What does a bacterial burn look like on an apple tree. Bacterial pear burn: treatment

For every gardener big problem pear bacterial burn can become, which can affect young and already more mature trees. This is one of the most dangerous diseases of trees, and if appropriate measures are not taken in time, then the pear will disappear and dry out in 3-4 years.

Problems when growing pears

There are a variety of problems with fruit trees, in particular with pears. Among the main problems are the following:

• negative weather conditions;
• fungal diseases;
• bacterial diseases;
• viral diseases;
• pests.

There are a variety of pear diseases. Bacterial burn is considered one of the most dangerous, as this disease literally eats the tree completely. It is very important to treat and prevent the occurrence of tree diseases in a timely manner in order to save the plant.

What is a bacterial pear burn

Bacterial burn of a young pear is considered one of the most dangerous and serious diseases that can affect a plant. Experts around the world are looking for more and more effective means to combat this disease, however, despite all this, the disease still continues to actively destroy trees.

Treatment of a pear bacterial burn should be carried out in a complex manner, since the disease completely affects all parts of the tree. Initially, inflorescences are affected, and then the disease spreads to branches and shoots. The kidneys turn black, stop growing, dry out, but do not fall off. The leaves curl, and the infection rapidly moves up the trunk.

Causes

A bacterial liquid appears on diseased plants, which, under the influence of the wind, is drawn into long strings and spreads over several kilometers. In addition, bacteria can be carried by insects and birds. When such a substance comes into contact with healthy tree infection occurs.

Favorable conditions for the onset and progression of the disease are high humidity and normal temperature air. Bacteria initially actively develop inside the flower, and then move on to branches and other parts of the tree.

Less often, infection occurs by damaging the branches or trunk of a tree. In this case, the bacteria get on the pear with the help of rain. Bacteria survive the cold inside the trunk, and with the advent of spring they resume their activity again and appear on the surface of the bark in the form of milky white droplets.

Factors affecting the rate of spread of bacteria

Treatment of pear bacterial burn can be quite problematic, it all depends on the stage of plant damage. Recognizing the presence of a problem is quite difficult, since this disease is quite insidious and can masquerade as other diseases. Gardeners do not always take the required measures in a timely manner, and this may be due to various factors.

Since fire blight spreads from top to bottom, it happens that on adult plants the lesion is detected only when the tree is already half infected. Many consider crown wilting to be the result of insufficient moisture and increase the frequency of watering, thereby accelerating the development of the disease.

The speed of damage depends on many different factors, in particular, such as:

• tree age;
• julienne;
• the composition of the soil on the site;
• climatic conditions.

Bacteria can be carried over long distances by birds, insects, wind, and rain. Once on the branches of a plant, they begin to actively multiply, affecting all its parts.

Symptoms of a bacterial burn

The symptoms of a pear bacterial burn are quite pronounced, which is why, when the first signs appear, it is necessary to immediately treat the affected tree. Among the main signs of damage, the following should be distinguished:

• at the initial stage, blackening and drying of the inflorescences occurs;
• darkening passes to the kidneys;
• darkens the entire tree.

As a result, the tree is completely covered with blackness and dies after the trunk darkens. When the final stage of the development of the disease comes, it is almost impossible to save the tree, it is completely covered with brown stains and white drops form on its surface.

The timeliness of the treatment of a bacterial pear burn largely depends on the correctness of the diagnosis. To determine the pathogen in the laboratory, a bacteriological culture of the tissues of an infected plant is carried out.

Methods for treating pear

Having found a bacterial pear burn, treatment should be carried out immediately so that the infection does not spread to nearby trees. With a significant infection, the plant only needs to be uprooted and burned.

If the infection is small, then you need to remove the affected branches, and then burn them. For processing the cut point, copper sulfate is well suited, the concentration of the solution of which is 1%. To do this, 100 grams of vitriol is taken for 10 liters of water.

Pear treatment from a bacterial burn is also carried out by using special antibiotics. The garden should be sprayed with a solution of antibiotics 3 times with an interval of 5 days. Be sure to use in the complex preparations to combat insect pests.

chemical method

At the initial stage of infection, the fight against a bacterial burn on a pear is carried out chemical method, by applying copper-containing preparations. You can use special products containing copper, in particular, such as "Rovral", "Oxyhom", "Skor". In addition, you can prepare the remedy yourself, since the recipe for the drug against bacterial pear burn is very simple.

To do this, take 1% copper sulfate, mix with milk of lime and add water. The most important thing is that the solution is not very concentrated, as it can cause leaf burns. Spraying the tree is carried out 5 times, from early spring until the end of flowering. And then additionally you need to carry out processing after harvesting. If there is no improvement, then antibiotic treatment is carried out, and radical methods of combating the disease are used.

radical method

The radical method is applicable if several bacterial burn infections are found in one area, or the tree is more than half affected. It is desirable to destroy the infected plant in order to prevent infection of other trees. If the area of ​​infection is insignificant, then only infected areas of the tree can be removed, cutting out even healthy tissues 0.4 m below the affected one. All sections must be immediately treated with a solution of copper sulphate.

After each cut, it is necessary to disinfect the working tool. by special means, since firing does not give full protection. All pruned branches should be burned immediately to prevent the spread of infection.

Use of antibiotics

The best result can be obtained when treating a bacterial pear burn with antibiotics. For this, Streptomycin is used. One ampoule of the drug should be diluted in 5 liters of water and sprayed with the resulting solution on infected trees. The first treatment is carried out in June, and then every 3 weeks. If there was rain or very hot weather between treatments, it is advisable to treat the garden again.

When the first signs of the disease occur, it is necessary to immediately treat the bacterial pear burn. It is advisable to change the preparations every year. You can use tools such as:

• "Tetracycline";
• "Ofloxacin";
• "Fitosporin";
• "Gentamicin".

"Fitosporin" helps to resist many pear diseases and is used if the plant is badly damaged. However, you should not use this remedy often, and even more so every year, since plants develop strong immunity to it.

"Tetracycline" can be used every 1-2 years. To process a pear, you need to dilute 2 tablets in 3 liters of water. Treatment of a bacterial pear burn with antibiotics involves the use of "Gentamicin". This is very good remedy. To prepare the solution, you need to take 1 ampoule and dissolve its contents in 1 liter of water, and then spray the pear. This procedure should be carried out 2-3 times per season.

The antibiotic "Ofloxacin" from a bacterial pear burn is considered a fairly powerful tool, which is also used to control pests. When processing Special attention should be given to the branches and trunk of the tree. The stem is treated from top to bottom to prevent the transmission of bacteria.

Carrying out preventive work

It is best to prevent the occurrence of a disease than to treat for a long time or destroy half the garden. Exist certain rules carrying out prevention. For prevention, it is necessary to pull out nearby wild plants. This is especially true of the hawthorn, since this small tree is considered one of the main carriers of the infection that provokes a bacterial burn.

Plants should be periodically sprayed with drugs designed to combat pests and diseases that weaken their immunity. Be sure to show the fight against insect pests that spread the infection between the trees. It is best to grow pears that are resistant to bacterial burn. It is necessary to purchase seedlings only in proven nurseries, and when pruning, it is necessary to disinfect the tools.

Regular inspection of trees will allow timely detection of the disease and take the necessary measures to prevent its spread. In autumn, a comprehensive cleaning and processing of the garden from fallen leaves, fruits, and other debris is carried out. After all, it is in them that pests and bacteria overwinter. Helps eliminate bacterial spores and digging the ground in late autumn.

Summer pear varieties

The Carmen variety is considered resistant to diseases and pests. Fruit ripening occurs in mid-August, they are stored for 2 weeks after picking. The fruits are burgundy in color, juicy pulp is sweet and sour, medium density with a pleasant aroma of duchesse. This variety is hardy, picky, frost-resistant and practically not affected by infections.

Autumn pear varieties

Among autumn varieties, resistant to diseases and pests is a pear Autumn Bukovina. The color of the fruit is golden yellow, with a delicate, pink blush. The pear bears fruit quite plentifully, has soft and juicy pulp, which literally melts in the mouth, sweet and sour taste. The fruits are harvested from September to October. The variety is frost-resistant, practically not affected by scab and bacterial burn.

The Tauride pear belongs to autumn-winter variety, characterized by high fruiting, good transportability and frost resistance. The fruits are quite large, oval or egg-shaped. At maturity, the color of the fruit is bright yellow with a slight pinkish blush. The pulp is juicy, very tasty with a spicy aroma. The tree is medium-sized, characterized by high resistance to scab and leaf blight.

Winter pear varieties

Pear variety Zest of Crimea refers to winter varieties, as it ripens only at the end of October. The fruits are large, golden above and below, and the rest of the bright pink. The pulp has a cream color, medium density, slightly crunchy. The main advantages of this variety is that its fruits are very well preserved for a long time, and the tree is resistant to various kinds of bacteria and pests.

Late varieties resistant to bacterial burn include the Noyabrskaya pear. It is very popular due to its excellent qualities. long-term storage. The fruits are harvested in the first half of October, and they can be consumed only in early December. This pear variety has excellent taste qualities, thanks to juicy and fragrant pulp.

A good variety is the pear Kucheryanka, which is resistant to scab, frost and bacterial leaf burn. This variety is characterized by precocity.

When you see dying plants in your garden, it becomes bitter and annoying. Pity the plants and their labor invested in them. It's a shame, because timely preventive actions could prevent diseases.

It happens that in order to save a tree or a bush, it is already too late to fight pathogenic bacteria, but healthy crops grow nearby, you need to think about them and act correctly. Until recently, gardeners in Russia knew about bacterial burns only by hearsay, but now they are faced with crops scorched by bacteria in their gardens. The most common bacterial pear burn.

If it is recognized and treated in time, measures are taken to prevent the spread of bacteria, then the garden will be saved.

Bacterial burn of fruit trees: causes and symptoms

Bacterial tree burn is caused by severe infectious disease. disease fruit crops cause microorganisms of the Enterobacteria group, with which mankind is already familiar from diseases gastrointestinal tract due to E. coli and salmonellosis.

The first warning signs of a fruit tree disease are gradual wilting and then drying of individual inflorescences or groups of flowers. As the infection spreads, the leaves are affected by bacteria - they wither, and then dry, curl. At first they remain green, over time they darken and become Brown color. And they continue to hang on the tree.

Microorganisms continue to attack healthy plant tissues and infect the buds, they dry out, darken, but remain in place. Branches and leaves, fruits acquire brown color, brown spots appear on the bark of trees.

Numerous cracks go along it, on the dried bark there are drops of milky color - exudate, and around them - reddish-brown stains. The bark affected by the infection exfoliates, becomes covered with blisters.

During the rampant infection, the tree stands with leaves, fruits - they do not fall off, but the fact that the tree is sick is clear even to non-specialists. The plant is all brown, and it is scorched by an ailment, which is popularly called anton's fire.

In the photographs, you can see dried brown orchards, the bacterial burn of fruit crops did not leave anything healthy in them, and the treatment of affected trees is sometimes useless. dead trees they uproot and burn, clear the area within a radius of the source of infection.

To protect neighboring trees and gardens from infection, an infected plant should not be moved around the garden. So the spread of the infection can be localized. But with early recognition of the disease, the plants could be saved. The fatal disease is caused by enterobacteria Erwinia amylovora. For them, the age of the plant is not important, microorganisms affect both young and old crops.

How does the pathogen get to healthy plants? At the peak of the development of the disease, when the bark had already begun to become covered with ulcers, exudate drops that appeared on the bark become a breeding ground for harmful bacteria. They are carried by the wind, they are carried by insects - bees, flies, wasps, and birds perching on a tree. Less commonly, bacteria enter the plant with raindrops. In isolated cases, a pruning tool can become a source of infection. Infection is also possible during vaccination.

Enterobacteria begin their destructive path in a healthy plant, penetrating into the bark through microcracks, getting into the flower. During abundant flowering the risk of infection of the plant with infection is especially high.

If the disease is not treated, the bacteria will spend the winter in the plant, and in the spring they will continue the destructive infection and destruction. Scientists who dealt with the issue of bacterial burn of fruit trees found patterns. Thus, soil abundantly saturated with nitrogen-containing fertilizers and organic top dressing contributes to the onset and progression of infection. The soil with a minimum amount of fertilizer has a deterrent effect on the development of the disease.

Treatment and prevention of bacterial lesions of the pear

Several methods have been developed for the treatment of bacterial burn of fruit crops, including pears. Each of them has its own disadvantages and advantages. The gardener's choice. Ways to deal with burns are as follows:

For spraying, you should choose a day when the weather is cloudy, it is impossible to spray the plant in the heat due to the high risk of death of beneficial microorganisms under the influence of the drug and sunlight. To improve the micro- and bioclimate of the plant and promote the development of beneficial microorganisms, rotting grass can be placed under the tree.

Antibacterial drugs are effective and effective. But their frequent use leads to addiction (even in plants) and mutations of the infectious agent. And this is new round in the treatment of bacterial burns.

Compliance with proven rules will help protect the fruit tree from a bacterial burn, namely:

At the slightest suspicion of an infection, measures should be taken to localize the infection and treat the plants to eliminate the disease.

A century and a half has passed since the first mention of a bacterial burn. The disease has moved from the category of rare to the category of common. You can blame the environment or look for other reasons for the spread of a bacterial infection, but this will not affect the actions to save your garden.

An insidious and destructive disease for plants must be identified in time. Careful inspections of trees will help you see fading leaves and inflorescences, and the fact that they have dried up and left hanging on a tree should be the first bell. When the leaves and fruits begin to turn black, and the buds darken, it is not too late to take emergency measures.

The fire blight pathogen overwinters exclusively in infected host plants. Overwintered cankers are the most important source of damage to flowers in spring. Bacteria penetrate plants through flowers, wounds, cracks, stomata. With the development of the disease, the bacteria spread through the bark, branches and trunk, affecting the entire tree, which leads to its death.

The most typical signs of damage are: wilting and death of the inflorescence. Some or all of the flowers turn brown or dark brown to black and remain on the tree. The buds do not open, become brownish, blacken, dry up, but do not fall off.

There is wilting and death of branches and shoots. Affected young shoots and branches seem to be filled with liquid, which after a while begins to ooze in drops and drain down the bark in the form of exudate. Young shoots and branches wither, turn brown. Typical is the hook-shaped bending of the tips of the shoots. The leaves turn black, curl, die off, but do not fall off. Leaves are infected with bacteria through stomata or, more often, through wounds caused by insects, hail, and gusts of wind. The affected area dries up, but the infection continues to spread through the secondary arteries to the midveins of the leaf and petiole.

Affected young fruits also turn brown or black, dry up and remain hanging on the stalks. On ripe fruits, the burn lesion appears as small, almost black, necrotic spots. There may be no exudate.

An unripe fruit can become infected through pores in the skin or through wounds. The infected part of the fetus may appear grey-green or black at the beginning. Affected pear fruits have a dark green moist edge around the infected area, apples at the edges of the infected part turn red in advance, a milky or amber-colored sticky liquid is released from the pores of the skin. A green affected pear may secrete a large number of bacteria. Affected apples and pears become brown or black, dry out, mummify, but remain hanging on the shoots.

On fruits affected in the second half of summer, first watery green, then reddish-brown spots appear. A milky white exudate is released from the stomata.

On the affected branches and trunk, the development of the disease begins, as a rule, from the top of the shoot and gradually spreads to the base through the parenchyma of the cortex. On the affected areas of the cortex, dark green, often watery spots appear with a fuzzy border between the affected and healthy tissue. The epidermis of the affected areas exfoliates, forming bubbles. The bark cracks, cracks of various configurations seem to limit the affected areas. The boundary between diseased and healthy areas becomes clear. On the bark, the disease forms wedge-shaped cankers, which can cause the death of the whole tree as a result of girdling.

Often in warm weather, droplets of milky-white exudate are released from the affected tissues, which is characteristic of Erwinia amylovora (Burill) Winslow et al. As the saprophytic microflora dries up and develops, the exudate may acquire a brown color.

Signs of a fire blight on an apple tree are generally similar to those on a pear. The leaves are mostly reddish brown. The disease spreads along the shoots more slowly.

The only sure way to prevent or reduce the rate of fruit blight in uninfested areas is to implement stringent phytosanitary measures on important hosts and maintain strict control of orchards and nurseries. It is forbidden to import planting material from infected areas of countries where the disease is spread. Severely burnt single fruit trees are destroyed by uprooting and burning them on the spot.

With a slight lesion of individual branches with a burn, a five-time treatment is carried out during the flowering period of fruit trees with Bordeaux liquid. The first treatment - on closed flowers, the second - when 20% of the flowers are open, the third - when the flowers are 3/4 open, the fourth - after the petals have fallen, the fifth - after the flowering has completely ended. During the dormant period in late autumn, individual branches are pruned at a distance from the site of the lesion: for young branches by 20-25 cm, for old ones - by 10-15 cm. How preventive measures it is recommended to uproot wild-growing pears, apple trees and hawthorn, which can be a source of new tree lesions. When laying new gardens, it is necessary to choose resistant varieties, maintain soil acidity within pH 5.5-6.5, regulate N-P-K balance.

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26.11.2018

This quarantine disease is extremely dangerous, as it can lead not only to a significant loss of crops, but also to large-scale death of fruit trees.

Bacterial blight affects both wild and cultivated plants Rosaceae family (lat. Rosaceae) and is caused by a bacteriumErwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et a l.

The disease is capable of infecting over 170 (!) plant species, including those popular among gardeners fruit trees like apple, pear, quince, mountain ash, hawthorn. In addition, the bacterium Erwinia amylovora can also infect cherries, plums, apricots, sweet cherries, raspberries, garden strawberries and other crops, including some types of flowers, such as roses.

Due to the special danger, fire blight is included in the “list of regulated harmful organisms, of limited distribution in Ukraine”, since it poses a serious threat to apple and pear orchards and nurseries.

Some thirty years ago, the action of bacteria Erwinia amylovora could be blocked using conventional copper-containing drugs, but at present the infection has acquired the ability to transform and mutate by taking various forms, while instantly penetrating into the internal tissues of plants, where it can no longer be reached by any pesticides.

Historical facts

The first outbreak of bacterial fire was discovered at the end of the 18th century in the United States, after which the pathogen began to actively spread throughout the world. Today, the disease can be found in the countries of the European continent, New Zealand, Cyprus, Mexico, Canada, Haiti, the Caribbean and even Zimbabwe.

In 1971, about 18,000 fruit trees were uprooted and destroyed in Germany due to a massive infection of orchards. In Holland, gardeners had to etch eight hectares of pear orchards.

In 1991, a bacterial fire caused enormous damage apple orchards in the state of Michigan. The economic damage was estimated at more than $3 million.

The harmfulness of a bacterial burn

This disease is called bacterial burn, because with a strong infection of the plant, its entire aerial part looks like it was burnt in a fire. In this case, foci of infection can appear on the buds, leaves, shoots, on the skeletal branches and trunk of the tree.

As a rule, bacterial blight is found on plants with the onset spring period, at the time of their active flowering. Initially, the bacterium infects the flower of the plant, and then the disease spreads to the stems and leaves until it spreads throughout the tree, descending from the top of the crown to its base.

With mechanical damage to plants, the disease can appear in places where the wounds are located.

As a result of infection Erwinia amylovora open ulcers form on the trees with watery secretions, which are droplets of a pale milky color, called exudates. It is the exudate that acts as a source of infection, since it high humidity can be easily stretched into the thinnest thread and can be carried by precipitation, wind or birds over very considerable distances, then settling on plants. It can be carried and beneficial insects– pollinators such as bees, bumblebees, as well as various pests such as aphids.

In addition, planting and grafting material can act as a means of infecting plants with exudate, garden tools, bacteria-infected fruits and containers.

There are about a million bacteria in one drop of exudate, which poses a significant threat to everyone. fruit plants in District. Therefore, if with the onset of spring you miss the appearance of the first milky-white drops on the trees, then in a couple of years you can lose the whole garden.

The smallest particles of exudate have the form of mobile peritrichous rods or flagella (from 0.7 to 1.5 microns in size). They are located singly or in pairs one after another, so they can look like short chains.

Pollen infected with exudates, getting inside the flowers, begins a rapid process of reproduction of a colony of bacteria. In this case, the focus of infection covers all large area and gradually moves through the pedicel to the fruit spurs until it is on the shoots.

Biologists have found that at a temperature of +20°C the bacterium Erwinia amylovora capable of dividing every 20 minutes, and therefore their numbers are growing exponentially.

Most favorable conditions for the rapid development of a bacterial burn, the air temperature is about + 30 ° C at a relative humidity above 70%. In summer, when the temperature rises, the development of the disease usually stops, and when the temperature rises to + 44 ° C, harmful bacteria, as a rule, die.

Usually in Ukraine, June and July are the warmest and most humid months, so at this time, thanks to special flagella Erwinia amylovora acquires the ability to move through the internal vessels of plants, and the younger it is, the faster the bacteria moves. Sometimes they manage to completely infect a young tree up to two meters high within three weeks.

hibernate Erwinia amylovora in necrotic ulcers formed on trees, so that with the onset of the first spring warmth, wake up and begin active process breeding.

During the flowering of fruit trees, "revived" inflammatory foci resume the release of exudates, thus starting a new stage in the development of the disease.

Symptoms of infection

When infecting fruit trees, in particular apple and pear trees, on sections of the bark, one can find characteristic reddish-burgundy stains resembling marble patterns.

In infected plants, flowers and ovaries quickly wither and die, while the dead inflorescences become dry and turn black, but remain hanging on the tree. Sometimes exudate may appear on them.

As for the infected buds, they completely lose their ability to germinate, turn black and dry out.

Growth points and leaves of plants darken from the tips when infected. The leaves show blackening of the petiole and midrib. Necrotic spots appear on the edges of the leaf blades, as a result of which the foliage gradually curls, but does not fall off, but remains on the tree.

The bacterial burn also affects the fruits. As a rule, they do not have time to mature, acquire a dark brown color, but do not fall to the ground, but remain hanging on the branches. Sometimes on the fruits you can observe the release of drops of exudate.

The bark on infected trees in places of infection forms swellings in the form of ulcers, while the border between healthy and infected areas is clearly visible. As a result of severe infection, foci of inflammation acquire a wedge-shaped appearance with irregular shape cracks.

Ways to deal with a bacterial burn

Previously, gardeners used copper-based preparations to combat bacterial burns, and even ordinary Bordeaux liquid blocked the reproduction of the infection. Alas, at present, this disease can take a variety of forms, entering into symbiosis with pathogenic fungi and bacteria, so it is impossible to completely destroy the causative agent of the disease. Even the use of copper sulfate stops the development of the infection, but does not kill it.

Chemical methods bacterial burn treatment

As practice has shown, many gardeners successfully treat bactericidal burn with the help of antibiotics. The most popular among them are Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Streptomycin, Fitolavin, Gentamicin and Ofloxacin.

For example, the latter antibiotic can be used to locally deal with cortical damage. For this purpose, one tablet of "Ofloxacin" should be dissolved in 1 liter of water. Next, the site of damage must be carefully cleaned with a knife, and then apply a gauze bandage containing an antibiotic. For the same purpose, you can use "Gentamicin" (one ampoule of the antibiotic should be dissolved in 1 liter of water).

"Ampicillin" (one ampoule per 10 liters of water) is usually sprayed on trees in all phases of the growing season (including during flowering).

Fruit trees are also sprayed with a solution of "Tetracycline" and "Streptomycin". To prepare the solution, three tablets of Tetracycline should be dissolved in 5 liters of water, and then one ampoule of Streptomycin should be added.

In some cases, it is useful to combine these antibiotics with fungicides.

In order for antibiotics to better adhere to the surface of plants in ready solution you can add one glass of sugar.

Biological methods protection against bacteriological burns

Biological preparations have recently gained increasing popularity among gardeners, because, unlike chemicals they are completely harmless to humans and animals. They are based on bacteria.

These include the preparations "Gamair" and "Fitolavin", which allow to get rid of the signs of the disease within one season.

Fitolavin is considered to be the most effective biological remedy against a bacterial burn (this drug, for example, on a pear, reduces infection by 80%).To prepare the solution, dilute 20 milligrams of the product in 10 liters of water and treat the trees in all phases of the growing season. Solution consumption per one mature tree is from 2 to 5 liters.

With the help of "Gamair" fruit trees should be sprayed both in order to prevent the disease (about three times with an interval of one week), and when the first signs of infection with a bacterial burn appear (every five days). To prepare a working solution, dilute 2 tablets of Gamaira in one liter of water.

A good effect is obtained by a combination of bactericidal agents with fungicides, for example, with the preparations "Skor" and "Previkur Energy", which contain the active substance "fosetil", which suppresses the growth of bacteria and increases the immunity of plants.

Not so long ago, new effective microbiological preparations of the Stimiks series appeared on sale, designed to combat pathogenic microorganisms. These funds were created specifically to counteract diseases of a bacterial and bacterial-fungal nature and at the same time demonstrate a good result.

These include Stimiks Concentrate, Stimik Standard and Stimiks Fitostim.

Folk remedies for combating bacterial burns

These funds do not completely neutralize the action of pathogenic bacteria, but rather have a stopping effect.

Such means include boric acid(at the rate of 10 grams per 10 liters of water), succinic acid(10 tablets dissolved in 10 liters of water), ash solution (200 grams wood ash dissolve in 10 liters of water) and yeast.

The use of yeast and ash solution allows not only to suppress harmful microorganisms, but also stimulates the growth of plants, while increasing their vitality.

To clean the soil around the trees, sapropel can be used, with the help of which tree trunks should be mulched (from 5 to 7 centimeters).

Agrotechnical practices for combating fire blight

First of all, when laying a garden, it is necessary to use exclusively healthy seedlings that are not damaged by pests and diseases.

Do not allow excessive crown density by pruning trees in a timely manner.

At the first sign of infection, it is necessary to cut off all infected branches, remove infected leaves and fruits, remove and burn the dead plants, and then disinfect the soil.

Among the diseases of fruit crops, one of the most dangerous is a bacterial burn. Pears are most affected by this disease: three-year-old trees die after three months. The causative agent is the bacterium Erwinia Amilovora. The apple tree is less susceptible to disease. On it, a bacterial burn develops more slowly, the tree dies, as a rule, in the second year after infection.

Infected pear branches

Until recently, it was believed that this fruit disease was not detected in Russia. However, in the south of the country, pear plantations with affected trees were discovered not so long ago. And recently, photos of fruit trees with obvious signs of a bacterial burn began to appear on various gardening forums. Above you see just such a photo. The author of the photo lives in the Krasnodar Territory.

The incidence depends on the variety, the age of the tree, the succulence of the tissues and the spring meteorological conditions. The disease is most pronounced when the air temperature in spring is warmer than average. Warm rains especially contribute to the rapid spread of the pathogen, which leads to abscission of flowers. Infection of branches can occur from late May to June during the rainy season. Hot summers usually slow or stop the disease.

Symptoms of infection can be observed on all aboveground tissues, including flowers, fruits, shoots, branches, and in the rootstock near the grafted union on the lower body. As a rule, the symptoms are easy to recognize and distinguish from other diseases.

Symptoms of the disease appear when the pears bloom. Infected flowers suddenly wither, turning light or dark brown. The infection spreads down from the stalk and the bark becomes watery and dark green. The leaves turn brown or black but usually remain on the infected branch for the entire growing season.

This is what an infected pear looks like

The characteristic signs of infection with the bacterium Erwinia Amilovora were continuous blackening and twisting of the leaves, the death of the bark, shoots. At first, the leaves turn black and curl on one shoot, then the disease spreads throughout the skeletal branch, and with an intense flow it covers the entire plant.

A more significant sign confirming the spread of pear burn in the garden is the nature of the damage to leaves and shoots. Blackened leaves do not fall off, but remain on the branches; shoots with leaves have the appearance of being scorched by fire, hence the name - burn.

Necrosis of the cortex occurs in extensive spots with a clearly defined zone of death. The dying areas are accompanied by cracks, the bark in these places shrinks.

Infected shoots often form a "shepherd's hook" at their tips.

Shepherd's hook on a pear

The degree of spread of infection depends on the variety of affected plants. Trees of unstable varieties die off. Partially resistant varieties tolerate the disease in a more or less severe form. Surviving plants in the third or fourth year after infection can restore productivity.

A distinctive feature of the garden with scorched plants was a huge number of wasps. It can be assumed that in the first half of the growing season, before the appearance of fruits, one of the essential elements in the diet of wasps was exudate (mucous fluid) secreted by plants during this disease.

The infestation can also spread into the root zone, resulting in the death of trees. The rhizome does not show the typical symptoms of this disease. They are sometimes mistaken for root rot.

Affected parts of the plant (flowers, fruits, branches, shoots) have milky or amber droplets on the surface. These droplets contain millions of bacteria that can infect new plants. Insects can spread bacteria. When bees or flies visit infected flowers or fruits, their bodies may be covered with bacteria. Rain, wind, fog can also transfer bacteria from diseased to healthy plant parts.

Of course, for a strict definition of the disease, it is necessary to conduct detailed and systematic observations of the development of the disease in the next season from the moment the plants bloom. It is also necessary to experimentally confirm the infectious onset of a bacterial burn, isolate and accumulate the pathogen, conduct its microbiological studies, microscopy and serodiagnosis.

First of all, in winter it is necessary to conduct a thorough sanitary pruning: affected shoots are cut 15-20 cm below the site of infection. Cut points, pruning tools (secateurs, saws) are treated with disinfectants. Cut branches must be burned.

In addition, with the beginning of the growing season, multiple treatments with Bordeaux liquid are carried out (up to nine sprays). The most effective treatments are performed in the phenophases: the promotion of inflorescences, rosebud, flowering and its end. Eradication treatments with insecticides are also carried out to destroy insect vectors - wasps, flies, aphids.

But advice on treating pears from a bacterial burn with Bordeaux liquid today may not work. This is because the disease in our days is a fulminant form. The gardener does not immediately notice the signs of the disease and starts processing too late. Experts point out that laboratory research in the affected parts of plants, several types of pathogenic fungi and bacteria that cause burns are found. All together they strike at our trees.

In warm and humid weather, pathogens get on flowers, young twigs of fruit trees, and from there they spread with great speed not only in your garden, but throughout the area with flies, wasps, leafhoppers, aphids and other insects. Through the thin skin of the twigs, bacteria enter the vessels of the tree and we see how they turned from green to brown overnight.

Copper sulphate (Bordeaux liquid) in modern conditions will not cope with these pathogenic fungi and bacteria. It can stop the disease, but kill the pathogens blue vitriol now not able to.

Experts advise paying close attention to pears (and other fruit trees) in the period from the beginning of sap flow to flowering. Usually it is 2-2.5 weeks. Inspect all branches and trunks. Are there cracks oozing white juice on them? If there is, then clean them and treat with Ofloxacin. This is a bactericidal, antibacterial agent in tablets. Ofloxacin is sold in a pharmacy. Dissolve two tablets in a bucket of water and spray the tree. But cleaned cracks must be tied with a cloth moistened with Ofloxacin solution in order to medicine was able to penetrate and disinfect the burst areas of the bark.

A similar effect on pathogenic organisms that cause burns is exerted not only by Ofloxacin, but also by Ampicillin. Two or three treatments in 1.5-2 weeks with each of these drugs or both together will have a preventive and curative effect on your trees.

It was not in vain that I drew your attention to the role of insects in the spread of harmful bacteria. To prevent a bacterial burn and its development, it is necessary to disinfect bees, flies, aphids and other carriers of the disease. How to do it? Fitolavin, a fungicide of contact and systemic action, will help. For bees, it is not toxic, but it penetrates deep into plant tissues and stays there for a long time. You can use Fitolavin together with Skor. Speed ​​is an antifungal drug. Together with Fitolavin, it will also cope with pathogenic fungi and bacteria.

Change spray preparations every one and a half to two weeks - Fitolavin, Skor, Tsineb, Ridomil Gold, Acrobat.

Not only old trees die from a bacterial burn, but also young ones. Pears are mainly susceptible to this disease, but bacteria can also infect apple trees, hawthorn, quince, mountain ash, and raspberries.