and journalistic.

3) the style of fiction, combining elements of all styles.

The styles of the literary language are most often compared on the basis of an analysis of their vocabulary, since it is in the vocabulary that the difference between them is most noticeable.

If we compare synonymous words: appearance - appearance, lack - deficiency, misfortune - misfortune, fun - entertainment, alteration - transformation, warrior - warrior, eyeball - ophthalmologist, liar - liar, huge - gigantic, squander - squander, cry - complain, it is easy to see that they differ from each other not in meaning, but in their stylistic coloring. The first words of each pair are used in colloquial and everyday, the second - in popular science, journalistic, official business speech.

The attachment of words to a certain style of speech is explained by the fact that the lexical meaning often, in addition to the subject-logical content, also includes emotional and stylistic coloring. Compare: mother, mother, mommy, mommy, ma; father, daddy, daddy, daddy, pa. The words in each row have the same meaning, but differ stylistically. In official business style, the words are predominantly used mother father, the rest - in colloquial-everyday.

colloquial vocabulary is opposed to the book, which includes the words of scientific, technical, newspaper and journalistic styles, usually presented in writing. Lexical meaning book words, their grammatical design and pronunciation are subject to the established norms of the literary language, deviation from which is unacceptable.

Scope of distribution book vocabulary is not the same. Along with words that are common to scientific, technical, newspaper-journalistic and official-business styles, there are also those that are assigned to any one style and constitute its specificity.

IN scientific style abstract, terminological vocabulary prevails: theory, problems, function, process, structure, mechanisms, methodology, content, principles, forms, methods, techniques. Its purpose is to give a precise and clear idea of ​​theoretical concepts. Words are used in a direct, standardized sense; figurative means of language, emotionality are absent, verbal nouns are frequent: switching off, application. Sentences are narrative in nature, mostly in direct word order. Technical style is often considered as a kind of scientific style. An example of technical terms are the words bimetal, centrifuge, stabilizer; medical - x-ray, tonsillitis, diabetes; linguistic - morpheme, affix, inflection and etc.

Characteristic features of the text written in journalistic style, are the relevance of the content, the sharpness and brightness of the presentation, the author's passion. The purpose of the text is to influence the mind and feelings of the reader, listener. A very diverse vocabulary is used: the terms of literature and art ( poet, work, image, poetry, artistic merit), general literary words ( mystery, personality, creation, reading). The journalistic style is characterized by abstract words with a socio-political meaning: humanity, progress, nationality, publicity, peace-loving. Many words have high-style coloration: to feel, clothe, foresee, admire. The means of speech expressiveness are actively used, for example, artistic definition ( a true poet, living forms, a clear image, a universal content, foresaw vaguely and indefinitely), inversion ( What should be done for this when studying his works?), detailed stylistic constructions predominate, interrogative and exclamatory sentences are used.

IN business style - official correspondence, government acts, speeches - vocabulary is used that reflects official business relations: plenum, session, decision, decree, resolution. A special group in the official business vocabulary is formed by clericalisms: hear(report), read out(solution), forward, incoming(room).

A feature of the official business style is a concise, compact presentation, economical use of language tools. clichés are used acknowledge with gratitude; inform you that…; in case of manifestation; we will inform you additionally), verbal nouns ( receiving, seeing, manifesting). The document is characterized by "dryness" of the presentation, the lack of expressive means, the use of words in their direct meaning.

Unlike colloquial vocabulary, which is characterized by concrete meaning, book vocabulary is predominantly abstract. The terms "book" and "colloquial vocabulary" are conditional, since they are not necessarily associated with the idea of ​​only one form of speech. Book words typical of written speech can also be used orally (scientific reports, public speaking, etc.), and colloquial words can be used in written form (in diaries, everyday correspondence, etc.).

The words of the colloquial style are distinguished by their great semantic capacity and colorfulness, they give the text liveliness and expressiveness. In everyday correspondence, for example, neutral vocabulary is mainly used, although there are also colloquial words ( dad, at least). Emotional coloring is created by words with evaluative suffixes ( dove, kids, week), verbs that convey the state of the author ( remembers, kisses, blesses), figurative means of the language, for example, comparisons ( in my head like a fog, like a dream and a nap), expressive address ( my dear friend, Anechka, dear doves). Syntax is characterized by the use of various types of sentences, free word order. There are extremely short phrases ( Very hard), there are even unfinished ones ( … that's what).

In everyday everyday dialogue, characteristic of oral speech, mostly colloquial vocabulary is used. It does not violate the generally accepted norms of literary speech, but it is characterized by a certain freedom. For example, expressions blotter, reading room, dryer instead of blotting paper, reading room, dryer, quite acceptable in colloquial speech, inappropriate for official business communication.

Colloquial vocabulary is adjacent to the colloquial vocabulary, which is outside the styles of the literary language. Colloquial words are usually used for the purpose of a reduced, rough description of phenomena and objects of reality. For example: lads, glutton, nonsense, junk, scum, throat, shabby, buzz and others. Jargonisms (jargon - from the French jargon) or argotisms (argo - from the French argot) is a non-literary version of the language: flyer- counterfeit, laces- parents, crisp pepper- good man. In official business communication, these words are unacceptable; in everyday colloquial speech, they should also be avoided.

In addition to designating the concept and stylistic coloring, the word is able to express feelings, as well as an assessment of various phenomena of reality. There are 2 groups emotional-expressive vocabulary: words with positive and negative evaluation. Compare: excellent, wonderful, superb, marvelous, marvelous, splendid, splendid(positive assessment) and nasty, nasty, impudent, obnoxious, impudent(negative score). Here are the words with a colloquial assessment that characterize a person: smart girl, hero, eagle, lion; fool, pygmy, donkey, cow, crow.

Depending on what kind of emotional-expressive assessment is expressed in a word, it is used in different styles. Emotionally expressive vocabulary is most fully represented in colloquial and everyday speech, which is distinguished by liveliness and accuracy of presentation. Expressively colored words are also characteristic for journalistic style, and in scientific, technical and official business they are, as a rule, inappropriate.

However, not all words are clearly distributed between different styles. So, in addition to the words that make up the specifics of colloquial speech in the entire volume of their meaning and are not found in other styles ( krokhobor, literalist, stun), there are also those that are colloquial in only one of figurative meanings. Yes, the word unscrewed(participle from the verb to unscrew) in the main sense is perceived as stylistically neutral, and in the sense of "lost the ability to restrain" - as colloquial.

The Russian language has a large group of words that are used in all styles without exception and are characteristic of both oral and written speech. They form a background against which stylistically colored vocabulary stands out. They are called stylistically neutral. Match the neutral words below with their stylistic synonyms related to colloquial and book vocabulary.

If speakers find it difficult to determine whether a given word can be used in a particular style of speech, they should turn to dictionaries and reference books. IN explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, marks are given indicating the stylistic characteristics of the word: “book.” - bookish, "colloquial." - colloquial, "officer." - official, "special." - special, "simple." - colloquial, etc. For example, in the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, an article is formatted as follows:

autocrat(bookish) - a person with unlimited supreme power, an autocrat;

prankster(colloquial) - naughty, prankster;

outgoing(official - cases) - a document, paper sent from an institution;

measure(special) - to measure something;

farce(simple) - rude, vulgar buffoonery.

The stylistic characteristics of words, phrases, forms and structures, as well as pronunciation options are given, for example, in the "Dictionary of the difficulties of the Russian language", in the reference book "Difficulties of the Russian language", in the reference dictionary "Difficulties in word usage and variants of the norms of the Russian literary language" and others publications.

Each specific act of speech activity requires very specific means of expression. Speakers must ensure that the words they use are homogeneous in their stylistic properties, so that there is no stylistic discord, and the use of stylistically colored words is justified by the purpose of the statement.

Book and colloquial words, correctly introduced into the fabric of the utterance, give speech a special flavor, increase its expressiveness, expressiveness. However, not everyone has a sufficient degree of linguistic flair, a sense of proportion in the use of stylistically colored vocabulary, which requires careful selection and an attentive attitude.

Unjustified confusion in the speech of different styles of vocabulary is unacceptable: colloquial, colloquial, bookish. In this case, the statement becomes discordant, loses its inner harmony. For example: “But Slavik was not surprised by this. After he left Krasnaya Polyana and went to study at a technical school, he generally ceased to be surprised at the miracles that took place around him. His consciousness and all the elements of perception of the world, as it were, found themselves in a different plane. The first two sentences are written in the style of fiction, and the last one is in the scientific style, which creates a variety of styles. Another example: “And when in the evening they warmed up the brew that had thickened during the day - as much as a spoon costs - the brew, the sky shone in the windows with clear tears of stars.” In this sentence, the poetic words shone, clear tears of stars do not harmonize with colloquial and colloquial already, a brew, a spoon.

The use of different styles of vocabulary, unmotivated use of colloquial and colloquial words is quite common. stylistic error, often found in school essays. For example: “To Andrei Bolkonsky, a man with progressive views, secular society is not related”; “Pavel Vlasov unites his friends even more”; "They worked hard on the farm."

Reviewers:

D. M. Gzgzyan, Ph.D. philol. Sciences, Head of the Department of Theological Disciplines and Liturgy, SFI

A. M. Kopirovsky, Ph.D. ped. Sciences, Professor SFI

Foreword

The textbook on the course "Russian language and culture of speech" is intended for students of humanitarian specialties and directions of higher educational institutions.

Goals and objectives

The study of the discipline "Russian language and culture of speech" is designed to help students improve the level of practical knowledge of the modern Russian literary language in various situations of communication. The course contributes to a better understanding of the structure of the Russian language and its main features, allows you to get a general idea of ​​the history of the Russian literary language, expand your scientific and cultural horizons.

Course objectives

TO FORM IN STUDENTS THE APPROPRIATE KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND SKILLS. IN PARTICULAR!

The ability to build and implement promising lines of intellectual, cultural and professional self-development and self-improvement;

Basic knowledge in the field of social sciences and humanities;

Readiness for written and oral communication in Russian;

The ability to formalize and introduce into scientific circulation the results of theological research;

The ability to use specialized knowledge of the fundamental sections of philology for the development of specialized theological disciplines.

AS A RESULT OF STUDYING THE DISCIPLINE, THE STUDENT SHOULD HAVE THE REPRESENTATION:

About the Russian language as a system;

On the basic concepts of the culture of speech;

On the stylistic system of the modern Russian literary language.

AS A RESULT OF STUDYING THE DISCIPLINE, THE STUDENT SHOULD KNOW:

Principles for the use of an extended range of language tools.

AS A RESULT OF STUDYING THE DISCIPLINE, THE STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

Create statements in oral and written form, choosing a genre, style and language means depending on the situation and goals of communication;

Apply knowledge of the history and theory of the Russian language to solve professional problems.

AS A RESULT OF STUDYING THE DISCIPLINE, THE STUDENT SHOULD OWN:

The norm of the Russian literary language;

Practical communication skills in various speech situations;

The skill of creating coherent, correctly constructed monologue texts in accordance with the communicative intentions of the speaker and the situation of communication;

Communication skills in dialogical and polylogical situations.

Thus, the purpose of this course is to contribute to the formation and education of a modern personality, who owns the system of norms of the modern Russian literary language. The course is aimed at increasing the level of communicative competence of students, improving their language abilities, allowing them to use all the richness of Russian language means in various communication situations.

The textbook contains theoretical material on go topics.

Of these, the first two are “Basic levels and units of the language. Modern Russian literary language. Language norm as a central category of speech culture” and “Basic concepts of stylistics. Functional Styles of the Modern Russian Literary Language” are devoted to such basic concepts of speech culture as “language norm”, “literary language” and “style”. Then the system of functional styles of the Russian literary language is studied: chapters 3–7 are devoted to literary and artistic, scientific, official and business, journalistic and colloquial styles. The focus is on scientific and artistic styles.

Chapter 8 deals with non-literary varieties of the Russian language (dialect, jargon, vernacular); acquaintance with them is intended to teach students to evaluate with scientific point vision and consciously use or reject linguistic phenomena. Chapter 9 is aimed at considering the lexical subsystem of the Russian literary language in its historical development.

The last chapter of the textbook is Actual problems linguistic culture of society. The current state of the Russian literary language and the main trends in its development. Language and Speech in the Spiritual Life of Man and in the Life of the Church” is devoted to the problems of linguistic culture.

In addition to theoretical material, the textbook contains practical tasks and exercises. Particular attention is paid to practical stylistics, philological analysis of the text and the creation of original texts in various genres and styles. The latter allows you to engage in both the improvement of literate writing skills and the development of creativity, "revitalization" of a person's relationship with the word.

The textbook is intended for use both in the classroom and for independent work. It includes "questions for reflection" that give the textbook an interactive character.

1. Familiarize yourself with the theoretical material, make the necessary extracts; pay attention to the basic concepts; answer the self-test questions (see Appendix i).

2. Answer the questions for reflection, using reference books if necessary.

3. Full-time learning - orally complete tasks and exercises; part-time and part-time education - it is recommended to complete assignments and exercises in writing.

4. Pay special attention to the performance of creative tasks. Write and edit your text, referring to a dictionary if necessary.

Supposed active use scientific and reference literature, as well as electronic resources from the list provided in the "Recommended literature" section.

Introduction

THE TERM "CULTURE OF SPEECH" HAS SEVERAL MEANINGS

1. In part, the "culture of speech" coincides with such concepts as "following the norm", "correctness", "literacy". This is knowledge of the norms of the literary language in its oral and written form and adherence to them, as well as the degree of possession of these norms (for example, a person’s speech can be cultural to a greater or lesser extent).

At the same time, the culture of speech is not reduced to the absence of errors.

Normativity of speech also includes such qualities as accuracy, clarity, purity. The criterion for the accuracy of speech is its correspondence to the thoughts of the speaker and writer, the correct selection of language means for adequate expression of the content of the statement. The criterion for the clarity of speech is its intelligibility and accessibility for those to whom it is addressed. The criterion for the purity of speech is the exclusion of non-literary elements (dialect words, colloquial vocabulary, professional jargon), the appropriateness of using certain means in it in specific situation speech communication, etc. Cultural speech is distinguished by the richness of the dictionary, the variety of grammatical structures, artistic expressiveness, and logical harmony. The correctness of speech is brought up in the process of learning the language. These qualities of speech suggest enough high level general human culture, a developed culture of thinking, a conscious love for language. An indicator of speech culture is the possession of a literary language, in which the cultural traditions of the people are consolidated and accumulated.

Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia: In 2 volumes / Ed. V. G. Panova. T. 1. M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1993. S. 487

2. The culture of speech is the possession of the whole variety of language means, the ability to select them depending on the situation of communication. This aspect of speech culture is associated with the development of the practical style of the literary language, as well as the ability to navigate non-literary varieties of the language (dialect, jargon, vernacular).

3. The concept of "culture of speech" is associated with the desire for the most effective use of the language and is synonymous with what is called "communicative excellence". The culture of speech is understood as a system of communicative properties and qualities of speech that speak of its most appropriate use.

4. The culture of speech is understood as speech skill. Language and speech are the most important manifestations of creativity. Possession of the word is one of the ways in which human freedom and responsibility are manifested. We can say that the culture of speech is an active love for the language.

5. A branch of linguistics that studies speech in its communicative perfection. “A positive program of language policy and improvement of the culture of speech can only be built on the basis of scientific understanding of the language as a continuously developing phenomenon” (Russian Humanitarian encyclopedic Dictionary. T. 2).

The study of theoretical material is necessary and important, but not the main task of the speech culture course. The main thing is to learn the practical application of knowledge about the language, to make its use more free and conscious, whether it be reading, writing scientific works or private letters, presentation or informal conversation. M. L. Gasparov in the book “Notes and Extracts” writes about such a close culture of speech discipline as rhetoric: “In vain they think that this is the ability to say what you don’t really think. This is the ability to say exactly what you think, but in such a way that they are not surprised and indignant ”(Gasparov M. L. Notes and extracts. M .: New literary review, 2001. P. 54). Improving this skill is especially important for students studying the humanities. In this case, the word is the main "working tool" that you need to learn to use consciously and creatively.

Chapter 1
Basic concepts of speech culture

Literature

1. Bozhenkova = Bozhenkova R.K., Bozhenkova N.A. Russian language and speech culture: a textbook for university students. M.: Verbum-M, 2004. 560 p.

2. Reformed = Reformatsky A. A. Introduction to linguistics. M.: Aspect Press, 1996. 536 p.

3. Owl = Russian language: encyclopedia / Ch. ed. F. P. Filin.

M.: Sov. Encycl., 1979– 432 p. (any edition).

The Russian language and culture of speech is one of the modern linguistic disciplines that studies the speech activity of society, establishes the language norm and monitors its observance.

For reflection

Whose speech do you perceive as a model that you want to focus on? It can be the speech of a person or a group of people (for example, television announcers), or the language of literature of a certain era ... Try using your examples of “ideal” or “almost ideal” speech to determine which properties of speech are especially valuable to you.

Basic levels and units of the language

What is language? How is it arranged?

Here is one of the well-known definitions of language: "language is the most important means of human communication." what else can we say about language?

Language does not belong to natural phenomena, although such an understanding of language was popular in the 19th century. According to the naturalistic concept, language lives and evolves like biological objects. Indeed, language tends to change. These changes may be due to external factors, but they can also represent internal processes, some of which are explainable, and some are not.

Only humans have language. In modern linguistics, it is understood as a special social phenomenon.

“Since language, being an instrument of communication, is at the same time a means of exchanging thoughts, the question naturally arises about the relationship between language and thinking. There are two opposing and equally wrong tendencies regarding this question:

1. separation of language from thinking

2. identification of language and thinking " [Reformatsky, 24];

“Thoughts are born on the basis of language and are fixed in it.

However, this does not mean at all that language and thought are identical.<…>Language and thinking form a unity, since without thinking there can be no language and thinking without language is impossible. Language and thinking arose historically simultaneously in the process of human labor development. [Ibid.].

That is, even if language and thinking arose and not quite “in the process of labor development”, language is a means of communication between a person and himself.

In linguistics, language is defined as a sign system. For example, there is such a definition: “Language is a system of discrete (articulate) sound signs that spontaneously arose in human society and is developing, serving for the purposes of communication and capable of expressing the totality of a person’s knowledge and ideas about the world” [Owl, 410].

To determine what elements are included in the structure of the language, A. A. Reformatsky gives the following example.

Two Romans argued who would say (or write) the shorter phrase; one said (wrote):

Eo rus - "I'm going to the village", and the other replied: I - Go.<… >

I. [i] is the sound of speech, i.e., a sound material sign accessible to perception by the ear, or i is a letter, i.e., a graphic material sign accessible to perception by the eye;

2. i is the root of the word, a morpheme, that is, an element that expresses some concept;

3. i is a word (a verb in the imperative mood in singular), naming a certain phenomenon of reality;

4. I is a sentence, that is, an element that contains a message.

The "small" i, it turns out, contains everything that makes up a language in general:

1. sounds - phonetics (or letters - graphics);

2. morphemes (roots, suffixes, endings) - morphology;

3. words - vocabulary;

4. sentences - syntax.

There is nothing else in the language and cannot be [ Reformatsky, 35].

Thus, each level of the language (phonetics, morphology, vocabulary, syntax) has its own basic unit (sound, morpheme, word, sentence). The word is the basic unit of language.

Each level of the language corresponds to a section of the science of language with the same name (phonetics - morphology - vocabulary - syntax).

Spelling and punctuation are neither levels of language nor branches of the science of language. These are two sets of rules, one of which is devoted to the spelling of words, the other to punctuation.

Modern Russian literary language

Language is a system of signs that really exists only in speech activity.

Speech is the use of language units in a given situation of communication.

Speech is the concrete use of language (language acts as the "material" that is used to create "speech").

Not all linguists share the point of view, according to which the concepts of "language" and "speech" are distinguished. In many philological works these words are used as synonyms.

For reflection

Where did language come from? This is a mystery, since no data on the "primitive language" has been preserved. Since ancient times, scientists have been interested in this issue and created hypotheses that can be found in any textbook on linguistics (for example, Reformatsky A. A. "Introduction to Linguistics"). As a source of the emergence of language, they pointed to the sounds of nature, imitating which a person spoke, and to the work that made a man out of a monkey, who spoke in this process ...

What does Scripture say about the origin of language?

“And the Lord God said, It is not good for the man to be alone; Let us make him a helper suitable for him.

The Lord God formed from the earth all the animals of the field and all the birds of the air, and brought them to man to see what he would call them, and that whatever he called every living soul, that was its name.

And the man gave names to all the cattle, and to the birds of the air, and to all the beasts of the field; but for man there was not found a helper like him” (Genesis 2:19-20).

Let's pay attention: language is connected with communication and knowledge; the tongue is a gift from the Lord; Language is the realm of human creativity.

Language norm as a central category of speech culture

Russian language (national Russian language) is the language spoken by the Russian people.

The unity of the language, along with territorial and economic unity, determines the preservation of the nation, its very existence.

The highest form of the national language -literary language, which obeys the norms, rules established in society (as opposed to vernacular), and these norms are “fixed” in dictionaries and grammar; it is taught in schools. The norm changes, but extremely slowly, which allows creating and maintaining cultural continuity between generations. The literary language serves the most diverse spheres of human activity (unlike jargon, the use of which always has age, social or professional restrictions). The literary language is internally differentiated, has varieties of use used in various situations of communication (functional styles). Its use is not limited to any particular topic. Unlike dialects, the literary language does not serve any one area of ​​the country; it is overdialectic. The literary language is characterized by high social prestige, which is recognized by all members of society, regardless of their own level of knowledge of the literary language.

For reflection

What is literary language? Give a descriptive definition, listing its characteristic features.

Please note that the literary language and the language of fiction are not the same thing. In a work of art, the author can use not only the literary language, but also refer to those varieties of the language that are outside its literary form (dialects, jargon, vernacular). The literary language is not a special means of creating literary works, it is spoken and written not only when they are engaged in creativity, but in various situations of communication.

The Russian literary language took shape in the 16th–17th centuries. in connection with the formation of the Moscow state and was normalized in the XVIII century. It is based on the Moscow dialect. Significantly influenced the formation of the Russian literary language Old Slavonic (later - Church Slavonic) language.

For reflection

What does "has been normalized" mean?

What do you know about the first dictionaries and grammars of the Russian language? Refer to reference literature.

Any nation has its own literary norm of the language, stable and obligatory for those who speak this language. In modern Russian there are:

spelling,

Punctuation,

Orthoepic (phonetic),

Lexico-phraseological,

Morphological (word formation and inflection),

syntactic,

Stylistic norms.

The spelling norm is violated if the word is spelled incorrectly, for example, "living room" instead of "living room". Violation of the punctuation norm is associated with incorrect punctuation marks (for example, in the sentence “Hello Ivan Ivanovich!” a punctuation error - there is no comma when addressing), the orthoepic (phonetic) norm is the norm of pronunciation of words, including stress. If we don’t know which is correct - “other? Che” or “and? different”, “cottage cheese” or “cottage cheese”, we must refer to the orthoepic dictionary.

The lexico-phraseological norm is associated with the meaning of words (the use of a word or phraseological unit must correspond to the meaning). For example, "sufficient" means "to be sufficient" (cf. "enough" in "enough"). At the same time, the incorrect use of this word as a synonym for “influence, impact”, “pressure” is very common, for example, “Circumstances weigh on him” - this is a typical case of violation of the lexical norm.

The morphological norm regulates the formation of grammatical forms. For example, “My birthday is coming soon!” is not correct; right - my (m. R.) day (of what?) Birth, genitive case.

The syntactic norm is the norm for constructing phrases and sentences. It is violated, in particular, when the word order is violated (for example: "We often read very classical literature").

The stylistic norm is the correspondence of the stylistic coloring of the speech situation. For example, the style of the phrase “Dear Lucy! Considering your achievements, congratulations on your name day!” does not correspond to the situation of informal communication, the stylistic norm is violated here.

Properties of cultural speech

There are two forms of the Russian literary language: oral and written. They have various means expressions, which is especially important to know when preparing oral statements: what is perfectly perceived when reading may be poorly perceived by ear.

Features of oral speech:

1. Oral speech is designed for the perception of listeners, therefore, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the audience, real or intended, as well as the reaction of the listener or interlocutor.

2. Oral speech is emotional, improvisation is acceptable and often desirable in it.

3. The speaker can use intonation, tone and timbre of the voice and non-verbal means of communication (facial expressions, gesture).

4. Oral speech should be easily accessible for perception, therefore, it is characterized by the simplicity of vocabulary and syntax, repetitions are acceptable.

A feature of oral speech: it is impossible to simply read an oral message “on a piece of paper”. When preparing for such a statement, it makes sense not to write the text verbatim, but to draw up a plan, prepare abstracts, write out the necessary quotes so that you can “peep” while freely communicating with the audience.

Turning to written speech, we must accurately express in words what we want to say. We have the opportunity to think over and, perhaps, change what is written several times. You can more actively use book vocabulary and complex syntactic constructions (expanded, “long” sentences). The writer must take into account that the reader will not hear his intonation and tone, will not see facial expressions. Emotions will have to be expressed only with the help of words.

For reflection

In modern private (unofficial) correspondence, “emoticons” are used - schematic representations of facial expressions using punctuation marks and other graphic signs. For those who use them, it is useful to conduct an experiment: try for a while to completely dispense with "emoticons". Observe: did you manage to replace them with words? Was it difficult? Did the recipients notice?

Both oral and written speech are subject to general requirements. D. E. Rosenthal notes such properties of cultural speech as national identity, semantic accuracy, richness and versatility of the dictionary, grammatical correctness, logical harmony, artistic ingenuity and emotionality.

MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY OF COMMUNICATIONS (MIIT)

Department of the Russian language

M.B. Serpikov

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE OF SPEECH

Tutorial

for students of all specialties of the university

MOSCOW - 2008

MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY OF COMMUNICATIONS (MIIT)

Department of the Russian language

M.B. Serpikov

for students of all specialties

MOSCOW - 2008

Serpikova M.B. Russian language and culture of speech. Textbook for students of all specialties of the university. - M.: MIIT, 2008. - 216 p.

This textbook has been compiled taking into account the requirements of the State Educational Standard for the training of non-humanitarian specialists and contains the necessary theoretical and regulatory information regarding difficult cases of pronunciation, word usage, the use of grammatical forms of the modern literary language in situations of written and oral communication; introduces the requirements for the language of business papers and the rules for the design of a written scientific text, as well as the main aspects of oratory, the culture of oral public speech and business etiquette.

Reviewers:

Mikhailova S.Yu., candidate of pedagogical sciences, leading editor of the Russian language editorial office of OJSC “Publishing House “Prosveshchenie”,

Uvarov I.V., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Lecturer of the Department I - 003 "Theory and Practice of Second Foreign Languages" of the Institute of Foreign Languages ​​of the Moscow Aviation Institute.

© Moscow State University of Communications (MIIT), 2008

FOREWORD

Possession of a culture of speech is an important condition for the professional success of a modern specialist, it significantly increases the rating of a business person and makes him competitive in the labor market.

The proposed textbook has been compiled taking into account the requirements of the State Educational Standard for Higher vocational education of the Russian Federation (M., 2000) to the discipline "Russian language and culture of speech" and is intended for students of all specialties of the university, because knowledge of the norms of the Russian language and understanding of the principles of verbal communication, the ability to draw up business papers and conduct a conversation are the main requirements of modern professional training.

The textbook on the discipline "Russian language and culture of speech" includes nine topics that provide the necessary theoretical information about the language and its norms, about the lexical system of the modern Russian literary language; the difference between the concepts of language and speech is revealed, the specificity of speech in interpersonal and public relations in both oral and written forms; the features of the functional subsystems of the modern literary language are analyzed. A significant place in the textbook is occupied by material related to the culture of speech communication and, in particular, to professional communication in the business sphere; the role of non-verbal means of communication in the conditions of business communication. In addition, the manual discusses the main features of the scientific style of speech in its oral and written varieties, the structural organization of the scientific text and the rules

speech behavior in the situation of oral scientific communication. The textbook also introduces the basics of oratory, some features of oral public speech, a variation of which is oratory, and the rules of speech etiquette.

This textbook has a practical orientation: special attention is paid to orthoepic, lexical and grammatical norms and their variants; analyzes typical errors associated with the violation of these norms in different situations of communication; guidelines are given when choosing one or another language means necessary both for compiling various kinds of documents and for writing educational and scientific works.

The theoretical knowledge gained by students should be consolidated in practical classes provided for by the curriculum. In addition, after studying each topic, students are offered questions and tasks focused both on checking the assimilation of theoretical information and practical use acquired knowledge.

The order of passage and the volume of the studied material presented in this work can be changed at the discretion of the teacher, taking into account the actual study time, the future specialty of students and their interest in a particular section of the course. Some questions can be offered to students for self-study, and questions and tasks for each topic can be used for self-control.

Theme one.

Modern Russian literary language and culture of speech

Issues for discussion

1. Basic concepts of the course: LANGUAGE, MODERN LANGUAGE, LITERARY LANGUAGE, SPEECH CULTURE, SPEECH ETIQUETTE.

2. National language and its varieties.

3. Functional varieties of the modern Russian literary language.

4. Features of oral and written speech.

5. Language norm and culture of speech.

1. Basic concepts of the course:

LANGUAGE, MODERN LANGUAGE, LITERARY LANGUAGE, SPEECH CULTURE, SPEECH ETIQUETTE

LANGUAGE is a system of signs and ways of connecting them, it serves as a tool for expressing thoughts, feelings and will, and is the most important means of human communication. In addition, it is also a means of cognition, which allows you to accumulate knowledge and transfer it from person to person, from generation to generation.

With the help of language, we learn the world, determine our place in it. People, receiving and processing information about objects or phenomena, operate with the help of language no longer with them, but with their signs, designations of concepts. There are artificial signs, created in accordance with the needs of practice (traffic signs, for example). They can be replaced if necessary, improved. But natural language, constantly

spinning like a living organism, it changes under the influence of science, everyday life, and technological progress.

Without language, human communication is impossible, and without communication there can be no society, a full-fledged personality cannot be formed. Everyone knows cases when children, finding themselves in the position of Mowgli, grew up outside of human society, without verbal communication. Returning to people, they did not know how to speak, move correctly, behave in the company of other people, and with difficulty learned the simplest skills. Without language, there can be no thinking; a person's awareness of himself as a person, and the development of reality.

Language helps to store and convey information. In written monuments, oral folk art, the life of a people, nation, the history of native speakers is recorded. This is the accumulative function of language. In addition, the language performs an emotional function (expresses feelings and emotions) and voluntarily (the function of influence).

In this way, basic language functions- cognitive (cognitive), communicative(communication), accumulative, voluntarily and emotional.

The term MODERN LANGUAGE is usually used in two meanings: 1) modern language is the language from Pushkin to the present day; 2) modern - the language of living generations, which has developed as a system by the middle of the twentieth century and functions to this day.

Since more than 150 years have passed from the era of Pushkin to the present day, and the language has changed during this time (this applies to both pronunciation and grammar rules; the meaning of some words has changed), we will understand the term MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE as a language that has developed as a system by the middle of the twentieth century and exists today.

LITERARY LANGUAGE is the main means of communication (communication) between people of the same nationality, the main properties of which are processing and normalization.

The processing of the literary language arises as a result of the purposeful selection of all the best that is in the common, or national, language. This selection is carried out in the process of using the language by masters of the word (writers, poets, actors), public figures, and also as a result of special studies of philologists.

normalization literary language is manifested in the fact that the use of its linguistic means is regulated by a single universally binding norm.

Ordering, bringing into unity, into a system, into a coherent, consistent set of linguistic phenomena is called codification, and the means of codification are dictionaries, language guides, textbooks, scientific linguistic studies that set the norm, as well as an example of people who are fluent in Russian, and the best examples artistic, scientific, journalistic works. It is codification that is the main task of SPEECH CULTURE, which is understood as “possession of the norms of oral and written literary language (rules of pronunciation, stress, word usage, grammar, style), as well as the ability to use the expressive means of the language in various communication conditions in accordance with the goals and content of speech. ".

So, the literary language is a consciously codified language, the highest form of the national language,

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 1990. -

used in science, printing, education, public institutions, on radio and television. It serves a wide variety of areas human life and activity and plays a leading role among other varieties of the national language (they will be discussed below), since it includes the best ways to designate concepts and objects, express thoughts and emotions.

The normative aspect of speech culture is one of the most important, but not the only one. Another important aspect of speech culture is ethical. Each society has its own moral norms of behavior, which also relate to various situations of communication and are defined as speech etiquette within the framework of speech culture.

ETIQUETTE is a set of good manners rules adopted in a given society and establishing norms for the behavior and communication of people in certain situations. Communication rules are nationally specific and can vary significantly in different countries.

Etiquette is a special language of communication that makes it possible, while maintaining the sovereignty of each individual, to achieve mutual understanding and mutual respect and, ultimately, success in communication.

Etiquette norms are a historical category, i.e. changing over time. In addition, as already noted, they depend on the national mentality. Each nation has its own ideas about the norms of behavior in everyday life, in professional activities, in the field of trade, diplomacy, politics, and economics.

Everyday etiquette is based on the qualities accepted all over the world: politeness, tact, naturalness, dignity. All these qualities are expressed through specific speech actions, rules of speech behavior, i.e. through SPEECH ETIQUETTE - a system of

reotype, stable formulas of communication, reflecting the moral state of society, national and cultural traditions.

Etiquette of oral speech is a manifestation of respect for the interlocutor; courtesy appropriate to the situation; non-imposition of one's own judgments and assessments.

The etiquette of writing is based on general principles speech etiquette, but at the same time takes into account the following rules:

- the form of address must strictly correspond to the situation of communication;

- the text must comply with the norms of the genre, and the business letter must comply with the standard;

- The tone of the presentation must be respectful and correct.

Speech etiquette, therefore, considers for various situations of communication the possibility or impossibility of referring to you and to you; prescribes the choice of a full or abbreviated name, calls like

citizen, comrade, sir, master etc., as well as the choice of ways of greeting, farewell, refusal, consent, gratitude, etc. Choice speech formulas depends on gender, age, social status, nationality of the addressee or interlocutor. For example, the Chinese, when addressing, put the surname in the first place, and in Western practice, on the contrary, the surname is often put in the second place. There are no established forms of address in Russia now. Therefore, when addressing, they usually say: “Sorry”, “For-

please”, “Be so kind”, etc.

In more detail, issues related to the ethics of speech communication and etiquette formulas of speech will be discussed in the topic of the ninth present. benefits.

Series "Textbooks for technical universities"

A.A. Dantsev, N.V. Nefyodova

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND SPEECH CULTURE FOR TECHNICAL UNIVERSITIES

and university specialties

Rostov-on-Don "Phoenix"

BBK A5ya 72-1 D 19

Reviewers:

Candidate of Philology, Sciences, Professor, M.V. Bulanova-Toporkova

candidate of philology, sciences, professor A.S. Kutkova

Dantsev D.D., Nefedova N.V.

D19 Russian language and culture of speech for technical universities. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2002. - 320 s (series "Textbooks for technical universities").

ISBN 5-222-01787-7

The textbook has been prepared taking into account the requirements of the State Educational Standard. It discusses the features of improving the spelling, punctuation and speech skills of writing, provides algorithms for spelling with a word and syntactic work with a sentence. The characteristic of the language as a sign system of information transfer is given.

The functions, basic units and types of communication, its methods are considered. Particular attention is paid to the quality of speech, compliance with language norms, the main functional styles of the modern Russian literary language are described. The elements of classical rhetoric are outlined, the specifics of the formation of skills in creating a scientific and technical text are analyzed.

For technical directions and specialties of universities.

ISBN 5-222-01787-7

BBK A5ya 72-1

© Conception and development of the series: Baranchikova E.V., 2002

© Dantsev A.A., Nefedova N.V., 2002

© Decoration for "Phoenix", 2002

FOREWORD

Russian language! For thousands of years the people have been creating this flexible, inexhaustibly rich, intelligent, poetic and labor tool of their social life, your thoughts, your feelings, your hopes, your anger, your great future.

AL. Tolstoy

We have been given possession of the richest, most accurate, powerful and truly magical Russian language.

CT. Paustovsky

In our country, it has historically developed so that for a long time the study of the Russian language was limited for a significant part of the younger generation by the high school. In higher educational institutions of a non-philological profile, it simply was not carried out. Today, this kind of educational orientation has clearly demonstrated its inferiority. It became obvious that the training of highly qualified specialists without thorough training in their Russian language is unproductive. An engineer with the necessary technical knowledge, but having a meager vocabulary, unable to choose the appropriate words for a clear transmission of thoughts and having difficulty correctly presenting the information received, no doubt, loses in front of colleagues who have received serious language training.

It is no secret that the level of speech culture has sharply decreased among the modern domestic intelligentsia. Thus, her generally recognized right in the past - to be the guardian of the purity and correctness of her native language - is called into question. In other social strata of Russian society, the situation is even worse. This is a kind of distress signal that has not yet erupted. And if we continue to treat the Russian language in the way it became "fashionable" at the very end of the 20th century - intensively flood it with vulgarisms, try to legitimize the use of profanity, use borrowings indiscriminately, regularly demonstrate stylistic negligence in the media, then we run the risk of witnessing the tragedy of the loss of a national face by the Russian people.

Thinking about this, you involuntarily recall what the great Ivan Sergeevich Tur-

Genev: “Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language - this is a treasure, this is a property passed on to us by our predecessors! Treat this mighty weapon with respect." In the words of the writer and call, and recognition, and warning. They contain a covenant that we and our descendants will fulfill.

One of the manifestations of the general difficult situation in the sphere of speech culture of the Russian society is also the language illiteracy of graduates of technical universities. Often they are forced to carry out their professional activities without having a clear understanding of the specifics of communication as a special type of interaction between people, its ethical standards, and the features of communication. competent speech, the style of the modern Russian language, the rules for creating the original text. Only at first glance it may seem that all this can be dispensed with. In fact, even a cursory acquaintance with professional activity graduates of technical universities are convinced that low language training is a serious obstacle to the performance of their duties, and in the conditions of the formation of a market economy, this circumstance, no doubt, becomes a factor that negatively affects the competitiveness of engineering specialists. Thus, making adjustments to the educational orientation of higher education is fully justified, and the inclusion of the course "Russian Language and the Culture of Speech" in the training programs for non-philological specialists meets the urgent needs of the times.

This textbook is intended for students of technical universities and takes into account the relevant specifics. It is designed in accordance with the requirements of the new State standard to the discipline "Russian language and culture of speech". Special sections are devoted to business communication in the scientific and engineering environment, the peculiarities of the style of technical literature, the formation of skills in creating scientific and technical text. The textbook also contains a dictionary of scientific and technical terms, a dictionary of the most commonly used linguistic terms.

The authors of this textbook set themselves the task of helping students who have language training at the level of secondary school programs improve their spelling and punctuation skills, acquire fundamental knowledge of the Russian language and the specifics of speech culture, get acquainted with the basics of the theory of eloquence, manifestations of verbal and non-verbal business communication.

No less important is the task of giving students the opportunity to comprehend their attitude to the Russian language, to this spiritual treasury, which they will have to master all their lives. By cultivating in ourselves a respectful, reverent and careful attitude to our native language, each of us contributes to the preservation of the Russian nation, acquires the feeling of a zealous owner of countless spiritual riches.

Chapter 1. IMPROVING SPELLING, PUNCT.

AND SPEECH SKILLS

1.1. Working with spelling

Written literacy is manifested in spelling (at the word level) and punctuation (at the sentence level).

Spelling (from Greek orthos - straight, correct, grapho

I write) - a system of rules for writing words, scientifically substantiated and approved by the state. The purpose of spelling is the exact transmission of the content of speech, the expression of certain thoughts. Thanks to orthography, people who speak the same language, but belong to different nationalities or dialect groups, have the opportunity to use the same, uniform writing rules. Their observance saves time and, when mastering a written text, contributes to an increase in the language culture of a person. Orthographic systems of languages ​​can be based on sound (phonetic), morphological or historical (traditional) principles. In the first case, the pronunciation of words and their forms is reflected on the letter, the sounds of speech are recorded letter by letter (Serbo-Croatian, partly Belarusian). If the rules for the use of letters are associated not with a single sound, but with a morpheme (root, prefix, suffix, ending), then we are dealing with the morphological principle of spelling (Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Polish, Czech languages). When the basis of spelling is the principle of preserving the appearance of the whole word in writing and at the same time its modern pronunciation is not lost, one speaks of historical (traditional) writing. The classic example of the latter type is English spelling - today the English write as they spoke in the XIV century.

Russian spelling is based on the morphological principle - the same spelling of morphemes, regardless of pronunciation. For example, the root house in all related words is denoted by these three letters, although in the words “house * [house], “home” [lady's], “household * [dm] mastery, the sound “o” is pronounced differently. Spelling of modern Russian

The Russian language includes the rules for the transmission of sounds by letters, continuous, separate and semi-fused (hyphenated) spelling of words and their parts, the use of uppercase and lowercase letters, the transfer of words from one line to another and the graphic abbreviation of words1.

Punctuation (lat. punctum - dot) - a collection of rules for punctuation marks, punctuation marks in the text2. In the history of Russian punctuation, the question of its foundations and purpose was resolved within the framework of three directions. Logical (semantic) is represented by the works of F.I. Buslaeva, S.I. Abakumova, A.B. Shapiro. Thus, the last of the linguists finds that “the main role of punctuation is the designation of those semantic relationships and outflows that, being important for understanding a written text, cannot be expressed by lexical and syntactic means”3. The syntactic direction has become widespread in the practice of teaching the Russian language at school. One of its largest representatives Ya.K. Grot believed that by means of punctuation marks "an indication of a greater or lesser connection between sentences, and partly between members of sentences"* is given. Supporters of the intonation theory (L.B. Shcherba, A.M. Peshkovsky, L.A. Bulakhovsky) believe that punctuation marks are intended "to indicate the rhythm and melody of a phrase."

Despite the significant divergence of views of representatives of different directions, the common thing is their recognition of the communicative function of punctuation, which is an important means of formalizing written speech. The level of spelling and punctuation preparation of applicants for technical universities is low. Many years of knowledge accumulated in the course of work at the preparatory department for university applicants show that applicants who have a grade of “4” (good) in the Russian language in their certificate of secondary education make mistakes in the following types of spelling and punctograms: unstressed and alternating vowels at the root of the word, prefixes PRE- and PRI-, O and Yo after hissing in all parts of the word,

b after hissing in all parts of speech, unstressed personal windows-

1 Rozeptal D, E., Telenkova ML. Dictionary-reference linguistic terms. - M, 1976. S. 250.

2 Ibid. p.350

3 Rozentpal D.E., Golub I.B.. Tglenkova ML.Modern Russian language. - M "2000. S. 428.

* There. S. 429.

verbs, spelling of suffixes of nouns, adjectives, verbs and participles, NOT with parts of speech, spelling of adverbs, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, complex sentence, isolation of definitions and circumstances, introductory words and constructions, direct and indirect speech. Anyone who does not have practical skills in applying the relevant rules and makes such mistakes cannot consider himself a literate person. Let us consider some of the reasons for the current situation, which seem to us the most important. Practice shows that grammar (Greek gramma - a written sign) is not assimilated well, not because it is complex - many rules are quite simple and do not even contain exceptions. The first reason, it seems to us, is the lack of interest in working with the word and the sentence. When the correct spelling of a word is required, it is most often perceived as a set of sounds and letters in which students do not see the grammatical meaning. Meanwhile, the word is a living organism. It is born, develops (changes its meaning and scope of use), can become obsolete and even die. The birth, development, life of native speech words should be as interesting to native speakers as the life history of their relatives and friends.

The second reason for speech illiteracy is a misunderstanding of the relationship and interdependence of language elements. If you don’t know how to isolate a part of a word and determine which part of speech it belongs to, you won’t be able to write it correctly. You do not know what parts of speech can be expressed in the main and minor members sentences, - it will not be possible to put punctuation marks correctly. As a third reason, we dare to name the increasingly complex school programs for the Russian language course and the lack of uniformity of textbooks. When a ten-year-old student in an exercise is asked to “characterize a sentence in terms of the presence or absence of secondary members in it”, then not everyone will be able to cope with the task, since, of course, they will “stumble” on the verb “to characterize” and the expression “from the point of view of the presence or absence." The desire of the authors to be "scientific" leads to a misunderstanding of the educational material by children, and where there is misunderstanding, there is no interest. No wonder great thinker In ancient times, Aristotle emphasized: “What is written must be legible and pronounceable, which is one and the same.” This testament is still relevant today.

It is unacceptable when Russian people know their native language superficially. After all, he is exceptionally rich in expressive

means, many semantic shades of words, their many-sided life. About the Russian language N.V. Gogol wrote with admiration: “You marvel at the treasures of our language: every sound is a gift; everything is grainy, large, like pearls themselves, and, really, a different name is even more precious than the thing itself.

No less remarkable reflections on the Russian language were left by M.V. Lomonosov, who claimed: “Charles the Fifth, the Roman emperor, used to say that it was decent to speak Spanish with God, French with friends, German with the enemy, Italian with the female sex. But if he were skilled in the Russian language, then, of course, he would add to that that it was decent for them to speak with all of them, for he would find in it the splendor of Spanish, the liveliness of French, the strength of German, the tenderness of Italian, moreover, richness and strength in images brevity of Greek and Latin.

The study of the Russian language is especially important for representatives of technical specialties, because the language is one of the most important elements humanitarian culture. Comprehending the life of the words of the native language, the engineer overcomes the tendentiousness of the technical orientation in thinking, gets the opportunity to express himself deeper and more fully, and better understands the ideas of other people.

Many words live, changing their appearance in various forms. These are inflected parts of speech. Others are stable and unchanging, such as adverbs. The word, like any organism, has the most important (root) and simply important parts - morphemes, and they must be handled with care, for example, do not tear the letter from the root when transferring. Each of the words has a special meaning. A noun denotes an object, an adjective denotes its sign, with the help of a verb we express the action of an object, a number or order in counting denotes a numeral, a sign in action is a participle, additional action- gerund, sign of action - adverb. Indicates one of these meanings of a pronoun. And it is important to know this both for working with a word and for working with a sentence.

A sentence is born from words, and this is also a living organism. In the grammatical basis of a Russian sentence, most often we see a doer (subject) and an action (predicate) that is committed by this doer. Secondary members of the sentence are grouped around them. The agent may be implied (definitely personal and indefinitely personal sentences), it may not be (impersonal sentences).

One way or another, but highlighting the grammatical basis of a sentence is a key point in the correct placement of punctuation marks. In real practice, it is the inability to single out the grammatical basis that leads to numerous punctuation errors.

The interdependence of language knowledge, the assimilation of material by students in the complex, in our opinion, is a difficult problem, primarily in connection with their age characteristics at the time of assimilation of one or another element of knowledge. The rule in such a situation is memorized mechanically and "does not work" in practice, it exists by itself, and a difficult word or sentence - by itself.

To overcome the gap between knowledge of the rule and its productive use, it is necessary to apply the algorithm of the rule, a certain system of actions. The term "algorithm" came to Russian from Latin: it is the Latin form of the name of the Central Asian mathematician al-Khwarizmi - "Algorithmi", meaning "system of operations". Applying the rule algorithm means restoring the chain "spelling (jaunctogram) - learned rule - the way it is applied - productively used knowledge". School practice aims at mastering the second and fourth links, not paying due attention to the first (high school graduates for the most part cannot answer the question “What is a spelling, punctogram?”) and the third - the way the rule is applied. Let's find out what is the essence of such an algorithm when it comes to spelling? How to work with a word in which it is? First, let's remember what a spelling is.

Orthogram (from Greek orthos + gramma - correct + written sign, line, line) - a letter whose spelling is determined by one or another rule1. There are orthograms in all words of the language, except for monosyllabic pronouns in the nominative case (I, you, you, he), monosyllabic and monosyllabic conjunctions (and, but, yes), prepositions (in, to, for) and interjections (ah, oh, Oh). An orthogram can be a letter denoting a vowel sound, a consonant sound and not denoting a sound (b and b), continuous, separate and hyphenation words, uppercase and lowercase letter, transfer of a letter from one line to another in a shared word.

So, we start working with the word with the definition of orthograms denoting vowel sounds. In Russian, the vowels are mo-

1 Rozentpal D.E., Telenkova ML. Dictionary-reference linguistic terms. S. 249.

Culture of Russian speech. Textbook for high schools. Ed. prof. L. K. Graudina and prof. E. N. Shiryaeva

Introductory Chapter 1
§one. Brief information from history 2
§2. Modern theoretical concept of speech culture 12
§3. The main features of the culture of speech as a linguistic discipline 25
Literature 45

Chapter II. Culture of oratory 98
§ 10. Kinds and types of oratory 98
§ 11. Oratory and functional styles of the literary language 106
§ 12. Functional-semantic types of speech 114
§ 13. The structure of oratory 129
§ 14. Preparation of speech and performance 139
Literature 148

Chapter III. The culture of discursive-polemical speech 149
§ 15. Dispute: concept and definition 149
§ 16. Disputes in Ancient Greece 151
§ 17. Disputes in modern society 154
§ 18. Dispute as a form of organization of human communication 158
§ 19. Tricks in the dispute 163
Literature 168

Chapter VI. Mass media and culture of speech 238
§ 34. General characteristics of the media 238
§ 35. Information field and information norm in the media 240
§ 36. Pragmatics and rhetoric of discourse in the periodical press. The scope of the subject and the expression of evaluation 253
§ 37. Means of speech expressiveness 264
Literature. 279

The program of the course "Culture of Russian speech" (for humanitarian universities) 281

Reader
Preface 287
I. Colloquial speech 289
Polylogues. Non-Directional Strategy Conversations 290
Dialogues 301
Telephone conversations 306
Memory story 307
Letters, notes, congratulations 309
Diary entries. 322
II. Oratory 325
Socio-political speech 325
D. S. Likhachev. Speech at the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR 327

A. I. Solzhenitsyn. Speech in the State Duma on October 28, 1994 329

Academic and lecture speech 339
A. A. Ukhtomsky. About knowledge 340
V. V. Vinogradov. On the culture of Russian speech 342
Judicial speech 348
V. I. Lifshits. Unexpected witnesses (transcript of speech). 350

I. M. Kisenishsky. Case of Sheikhon A.D. (biased investigation) 354

Spiritual (church-theological) speech 358
A. Men. Christianity 360
Archimandrite John (Krestyankin). Word on Bright Easter Week 364

III. Discussive-polemical speech 368
Yu. S. Sorokin. On the Question of the Basic Concepts of Stylistics 370

R. G. Piotrovsky. About some stylistic categories 381

R. A. Budagov. To the question of language styles 390
I. R. Galperin. Speech styles and stylistic means of language 399

V. G. Admoni and T. N. Silman. Selection of Language Means and Issues of Style 403

V. D. Levin. On some questions of style 408
I. S. Ilyinskaya. On linguistic and non-linguistic stylistic means. 415

V. V. Vinogradov. Results of the discussion of stylistics 418

IV. Scientific style of speech 435
V. V. Vinogradov. Essays on the history of the Russian literary language of the 17th - 19th centuries 437

D. S. Likhachev. On the social responsibility of literary criticism 443

D. S. Likhachev. Poetics of Old Russian Literature 447

Yu. M. Lotman. In the school of the poetic word: Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol 450

L. Ya. Gumilev. Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe 457

test questions

Literature

M. M. Bakhtin. The problem of speech genres 464
V. N. PETROV World of Art 469
J. M. Bitsilli. In defense of the Russian language 475
J. M. Bitsilli. In Defense of Barbarisms in the Russian Language 479

B. Ya. Vysheslavtsev. Free will and creative arbitrariness 481

B. Ya. Vysheslavtsev. Conflict of Values ​​and the Alternative of Free Choice 483

V. Official business speech 485
No. 1. Power of attorney (personal) 487
No. 2. Personal application 488
No. 3. Statement of claim 489
No. 4. Help 490
Business (service) letters 491
No. 5. Business letter - request or request 492
No. 6. Business letter - answer 492
No. 7. Business letter of guarantee 493
No. 8. Business cover letter 493
No. 9. Business letter - complaint (claim) 493
No. 10. Memorandum 494
No. 11. Explanatory note 495
No. 12. Official statement 496
VI. Media language 497
G. Ya. Fedotov. Russia and freedom 499
A. K. Ekhalov. Dear Karl Mars 514
M. Ya. Lyubimov. Operation Golgotha. Secret Rebuilding Plan 515
L. Likhodeev. Predator 537
V. Voinovich. Carpenter from Kherson 541
Interview of D. Shevarov with D. S. Likhachev. "I live with the feeling of separation..." 544

Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of the Russian Language. V. V. Vinogradova
The culture of Russian speech
Managing editors - Doctor of Philology, Professor
L. K. Graudina and Doctor of Philology, Professor E. N. Shiryaev

Culture of Russian speech. Textbook for high schools. Ed. prof. L. K. Graudina and prof. E. N. Shiryaeva. - M.: Publishing group NORMA-INFRA M, 1999. - 560 p.
The book is the first academic textbook on the culture of speech, containing the most complete systematized material on this topic. The publication is based on a fundamentally new theoretical concept of the culture of speech. The book teaches to speak not only correctly, but also expressively, using skillfully and appropriately different speech styles. Particular attention is paid to the culture of public speaking, dispute, professional communication. The book provides information about the rhetorical teachings that were widespread in pre-revolutionary Russia.
The second section of the book - an anthology on the culture of speech - includes texts representing the modern exemplary literary language in its main functional varieties.

For students, graduate students, and teachers of humanitarian universities and faculties, as well as all those who love, study the Russian language and strive to master high culture speech.
Textbook authors:
Vinogradov S. I., Candidate of Philological Sciences - § 34-37 (together with Platonova O. V.);
Graudina L. K., Doctor of Philology, Professor - § 1, 3; Danilenko V. IL, Doctor of Philology - § 20-24 (together with Novikova N. V.);
Karpinskaya E. V., researcher of the IRL named after V. V. Vinogradov - § 25-27;
Kozlovskaya T. L., candidate of philological sciences - § 15-19; Kokhtev N. N., Doctor of Philology, Professor - § Yu-14;
Lazutkina E.M., candidate of philological sciences - § 5-9; Novikova N.V., candidate of philological sciences - § 20-24 (together with Danilenko V.P.);
Platonova O. V., candidate of philological sciences - § 34-37 (together with Vinogradov S. I.);
Schwarzkopf B. S., Doctor of Philology - § 28-33; Shiryaev E. N., Doctor of Philology, Professor - § 2, 4.
Compilers of the anthology:
Vinogradov S.I., candidate of philological sciences - sec. VI; Graudina L. K., Doctor of Philology, Professor - Sec. II;
Karpinskaya E.V., researcher of the IRL named after V.V. Vinogradov - section IV (together with Novikova N.V.);
Kozlovskaya T.L., candidate of philological sciences - sec. III;
Lazutkina E. M. Candidate of Philological Sciences - Sec. I;
Novikova N.V., candidate of philological sciences - sec. IV (together with Karpinskaya E.V.);
Schwarzkopf B.S., Doctor of Philology - Sec. v.
Responsible editor of the reader - Doctor of Philology, Professor L. K. Graudina