Are the following statements about absolute truth correct? A8

A. The path to absolute truth goes through relative truths.

B. Relative truth is complete, unchanging knowledge.
Answer:

1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong

Are the following judgments about the forms of knowledge correct?

A. Sensations are the result of the direct impact of an object on the sense organs.

B. Each concept in the mind of a person is in a certain connection with others.

Empirical and theoretical levels of knowledge are inherent

1) any kind of knowledge

2) scientific knowledge

3) ordinary knowledge

4) rational knowledge

Give definitions:

Cognition Knowledge Two stages of cognition Empirical level of cognition Theoretical level of cognition

Only the composition of scientific knowledge includes:

1) established facts

2) experimentally based conclusions

3) logical reasoning

4) value judgments

Which of the following truths is based on everyday experience and does not require detailed justification?

1) "The laws discovered by Newton are valid only in terrestrial conditions"

2) "Before a drought, ants seek shelter in dark, damp depressions"

3) "Holes appeared in the Earth's ozone layer"

4) “when you breathe, you take in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide”

Give definitions:

· Sensationalism

Rationalism

· Cognition

Are the following judgments about the criteria for the truth of knowledge correct? The criterion for the truth of knowledge is

(-are)
A. simplicity, clarity and consistency of knowledge.

B. compliance of knowledge with generally accepted ideas.

1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both statements are correct
4) both statements are wrong

Truth is knowledge

3) scientifically obtained

4) accessible to everyone

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Cognition goes through two stages, sensory and ……..

There are two types of research empirical and ……

The criterion of truth, empiricists read .....

Knowledge in the broadest sense is...

Which of the following statements is scientific?

1) Time flows everywhere the same and does not depend on anything.

2) The fate of a person depends on the location of the stars in the sky at the time of his birth.

3) Electricity flows through wires just like water flows through pipes.

4) There is a hereditary predisposition to certain diseases.

Are the following statements about truth correct?

1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both statements are correct
4) both statements are wrong

Truth is knowledge

1) reflecting the objective properties of an object

3) scientifically obtained

4) accessible to everyone

Correct the mistake

Knowledge is the result of knowledge.

Sense cognition is based on logic

The empirical level of knowledge is based on scientific theories.

Which of the following characterizes the empirical level of knowledge?

		observation of individual facts and phenomena
		explanation of the studied facts and phenomena
		fixing generalizations in the form of laws
		promotion and substantiation of hypotheses

"Prometheus brought the light of knowledge to people." This statement is an example of knowledge

Answer:

		worldly
		mythological
		scientific
		"parascientific"

		only A is correct
		only B is correct
		both statements are correct
		both statements are wrong

Give definitions:

· Sensationalism

Rationalism

· Cognition

Answer:

		only A is correct
		only B is correct
		both statements are correct
		both statements are wrong

Are the following statements about truth correct?

A. True knowledge is always obtained experimentally.

B. Only that knowledge is true that corresponds to the moral ideas of people.

1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both statements are correct
4) both statements are wrong

Answer:

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both statements are correct

4) both statements are wrong

Write down the missing word in the table.

METHOD

KNOWLEDGE

CHARACTERISTIC

The study of the phenomena of reality in

controlled and managed (changeable) conditions

Hypothesis

Making conjectures, assumptions, for explanation

facts that do not fit into the old theories.

15. Both absolute and relative truths:

1) always find their confirmation in practice; 3) give complete, exhaustive knowledge about the subject;

2) are of an objective nature; 4) can be refuted over time.

16. True knowledge as opposed to false:

1) is obtained in the course of cognitive activity; 3) abstracts from minor features;

2) corresponds to the very object of knowledge; 4) stated in scientific language.

17. Are the following statements about false knowledge correct?

Knowledge is false

A. not relevant to the subject of study.

B. not tested experimentally.

18. Are the following statements about truth correct?

A. The path to absolute truth goes through relative truths.

B. Relative truth is complete, unchanging knowledge.

1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true; 4) both judgments are wrong.

19. Are the following judgments about practice as criteria of truth correct?

Practice is a relative criterion of truth, because

A. Not all phenomena can be assessed as true or false.

B. there are phenomena that are not available for practical influence on them.

1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both judgments are true;

4) both judgments are wrong.

20. Write down the word that is missing in the following phrase:

“Undoubted, unchanging, once and for all established knowledge, a kind of pattern towards which human knowledge aspires, it is customary to call ___________ truth.”

Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.

As is known, objective truth is the content of knowledge that does not depend either on man or on mankind; it is an adequate reflection by the subject of the surrounding world. The general characteristic of truth is applicable to any form of cognition - both to natural science and to social reflection. However, noting the generality, one should also see the specificity of the manifestation of truth in the reflection of social phenomena. It is necessary to take into account the features of both the object and the subject of cognition, and their relations ...

There is only one objective truth in the social sciences, as in natural science. It cannot be otherwise, if one strictly adheres to the criterion of scientific character in social cognition. But it is also obvious that the process of comprehending objective truth is as difficult as it is endless. The development of social knowledge proceeds through the struggle of opposing views, concepts and theories, through their systematic revision. The only objective criterion of truth is practice...

At the same time, one must always keep in mind that the criterion of truth is not a single experience, not a one-time act of verification, but social practice in its historical dimension.

However, practice is a relative criterion of social truth in the sense that it indicates the truth of knowledge only for certain historical conditions. The criterion of practice is so "definite" as to distinguish objective knowledge from subjective opinions and idealistic delusions, so as to stimulate the creative development of social cognition, and at the same time so "indefinite" as to allow human knowledge to turn into an "absolute".

(A.M. Korshunov, V.V. Mantatov)

21. What two definitions of objective truth are given by the authors?

22. What two features of practice as a criterion of truth in the social sciences are mentioned in the text?

23. Describe, based on the knowledge of the course, the features of the object, subject and the results of social cognition.

24. Give three examples confirming any three statements of the authors (of your choice). In each case, write the statement first, and then the corresponding example.

scientific knowledge

25. Only the composition of scientific knowledge includes:

1) established facts; 3) logical reasoning;

2) experimentally substantiated conclusions; 4) results of observations.

26. What is an example of scientific knowledge?

1) twice two - four; 3) business time - fun hour;

27. Which of the following statements is scientific?

1) time flows everywhere in the same way and does not depend on anything;

2) the fate of a person depends on the location of the stars in the sky at the time of his birth;

3) electric current flows through wires just like water through pipes;

4) there is a hereditary predisposition to certain diseases.

28. What method of obtaining knowledge is used predominantly at the theoretical level of scientific knowledge?

1) measurement of objects; 3) putting forward a hypothesis;

2) description of experimental data; 4) conducting observations.

29. The famous navigator Magellan was looking for the shortest route to India. He used a map showing the strait connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. However, in the place marked on the map, Magellan did not find the strait. Then he, having studied the descriptions left by his predecessors, suggested that this strait should be to the south. He explored every bay, every bay - and discovered the strait (later named after him) between the mainland and the Tierra del Fuego archipelago.

What methods of scientific knowledge did Magellan use? Specify three methods.

30. Name any three features of scientific knowledge and illustrate each of them with an example.

31. Use three examples to reveal the methods of obtaining knowledge inherent in science.

Read the text and do tasks 32-35.

empirical knowledge.

The complexity of the structure of cognitive activity is also due to the fact that at present the layer of empirical cognition seems to be more complex than it was previously thought, where sensory forms of reflection, instrumental-practical means of cognition and abstract-logical means of analysis interact in a single process.<…>

For a long time, science was dominated by an empirical tradition (developed by both materialists and idealists), which assumed that only sensory data were the source of scientific knowledge.<…>Even now we have to prove that empirical knowledge is not purely sensory, but involves the use of various rational methods of research.<…>

At the initial stage of empirical knowledge, the researcher, relying on existing knowledge and theoretical concepts, conducts experiments and records the results of individual observations. However, the scattered data obtained at this stage of the study are not, in themselves, the facts of science. They may contain errors associated with deviations in the work of human feelings, incorrect readings of instruments, with incorrect setting of experiments, incorrect interpretation, etc. In other words, the initial data (which in the past were just perceived as facts) may contain some random, erroneous elements and subjective layers. In order for them to acquire the significance of scientific facts, they must be cleared of such elements, highlighting what characterizes the objective phenomenon itself.<…>the results of experiments are checked and rechecked, missing information is collected, additional experiments are carried out. The initial data obtained as a result of a whole series of experiments and observations are subject to<…>generalization, classification, typology, establishment of empirical dependencies and regularities, statistical processing, are subject to explanation and interpretation. With the help of these means, it is possible to describe the phenomena of reality as objectively as possible, to express them in the form of factual knowledge.

(A.N. Elsukov)

32. What three components are represented, according to the author, in empirical knowledge?

33. What abstract-logical means, according to the author, allow describing the phenomena of reality as objectively as possible, expressing them in the form of factual knowledge? Name five of any means.

35. The author points out that the empirical tradition dominated science for a long time. Write the names of philosophers who hold a different position, and indicate any two features of their approach to solving the problem of knowing the world.

Cognition

Knowledge of the world.

1. Rational knowledge, in contrast to sensory,

reflects the shape of an object

creates a visual image of an object

compares the essential features of objects

determines the spatial arrangement of objects

2. Which of the following statements is scientific

Time flows everywhere the same and does not depend on anything

The fate of a person depends on the location of the stars in the sky at the time of his birth.

Electrical current flows through wires just like water through pipes.

There is a hereditary predisposition to certain diseases

Forms of knowledge: sensual and rational, true and false.

1. Rational knowledge, unlike sensory,

refreshes knowledge about the environment

forms a visual image of the subject

carried out in the form of sensation, perception and representation

uses logical reasoning.

2. Write down the word missing in the chart below.

Answer: ______________________

3. Find the forms of sensory cognition in the list below and circle the numbers under which they are indicated ...

judgment
observation
feeling
perception

4. Are judgments about false knowledge correct? Knowledge is false

A. irrelevant to the subject of study

B. not tested experimental.

only A is correct

only B is correct

both statements are correct

both statements are wrong

Truth and its criteria.

1. Are the following judgments about truth correct?

A. Truth is an objective reflection of objects and phenomena in the human mind.

B. Truth is the result of knowledge, existing only in the form of concepts, judgments and theories.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

2. Are the following judgments about truth correct?

A) The path to absolute truth goes through relative truths

B) Relative truth is complete, unchanging knowledge.

only A is correct

only B is correct

both statements are correct

both judgments are wrong.

3. Both absolute and relative truths

always find their confirmation in practice

are objective

provide complete, comprehensive knowledge of the subject

may be refuted over time

4. Write down the missing word:

“Undoubted, invariably established once and for all knowledge is called…….

truth."

Answer:____________

Variety of forms of human knowledge.

1. "The plant owes its green color to chlorophyll." This statement is an example

worldly knowledge

mythological knowledge

scientific knowledge

parascientific knowledge

2. Individuality is the unique originality of a person, a set of his unique properties. This statement is an example

artistic image

parascientific knowledge

common sense judgments

scientific knowledge

3. Establish a correspondence between the form of cognition and its feature for each position given in the first column, select a position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table.

Scientific knowledge.

1. What method of obtaining knowledge is used mainly at the theoretical level of scientific knowledge

measurement of objects

description of experimental data

hypothesizing

making observations

2. Only the composition of scientific knowledge includes

established facts

experimentally based conclusions

logical reasoning

observation results

3. It is characteristic of both religious and scientific knowledge that they

are objective

suggest evidence

can be passed down from generation to generation

necessary for a person to rational activity

4. Write down the word missing in the diagram.

Answer: _______________________________

Sciences about man and society.

1. Which of the listed sciences provides answers to the question of what is good and evil.

psychology

aesthetics

sociology

2. Which of the following sciences studies the relationship between people related to the organization of production

philosophy

sociology

political science

economy

3. Among the listed sciences, the study of social statuses and social roles is

jurisprudence

sociology

political science

4. Which of the following sciences studies power relations in society?

sociology

jurisprudence

1) established facts

2) experimentally substantiated conclusions

3) logical reasoning

4) results of observations

A9. Are judgments about false knowledge correct? Knowledge is false.

A. Not relevant to the subject of study.

B. Not tested experimentally.

A10. Are the following statements about truth correct? Truth is

A. Objective reflection in the human mind of objects and phenomena.

B. The result of knowledge, existing only in the form of concepts, judgments and theories.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

A11. Are the following statements correct?

A. A person's study of himself can be carried out in the process of communication, play, work.

B. Self-knowledge in certain situations requires special efforts and knowledge.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong.

A12. A person can determine what he really is:

1) only by isolating yourself from communication with other people

2) not caring what other people think of themselves

3) comparing yourself with other people, finding out their opinion about yourself

4) solely on the basis of other people's opinions of themselves

A13. Are the following statements about self-knowledge correct?

A) To know yourself, you need to observe yourself and analyze your actions.

B) In order to know oneself, it is necessary to monitor the attitude towards oneself from others, their assessments of their actions.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong

A14. Which of the following is true of pre-scientific knowledge?

1) myths and legends about the creation of the world

2) the theory of relativity

3) the law of universal gravitation

4) the law of supply and demand correspondence

A15. What do scientists mean by absolute truth?

1) comprehensive, accurate knowledge about the object of study

2) objective knowledge about the object, achieved at a certain stage of cognition

3) knowledge carried out only with the help of artistic images

4) knowledge obtained as a result of applying only forms of rational knowledge

A16. A distinctive feature of aesthetic (artistic) knowledge:

1) obtaining knowledge with the help of artistic images

2) leads to relative truths

3) uses only forms of sensory knowledge

A17. Are the following judgments about cognitive activity correct? Cognitive activity of people:

A) Accompanied by errors, delusions, illusions.

B) It is inextricably linked with the work of consciousness, will, memory, beliefs.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong.

A18. Are the following judgments about knowledge correct?

A) The structure of rational cognition includes a concept, a judgment, a conclusion.

B) Rational knowledge precedes sensory knowledge.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong

A19. Are the following judgments about knowledge correct?

A) Cognition requires the presence of a cognizing subject and a cognizable object.

B) Both an individual and society as a whole can act as a subject of knowledge.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong

A20. Are the following judgments about knowledge correct?

A) the main forms of cognition are sensory and rational cognition;

B) rational knowledge involves understanding the essence of the object being known.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are wrong

Part 2

IN 1. Insert the missing word.

“A special property inherent only in man, which distinguishes him from other living beings, is ..............., which is defined as the process of reflecting the world in concepts, judgments, theories produced by the human brain.”

A. Truth is the correspondence of knowledge to the interests of man.
B. Truth is the correspondence of thought to reality.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both judgments are true;
4) both judgments are wrong.
2. Are the following statements about truth correct? Truth is
A. Objective reflection in the human mind of objects and phenomena.
B. The result of knowledge, existing only in the form of concepts, judgments and theories.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both A and B are true;
4) both judgments are wrong.

3. Are the following statements about truth correct?
A. Truth is relative, because the world is changeable and infinite.
B. Truth is relative, because the possibilities of cognition are determined by the level of development of science.