Speech errors: types and types, classification. Types of stylistic errors

The modern Russian language is developing very rapidly. Speech norms evolve. What was previously a serious stylistic violation is today either within the norm or the norm. However, we must not forget about the stylistic foundations of the Russian language. They are immutable. Ignorance of the basics of the Russian language leads to stylistic errors.

Concepts of stylistic error

The style of the text is a complex and diverse phenomenon. Of course, the creation of a stylistically correct and competent text is a complex, time-consuming process that requires a good command of the rules of the Russian language. When creating any text, it is very difficult to avoid stylistic mistakes, because some functional styles intersect with each other and are similar in syntax and vocabulary.

The ability to write and speak Russian correctly is hard work, requiring not only erudition, but also constant self-development. The fight against stylistic errors in speech and in texts requires a clear understanding of the very term "stylistic error".

Modern linguists point out that until recently the term "stylistic error" was used too often. For this reason, the conceptual apparatus of the term has become too fuzzy. The problem is that stylistic mistake called any awkwardness of expression, any speech irregularity, i.e., all speech and grammatical errors.

In modern style, repeated attempts have been made systematize stylistic errors. The following domestic linguists addressed this problem: A.D. Alferov, V.A. Dobromyslov, K.B. Barkhin, N.N. Algazina, N. Zhdanov, A.V. Klevtsova, L.M. Kuznetsova, N. Kanonykin, V.N. Peretrukhin, E.A. Golushkova, A.N. Nazarov, E.P. Khvorostukhina, M.M. Mikhailov, A.P. Sokolov, L.F. Zakharchenko.

Along with the term stylistic error, there is often such a thing as stylistic confusion, erroneously distinguished separately from stylistic error. At the same time, a number of reputable scientists rank stylistic confusion not to mistakes, but to speech defects. This perception of stylistic confusion is relevant and recognized by stylistics as correct. In this regard, interpretations of the concept of "stylistic confusion" are of particular interest.

Stylistic confusion include everything that destroys the unity of the style of the statement:

the use of foreign-style words and expressions,
unsuccessful use of expressive, emotionally colored means,
unmotivated use of dialect and colloquial words and expressions,
mixing vocabulary from different historical eras.

Stylistic confusions constitute a variety of speech disorders, uniting the most subtle cases. Therefore, it is better to call them stylistic flaws, not errors.

Features of stylistic errors

There are stylistic mistakes different types, each of which has a number of features. Thanks to these features, stylistic errors in the text can be found and corrected.

Before listing the most common stylistic errors, we single out their main peculiarities:

Negatively affect the "readability of the text."
Stylistic errors can break the structure of the text.
Reduce the effect of reading the text.

Top 10 Styling Mistakes

The most common stylistic mistakes

The name of the stylistic error	Explanation	An example of a stylistic error
Tautology	A stylistic and rhetorical figure that is the intentional use of the same root or the same words. However, in most cases, the tautology is a gross stylistic error.	Today we turn to the problems in forestry. problematic the issue is funding forestry.
Fascination with speech stamps	Receivers become speech stamps wide use words and expressions with erased semantics and faded emotional coloring. Speech stamps make speech inaccurate.	Very important apply your persuasion skill to a problem child.
Mixing styles	Inappropriate use of scientific terminology and clerical vocabulary in text related to other functional styles	Stupidity of students is at a depth gene.
	Briefly speaking, go here. Lecture type ended.
Verbosity	Among the stylistic errors include such verbosity, which is caused by the use universal words, that is, words that are used in the most general and indefinite meanings.	The disclosure of the semantic characteristics of the proposed literary text is an extremely important and lengthy undertaking.
Inappropriate use of non-literary speech	Violation of stylistic integrity	Raskolnikov hacked up granny and suffered from pangs of conscience.
Overexpressiveness	Stylistically unmotivated use of expressive means such as epithets, metaphors, comparisons.	Prime Minister's words on salary increase sound like a bell.
Use of anachronisms	The use of words in speech that do not correspond to the time and place described in the text, or the overload of speech with newfangled words.	Pechorin praised the onion princesses.
Overuse of foreign words	Oversaturation of speech, texts with foreign words.	This performance made a strong impression on public. Sound was great.
Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions	The use of the same syntactic constructions in the text.	The sun rose two hours ago. The sky was overcast. The mood has deteriorated. I didn't want to work.

How to avoid stylistic mistakes

In order to avoid stylistic errors, it is recommended to expand lexicon, read fiction. Blogs and popular articles do not apply to fiction and, often, are a vivid example of "how not to write or speak."

Hello dear students!

It is very nice to see your young and beautiful faces in this audience. To begin with, I would like to thank all those who sent me their essays for the first lecture. It was very nice to realize that you (unlike the second year) prefer dialogue to my forced monologue. In general, I am very pleased with your work, despite the abundance of stylistic errors in them. I have already said that the kettle sounds proud, so do not be ashamed of your mistakes. They must be eradicated! I also want to thank everyone for the kind words addressed to me in your letters.

Now about our plans with you. Surely, many of you, going to my lecture, were expecting the most boring pastime of your life. Some were pleasantly surprised to see the opposite, some took it for granted. Be that as it may, our main task for this semester is to learn the basics of literary analysis. Now many of you will exclaim: “Here begins the very boring thing”! This is where you, my friends, make a significant mistake. It was no coincidence that I began my studies with film analysis. The fact is that literary analysis is practically no different from your previous work. Many people think that reading the classics is boring. This delusion occurs, first of all, because you do not know how to "feel the work." If in the film you touch everything with your sight, there is a certain intonation, gestures, and so on, then in the printed text you simply do not see this, hence all your problems. Of course, everyone has their own preferences in literature, but you should still be able to respect someone else's point of view, no matter how absurd it may seem to you. Lectures on the basics of literary analysis will undoubtedly seem to you more boring than Titanic, but they will become the very baggage with which all boring literature will turn into something more interesting and exciting. Possessing such concepts as style, literary direction, you will see all the beauty of Pushkin's poetry, Tolstoy's prose, you will understand that vulgarisms (rude and slang words) in Mayakovsky's poetry are nothing more than aesthetic rudeness. The most important rule of literature is that any absurd point of view on a particular work has the right to exist.

However, let's get back to your writings. I liked most of the works, it is quite obvious that you have a certain base, however, for a beautiful and competent speech This is not enough. I believe that many of you still cannot explain to yourself the presence of my subjects at the magical university. I will reveal this secret to you. The fact is that there is a magic word that you use all the time. Each of you, for sure, had to prove something, explain something, but none of you practically thought about the fact that the outcome of your conversations largely depends on the literacy of speech, both in stylistic and grammatical terms. The magic of the word was especially keenly felt by the ancient Greeks, they taught such a subject as rhetoric in their academies. The science of eloquence, somewhat exaggerated, but still correct. Agree that it is much more pleasant to listen to a person who coherently expresses his thoughts, and not mumbles something unintelligible. In addition, as you know, most spells are verbal (either in the form of a poem or in the form of thoughtful prose). In senior years, you will be taught to compose spells, therefore, the more successfully you comprehend literature, the easier it will be for you later.

A little earlier I mentioned stylistic mistakes in your writings. Let's take a look at them. What is a stylistic or speech error? Somebody knows? Yes, Tinka, I'm listening to you carefully.

Stylistic mistakes called a violation of the laws of the use of lexical units in speech, as well as shortcomings in the formation of syntactic constructions.

Ugh, absolutely right. Well done. So, a stylistic error is a misuse of the word and (or) wrong construction suggestions. Look at the desk. There is a summary table of the main errors with examples. Let's analyze it (read the table and try to figure it out).

The main types of stylistic errors

The nature of the error	Example	How right?	A comment
The use of a word in an unusual sense	Along with the spiritual growth of Pavel and Nilovna, their speech grows.	Simultaneously with the spiritual growth of Pavel and Nilovna, their speech develops.	Did you hear the speech grow? If yes, then tell me how to plant it, what to feed it and how its growth is measured? A line or what? Exactly. Thus, in this case, the word "grow" is used in an unusual sense, since it is not applicable to speech.
Violation of lexical compatibility	Comparisons play a special role in Yesenin's poems.	Comparisons play a special role in Yesenin's poems.	I know that you can play a role, get a part in a play, but I don't know what it means to have a role. Like this? Besides, forgive me, but in such cases I like to ask my students a somewhat vulgar question: what and how do you have?
Pleonasm or the use of an extra word	He indignant with indignation.	He was indignant. He was indignant.	To be indignant and indignant are synonyms, so why use several synonyms at once in a row? Brevity is the soul of wit.
Tautology - the use of words near or close to the same root	The story "Mumu" tells...	The story "Mumu" tells...	I don't think there is anything to comment on.
Replays	I recently read one book. This book is called Heart of a Dog. This book is interesting…	I recently read one interesting book, which is called "Dog's heart." This book is interesting…	Take a look yourself! Book, book, in a book? Is it beautiful?
The use of a word (expression) of a different stylistic coloring	The trustee of charitable institutions sucks up to the auditor.	The trustee of charitable institutions fawns over the auditor.	I think that everything is clear here. In analytical literary work, it is not recommended to use words that are colloquial in nature. That is, it is better to use the word degenerate than a fool, although the meaning is the same. Unity of style important component any job. If you neglect the style, you get a "leopard" composition, spot on, so to speak. Here there will be an analytical approach, and there - a tavern. Is it good?
Mixing the style of different historical eras	The heroes were wearing chain mail, trousers and mittens.	The heroes were wearing chain mail, armor, mittens.	No comment.
Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions	The man was dressed in a burnt padded jacket. The quilted jacket was roughly darned. The boots were almost new. Moth-eaten toes.	The man was dressed in a roughly darned, burnt padded jacket, although the boots were almost new, and the socks were moth-eaten.	This mistake is the scourge of all students who do not want to use turns, complex syntactic constructions, preferring simple three-word sentences to them. For an essay written in this style, in any university in Russia they will put two, without reading the work to the end.
Bad word order	There are many works that tell about the author's childhood in world literature.	In world literature there are many works that tell about the author's childhood.	Despite the comma, when reading the first version, one gets the feeling that the author spent his childhood in world literature. To be honest, it's hard for me to imagine. As you can see, the meaning of the statement sometimes depends on the order of the words.
Stylistic and semantic inconsistency between parts of the sentence	Red-haired, fat, healthy, with a shiny face, the singer Tamagno attracted Serov as a person of great internal energy.	Huge internal energy, which Serov was attracted to by the singer Tamagno, was also reflected in his appearance: massive, with lush red hair, with a face splashing with health.

Which are regularly repeated in the speech of people and are recognized as correct in this stage development of the literary form of the language. As a rule, the norms are enshrined in various teaching aids and dictionaries.

Stylistic norms regulate the correct selection of certain words and their forms, as well as sentences - depending on specific situation communication and the relationship of the writer or speaker to the subject of the message. Stylistic norms concern selection language tools, the rules for combining these means with each other and the correlation of stylistic linguistic phenomena.

Stylistic mistakes- errors that arise as a result of deviations from existing style norms, if such deviations are not intentional and do not pursue any stylistic or aesthetic goals. For example, in you can find many deviations from the norms, but they all pursue some goal and express the idea of the author of the text.

Thus, stylistic errors are speech errors that consist in the use of words, phrases and sentences that do not fit into the style of the given text. Deviation from the norms and violation of stylistic unity can weaken the expressiveness of the text and its meaning.

There are several groups of errors. First - lexical and stylistic errors. They are associated with the unjustified use of jargon, dialectisms, archaisms and other marked words. This also includes errors of an anorthemic-stylistic nature, which are associated with misuse words with diminutive suffixes; syntactic and stylistic stylistic errors (incorrect use of participial phrases in a sentence); logical and stylistic errors.

The next group of errors is related to insufficient knowledge of language resources. These errors include:

1. Inappropriate repetition of a word or cognates in a narrow context.

2. The use of pleonasms - phrases with an excessive semantic component.

6. The use of speech stamps - hackneyed expressions with blurred lexical meaning and faded expressiveness.

8. Inappropriate use of non-literary words.

9. Monotonous construction of sentences.

10. Lack of figurative means in the text where they are needed.

There is also a group of errors that are related to insufficiently developed stylistic flair. These errors include the following:

1. Inappropriate use of epithets, metaphors, comparisons and others

2. Mixing vocabulary related to different styles.

3. Bad sound caused by excessive accumulation of vowels or consonants.

4. Violation of the overall integrity of the text.

5. Wrong word order.

Compliance with stylistic norms is very important, since it is the correct use of words and the construction of sentences that shows the level of education of a person, as well as the level of his knowledge of his native or foreign language. It is stylistic errors or their absence that indicate whether a person has enough knowledge of the resources of the language and whether his stylistic sense is developed.

Today, such errors are very common: both in official speech and in informal discourse. Some errors have become so common that people hardly notice them. Nevertheless, it is very important to carefully monitor your speech and do everything possible to ensure that it is competent and motivated.

Speech is a channel for the development of intellect,
the sooner the language is learned,
the easier and more complete the knowledge will be assimilated.

Nikolai Ivanovich Zhinkin,
Soviet linguist and psychologist

Speech is conceived by us as an abstract category, inaccessible to direct perception. Meanwhile, this is the most important indicator of a person’s culture, his intellect and, a way of knowing complex connections nature, things, society and the transmission of this information through communication.

Obviously, both learning and already using something, we make mistakes due to inability or ignorance. And speech, like other types of human activity (in which language is an important component), is no exception in this respect. Mistakes are made by all people, both in and in oral speech. Moreover, the concept of speech culture, as an idea of "", is inextricably linked with the concept of a speech error. In fact, these are parts of one process, which means that, striving for perfection, we must be able to recognize speech errors and eradicate them.

Types of speech errors

First, let's look at what speech errors are. Speech errors- these are any cases of deviation from the current language norms. Without their knowledge, a person can live normally, work and communicate with others. But the effectiveness of the actions taken in certain cases may suffer. In this regard, there is a risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood. And in situations where our personal success depends on it, this is unacceptable.

The author of the classification of speech errors below is Dr. philological sciences Yu. V. Fomenko. Its division, in our opinion, is the simplest, devoid of academic pretentiousness and, as a result, understandable even to those who do not have a special education.

Types of speech errors:

Examples and causes of speech errors

S. N. Zeitlin writes: “The complexity of the mechanism for generating speech acts as a factor contributing to the occurrence of speech errors.” Let's consider special cases, based on the classification of types of speech errors proposed above.

Pronunciation errors

Pronunciation or pronunciation errors occur as a result of violation of the rules of orthoepy. In other words, the reason lies in the incorrect pronunciation of sounds, sound combinations, individual grammatical structures and borrowed words. They also include accentological errors - violation of the norms of stress. Examples:

Pronunciation: “of course” (and not “of course”), “poshti” (“almost”), “plot” (“pays”), “precedent” (“precedent”), “iliktric” (“electric”), “colidor” (“corridor”), “laboratory” (“laboratory”), “thousand” (“thousand”), “right now” (“now”).

stress: “calls”, “dialogue”, “contract”, “catalog”, “overpass”, “alcohol”, “beetroot”, “phenomenon”, “chauffeur”, “expert”.

Lexical errors

Lexical errors - violation of the rules of vocabulary, first of all - the use of words in unusual meanings, distortion of the morphemic form of words and the rules of semantic agreement. They are of several types.

The use of a word in an unusual sense. This is the most common lexical speech error. Within this type, there are three subtypes:

Mixing words that are close in meaning: "He read the book back."
Mixing words that sound similar: excavator - escalator, ear - colossus, Indian - turkey, single - ordinary.
Mixing words that are similar in meaning and sound: subscriber - subscription, addressee - addressee, diplomat - diplomat, well-fed - well-fed, ignorant - ignorant. "Cashier for business trips" (necessary - seconded).

word writing. Error examples: Georgian, heroism, underground workers, winder.

Violation of the rules of semantic agreement of words. Semantic agreement is the mutual adaptation of words along the line of their real meanings. For example, you cannot say: I raise this toast", since "raise" means "move", which is not consistent with the wish. “Through the door wide open” is a speech error, because the door cannot be both ajar (slightly open) and wide open (wide open) at the same time.

This also includes pleonasms and tautologies. Pleonasm is a phrase in which the meaning of one component is entirely included in the meaning of another. Examples: “May month”, “traffic route”, “address of residence”, “huge metropolis”, “to be on time”. A tautology is a phrase whose members have the same root: “The task was set”, “The organizer was one public organization"," I wish you a long creative longevity.

Phraseological errors

Phraseological errors occur when the form of phraseological units is distorted or they are used in an unusual meaning. Yu. V. Fomenko distinguishes 7 varieties:

Changing the lexical composition of a phraseological unit: “While the essence and the case” instead of “While the court and the case”;
Truncation of a phraseological unit: “It was just right for him to hit the wall” (phraseologism: “hit his head against the wall”);
Expansion of the lexical composition of a phraseological unit: “You turned to the wrong address” (phraseologism: contact the address);
Distortion grammatical form phraseological unit: "I can't stand to sit with my hands folded." Correct: "difficult";
Contamination (association) of phraseological units: “You can’t do everything idly by” (a combination of phraseological units “sleeveless” and “idly folded”);
The combination of pleonasm and phraseological unit: "A random stray bullet";
The use of phraseological units in an unusual meaning: "Today we're going to talk about the film from cover to cover."

Morphological errors

Morphological errors are the incorrect formation of word forms. Examples of such speech errors: “reserved seat”, “shoes”, “towels”, “cheaper”, “one and a half hundred kilometers”.

Syntax errors

Syntax errors are associated with a violation of the rules of syntax - the construction of sentences, the rules for combining words. There are a lot of varieties of them, so we will give only a few examples.

Wrong match: “There are a lot of books in the closet”;
Mismanagement: "Pay for the fare";
Syntactic ambiguity: "Reading Mayakovsky made a strong impression"(did Mayakovsky read or did you read Mayakovsky's works?);
Structural displacement: “The first thing I ask of you is your attention.” Correct: “The first thing I ask you is attention”;
Extra correlative word in the main sentence: "We were looking at those stars that dotted the whole sky."

Spelling mistakes

This type of error occurs due to ignorance of the rules of spelling, hyphenation, abbreviation of words. characteristic of speech. For example: “The dog barked”, “sit on chairs”, “come to the railway station”, “Russian. language", "gram. mistake".

Punctuation errors

Punctuation errors - incorrect use of punctuation marks with.

Stylistic mistakes

We devoted a separate topic to this topic.

Ways to correct and prevent speech errors

How to prevent speech errors? Your speech work should include:

Reading fiction.
Visiting theaters, museums, exhibitions.
Communication with educated people.
Constant work on improving the culture of speech.

Online course "Russian language"

Speech errors are one of the most problematic topics that receive little attention in school. There are not so many topics in the Russian language in which people most often make mistakes - about 20. We decided to devote the course "" to these topics. In the classroom, you will have the opportunity to practice the skill of competent writing in special system multiple distributed repetitions of the material through simple exercises and special memory techniques.

Sources

Bezzubov A. N. Introduction to literary editing. - St. Petersburg, 1997.
Savko I. E. Basic speech and grammatical errors
Sergeeva N. M. Speech, grammatical, ethical, factual errors ...
Fomenko Yu. V. Types of speech errors. - Novosibirsk: NGPU, 1994.
Zeitlin S. N. Speech errors and their prevention. – M.: Enlightenment, 1982.

If a person strives to fully master all the possibilities of the language, to belong to the elite type of speech culture, then he must master all styles of speech, and not only make spelling, punctuation, pronunciation, etc., but also stylistic mistakes. If a person strives to fully master all the possibilities of the language, to belong to the elite type of speech culture, then he must master all styles of speech, and not only make spelling, punctuation, pronunciation, etc., but also stylistic mistakes. Stylistic errors are, on the one hand, the use of inappropriate in this style language means, and on the other hand, a violation of the requirements of clarity, accuracy, brevity, richness and expressiveness. Stylistic errors are, on the one hand, the use of language means that are inappropriate in a given style, and on the other hand, a violation of the requirements for clarity, accuracy, brevity, richness and expressiveness.

Among the errors associated with poor mastery of the resources of the Russian language, the following are the most common: Type of error Examples Unmotivated repetition in a narrow context of the same word or cognate words. The builders worked at the construction site for a month. Onegin received a superficial education at home. Onegin could only speak French and dance the mazurka. Pleonasms, that is, phrases containing a component that is unnecessary in a semantic sense. Every minute of time is precious (a minute is associated with the concept of time). Competitions are scheduled for the month of April (the concept of the month is already included in the word April). Tautology, that is, identity: a) repetition of what was said in other words; Author's words are the words of the author. The blow was sudden and unexpected. b) repetition of single-root words. Connect together; get closer and closer; move further and further away. Verbosity caused by the use of universal words, that is, words that are used in the most general and indefinite meanings (case, fact, question, task, etc.). The matter of improving discipline was discussed at a meeting of the plant's board. Verbosity caused by the splitting of the predicate, that is, the replacement of the verb by a combination of a verb with the widest and most indefinite meaning (raise, provide, receive, etc.) and a verbal noun (if this is not dictated by the specifics of the style). Wed: The workers decided to repair the tractor as soon as possible. The workers decided to repair the tractor as soon as possible. The use of cliches, that is, hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. The theme of human loneliness in this world runs like a red thread through the whole novel. They gave their lives for the bright future of humanity.

Among the errors associated with an insufficiently developed linguistic stylistic sense, the most common are the following: Type of error Examples Stylistically unmotivated use of expressive means (epithets, comparisons, etc.). Zhukovsky's ballad rings like a bell. The titanic efforts of the teachers have borne fruit: the performance of students has clearly increased in the past year. Mixing vocabulary of different styles, in particular, unmotivated use of colloquial or book vocabulary. Andrei Bolkonsky is a person with progressive views. Secular society is not related to him (the word is not motivated not only in meaning, but also stylistically - it refers to colloquial vocabulary). The dissonance created by the accumulation of vowels, hissing, etc. And Andrei Bolkonsky ... This is the greatest work depicting the best people of that time, who devoted their lives to the struggle for a brighter future for mankind. Violation of the overall functional and stylistic integrity of the work. For example, the theme of an essay requires an emotional expression of one's impressions, and it is embodied in a dry scientific or stationery style.

different types stylistic errors can be played up in speech, in particular, in literary texts. So, in the "Tale of the Troika" by A. and B. Strugatsky, the passion of officials for compiling unnecessary memos and instructions is ridiculed. There was a notice posted on the elevator door saying that "no sleeping or bouncing" was allowed there. In this case, not only the absurdity of the content of the instruction is played out, but also the clerical method of splitting the predicate: sleep - sleep, bounce - bounce. Stylistic errors are quite common in both formal and informal speech. Many of them become so typical that we hardly notice them. That is why it is necessary to carefully monitor your speech, and from this point of view, stylistic errors are called violation of the laws of the use of lexical units in speech, as well as shortcomings in the formation of syntactic constructions. A stylistic error is an incorrect use of a word and (or) an incorrect construction of a sentence. Here is a summary table of the main stylistic errors with examples. And below are the most common stylistic mistakes: Here

To avoid pleonasm, it is necessary to cut off all unnecessary. It is enough to follow the simplest rule: if any word can be deleted from the text without reducing the quality (in every sense), then this should be done. Below are a few examples (words that can and should be removed are in bold): The examples in the table show ... (Examples show ...); After updating an existing object... (After updating an object...); An operation is the way in which an action is performed... (An operation is a way of performing an action...); A method is some set of operations... (A method is a set of operations...); Building a model in accordance with known rules... (Building a model according to the rules...); To provide... (To provide...).

3. Tautology. A tautology is a definition that repeats in a different form what was said earlier. The tautology is easily detected when reading the text aloud. Overused words usually include which, so that and can. In general, for the appearance of the same word twice in one paragraph, there must be very serious reasons. A good example of tautology: Tautology Incorrect: Along with these signs, there are a number of others ... True: Along with these signs, there are others Choice of plural and singular forms. Often there are problems with the use of a single or plural. Recently, agreement in meaning has been increasingly used: if a single whole is meant, then singular, and if you want to emphasize individual items multiple. Examples of correct use are combinations: Two or more options; Three or more forms; Select any field or number (genus is the same); Choose any number or number (genus is different); There are several options; There are some options.

5. Agreement of words in a sentence. Often there are errors in the agreement of words in a sentence, especially with regard to the control of verbs. Below are some examples: False: This section talks about opening, working, and saving a document; Correct: This section describes how to open, save, and work with documents. False: Choosing the right color proofing system is critical to staying in the lead; Correct: Choosing the right color proofing system is essential to stay ahead of the curve. 6. Creation of verbal nouns. Be careful when creating verbal nouns. Many of the mechanically created words are not in the dictionary, and their use is considered illiterate (order ordering, not ordering; collapse folding, not folding, etc.). In addition, the fascination with verbal nouns worsens the style (opening the file as opening America).

7. Stringing the same forms. Avoid stringing the same case forms, for example, using the words to and which: Incorrect: To perform the task of indexing values... True: To arrange indexes of values... Incorrect: In order to avoid the possibility of danger... True: To avoid the occurrence of danger... Incorrect : Gas causing global warming, which poses a real threat ... True: A gas that causes global warming, which poses a real threat A stylistic error can also be an oxymoron (combination of words with opposite meanings), unless the contradiction is used intentionally to create a special stylistic effect. oxymoron

Stylistic and syntactic errors in Russian Stylistic and syntactic errors are a violation of the connection between the members of a sentence. Stylistic-syntactic errors are a violation of the connection between the members of the sentence. 1. Disruption of communication between members simple sentence: 1. Disconnection between the members of a simple sentence: Disruption of the connection between the subject and the predicate Incorrect: The exhibition-view is open daily. That's right: The viewing exhibition is open daily. Incorrect: Several guys came out of the forest. Correct: Several guys came out of the forest. Incorrect: Connection with the revolutionaries: Nikolai Ivanovich, Sasha, Sophia and others had a huge impact on Paul's worldview. That's right: Communication with the revolutionaries: Nikolai Ivanovich, Sasha, Sophia and others had a huge impact on Paul's worldview. Disruption of the connection between the subject and the predicate Incorrect: The exhibition-view is open daily. That's right: The viewing exhibition is open daily. Incorrect: Several guys came out of the forest. Correct: Several guys came out of the forest. Incorrect: Connection with the revolutionaries: Nikolai Ivanovich, Sasha, Sophia and others had a huge impact on Paul's worldview. That's right: Communication with the revolutionaries: Nikolai Ivanovich, Sasha, Sophia and others had a huge impact on Paul's worldview.

Case inconsistency of names Incorrect: He had never seen such eyes, as if sprinkled with ashes, filled with inescapable longing. That's right: He had never seen such eyes, as if sprinkled with ashes, filled with inescapable longing. Homogeneous members must agree in the case with the generalizing word Incorrect: Delegates from the following countries participated in the meeting: England, France, Italy. Right: The meeting was attended by delegates from the following countries: England, France, Italy. Combination as homogeneous members of the infinitive and noun: Incorrect: This book taught me honesty, courage and respect for friends. Right: This book taught me honesty, courage, and respect for friends.

Common dependent word at homogeneous members proposals with different management Incorrect: The trust has organized and manages enterprises. That's right: the Trust has organized enterprises and manages them. Violation of word order when using double comparative conjunctions Incorrect: The populace not only creates wealth but also great treasures of culture. That's right: the masses of the people create not only material wealth, but also great treasures of culture. Omission of necessary words Incorrect: Vlad somehow nailed the board and ran to volleyball. That's right: Vlad somehow nailed the board and ran to play volleyball. Violation of the boundaries of the proposal (the rule is not strict, violations can be dictated style features) Example: The hunter put down the gun, tied the dog. And went to the beast. Better: The hunter put down his gun, tied the dog and went to the beast.

2. Disruption of communication between members complex sentence: Compound sentence clutter clause example: Doctors believe that the disease is so serious that one has to fear for the life of the patient. Better: Doctors consider the disease so serious that one has to fear for the life of the patient. Diversity of parts of a complex sentence Incorrect: The report puts forward two provisions: 1) the strengthening of the moral foundations of society is becoming increasingly important; 2) the role of broad strata of the intelligentsia in this work. That's right: The report puts forward two provisions: 1) strengthening the moral foundations of society is becoming increasingly important; 2) a large role in this work is played by broad strata of the intelligentsia (or: it is necessary to involve broad strata of the intelligentsia in this work). Mixing main and subordinate clause Wrong: The last thing I will dwell on is the question of Lensky. Right: The last thing I will dwell on is the question of Lensky.

Incorrect combination of a simple and complex sentence Incorrect: The play exposes the "dark kingdom" and how the Wild and Boar cruelly treat people dependent on them. That's right: The play exposes the "dark kingdom", shows how the Wild and Boar cruelly treat people dependent on them. Wrong union participle turnover and a relative attributive sentence Incorrect: Manilov had a book on the table, open on the same page and which he had never read. That's right: On Manilov's table lay a book open on the same page, which he had never read. Detachment of the attributive clause with the word which from the noun being defined Incorrect: From the conversation between Lisa and Sophia, we learn about Chatsky, who grew up in this house, who (the house or Chatsky?) is now traveling somewhere. That's right: From the conversation between Lisa and Sophia, we learn about Chatsky, who grew up in this house, and who is now traveling somewhere.

Unjustified repetition of the same unions Example: Some critics believed that the author was so young that he could hardly solve the problem posed convincingly. Better: Some critics thought that the author was so young that he could hardly solve the problem posed convincingly. Illegal collision of subordinating conjunctions close in meaning Example: He believed that we had misunderstood him. Better: He thought we misunderstood him (or He thought we misunderstood him). Incorrect use of unions and allied words Incorrect: The issue was discussed at a meeting where a decision was made. That's right: The issue was discussed at the meeting, at which the corresponding decision was made. Mixing of direct and indirect speech Wrong: Korchagin firmly declares that I will definitely go over to the Budyonovites. That's right: Korchagin firmly declares that he will definitely go over to the Budyonovites (or Korchagin firmly declares: "I will definitely go over to the Budenovites").