GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERNITY

I. Read the text and complete tasks C1 - C4.

It seems to me that today, when mankind has come close to ecological disaster When all the terrible consequences of utopian claims to the total control of social processes are extremely clear, the fate of the humanistic ideal is connected with the rejection of the idea of ​​mastery, suppression and domination. The new understanding of the relationship between nature and man corresponds not to the ideal of anthropocentrism, but to the one developed by a number of modern thinkers, in particular, the famous scientist N.I. Moiseev, the idea of ​​co-evolution, the joint evolution of nature and humanity, which can be interpreted as a relationship of equal partners, if you like, interlocutors in an unplanned dialogue...

This can and should be understood in a broader sense. Freedom as an integral characteristic of the humanistic ideal is conceived not as mastery and control, but as the establishment of equal partnerships with what is outside of a person: with natural processes, with another person, with the values ​​of a different culture, with social processes, even with unreflexible and " opaque” processes of my own psyche.

C5 (1). Name 3 main global problems of our time.

C 6. Illustrate with three examples the relationship between the problems associated with the widening gap between developed and third world countries and the problem of preventing a new world war.

C6 (1). Give three examples of the relationship between global problems of our time.

C7 (1). Today, due to the existence global problems modern times, there are quite loud calls for the rejection of scientific and technological progress, the cessation of research in the field of the latest technologies. Do you share this point of view? Are these calls consistent with the concept of sustainable development? Give three reasons to support your opinion.

C7 (2). Speaking at a scientific conference, an environmental scientist said: “It is time to realize that humanity is coming to its end. We do not have the strength and ability to save ourselves. We are doomed". Do you agree with this opinion? Give three reasons to support your position.

C8. You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "The environmental crisis as a global problem of our time." Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

Answers to the tasks of the topic " Global problems of our time»

Part 1

1 - 1
3 – 3
5 – 2
7 – 4
9 – 1
Part 3

1. 
   C1 - C4

C1.

1) realities modern society:

- “Humanity has come close to an ecological catastrophe”;

- "all the terrible consequences of utopian claims to the total control of social processes are extremely clear";

2) the essence of the new understanding humanistic ideal:

"the idea of ​​co-evolution, the joint evolution of nature and humanity, which can be interpreted as a relationship of equal partners, if you like, interlocutors in an unprogrammed dialogue."

1. 
   “Freedom as an integral characteristic of the humanistic ideal is conceived ... as the establishment of equal partnerships with what is outside of a person: with natural processes, with another person, with the values ​​of a different culture, with social processes, even with non-reflective and “opaque” processes of my own psyche";
2. 
   “freedom is understood as such an attitude when I accept the other, and the other accepts me”;
3. 
   "free acceptance based on understanding as a result of communication."

C3. the humanistic ideal present stage ceased to correspond to anthropocentrism the following reasons:

1. 
   the establishment of human dominance over nature has led to irreversible changes external environment;
2. 
   irreversible changes in the external environment have a negative impact on human health, the functioning of society;
3. 
   the amount of resources that the rapidly growing humanity can use for its development has been significantly reduced;
4. 
   the installation of domination extended to the relationship of a person to his own kind, to public interests.

C4. The relationship of people "with what is outside of man":

1. 
   “relationships with natural processes”: the use of nature-saving and resource-saving technologies by man, limiting consumption;
2. 
   “relationship with another person”: recognition of the unconditional value of the personality of another person, respect for his freedom;
3. 
   “relationships with the values ​​of a different culture”: a tolerant attitude towards the values ​​of a different culture and the bearers of these values;
4. 
   "relationships with social processes": rejection of the installation of personal and group egoism, consumerism, striving for social peace;
5. 
   “relationships with non-reflexible and “opaque” processes of my own psyche”: attentive attitude to one’s own psychological state, sparing its adjustment if necessary, maximum use of one’s own mental abilities and states in activity.

1. 
   C1 - C4

C1. The author highlights the following issues:

Limited resources;

The North-South problem;

Demographic;

Consequences of NTR.

C2. Assumptions:

The presence of mankind scientific knowledge and technical means for global transformative activity (and means for the destruction of life on the planet);

Formation of a consumer society in which speed and comfort are among the dominant values.

C3. Examples supporting the author's statement:

communist ideologies;

Ideology of the Enlightenment;

The illusion of the omnipotence of science and the possibility of its victory over hunger and disease.

C4. Overcoming the contrasts between "rich" and "poor" countries in the near future is hardly possible, since this is hindered by the following:

The situation of uncontrolled births in conditions of limited resources and adverse conditions life;

A small share of participation in the global division of labor;

Growth of military and other expenditures of developed countries, preventing the redistribution of funds in favor of "poor" countries.

C5 (1). The main global problems of our time:

Ecological;

Demographic;

The North-South Problem.

C6 (1). Examples of the relationship of global problems of our time:

The threat of an ecological crisis forces economically developed countries to transfer harmful, environmentally hazardous industries to third world countries, which exacerbates the North-South problem;

The threat of international terrorism in modern conditions is closely related to the problem of preventing nuclear war, maintaining peace (terrorists are trying to gain access to technologies for the production of weapons of mass destruction);

The demographic problem in the modern world acts primarily as a problem of rapid demographic growth in third world countries, which increases the gap from developed countries. economic terms countries.

C6 (2). Examples that reveal the global nature of the environmental problems of the modern world:

Climate warming leads to melting polar ice and to a rise in the level of the world ocean, which in the future may change the contours of the continents, swallow islands and archipelagos, i.e. the human environment is threatened;

From pollution of soils, atmosphere and the World Ocean by industrial and household waste the population of all countries of the continents suffers;

disappearance certain types animals not only affects local ecosystems, but in its long-term consequences disrupts the balance of the global ecosystem.

Global problems of our time, workshop

Exercise 1. Find a term that generalizes to all the other terms in the series below. Write down this word (phrase).

ecological crisis

the threat of a new world war

rise in drug addiction

the spread of AIDS

threat of the 21st century

Task 2. Below are some terms. All of them, with the exception of two, are associated with the concept of "globalization". Find two terms that fall out of general series, and write down in response the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) internationalization

2) protectionism

3) internet networks

4) World Bank

5) world markets

6) subsistence farming

Task 3. Find in the above list the features that distinguish global problems from other problems of mankind. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) require for their resolution the joint efforts of the states of the world

2) arose in the second half of the last century

3) reflect the contradiction between people's needs and opportunities

4) caused by shortage natural resources

5) are large-scale

Task 4. Select correct judgments about the global food problem and write down the numbersin ascending order under which they are listed.

1) The solution of the global food problem is associated with the use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress.

2) This problem manifests itself mainly in the countries of the Northern Hemisphere.

3) The severity of the problem is determined mainly by the natural and climatic differences between the regions of the Earth.

4) The problem requires the development and implementation of advanced methods of agricultural technology.

5) This problem is interconnected with the global demographic problem.

Task 5. Establish a correspondence between examples of manifestations and characteristics of global problems: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

A) gradual depletion of oil and metals

B) intensifying the activities of extremist groups (taking hostages, preparing and carrying out explosions in crowded places)

C) rapid population growth in Asia, Africa and Latin America

D) an increase in the gap in the level of gross national income per capita between groups of countries

D) an increase in diseases caused by waste hazardous industries

1) the threat of global terrorism

2) the threat of an ecological crisis

3) the problem of "North - South"

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A

Task 6. Which of the following measures are aimed at overcoming the North-South problem? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) preparation investment projects aimed at creating new jobs in economically underdeveloped countries

2) activities of international governmental organizations aimed at combating terrorism

3) provision of trade preferences for countries with a raw material nature of exports

4) reducing the cost of overcoming illiteracy

5) development of programs for the supply of weapons

6) limiting the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere

Task 7. Measures to overcome the problem of providing humanity with resources were discussed at the international conference. What could be included in the program of this conference? Choose the correct positions and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) use of alternative energy sources

2) a program to support developing countries

3) reduction in military spending

4) allocation of funds for the eradication of illiteracy

5) saving fresh water for industrial and domestic needs

6) creation of underground storage facilities for rain and melt water

Task 8.

(A) A group of scientists led by A. Pechetti organized the so-called Club of Rome - an international non-governmental organization whose goal is to study the problems of the modern world. (B) Uncontrolled population growth, environmental problems, modern achievements science and technology have raised the problem of assessing the quality of social progress. (B) The aggravation of global problems testifies, in our opinion, to the crisis of modern civilization. (D) At the same time, we admit that attempts to solve global problems strengthen the unity of countries and peoples. (E) Experts from different countries take part in the work of the Club of Rome.

1) actual character

Task 9. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.

(A) The global problems of the modern world threaten the survival of humanity as a biological species. (B) Downplaying the danger of a new world war in modern conditions is unjustified. (B) Officially, there are about 70,000 nuclear weapons on Earth. (D) Calculations show that this arsenal is capable of completely destroying life on the planet. (E) We believe that an appeal to the world community with a call for disarmament is extremely necessary.

Determine which provisions of the text are worn

1) actual character

2) the nature of value judgments

3) the nature of theoretical statements

Task 10. Read the text below, in which a number of words (phrases) are missing. Choose from the proposed list of words (phrases) that you want to insert in place of the gaps.

« ___________ (A) modern scientists call the process of formation of a single humanity. There is an active development of the world economy and the world system ___________ (B), common ideas about the optimal socio-political structure are being introduced, ___________ (C) is spreading. Globalization is ___________(D) a process that has both positive and Negative influence for the development of modern humanity. On the one hand, the formation of ___________ (D) society is taking place, on the other hand, economic disagreements between Western countries and the countries of the "third world" are aggravating, the problem of ___________ (E) is aggravating.

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used once. Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap with words. Keep in mind that there are more words in the list than you need to select.

1) dialogue of cultures

2) division of labor

3) society

4) globalization

5) controversial

6) Mass culture

7) agriculture

8) informational

9) computer

The table below lists the letters that indicate the omission of a word. Write in the table under each letter the number of the word you have chosen.

A

Task 11. Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.

“There are countries on our planet that differ sharply in their socio-economic ___ (A) and, accordingly, in the level of ____ (B) population. On the one hand, there is a relatively small group of ___ (B), on the other - big number states in which economic development is characterized by backwardness, and the quality of life of the population is low. The economy of ___ (D) is based on the extraction and export of raw materials. The population of backward and moderately developed countries is ____ (D). The world population is already 7 billion. The general trend modern development such that the gap between the "golden billion" and the rest of humanity is ____ (E)."

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used once. Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.

1) developed countries

2) minority

3) backward countries

4) the vast majority

5) is shrinking

6) level

7) welfare

8) gap

9) development

Task 12. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "globalization"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the manifestations of globalization in political sphere, and one sentence revealing the process of globalization in economic sphere

Task 13. With the help of three examples, illustrate the relationship of global problems of our time.

Task 14. Name and illustrate with examples three positive consequences of the process of globalization.

Task 15. Population growth in developing countries has posed a food problem with all its acuteness. To solve it, an extensive development path is used. Agriculture- development of new lands. This leads to large areas of tropical forests being cut down. Intensive way of development of agricultural production associated with the use modern technology, is often inaccessible to these states due to their economic backwardness. The interrelation of what global problems can be traced here? List three problems

Task 16. In solving the global problems of our time, two areas of scientists have emerged: neo-Malthusians, who believe that the growth of mankind must be strictly controlled and limited needs, and Cornucopians, who believe that technological progress and discoveries can make the resources necessary for human life unlimited. Scientists interviewed different categories of scientists and ordinary citizens to find out their attitude to the problem. Respondents were asked questions:"Who is right: neo-Malthusians or Cornucopians?"

The results of the survey were calculated by scientists and presented in the form of a table (data are given in%):

Ways to solve global problems of our time

Analyze the data in the table and draw any three conclusions, confirming each of them with references to research materials.

Task 17. You have to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "The problem of the North and the South and ways to solve it."

Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

Global problems of our time, answers:

1 - Threat XXIcentury -1b.

2 – 26 – 1 b.

3 – 125 – 2 b .

4 – 145 – 2 b.

5 – 21332 – 2 b .

6 – 13 – 1 b.

7 – 156 – 2 b.

8 – 13221 – 2 b.

9 – 32112 - 2 b.

10 – 426581 – 3 b .

11 – 971345 – 3 b .

12 - - 3 b. 1) the meaning of the concept, for example: the process of becoming a single humanity;

(Another definition that is close in meaning may be given.)

2) one sentence with information about the manifestations of globalization in the political sphere, based on the knowledge of the course, for example: “In the political sphere, globalization is expressed in the fact that international organizations assume an increasing part of the powers of national governments”;

(Other sentences may be drafted containing information on the manifestations of globalization in the political sphere.)

3) one sentence that reveals, based on knowledge of the course, the process of globalization in the economic sphere, for example: “Globalization of the economy is manifested in the formation of a world economic space in which industries, the geography of production, the exchange of information and technologies are determined by considerations of the development of the world economy, and economic booms and crises occur on a global scale.”

13 - - 3 b. 1) the economic backwardness of developing countries gives rise to the use of technologies that cause great damage to nature;

2) rapid population growth in developing countries exacerbates economic problems, increases the backlog from developed countries;

3) the low socio-economic level of a number of developing countries, the lack of developed health systems and education leads to the growth of dangerous diseases, such as AIDS.

14 - 3 b. - One of the most positive effects or consequences of globalization is the improved quality of goods and services due to increased competition.

Globalization has a net positive effect on world economy. Breaking free from the rules that hinder globalization will allow money to move more freely.

General level education will increase due to the demands of globalization. Communication technologies make the world closer.

Globalization makes it easier for people to access information, while at the same time increasing the amount of new, interesting, accessible information for every inhabitant of the planet.

Once upon a time, limited jurisdiction was a hindrance to prosecuting criminals located in another country. Already now, due to international courts, these criminals can no longer seek political asylum in a foreign country, they will be deported to the country or brought to justice in which they committed the crime

15 - 2 b. - demographic;

- ecological;

- the gap in the levels of economic development of the countries of the "North" and "South".

16 - 3 b. Three conclusions are drawn, for example: 1) Most global scientists believe in the possibility of science in the human mind, believing that humanity will be able to find a solution to all current problems (58% of the scientists surveyed are supporters of Cornucopians).

2) Ordinary citizens, far from the problems of global studies, are poorly oriented in the problems of the survival of mankind, determining the strategy of the future (this is evidenced by the fact that about a third of the respondents did not decide on their views, and the remaining two-thirds were distributed equally between the two positions).

3) The most pessimistic in their views on the prospects of humanity are demographers and humanitarians, who believe that people need to self-limit, strictly control the growth of inhabitants on Earth (respectively, 56% of demographers and 54% of humanitarians are supporters of neo-Malthusians).

17 - 3 b . 1) The problem of the North and the South is one of the global problems of our time.

2) The essence of the problem of North and South and its relationship with other global problems.

3) Manifestations and consequences of the named problem:

a) "population explosion";

b) hunger, poverty, illiteracy, disease;

c) unemployment and migration to economically prosperous countries of the world.

4) Ways to overcome the economic backwardness, poverty and misery of the Third World countries:

a) implementation of a well-thought-out demographic policy;

b) the establishment of a new world economic order;

c) international cooperation in solving the problems of the North and the South.

Mark yourself:

30-38 b. - "5"

22-29 b. - "four"

11-21 b. - "3"

Chapter III. The relationship of global problems.

All global problems of our time are closely connected with each other and mutually determined, so that their isolated solution is practically impossible. Thus, ensuring the further economic development of mankind with natural resources obviously presupposes the prevention of increasing environmental pollution, otherwise this will lead to an environmental catastrophe on a planetary scale in the foreseeable future. That is why both of these global problems are rightly called environmental and even with a certain reason are considered as two sides of a single environmental problem. In turn, this ecological problem can be solved only on the path of a new type of environmental development making good use of the potential scientific and technical revolution while preventing its negative consequences. And although the pace of ecological growth over the past four decades as a whole in developing times, this gap has increased. Statistical calculations show that if the annual population growth in developing countries were the same as in developed countries, then the contrast between them in terms of per capita income would have been reduced by now. Up to 1:8 and could be in comparable sizes per capita twice as high as now. However, this "demographic explosion" in developing countries, according to scientists, is due to their continuing economic, social and cultural backwardness. The inability of mankind to develop at least one of the global problems will most negatively affect the possibility of solving all the others.

In the view of some Western scientists, the interconnection and interdependence of global problems form a kind of “vicious circle” of disasters insoluble for humanity, from which there is either no way out at all, or the only salvation lies in the immediate cessation of ecological growth and population growth. Such an approach to global problems is accompanied by various alarmist, pessimistic forecasts of the future of mankind.

Conclusion

At the present stage of human development, it is perhaps faced with the most hot problem- how to preserve nature, since no one knows when and in what form it is possible to move towards an ecological catastrophe. And humanity has not even come close to creating a global mechanism for regulating the nature user, but continues to destroy the colossal gifts of nature. There is no doubt that the inventive human mind will eventually find a replacement for them. But here human body, will he survive, will he be able to adapt to the abnormal conditions of life?.

This is disastrous not only for nature, but also for man and his culture which at all times gave harmony to the relationship of man with nature. Therefore, to create a new artificial environment would mean destroying culture as well.

Man cannot exist without nature, not only physically (bodily), which goes without saying, but also spiritually.

The meaning of modern environmental ethics is to place the highest moral values ​​of man over the value of nature-transforming activity. At the same time, the principle of value equality of all living things (equivalence) appears as the basis of environmental ethics.

Global problems are problems relating to the "world-man" system as a whole and having a non-local, but all-encompassing, planetary character. The life of society, the fate of mankind, the conditions of its habitat, the state of life directly depend on their solution. natural environment, social progress and the preservation of civilization. These include problems of ecology, protection of human health, demographic problems, problems of the crisis of culture, issues of war and peace. Accordingly, they are divided into ecological, demographic and military-political ones.

Modern research allows us to classify more than two dozen problems as global problems, including:

Threat of ecological catastrophe;

Mineral resource crisis;

Medico-biological problems of health;

Conservation of homo sapiens;

Problems of preventing war with the use of weapons of mass destruction;

Cessation of the arms race;

Reduction of areas of poverty and poverty;

Problems of the energy crisis, etc.

The causes of global problems are the increased growth of human needs, the increased technical means the impact of society on nature, the extent of these impacts.

To characteristic features The global problems of our time include the presence of a close relationship between them, in which the aggravation of one leads to the aggravation of the entire chain of problems. It can be said that global problems are a complex tangle of problems. Therefore, attempts to separate their consideration and solution are ineffective. Global problems must be solved comprehensively, in a coordinated manner, through the efforts of numerous subjects of the world community.

Multilevel environmental problems. At the present stage of human development, most of the global problems are concentrated at the pole active interaction man and nature. Uncontrolled use of natural resources, barbaric consumption natural resources raises the question of a special social policy that regulates the relationship between man and nature, raises the problem of the need to protect both nature and humanity, which is interested in its future. The environmental problem is exacerbated by the fact that the world annually disappears. 150 species of plants and animals, there is depletion of the soil, pollution of water, atmospheric layers of air and the environment as a whole. A person pollutes everything around him with chemical and radiation substances: from the oceans to outer space. Changes in the biosphere, ionosphere, characteristics of air, soil and water, under which it originated and became possible human life, testifies to the destruction of that ecological niche, the destruction of which leads to the disappearance of all living things. K. Lorenz in the article "The Eight Deadly Sins of Civilized Mankind", drawing attention to the accelerating in geometric progression the rate of development of technology, speaks of the threat of complete destruction of the biocenoses in which and at the expense of which a person lives.

The ecological problem is multilevel. It should be addressed both at the national and international, global levels. The basis of the exacerbation of the environmental problem is the rapid scientific and technological progress, focused on the unbridled growth of consumption. It is fraught with a shortage of natural resources in many countries. soil, hydropower, fresh water, fish stocks in many countries have reached their critical levels.

The Club of Rome is one of the leading research centers that includes politicians and scientists who develop models for eliminating crisis tendencies in the relationship of humanity with its environment. Its activity is aimed at developing a new ecological thinking, a system of measures that ensures safe living on earth. Pollution of the world's oceans with chemical and industrial waste has led to the creation of organizations such as the North Sea Confederation and the International Maritime Organization. The activities that can provide a turn towards the harmonization of relations "man-nature" include:

Waste disposal;

Prevention of emissions of gases into the atmosphere during fuel combustion;

Mastering energy and resource saving technologies;

Stimulating the restoration of the natural environment.

The ecological problem closely raises the issues of human ecology, the health of his body and spirit. There are warnings from biologists, geneticists, physicians that man is in danger of extinction as a biological species. Genetic engineering in its discoveries and achievements poses a real threat to human existence. Spread of pathogens and weakening immune system under the influence of various stresses lead to catastrophic consequences in human ecology and cannot be left without close attention. AIDS is the plague of the 20th century. today is also a universal problem. Its origins lie in mass drug addiction, sexual perversion and prostitution, which destroy a person and induce him to antisocial actions.

Speaking about human ecology, one should keep in mind the study of the real way of life of human populations. Here, not only the corporeality of a person and the physical environment are important, but also the spiritual component. Of course, in order to give life to the spirit, it is necessary to provide life to the body. This mutual positing and mutual negation of the spirit and the body as a real contradiction, which develops each time with new force, requires its resolution in something else, which would not be only spiritual and would not be only bodily. In this sense, the key problem of human ecology has always been the problem of its self-realization, understood as the development of everything potentially inherent in it. At one time Montaigne wrote: "The most important thing in the world is the ability to be yourself." The new term - "ecosophy" means a personal code of values ​​and a view of the world that determines and initiates personal behavior, giving the joy of being oneself.

The global crisis of culture. Some of the global problems are based on fixing the state of society as a victim of global upheavals. World wars and local military conflicts have led to the loss of humanity's faith in humanistic ideals. The crisis of human spirituality, the ideology of consumerism is, in the words of the Russian philosopher M. Mamardashvili, "an anthropological catastrophe." All this is very typical of the late 20th century. Modern Western philosopher J. Ortega y Gasset sees the foundations of the crisis of culture in the fact that European history has been left to the mercy of mediocrity. It matured and acts new type mass man who interferes in everything and. does not know morality. This type is parasitic, his actions have the character of violence.

K. Jaspers drew attention to the fact that in comparing modernity with the time of the decline and death of ancient culture, there is one significant difference: technology during the collapse of antiquity was in a state of stagnation, while in the modern world it continues its “destructive progress” at an unheard of pace.

The backwardness in the development of a huge part of the population and the need to overcome it is also recognized today as one of the global problems of mankind. The economic gap between the population of the most developed countries and the vast mass of the poorest population of developing countries cannot create a favorable background for the development of modern civilization and is also included in a number of global problems of our time. The volume of production per capita in underdeveloped countries is on average 12 times less, and energy consumption is 14 times lower than in developed countries. 3/4 of the population of developing countries live in unsanitary conditions, and 31% of the population live in conditions of absolute poverty. The areas of poverty and hunger indicate that society has not solved the problem of its provision with food and energy resources, which leads to the destruction and pathologies of the human population.

Globalistics of military-political problems. Along with the global environmental problem, the issues of ensuring peace and preventing war are also the most serious problem of human existence. Among the military-political ones is the problem of the aggravation of the arms race, the atomic or nuclear threat. A large number of tests and the accumulation of nuclear charges, outbreaks of military conflicts, mass terror lead to a situation where humanity is teetering on the brink of peaceful coexistence. Even A. Einstein called for the released energy of the atom to work for the benefit of mankind, and not for its destruction. The signing of treaties on the reduction of strategic nuclear arsenals somewhat reduces the danger of a direct nuclear collision, but the threat of a technological atomic explosion does not disappear, there are no guarantees against a repeat of the Chernobyl catastrophe on a global scale. New types of weapons, including not only chemical and bacteriological, but also "genetic", "plasma", "solar" weapons, offer ever newer and more sophisticated methods of destruction. Unfortunately, it is with the problem of war that humanity is crossing the threshold of the new millennium. Progressive scientists and philosophers, representatives of literature and art call for the preservation of peace on earth in the name of all mankind. The UN plays a special role in solving the global problems of our time. The world community is trying to coordinate the efforts of mankind to minimize the global problems of our time, to ensure consensus and improve world economic relations.

Philosophers note with concern that the prospects for solving global problems are largely determined by the level of development of humanity itself and its culture. On the threshold of the XXI century. humanity, faced with the need to solve the problems of the world order: pollution of the environment by industrial waste, the irreplaceable disappearance of natural resources; imbalance in demographic processes; the danger of a radioactive catastrophe, etc. - cannot fail to realize the catastrophic nature of further technogenic development. Knowledge of threats, identification of risks and assessment of new hazards can equip scientists in activities to minimize global problems. The researchers note that the negative effects scientific and technical activities can be overcome not by its suspension, but by the creation of the latest technologies for the disposal of hazardous waste. The possibility of creating robotic doctors living inside the human body and eliminating any deviations from the norm, as well as saturating the ecosphere with robotic orderlies that process waste is noted.

Philosophy cannot be aloof from solving the global problems of our time, since they are associated with the possibilities and prospects for the survival of all mankind. At the same time, philosophy alone is not able to solve them. Complete and complete solution global problems of our time or a gradual reduction in their severity is possible only through the combined efforts of practical scientists and theorists of the entire world community, which is aware of the imminent danger of their aggravation.

SOCIETY

Institutes

C5. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "institutions of society"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the institutions of society.

Answer:

The institution of society is a historically established stable form of organizing the joint activities of people who perform certain functions in society, the main of which is the satisfaction of social needs.

Allocate economic, political, social institutions, institutions operating in the spiritual field. Each institution of society is characterized by the presence of a goal of its activity, specific functions that ensure the achievement of such a goal. The institutions of society are a complex and branched formation: within the fundamental institutions there are very distinct divisions into smaller ones. From the point of view of the organization of society, the key institutions are: inheritance, power, property, family, etc.

Illustrate with three concrete examples interconnection and interaction between the spheres of society.

ANSWER:

2) Formation of institutions civil society, social movements and initiatives mainly by representatives of the middle strata with economic independence and wealth illustrates the relationship between economic, social and political life society;

3) The decline in the standard of living of society and the subsequent decrease in interest in culture, in the cultural heritage of the past, illustrates the links between the social and spiritual spheres of society.

Global problems

C6. Name two reasons for the emergence of global problems of our time

Answer:

Improvement and development productive forces, i.e. the result of the development of the material culture of society; the result of social progress, etc.

C 7. Regarding the global problems of our time, there is an opinion that humanity is coming to its end, people do not have the strength to save themselves, the doom of the world community is proclaimed. Name three major signs of global problems. Do you agree with the given opinion? Justify your position.

Answer:

Signs:

1. They are generated not by the activities of one country or group of countries, but by humanity as a whole;
2. They threaten the existence of all mankind, the foundations of life on earth;
3. They can be solved only if the efforts of the entire world community are united.

The scientific and technological revolution taking place in modern conditions creates real technical and technological foundations for solving global problems. An economy built on a combination of market mechanisms and state regulation spontaneous economic processes, allowing for effective social protection population, to overcome the conflict between the efficiency of production and the social interests of people. Gradually, the idea of ​​non-violence, the solution of emerging problems not by force, but by negotiations, the search for compromises, and dialogue is becoming a reality in the minds of politicians and becoming a reality. The irreconcilable ideological confrontation, which turned into a psychological war, is becoming a thing of the past. The foundations for tolerance and mutual cooperation within the world community are gradually being strengthened, which creates conditions for joint action to solve global problems.

С 6. Expand on three examples the global nature of the environmental problems of the modern world.

Answer:

1) climate warming leads, for example, to the melting of polar ice and an increase in the level of the world ocean, which in the future can change the contours of continents, swallow islands and archipelagos, i.e., the environment for the existence of mankind is endangered;

2) climate change, which, according to most scientists, is the result of human transformation, affects the population of all countries and continents;

3) the extermination of certain animal species, for example, the sea cow, affects not only the local ecosystem, but in its long-term consequences upsets the balance of the global ecosystem.

C6. Illustrate with three examples the relationship between the problems associated with the widening gap between developed and Third World countries and the problem of preventing a new world war.

Answer:

1) a significant number of local weapons of conflicts fall on the countries of the "third world", some of which have nuclear weapons (for example, the Indo-Pakistani conflict);

2) due to the aggravation of the problem of providing raw materials and energy resources, the most developed countries of the world provoke, and sometimes themselves participate in wars for control over sources of raw materials (for example, the war in the Persian Gulf or the American-Iranian war);

3) the poverty of certain regions of the planet contributes to the spread of the most radical, militant ideologies in them, the adherents of which are fighting against developed countries (for example, Islamic terrorist organizations)

C 6. Using three examples, illustrate the relationship of global problems of our time.

Answer:

1) the economic backwardness of developing countries gives rise to the use of technologies that cause great damage to nature;

2) the rapid growth of population in developing countries exacerbates economic problems, increases the backlog from developed countries;

3) the low socio-economic level of a number of developing countries, the lack of developed health systems and education leads to the growth of dangerous diseases, such as AIDS.

C 7. Population growth in developing countries has posed a food problem with all its severity. To solve it, an extensive path of agricultural development is used - the development of new lands. This leads to large areas of tropical forests being cut down. The intensive path of development of agricultural production, associated with the use of modern technology, is often inaccessible to these states due to their economic backwardness. Interrelation, what global problems can be traced here? List three problems.

Answer:

Demographic;

Ecological;

The gap in the levels of economic development of the countries "North" and "South".

C 6. The modern world is not spared from a number of local wars and armed conflicts. Many thinkers attribute local wars of our time to global problems, threats facing all of humanity. Give three reasons to support your position.

Answer:

1) any local conflict, local war can become an arena for the use of weapons of mass destruction (chemical, bacteriological, nuclear);

2) third countries may be drawn into a local conflict, and then it will develop into a regional or even global one;

3) any local conflict is the basis for the financial support of terrorist organizations, training camps for militants, increasing the danger of international terrorist activities, etc.

Globalization

C7. Do you share the following point of view: “Globalization is another kind of colonization by one part of the planet of another part of it. At the heart of such colonization is the US monopoly on the production of a number of high-tech products: weapons, microprocessors, pharmaceuticals, Operating Systems, Hollywood productions, etc.”? Give the necessary arguments. Can it be argued that globalization is a natural process? Justify your answer.

Answer:

The presented point of view is one-sided and does not reveal the fullness of such a new historical phenomenon on a planetary scale as globalization. This is not only the transnationalization of production and consumption, but also the rapid "mixing" of races and nationalities; concentration of "minds" in leading and priority scientific areas; "digestion" of cultural and ideological ways, incl. cooperation and spiritual interpenetration of various religions and confessions; integration of millions of people into new, previously unusual conditions for them Everyday life. Globalization is a natural process. Its objectivity is based on scientific and technical progress and economic growth. The Internet, information and communication technologies, satellite communications - all this determines a huge acceleration in the turnover of financial capital, and hence an increase in the return on invested funds, an increase in investments and freely circulating capital on a global scale.

C 7. Analysis current trends world development shows that transnational corporations with their multi-ethnic staff, international professional communities, government organizations, informal interest groups emerging on the basis of the Internet are playing an increasing role in the global economy. In various fields of activity, through the efforts of the most well-trained people, numerous formal and informal associations of “citizens of the world” appear. What phenomenon are we talking about? Give 3 signs of this phenomenon.

Answer:

It's about about globalization.