What is money and why is it not enough. What is the name of the amount of money at stake in the game Modern monetary system is a financial pyramid

1. What is the name of the amount of money wagered in the game? 1. What is the name of the amount of money wagered in the game? - cash desk - cash desk - pawnshop - pawnshop - bank - bank - shop - shop 2. How figuratively speak about low incomes? 2. How figuratively speak about low incomes? - modest - modest - shy - shy - bashful - bashful - indecisive - indecisive 3. Which literary hero preferred coins worth 5 era? 3. What literary hero preferred coins with a denomination of 5 era? - Tom Sawyer - Tom Sawyer - Huckleberry Finn - Huckleberry Finn - Carlson - Carlson - Pippi-Longstocking - Pippi-Longstocking 4. How did the people call the VAZ -2101? 4. How did the people call the VAZ -2101? - kopeck - kopeck - ruble - ruble - ruble - ruble 5. According to the proverb, who pays twice? 5. Who according to the proverb pays twice? - kind - kind - generous - generous - stingy - stingy - forgetful. - forgetful. 6. What is the name of a certain quantity of goods? 6. What is the name of a certain quantity of goods? - bloc - bloc - party - party - sect - sect - gang - gang 7. What important economic abbreviation exists in our country? 7. What is an important economic abbreviation in our country? - mnos - mnos - minimum wage - minimum wage _MLOB _MLOB - MUHO - MUHO 8. What epithet is awarded to high prices? 8. What is the epithet for high prices? - fabulous - fabulous - romantic - romantic - poetic - poetic - epic - epic 9. What creates demand? 9. What creates demand? - word - word - sentence - sentence - phrase - phrase - paragraph - paragraph 10. What gait does inflation sometimes have? 10. What pace does inflation sometimes have? - trot - lynx - gallop - gallop - amble - amble - front step - front step 11. What is the name of a business that promises good profit? 11. What is the name of a business that promises a good profit? - platinum vein - platinum vein - silver aorta - silver aorta - gold vein - gold vein - diamond artery - diamond artery 12. What do they say about a ruined businessman? 12. What do they say about a bankrupt businessman? - jumped out the window - jumped out the window - fell into the garbage chute - fell into the garbage chute - flew into the chimney - flew into the chimney - fell through the ground - fell through the ground 13. In which novel by Dostoevsky F.M. the main character throws a wad of money into the fire? 13. In what novel by Dostoevsky F.M. the main character throws a wad of money into the fire? A) "Idiot" A) "Idiot" B) "Teenager" B) "Teenager" C) "Demons" C) "Demons" D) "Player" D) "Player" novel "12 chairs"? 14. What kind of property did Father Fyodor dream of acquiring from the novel "12 Chairs"? - icon-painting workshop; - icon-painting workshop; - a candle factory - a candle factory - a funeral home - a funeral home - a rabbit farm - a rabbit farm 16. What is the name of N.V. Gogol's comedy? 16. What is the name of N.V. Gogol's comedy? - "Auditor" - "Auditor" - "Inspector" - "Inspector" - "Auditor" - "Auditor" - "Racketeer" - "Racketeer" 17. What does the auction leader hold in his hands? 17. What does the host of the auction hold in his hands? - saw - saw - hammer - hammer - ax - ax - tongs - tongs 18. How do they talk about a lot of money? 18. How do they talk about a lot of money? - chickens do not peck - chickens do not peck - mice do not gnaw - mice do not gnaw - wolves do not tear - wolves do not tear - eyes do not look - eyes do not look 19. What kind of automotive device does advertising play in relation to trade? - as an engine - as an engine - as an ignition - as an ignition - as a brake - as a brake - as a silencer - as a silencer 20. What is the name of a printed advertisement or a sales catalog describing goods and the conditions for their purchase? 20. What is the name of a printed advertisement or a trade catalog describing goods and the conditions for their purchase? - boulevard - boulevard - - avenue - - avenue - tract - tract - highway. - highway. 21. What is assigned to each Russian taxpayer? 21. What is assigned to each Russian taxpayer? - underground nickname - underground nickname - password - password - individual number - individual number - barcode - barcode 22. What was the excessive profit of merchants called in Russia? 22. How was the excessive profit of merchants called in Russia? - profit - profit - profit - profit - excess profit - excess profit - tips - tips 23. What was the name of large merchants in feudal Russia who conducted intercity and foreign trade? 23. How were large merchants who conducted intercity and foreign trade called in feudal Russia? - guests - guests - tourists - tourists - aliens - aliens - shuttles - shuttles 24. In Russia, incorrigible debtors were beaten with sticks until they paid off. What was the name of the debt collection procedure then? 24. In Russia, incorrigible debtors were beaten with sticks until they paid off. What was the name of the debt collection procedure then? - dolbezh - dolbezh - pravizh - pravizh - baldezh - baldezh - spree - spree 25. In what institution of pre-revolutionary Russia did the kisser trade? 25. In which institution of pre-revolutionary Russia did the kisser trade? - in a tobacco shop - in a tobacco shop - in a bakery - in a bakery - in a hairdressing salon - in a hairdressing salon - in a tavern - in a tavern 26. How did they address merchants in Russia 19? 26. How did they address merchants in Russia in the 19th century? - your reverence - your reverence - your degree - your degree - your highness - your highness - your high nobility - your high nobility 27. From which Latin word does the word "advertising" come from? 27. From which Latin word does the word "advertising" come from? - shout out - shout out - impose - impose - deceive - deceive - lure - lure 28. What is the name of the fine under the contract? 28. What is the name of the monetary penalty under the contract? - forfeit - forfeit - problem - problem - trouble - trouble - inconvenience - inconvenience 29. What should a banknote have? 29. What should a banknote have? - pride - pride - dignity - dignity - self-confidence - self-confidence - courage - courage 30. What is the color of the highest price that can be given for something? 30. What color is the highest price that can be given for something? - white - white - yellow - yellow - red - red - green - green 31. What is the name of a temporary metal stove? 31. What is the name of the temporary metal stove? - capitalist - capitalist - potbelly stove - potbelly stove - monopolist - monopolist - magnate - magnate 32. What is the name of the continuous movement of money in the course of their use? 32. What is the name of the continuous movement of money in the course of their use? - circulation - circulation - circulation - circulation - fermentation - fermentation - circulation - circulation 33. What insect is named after the market where they sell old things and small goods from their hands? 33. What insect is the name of the market where old things and small handicrafts are sold? - flies - flies - bugs - bugs - fleas - fleas - cockroach - cockroach 34. What is the name of a person who assumes an obligation to a creditor for the debtor's performance of his obligation? 34. What is the name of a person who assumes an obligation to a creditor for the fulfillment by the debtor of his obligation? - lieutenant - lieutenant - guarantor - guarantor - handrail - handrail - guarantor - guarantor 35. What, according to the proverb, enterprising people make money from? 35. What, according to the proverb, enterprising people make money from? - from dust - from dust - from water - from water - from air - from air - from natural gas - from natural gas 36. What item of clothing do bankers really dislike? 36. What item of clothing do bankers really dislike? - tie - tie - stocking - stocking - scarf - scarf - apron - apron 37. Which of these verbs is a synonym for the word "sell"? 37. Which of these verbs is synonymous with the word "sell"? - freeze - freeze - drive - drive - drive - call in - call in - strangle - strangle 38. What is the name of a temporary lull in business, trade? 38. What is the name of a temporary lull in business, trade? - velvet season - velvet season - dead season - dead season - dry law - dry law - dead hour - dead hour 39. What is the name of the place where Christmas trees are sold? 39. What is the name of the place where Christmas trees are sold? - green market - green market - Christmas tree market - Christmas tree market - prickly auction - prickly auction - coniferous supermarket - coniferous supermarket 40. What is related to cultural goods? 40. What applies to cultural goods? - works of art for sale - works of art for sale - cult objects - cult objects - kettlebells, dumbbells, barbells for bodybuilders. - kettlebells, dumbbells, barbells for bodybuilders. - Stationery and student supplies, musical instruments - Stationery and student supplies, musical instruments 41. What is the name of the front side of the coin? 41. What is the name of the front side of the coin? - advance - advance - facade - facade - obverse - obverse - full face - full face 42. What was the name of the heroine of the domestic film "The meeting place cannot be changed"? 42. What was the name of the heroine of the domestic film "The meeting place cannot be changed"? - Verka Share - Verka Share - Manka Bond - Manka Bond - Zinka banknote - Zinka banknote - Motka Loan - Motka Loan 43. What is the reverse side of the coin called? 43. What is the reverse side of a coin called? - revenge - revenge - curtsy - curtsy - reverse - reverse - werewolf - werewolf 44. What place does gold occupy in the periodic table? 44. What place does gold occupy in the periodic table?

3. What literary hero preferred coins with a denomination of 5 era? 3. What literary hero preferred coins with a denomination of 5 era? - Tom Sawyer - Tom Sawyer - Huckleberry Finn - Huckleberry Finn - Carlson - Carlson - Pippi Longstocking - Pippi Longstocking

4. How was the VAZ called by the people? 4. How was the VAZ called by the people? - kopeck - kopeck - ruble - ruble - ruble - ruble

11. What is the name of a business that promises a good profit? 11. What is the name of a business that promises a good profit? - platinum vein - platinum vein - silver aorta - silver aorta - gold vein - gold vein - diamond artery - diamond artery

12. What do they say about a bankrupt businessman? 12. What do they say about a bankrupt businessman? - jumped out the window - jumped out the window - fell into the garbage chute - fell into the garbage chute - flew into the chimney - flew into the chimney - fell through the ground - fell through the ground

13. In what novel by Dostoevsky F.M. the main character throws a wad of money into the fire? 13. In what novel by Dostoevsky F.M. the main character throws a wad of money into the fire? A) "Idiot" A) "Idiot" B) "Teenager" B) "Teenager" C) "Demons" C) "Demons" D) "Player" D) "Player"

14. What kind of property did Father Fyodor dream of acquiring from the novel "12 Chairs"? 14. What kind of property did Father Fyodor dream of acquiring from the novel "12 Chairs"? - icon-painting workshop; - icon-painting workshop; - candle factory - candle factory - funeral home - funeral home - rabbit farm - rabbit farm

19. What kind of automotive device does advertising play in relation to trade? 19. What kind of automotive device does advertising play in relation to trade? - as an engine - as an engine - as an ignition - as an ignition - as a brake - as a brake - as a silencer - as a silencer

20. What is the name of a printed advertisement or a trade catalog describing goods and the conditions for their purchase? 20. What is the name of a printed advertisement or a trade catalog describing goods and the conditions for their purchase? - boulevard - boulevard - avenue - avenue - tract - tract - highway. - highway.

23. How were large merchants who conducted intercity and foreign trade called in feudal Russia? 23. How were large merchants who conducted intercity and foreign trade called in feudal Russia? - guests - guests - tourists - tourists - aliens - aliens - shuttles - shuttles

24. In Russia, incorrigible debtors were beaten with sticks until they paid off. What was the name of the debt collection procedure then? 24. In Russia, incorrigible debtors were beaten with sticks until they paid off. What was the name of the debt collection procedure then? - dolbezh - dolbezh - pravizh - pravizh - baldezh - baldezh - spree - spree

25. In which institution of pre-revolutionary Russia did the kisser trade? 25. In which institution of pre-revolutionary Russia did the kisser trade? - in a tobacco shop - in a tobacco shop - in a bakery - in a bakery - in a hairdresser's - in a hairdresser's - in a tavern - in a tavern

33. What insect is the name of the market where old things and small handicrafts are sold? 33. What insect is the name of the market where old things and small handicrafts are sold? - flies - flies - bugs - bugs - fleas - fleas - cockroach - cockroach

34. What is the name of a person who assumes an obligation to a creditor for the fulfillment by the debtor of his obligation? 34. What is the name of a person who assumes an obligation to a creditor for the fulfillment by the debtor of his obligation? - lieutenant - lieutenant - guarantor - guarantor - handrail - handrail - guarantor - guarantor

40. What applies to cultural goods? 40. What applies to cultural goods? - works of art for sale - works of art for sale - cult objects - cult objects - kettlebells, dumbbells, barbells for bodybuilders. - kettlebells, dumbbells, barbells for bodybuilders. - stationery and student supplies, musical instruments - stationery and student supplies, musical instruments

42. What was the name of the heroine of the domestic film "The meeting place cannot be changed"? 42. What was the name of the heroine of the domestic film "The meeting place cannot be changed"? - Verka Action - Verka Action - Manka Bond - Manka Bond - Zinka banknote - Zinka banknote - Motka Loan - Motka Loan

A huge amount of money

Alternative descriptions

Famous work of Karl Marx

The best ally of the tycoon

The invisible captain of the economy

Pillar of bad government (according to Ambrose Bierce)

Resources used in production and generating income

solid condition

The value that, as a result of the use of hired labor, generates income

The main work of Karl Marx

Starting amount for starting a business

What is the name now of what was first a headdress, then a purse for money, into which the superstitious Romans wove their hair for happiness - “capilli”?

Breeding money

Bestseller by Karl Marx

Accumulated funds

Work of Karl Marx

Marx's work

Saving

Large sum of money

Wealth

The amount of accumulated wealth

State

Starting savings

Starting savings of Karl Marx

The main opus of Karl Marx

Money making money to make money

Pope Karl's wealth (not from a fairy tale)

solid money

Marx's European Tramp

Marx's creation

Marx's money opus

Treatise of Marx in seven books

. "ghostly" accumulations of Karl Marx

. "accumulation" of Karl Marx

The main work of K. Marx

Value that brings surplus value as a result of the exploitation of wage labor

The value that adds value through the exploitation of hired labor self-increases.

Accumulated funds

Value, which is a means of obtaining surplus value through the use of wage labor

Money, a large sum of money

. "Accumulation" by Karl Marx

. "Ghostly" accumulations of Karl Marx

What is the name now of what was first a headdress, then a purse for money, into which the superstitious Romans wove their hair for happiness - "capilli"

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. We are accustomed to money as a means of acquiring any goods and services.

Therefore, we don’t even think about what money is, when it appeared in everyday life, and why now money exists in the form in which we know it.

In this article we will try to tell everything (or almost everything) about money.

Money is the universal equivalent of value

Primitive people divided the booty among the members of their tribe, without demanding anything in return, for free. With the acquisition of new skills (growing plants for food, making clothes, dishes and other things), hunters began to exchange their hunting prey for items made by their fellow tribesmen. So there was a trade in the form natural exchange ().

You can draw an analogy with the kids playing in the sandbox: they also like to “change”, they change the car for a bear, a button for a candy. Having matured a little, they begin to play “to the store”, now they “sell” the car not for a toy, but for a beautiful candy wrapper, and the more candy wrappers, the “cooler” the purchased car.

The same thing happened with natural exchange in those distant times: well, a hunter does not need 10 bowls and 5 hair combs. Thus, there was a need to create cost equivalent things and services.

A variety of objects were accepted as this equivalent in different parts of the world. For example, in China for 1000 years BC. e. they were hoes, shovels and knives. And in many countries of Asia and Africa, sea shells acted as payment.

See what the cowrie shell looks like, which once served as money in Asian countries.

These were the prototypes of modern money, the equivalent of the cost of goods and services.

The first metal money in the form of iron coins with a hole in the middle appeared in China in 600 BC. e. In Greece in the III century BC. money was minted from a gold alloy in the temple, which was called Juno-Moneta. This is where the name "coin" comes from.

Conclusion: money is a specific product, in terms of which the value of all other goods and services is estimated.

In fact, it is the most liquid commodity(see the link), which is not difficult to exchange for something else (goods, services, other money, i.e. currencies).

The Russian word "money" is consonant with the concept of the same name in different languages ​​of the world. Listen carefully: "tenge" (Turkic language), "tamga" (Khazarian), "tanga" (Indian), "danaka" (ancient Greek). And this is not accidental, because the history of international relations is the history of trade between different states.

What qualities should money have?

1. they must be uniform in quality (i.e., be made of the same material, because there cannot be a wooden coin of the same denomination and another iron coin) and easily recognizable (people should not remember what it is when looking at money );
2. must be divisible and combineable (for example, the ruble, if exchanged for 100 kopecks, must have the same value both in its whole state and in its exchanged state);
3. must be durable (do not lose their physical properties) and portable (the size and weight of money should not depend on their face value);
4. must be counterfeit protected.

Functions of money - what they are for

Why is money needed? They provide simultaneous performance of the following functions:

1. They are measure of value. All goods (services) have their own price, expressed in a certain amount of money. For example, let's remember the cartoon about 38 parrots. Remember, there the length of the boa constrictor was measured by the growth of a parrot? Therefore, in order to have an adequate idea of ​​the size of another object, it must also be measured in parrots. So it is with the cost of goods (services) - the cost of heterogeneous objects must be measured by a single measure, which is money;
2. it medium of exchange and means of payment. If before the introduction of money into everyday life, the only possible scheme for the circulation of goods looked like this: “Commodity → Commodity”, then after money became the equivalent of value, the scheme for the circulation of goods changed significantly: “Commodity → Money → Commodity.” Consequently, money, being a means circulation and, at the same time, the most liquid commodity, maximally simplified commodity relations between people and brought trade to a fundamentally new level;
3. it store of value. Money not spent momentarily can transfer the purchasing power of their owner to a future period. That is, with the help of money, it is possible to create savings, which can then be spent at any time. It is worth mentioning that this function of money does not work. It is possible to accumulate funds in such a situation only, provided that the tariff percentage of the deposit is higher than the percentage growth of inflation;
4. Money is a means for international payments. Each country in the world community has its own national currency. It is obvious that it is necessary to carry out settlements on international trade transactions in a single currency. To do this, national money is converted (transferred) into reserve currencies. These today are the US dollar, the euro and some other currencies.

Types of money

Depending on which object is money, they are classified. There are several types of money. The main classification implies differentiation into 2 classes:

1. Valid. This means that their face value (value) corresponds to the value of the metal from which they are made. For example, a gold coin is cast. It costs exactly as much as the amount of gold from which it is made is valued.
2. Substitutive. It is understood that they are a sign (equivalent) of value. In turn, they are divided into several subspecies:
   1. commodity,
   2. secured,
   3. credit,
   4. fiat.

Now let's look at the types of replacement money in a little more detail.

commodity money

They have their own value and utility. We have already considered examples - these are axes, knives, grain, salt, etc. It is wrong to assume that commodity money is the lot of uncivilized societies of bygone eras.

Not so long ago, in the 90s of the last century, when the rapid (and somewhat illiterate) economic reforms in the republics of the former USSR literally destroyed production ties and the production base, inflation reached enormous proportions and, accordingly, money depreciated.

In such a difficult situation, commodity money came to the rescue in the form of barter transactions. For example, the plant manufactured and sold a tractor for a carload of paint, then exchanged the paint for a thousand pairs of boots, and they, in turn, gave them to a shoe store for sale.

The proceeds were used to pay the workers who made the tractor. Similar barter chains kept many enterprises afloat at that difficult time.

secured money

They are a certificate, the bearer of which can exchange it for a product (service) or commodity money. Consider a schematic example: you were presented with a certificate of a store. You can exchange it for the selected product.

The person who gave you such a gift provided the certificate with a certain value in advance. By and large, secured money is the nominal value of which is secured by material values.

Credit

Such money is essentially debt obligations. You can buy goods on them, but you must pay the spent amount to the creditor after a specified period.

Initially, they had credit money (a document in which the debtor undertakes in writing to pay a certain amount to the creditor).

As modern credit money.

Fiat (fiduciary) money

This is the so-called "symbolic" money, the nominal value of which is established and guaranteed by the state.

Let's remember the example about kids, during the game, "paying" with candy wrappers.

By and large, fiat money is the same candy wrappers, only secured state guarantee.

Banknotes, which are the physical embodiment of fiat money, are printed under strict state control. Today, almost all world monetary systems use fiat money.

An interesting fact appearance of the word "banknote": initially, paper money was secured, i.e. a person who handed over his accumulated gold (coins, ingots) to the bank was issued a bank receipt stating that such and such an amount of precious metal was stored in the bank. “Bank receipt” translated into English sounds like “bank note”, i.e. in Russian transcription - "banknote".

Subsequently, banknotes ceased to be the equivalent of a gold reserve, but became credit (the security is guaranteed by the state) and fiat (they are a symbol of an equivalent monetary value). In modern realities, banknotes are money.

Knowledge is never enough. Read our blog and see for yourself!

Good luck to you! See you soon on the blog pages site

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Money is a universal means of exchanging various goods and services among themselves, as well as a measure of measurement. Just as weight is measured in kilograms, in liters of liquid, the value of a particular product and service is measured by the amount of money, and wages are measured in money, or in another way the value of various specialists. Money can be paper, metal, virtual.

And money can also be considered a commodity that arose in the process of exchange, and with amazing properties: low cost and high. They can be exchanged for travel, jewelry, food and various things. Although in themselves they are worth little, and can overnight turn into worthless pieces of paper and useless metal round timber, falling under the reform. They are valued by the obligations of the state. If the state fails to fulfill its obligations, for example, to repay a debt to another state, pay salaries to budget employees, etc., the value of money inevitably falls.

From the point of view of the ancient sages, representatives of Feng Shui (the science of energies), money is the energy of colossal power. It can be attracted and repelled. Accordingly - to get richer or poorer. More often than not, this happens unconsciously. Indeed, who would want to voluntarily become poorer? How to attract the energy of money, we will tell later.

There is also such a definition of money as evil or dirt. “Money is evil”, “Happiness is not in money” - such well-known sayings convince people to be afraid of wealth. There is some sense in this. Money may well be evil. But not on their own. Evil and dirty intentions can be how to dispose of this money or how to get money, for example, to steal it. Money does not bring happiness, but it makes life better. When you have a lot of money, you can afford better medical treatment, vacations, clothes, cars, etc.

Functions of money and their role in society

With the development of society, the role of money in it became more complicated. In the modern world, this is part of economic relations, without which we cannot exist in the form we are used to. If we remove money from our lives, then humanity will return in its development several centuries ago. Without money, many professions will disappear, as people will be forced to engage in only those activities that will help them feed themselves and not die of hunger.

Now money performs many functions:

1 Means of payment. With the help of money, you can pay for the goods both momentarily and later, by borrowing it. The amount of debt is expressed in monetary units.

2 Evaluation of people's work. Rare specialists are valued above all. The work that many people can do is rated lower.

3 Equivalent value of goods and services. Goods have different dimensions, weight, volume, texture. And money is a universal measure of value, which allows you to fairly exchange one commodity for another.

4 Accumulation tool. Banknotes can be saved in a bank account, turned into gold and silver. Such a stock can be stored for a long time, it will not deteriorate, it will not be “eaten up” by inflation, and it can even bring profit if you invest wisely.

5 Intermediary in the circulation of goods. With the advent of money, everything became easier, faster, because money is a universal commodity that can be exchanged for anything. In the era of natural exchange, it was necessary to look for a suitable product in the markets, even to make a double or triple deal in order to exchange one product for another. Now you can sell, for example, grain even to another country, having received money on the same day, or even in advance - through a bank to the account of the organization. And immediately pay with this money for the purchase of combiners in another city, transferring funds to the account of the manufacturing plant.

6 Interstate means of payment. Money allows you to trade between countries. For example, Russia sells coal, gas and oil to European countries, and buys machinery and equipment with the proceeds from dollars.

7 Money binds commodity producers among themselves and actively participates in economic relations. For example, a plant for the production of meat and sausage products buys raw materials, packaging material from other producers. The finished product goes to consumers. The goods are converted into money. The commodity itself goes out of circulation, the same sausage is eaten, but the money remains, making an ever new circuit - “money-commodity-money”. Money allows producers to work further and develop, to provide their employees with work and, accordingly, wages.

With the money he earned, he founded the Krasnodar football club, built one of the best stadiums in the country, and also financially helps youth football in the region. This is only a small part of what Galitsky has done for the city and the Krasnodar Territory as a whole, for which he is valued and respected by both government officials and ordinary citizens.

The history of money

No one knows for sure when the money was formed. But it is believed that approximately 2-3 thousand years BC. there was a semblance of a generally recognized equivalent in the exchange of goods. Initially, there was just an exchange in kind: a goat for a cow, a tool for meat and skins. But very soon this scheme ceased to seem mutually beneficial and fair. It was necessary to come up with a universal intermediary commodity for exchange, which could be easily exchanged for other goods due to the high demand for it.

And there was money. Different peoples had their own. In Germany, for example, cattle were used as money, in Mongolia - tea, in Peru and Bolivia - pepper, in Ancient Russia - skins of squirrels and martens, in Mexico - sugar and beans. On some islands of the Pacific Ocean - stones.

Kauri shells were used as commodity money in India, China, Africa. The first mentions fall on the middle of the II millennium BC.

These not very convenient intermediaries in the exchange of goods were replaced by metal. First iron, then copper and bronze, tin and lead. And then people found universal metals for the exchange of goods - gold and silver.

Precious metals have all the necessary properties:

• rare, because they are not as easy to find as iron or stones;
• economic divisibility, in contrast to the skins, which are cut into two parts, it’s the same as throwing away;
• safety, they do not deteriorate over time, like, for example, fish, even if it is dried;
• relatively small size, that is, portability, unlike stones that are difficult to drag;
• uniformity, that is, all pieces can be made the same, unlike sheep, one of which may be fatter than the other;
• stability, that is, an unchanged value, unlike, for example, livestock, the value of which may fall due to animal disease.

In the beginning, people simply weighed gold when exchanging it for a commodity. Then they simplified the task by putting a stamp on the metal, confirming a certain weight. Finally, they began to give the ingots a certain shape - the shape of coins. And the amount was the number indicated on the coin. In the future, states began to take on the function of certifying the weight and authenticity of the metal, confirming it with a certain stamp.

Who was the first to make coins from metal will remain a mystery. Some sources claim that the first money was copper coins in the 18th century BC. in China. Others argue that the Persian king Darius became the ancestor of coins, and from gold. Archaeologists have also found more ancient coins of the powerful kingdom of Lydia from Asia Minor. They were made from an alloy of gold and silver. Well, Alexander the Great is considered the most authoritative in the issue of money (drachmas and tetradrachms) and their design.

Coins of the Kingdom of Lydia, which extended into the western territory of modern Turkey.

From the history

The great commander and conqueror Alexander the Great became famous not only for his military victories, but also as a trendsetter in coin design. Before Alexander the Great came to power, every Greek city minted its own money. Alexander introduced a single coin in the country. Issued money from gold and silver, had a single weight and design. The goddess Athena was depicted on gold coins. And on silver - Hercules in a lion's skin. Later he was replaced by Macedonian himself in a lion's skin. He was deified during his lifetime. Some coins were dedicated to the special victories of the great commander. For example, during the battle with the Indian king, the favorite horse of the commander, Bucephalus, fell. But the victory was won. This is how the rare dekadrachm coin appeared. On one side, the defeated king of India is depicted on an elephant, and on the other, Alexander on his warhorse.

Metal money, although not stones, weighed a lot and was inconvenient to use. After the invention of paper, the Chinese decided to make money out of it. And in Europe, the first paper money was made in the Netherlands during the Anglo-Spanish War. They were made from pressed paper on which the Bible was printed. After the end of the war, the money was withdrawn from circulation.

And seriously and for a long time, paper money came to Switzerland in 1661. The initiator of their release was the first Swiss bank Johan Palmstruk. However, everything ended in a scandal, because so much money was issued that it became difficult to exchange them for gold and silver, they depreciated. I had to take some out of circulation.

Depreciated paper money in Russia, issued for the first time under Catherine II, during the Russian-Turkish war. "Ate" their inflation. This is when the state, regardless of the existing turnover, issues more money to cover its government spending. As a result, there is a lot of money, but there is not enough goods, prices rise along with the demand for goods. And it turns out that it is impossible to buy the same amount of food and things with the same amount of money. There was an attempt to introduce paper notes both in England during the Napoleonic Wars and in the USA during the war with Canada.

To keep paper money from losing its purchasing power, Great Britain introduced the “gold standard” in the 19th century. That is, each bill had a gold backing. All countries rapidly began to switch to this standard, national currencies became strong and reliable, people trusted them. That is, for example, 20 dollars could be exchanged for one ounce (31.1 grams) of gold.

England itself abandoned the gold standard in the 30s. It became unprofitable. During the First World War, during the financial crises in countries, the economy of many powers shook, the demand for gold increased, and the national currency depreciated. But England was still strong, like her pounds sterling. Other countries began to buy them as a currency with a guarantee. England began to lose its own gold reserves. The final abandonment of the gold standard occurred in 1944. Due to the devastation of war, money in many countries has depreciated. Only the United States could offer the dollar as a world currency. It was securely backed by gold at $35 an ounce. This course continued until 1971.

Video: Galileo. History of inventions. Money

Types of money

Money has come a long evolutionary path: from cattle to virtual analogues that you can’t even touch, for example, electronic money, cryptocurrency, etc. The essence of money, their functions, appearance - changed with the development of commodity relations in society. At the beginning of its evolutionary path, of course, it was commodity money.

commodity money

Commodity money is a real commodity-equivalent, the purchasing power of which is fully equal to the value inherent in this commodity. This is a type of money that has evolved from basic necessities to luxury items, and then to gold and silver bars.

In the beginning, commodity money was salt, hides, tools, livestock, and so on. By the way, the very word "goods" comes from the Turkic word "cattle". Homer estimated the cost of weapons in bulls, and in ancient Russia a tax collector was called a "cattleman".

Then metallic money became commodity money. Their face value fully corresponded to the value of the metal from which they were minted - gold, silver, copper or bronze.

In the modern world, commodity money can be called any goods that are exchanged in the process of barter. Barter is a type of exchange in which money is not used, and the cost of goods is independently estimated by the participants in the transaction.

From the history

The Soviet Union had an interesting experience of barter deals. When no one had money, they exchanged what they had. For example, for little money, the USSR bought raw sugar from Brazil, which was then refined in Ukraine. Ready sugar was exchanged for oil in Siberia. This oil was exchanged in Mongolia for copper ore. And in Kazakhstan, copper ore was processed into copper. And they sold copper on the world market for a very good price in dollars. Received high profits. The whole operation lasted about six months, had great risks, but ended with high results.

• as a souvenir or gift;
• to create and replenish the collection;
• for investment, that is, with the aim of selling later for a higher price.

People often ask themselves, is it possible to pay with such money in a store? Of course, and quite officially and for any product or service. But it's not profitable. The actual value of investment money is always higher than the face value. For example, a hundred-ruble Olympic bill can be sold today to collectors for 3,000-5,000 rubles. The gold coin "Matsesta", weighing 1 kg, issued in honor of the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi, has a face value of 10 thousand rubles. And you can actually get 2.4 million rubles for it.

Full money

Full money is all types of commodity money, including gold, silver and copper money, the face value of which, indicated on the front side, necessarily coincides with the market one. That is, if a coin weighs one gram of gold, then its face value is the same as a gram of gold on the market.

In fact, there is no threat to full-fledged money: gold money does not depreciate, but rather grows in price. However, thanks to new rich deposits, silver and copper have lost value several times in their history. As a result, industrialized England became the first country to move to the "gold standard", and all others followed it. That is, only gold coins began to be considered full-fledged money, and silver and copper moved into the category of inferior ones. What is defective money, read on.

Now full-fledged money is used only in the form of a limited edition of collectible, commemorative coins. There is no more widespread use of this type of money, and here's why:

• precious metal money requires expensive production;
• over time, such money wears out, loses its weight and its real value;
• the need for such money may not keep pace with the needs of the market, when the range of goods and services grows and there are not enough means of payment for the circulation of goods and services;
• not every country has its own deposits of precious metals; they had to be bought from other states.

Defective money

Imperfect money is a substitute for good money. These are signs, the production of which is much cheaper than the cost that appears on the front of the banknote. For example, a dollar, even if it is 100 dollars, is only 4 cents. That is, to make a 100 dollar bill, you need to spend only 4 cents. Thus, the dollar, as well as the ruble, is inferior money.

Imperfect money can be divided into three groups:

• paper;
• metal;
• credit.

The first paper money, according to many experts, appeared in China. In Russia, paper banknotes began to be made from 1769.

Defective money was divided into secured and unsecured. Secured defective money was representative of good money. In fact, they can even be classified as commodity money, since although they did not have their own value, they could be exchanged for a fixed amount of goods or for a precious metal. We have to talk about this in the past tense, since the secured defective money ceased to exist along with the abolition of the “gold standard”.

Some Americans still believe that their dollars are pegged to gold. In fact, they are no longer tied to gold or silver, but are based on a government decree and people's trust in this decree. The defective money that people now use is not backed by anything. They are called fiat.

fiat money

Fiat money is considered to be such means of payment, the nominal value of which is established and guaranteed by the state. In fact, these are all national currencies - euros, dollars, pounds sterling and others. In Russia, it is rubles. Fiat money can be in the form of:

• banknotes and coins;
• electronic and non-cash money.

Schematically, this can be represented as follows:

This is “money on trust”, secured only by the authority of the state. They are at risk of depreciation due to hyperinflation. And inflation is, one might say, a situation where a large amount of money hunts for a small amount of goods.

A striking example was inflation in Russia in the 1990s, when commodity prices jumped 26 times in 1992 and 10 times in 1993. This happened after the Decree of the President of the RSFSR prices for all goods and services were “released”. The state no longer intervened in pricing (except for some socially significant food products), the country took a step towards a market economy. And the shortage of goods at that time was simply catastrophic. And here's why: in the USSR, behind the inflated figures of well-being, there was a lack of food and essentials, inflation was controlled by the state. Although it could be seen everywhere in the form of queues and a popular phrase: do not give more than two (three) in one hand! Now inflation is out.

The second reason for hyperinflation was the situation when, after perestroika, almost all factories and factories stopped working or drastically reduced productivity. The main reasons: the planned economy collapsed. And large amounts of money were withdrawn from circulation through “confiscation” reforms, which will be discussed later. It was not easy to create new economic relations, especially when there was a shortage of working capital. Those who produced the products survived. But even here everything is not simple.

Example

Tuapse shipyard, which was prosperous in the USSR. He repaired ships of the navy and a little - civil, produced bushings and rings necessary for the repair of ship engines. Then orders for the repair of ships became much smaller - the country's spending on the Army and Navy was reduced, and civilian ships began to visit less often, either they turned out to be unclaimed, or there was simply no money for repairs.

At first, the plant tried to survive by focusing on the production and sale of bushings and rings for ship mechanisms on the international market in Hamburg. This brought a good income in dollars, allowing you to keep the enterprise afloat. The products were of good quality and were in demand. But the plant still ceased to exist, as it was sold to a new owner who was not interested in the production of parts for mechanisms. Until now, he has not decided how to use the territory of the former enterprise and the berths.

There is another opinion about hyperinflation: the shortage of some goods was brought to a critical state artificially. Expecting price liberalization, pragmatic merchants hid goods. And the statement about the critical state of the economy of the USSR was a myth. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Oleg Bogomolov, for example, does not find an explanation for how, with a steady decline in production in all industries, it was possible to feed the country and keep it afloat, if, according to them, the Gaidar government came to the ruins of the economy? There is only one answer: either due to huge borrowings in the West, or as a result of eating countless natural and other riches inherited by the reformers. Most likely, due to these two factors, they managed to survive, and not due to shock reforms.

Shock reforms are called the reforms of Yegor Gaidar, Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs since the autumn of 1991. Even before the Yeltsin-Gaidar government, the Minister of Finance of the USSR Valentin Pavlov in 1991 carried out a reform, offering the citizens of the country to exchange money in 3 days: banknotes of 1961, denominations of 50 and 100 for new 1991. Moreover, the amount for the exchange was limited to 500 rubles. It was proposed to put the surplus on deposit accounts with Sberbank. This was done in order to withdraw excess banknotes from circulation. Superfluous, because the rubles printed in recent years were not backed by goods.

With the advent of Gaidar, people learned the concepts of “privatization”, “liberalization”. Under his program, prices were released in 1992, and, as a result, hyperinflation broke out. And in 1993, the next, now Gaidar's reform forced people to exchange rubles issued in 1961-1991 for new ones issued in 1993. For 3 days and with restrictions on the amount - no more than 100 thousand rubles (in those years, a thousand already had a low purchasing power). Many did not have time to exchange, others simply could not. Depreciated all Soviet deposits in Sberbank, all savings. For non-citizens of Russia, that is, residents of the former republics who suddenly became citizens of other states, the amount was limited to 15 thousand.

These reforms can be called confiscatory, as they were aimed at confiscating excess money supply from people. But it looks like the reformers overdid it. A decrease in the money supply above a certain limit leads to a decline in production; enterprises simply did not have enough working capital. Of course, it was necessary to switch to other tracks of the economy. But the reforms for a long time left ordinary Russians distrustful of the Russian national currency, which could suddenly turn into worthless pieces of paper.

Electronic money

Electronic currency is a virtual currency that can be used to pay for goods and services through the global information network Internet.

There are electronic fiat money and electronic non-fiat money.

Electronic fiat money backed by the state, are designated as the main currency and must be accepted on a par with ordinary paper banknotes. A prime example is credit and debit cards. Money is stored on them in electronic form, but this does not prevent us from paying with a card in shops, cafes and other places.

Electronic non-fiat money- this is the money of some non-state payment system, which means that the issue and circulation of this currency is subject to the rules of the payment system that issued it, and not to state laws and regulations.

A striking example is the electronic payment system Webmoney. It would seem that the settlement system and the rate are not much different from ordinary money. However, within this payment system, its own exchange rate for converting webmoney into rubles, dollars or euros is used. If for some reason the system ceases to exist, then the money stored on the electronic wallets of this system will disappear along with it. They do not have state obligations, which means that you are unlikely to be able to return them.

All of the above does not mean that the WebMoney system and others should not be used, or they are unsafe. In the modern digital world, they have taken a strong position in settlement systems, they are actively used by various Internet services, they have their pros and cons.

Electronic non-fiat money is stored in electronic wallets. They can:

• pay for utilities;
• pay for goods and delivery;
• buy tickets for any type of transport;
• pay fines, taxes, duties;
• get paid for work;
• transfer from one electronic wallet to another or to a bank card.

From virtual money, electronic counterparts can turn into real money if they are transferred to a card, and then withdrawn from this card in the form of paper money.

There are different electronic payment systems that allow you to make transactions with electronic money: PayPal, Yandex Money, WebMoney, Qiwi.

Digital money or cryptocurrency

It is impossible not to mention the cryptocurrency (bitcoin, ether, ripple, litecoin, etc.), which has firmly established itself in the modern world. In fact, this is a kind of electronic money, but it can be safely distinguished into a separate type, since, unlike the same WebMoney or - cryptocurrency has no intermediaries.

When you make a transfer from one WebMoney wallet to another, you will have to pay a commission to the system. In fact, this is what she was created for. When you pay with a Visa or Mastercard plastic card, there is also an intermediary in each transaction - a bank that also takes a commission for itself. Bitcoin or any other cryptocurrency is transferred from one owner to another directly, bypassing intermediaries. This is what she was designed for.

The first cryptocurrency in the world - Bitcoin, stands for bit - "bit" and coin - "coin". A bit is a unit of information in the binary system. On computers, all information is measured in bits.

Cryptocurrency is not tied to anything, neither to the dollar, nor to gold, it does not even have any regulatory body, such as the Central Bank of any state that issues, that is, the issue of money. The creation of a cryptocurrency takes place with the help of mathematical calculations of various computers (mining). In this independence, many politicians see a threat to classical currencies, so they try to limit the spread of cryptocurrency.

However, cryptocurrency can already be safely paid for many goods and services on the Internet. It can be earned and then exchanged for another currency. So it's real money.

loan money

Credit money is funds that are issued by banks on credit at interest for a certain period. They are based on bank deposits. That is, money that other people deposited in the bank.

Loans are used by both individuals and companies, as well as entire states. Loans are usually used when money is urgently needed to buy something, and a person does not have the entire amount, but he expects to receive money later and repay the debt in installments by paying a predetermined amount (interest) for using the money.

Foreign and domestic money

Money is divided into internal and external. Domestic money- those that are created by commercial banks, and external ones - are issued by the central bank. Let's be clear: - this is the main bank of the country, a state credit institution that issues national money and controls the entire banking system in the country. The Central Bank does not interact with individuals. To do this, there are commercial banks that are intermediaries. For the sake of completeness, it is worth adding that the Central Bank in Russia, unlike the State Bank in the USSR, is an independent legal entity, and no branch of government can manage it.

Domestic (checks, shares, bills and bonds) are someone's assets on the one hand (from investors, capital holders) and someone's debt obligations on the other hand. Some make a profit for keeping money in a bank account, others pay interest for using money in debt. The interest for using the loan is higher than the profit that the owner of the capital receives as a percentage. For example, on a deposit, a person will receive 6% of the invested amount per year. And the one who borrowed will pay 19% per year of the amount borrowed. The difference is left to the bank as a profit. Such a turnover of money allows the development of industries and the economy of the country as a whole.

Check - document confirming payment by bank transfer. Having received a check with the signature and seal of the owner of the bank account, he can demand money from the bank on it. Based on this document, the specified amount on the check will be debited from the payer's personal account.

Stock - a type of security that confirms that its owner has a percentage of an enterprise. Shares can be issued by OJSC or CJSC. An open joint stock company sells its shares on the public markets, while a closed joint stock company distributes shares only among those who have invested in the creation of the company.

A bill and bonds are similar in that both papers are issued in return for a certain amount of money that the person who issued this financial product borrows. But unlike a bill, which only allows you to return the money on time, a bond also brings additional income in the form of interest. Bonds can be issued not only by the firm, but also by the state.

Outside money- this is more often fiat money, as well as foreign currency, gold and silver bars stored in the Central Bank. Cash and deposits of the Central Bank are also called the “monetary base”. It is the Central Bank that controls the activities of all other banks and maintains public accounts. Thanks to the Central Bank, the state has data on the entire money supply of the population, implements a financial and credit policy, collects taxes and fines from citizens through bank accounts, and can freeze money in an account in case of judicial problems.

There are two types of monetary systems: metallic and monetary. They, in turn, are also divided into subspecies.

metal system

It sank into oblivion as gold and silver coins fell out of circulation. But all the same, it is necessary to remember about it, since it is the ancestor of the classical system of monetary circulation.

Monetary system

This system works in all countries to this day. And no one has come up with a better one yet. After the exit from circulation of gold and silver coins, they were replaced by paper money and credit cards. They are not backed by gold, just “money on trust”, however it works great.

Monetary system: what is it and what types are there

The monetary system is the circulation of the money supply within the state. Every day people use money and are part of this monetary system. The monetary system is subject to certain rules that are regulated by law, as well as by the main supervisory authority - the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

The circulation of money is regulated by the following laws:

• the Constitution of the Russian Federation;
• Law “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)”;
• Law "On currency regulation and currency control";
• the Law "On Banks and Banking Activities";
• The Law “On Counteracting the Legalization (Laundering) of Proceeds from Crime and the Financing of Terrorism”.

The monetary system of any country is characterized by the following features:

1 Monetary unit. It must have a name (ruble, dollar, euro, pound, yen), abbreviation (RUB, USD, EUR, JPY, GBP), symbolic designation (₽, $, €, £, ¥), numeric or numeric code (used in countries where there is no use of the Latin alphabet, for example, the ruble code is 643, and the US dollar is 840), small change coins (the ruble has kopecks, the dollar has cents, etc.), as well as the calculation system (in 1 ruble, 100 kopecks are simplified decimal system, when the base currency consists of 100 derived units).

2 Type of banknote. It can be paper or metal.

3 Denomination. This is the value of the monetary unit, which is indicated on the banknote or coin. The denomination is determined by the issuer, that is, the organization that issued this monetary unit. We use banknotes with denominations of 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 rubles in circulation. As well as coins with a face value of 1, 5. 10, 50 kopecks and 1, 2, 5, 10 rubles.

4 The structure of money circulation. This is how the circulation of the money supply occurs in the internal and external economy of the state, the existence and functioning of cash and non-cash forms of payment, interbank payments and transfers.

5 Issue of banknotes. That is, the production, as well as the procedure for replacing damaged coins and banknotes, withdrawing them from circulation, and introducing new ones.

6 Order of circulation of foreign currencies. This includes the rules for the use of foreign currencies, their exchange rate against the national currency, and methods of exchange.

7 Rights and obligations of the Central Bank. All of them are prescribed in the relevant laws.

8 Rules for the work of commercial banks, investment companies, pension funds and other participants in the economic market. All of them must work according to the same rules, obey the laws, so as not to undermine the country's economy.

9 Monetary policy of the state. In other words, it is part of an overall economic plan of action aimed at improving the lives and well-being of people. The main instrument here is the key rate, on the value of which the size of inflation depends. And the standard of living of people depends on the rate of inflation. The higher the inflation, the more money depreciates and the people become impoverished. In this context, the main task of the Central Bank is to ensure consistently low inflation.

Banknotes and coins are made at special enterprises, they are also called mints.

In Russia, minting coins and printing banknotes is carried out by Gosznak OJSC, which is 100% owned by the state. The Gosznak includes the following enterprises:

• Moscow printing factory,
• Moscow printing house,
• Moscow mint,
• St. Petersburg Mint,
• St. Petersburg Paper Factory,
• Perm printing factory,
• Krasnokamsk paper factory)
• Research Institute (NII Gosznak).

The State Signature enterprises produce not only money (banknotes and coins), but many other products, including:

• forms of passports and foreign passports, other identity documents;
• health insurance policies;
• work books;
• military tickets;
• driver's licenses, vehicle registration certificates (STS), vehicle passports (PTS);
• stamps;
• orders, medals, state awards;
• sim cards for phones;
• plastic cards for banks;
• printed products with watermarks, holograms and other security features;
• equipment for processing, control and accounting of products;
• control identification marks, which are used, for example, for marking fur products;
• excise stamps;
• and many other products.

Gosznak manufactures products not only for Russia, but also exports products to more than 20 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and the CIS countries.

From the history

The most famous counterfeiter in the USSR was Viktor Baranov, a driver by profession. He himself created the printing press, paints. Baranov printed the most difficult banknotes for counterfeiting, with a face value of 25 rubles. Now Baranov's paints are in demand even abroad. And some know-how of the counterfeiter is still used in the work of Goznak.

Hitler filled the whole world with counterfeit dollars, which he paid as an international currency with many countries. Moreover, the quality of the fakes was such that it was not possible to distinguish genuine banknotes from counterfeit ones. After the defeat of fascism, Germany did not have the right to print banknotes on its territory until 1955. They were printed for the country in London.

Banknotes and coins of the Bank of Russia

This is how banknotes of the Bank of Russia look like. Click on the photo, it will open in a larger size, where you will see the front and back of the bill. The photographs show, among other things, the recently issued banknotes of 200 rubles and 2000 rubles.

Coins. Click on the name of the coin.

1 kop. 5 kopeck 10 kopeck 50 kopeck 1 ₽ 2 ₽ 5 ₽ 10 ₽

Material: bimetal (melchior-clad steel)Material: steel with brass galvanization

Where to get money, how to attract it into your life

It is impossible to imagine life without money. You have to pay for everything. Money can and should be made. There are different ways to do this:

• earn as an employee;
• find a part-time job or covens;
• work for yourself by creating your own business;
• receive passive income from investments or real estate.

You can also sell unnecessary things, turn a hobby into income, provide intermediary services, do network marketing, make money on the Internet. There are many ways, in this article we will not focus your attention on each of them, since all this is described in detail in our article Where to get money, we recommend reading it.

Of course, there are remote, seedy villages and hamlets where it is extremely difficult to earn money. In this case, you need to find the strength in yourself and leave from there. Money is always concentrated around large metropolitan areas, as well as places rich in natural resources (oil, gas, coal, precious stones, iron ores, timber, etc.). There are always jobs in these places.

Some people do not want to leave their native places, because they love and are accustomed to the created conditions, life, etc. In this case, a temporary relocation may be considered. Earn capital, create passive sources of income on it, and then return back to native pinatas.

There are no hopeless situations, there is laziness and unwillingness to change oneself, one's usual way of life, to go beyond the comfort zone. And all these problems are solved primarily with the help of the correct setting of life goals, your values ​​and beliefs, desires and aspirations.

Try to imagine the life of your dreams. What is she? Find a secluded place where no one bothers you, turn off your phone and try to imagine what the perfect day in the life of your dreams looks like. What do you do? How are you dressed? What is your house? Automobile? Where do you live - a private house or a spacious apartment?

This technique is called visualization and it helps to attract money into your life. Try to think about these things more often, for example before going to bed. Thought is material and everything that you think about is attracted into your life like a magnet.

If you are poor and you have no money, then it is quite possible that with your negative, negative thoughts you have attracted lack of money to yourself. Thoughts can be idle when you think only about how you spend money on entertainment, clothes, women. Often the same thing happens in reality.

Once you have a clear picture in your mind of the life of your dreams, start thinking about how to achieve it. What are you doing now that contributes to this? Will your activity help you get what you want? If not, then look for options, read the biographies of successful people, find out what helped them succeed in life. Study business literature, read economic magazines and websites. This will help you rewire your mind to attract money.

The topic of attracting wealth and good luck is extensive, here we give you only general principles, if you want to know more about this, then read our article How to Attract Money and Good Luck.

Answers to frequently asked questions

What role does money play in the economy?

In the modern economy, the key role played by money is saving time and effort when performing commodity exchange transactions. Before, for example, when money did not exist, people had to exchange goods for goods. Imagine a peasant who grows vegetables (potatoes, cabbage, tomatoes, etc.) and suddenly wants to eat meat. To do this, he would have to go to the market, having previously stuffed a full cart of vegetables, and there exchange it all for a lamb or a pig.

Just imagine what labor costs he would have to incur: dig up potatoes, wash them, load them onto a cart, harness a horse, drive to the market, bargain with the owner of the pig, unload the potatoes for him, load the pig and bring it all back. Also imagine how long it will take. Money made it possible to reduce costs, free up resources that went to increase labor productivity and, ultimately, led to economic growth and the development of civilization.

What are the best things to invest in in 2018?

2018 is a year of instability. Russia is still under sanctions, Western countries are finding new pretexts to increase pressure on our economy and, thus, on the political leadership of the country. And this means that you need to carefully approach the issue of choosing investment instruments.

• Stock

According to analysts of leading investment companies, the shares of many domestic enterprises are undervalued. This means that in the long run it is a profitable investment. Pay attention to the phrase “in the long term” - it means an investment horizon of at least 2-5 years. If you have savings that you are ready to forget about for the next 2-5 years, then this is one of the best and most reliable ways to invest money.

• Bonds

Until April 2018, bonds could be considered a profitable way to invest money, their yield exceeded . But after the introduction of spring sanctions, this investment tool turned out to be in a dangerous zone.

• Real estate

One of the popular ways to invest free money has always been real estate. There is an opinion that real estate always grows in value and it is better to have a roof over your head than money that can depreciate as a result of inflation, the growth of the dollar, or some kind of crisis. There is logic in this, but if we consider real estate from the point of view of investments, now it brings low dividends and it will not work to earn big money with it.

In 2018, real estate investment is complicated by instability. The year started well, inflation rates in the country are among the lowest in history, which allowed the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to lower the key rate, which in turn affected lending and mortgage rates - they also fell.

Cheap loans allow construction companies to raise funds to build new homes, and cheap mortgages increase home sales. However, new sanctions in a matter of days can weaken the ruble, which will lead to an increase in the dollar and then the key rate will soar again, and the mortgage market will stall again. A high dollar will also affect prices in stores and will contribute to a decrease in real incomes of the population.

• Bank deposits

A decrease or increase in the key rate of the Central Bank also affects bank deposits. The lower the key rate, the lower the return on deposits, and vice versa. In 2018, the deposit rate is low, which does not allow us to call a bank deposit a profitable way to invest money. However, he never was.

When deciding in favor of a particular instrument, you need to start from the amount of investment, from the term, from your risk appetite, so it is not possible to give unambiguous recommendations.

How much money do you need in Russia for a normal life?

What does the concept of "normal life" mean? Everyone has their own idea. But the general rule is:

• availability of own housing for a room for each family member;
• having a car;
• the opportunity to travel once a year;
• the opportunity to get paid education without a loan;
• be able to renovate housing and buy new furniture every five years;
• Update your wardrobe every season
• eat what is healthy and tasty.

According to the Argumenty i Fakty newspaper, the Russians named an amount of 83.6 thousand rubles for a normal life of a family of three. The survey was conducted in different regions of the country by specialists from the Romir research holding.

Conclusion

So, money is a tool to achieve goals. Indeed, having enough money, you can live the life you dream of. You can afford to do what you like, and not what you need, get freedom of choice in everything.

Roman Kozhin

The author of the blog "My Ruble", in the past the head of the credit department in the bank. In the present Internet entrepreneur, investor. I talk about how to effectively manage your money, how to increase it profitably, and earn more. Thanks to the Internet, he moved to the sea. You can follow my life in social networks using the links below.

In the blog of a lazy investor, Anton has repeatedly touched on topics on how to earn, save and increase money, how to achieve financial independence, work with financial exchanges, etc. I decided to raise a fundamental question, with the development of which it is worth starting the path to wealth. In this article, we will talk about what money is in general ?! One way or another, everything that is connected with the concept of material prosperity and wealth directly relates to the concept of "money".

Money: definition and history

I have been blogging for over 6 years now. During this time, I regularly publish reports on the results of my investments. Now the public investment portfolio is more than 1,000,000 rubles.

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The reason for the appearance of money was the development of commodity circulation, when there was a surplus of goods. Initially, commodity circulation consisted of periodical barter transactions. But with the development of human abilities, the emergence of technical progress, and most importantly, the division of labor, commodity relations between people began to take on a mass character. There were problems with the exchange of goods for various purposes and value, determined by the amount of labor invested in them.

In order to simplify the exchange, certain highly liquid goods of daily use began to be used as the equivalent of money - salt, various spices, shells, and later - pieces and ingots of various metals. With the advent and development of metal processing, the prerequisites for evaluating heterogeneous goods with the help of a specially created equivalent - money - have developed.

China is considered the birthplace of money, where they appeared in the 7th-8th centuries BC. The very name "coins" came from Ancient Rome approximately 400 years later, where, by decree of Caesar, a mint was organized at the temple of the goddess Juno Juno Moneta. Paper money also first appeared in China, but already around the 9th century AD. The expression of the famous traveler Mark Polo, who first saw paper money, is known to be another way to achieve the long-standing goal of medieval alchemists.

Thus, the formulation of the definition of what money is can be as follows: money is a commodity with high liquidity, serving as a generally accepted equivalent. The main properties of money:

• they can be exchanged for any other commodity;
• they measure its value.

Functions and value of money

In order to delve deeper into the question: “What is money?” should dwell on the concept of the value of money and their functions. Value and functions are interrelated - the value is higher, the better the money performs its functions, that is, the value of money is determined by a whole set of factors:

• gold content of money;
• the gold reserves of the state;
• price level;
• the amount of money in circulation;
• the ratio of economic goods and money.

The functions of money are exactly the tasks that they solve in human society. The economy has five such functions:

• measure of value - is that money is used as a means of evaluating goods or services, determining their price. That is, the price is the monetary expression of the value of the goods;
• means of circulation - as mentioned above, money is the equivalent that serves the circulation of goods. They exchange for any commodity and are the most liquid of all types of commodities;
• store of value and accumulation. The property of money does not deteriorate over time, allows their owner to postpone the purchase of goods or to accumulate on a more expensive one. As a means of accumulation, precious metals have a higher priority. There is even a law of economics that paper money necessarily displaces precious metals from a medium of circulation into a store of value;
• means of payment - in this aspect, the concept of the value of money is very important, depending on the degree of trust in them by the population;
• function of world money - that is, they are a universal means of payment. The implementation of this function largely depends on the trust in money. So, precious metals are most trusted, but if paper money is also trusted, then they become a world currency, which, for example, is the dollar or the euro.

The presence of money forms the corresponding monetary system. Without going into details, the monetary system of almost all states is based on the circulation of credit and paper money. In this case, precious metals are forced out of circulation and are no longer considered as money. Paper money does not have its own value, but performs its functions in full.

To put the concept of the monetary system in simple terms, this means that the central bank or other organization that prints money has taken custody of gold belonging to the state (and therefore to each of its citizens), and in return issued an IOU. Actually, modern money is the debt obligations of the state, which are used to exchange goods instead of gold and silver coins.

Is the modern monetary system a financial pyramid?

Thus, every dollar, euro or other currency circulating in the world is backed by a piece of gold bullion stored in the central bank of the US, EU or another country. But in fact, this has not been the case for a long time. When someone single-handedly controls the entire gold reserve of the country and the exact amount of this gold is known only to him, he has a great temptation to print IOUs much more than he can, agree? This is exactly what happened in the USA.

At some point, the Central Bank of the country was transferred to private hands, and today dollars are printed not by the US state, but by a certain OJSC (Federal Reserve System), whose shares are owned by several private individuals. The Federal Reserve then lends the printed money to the US government, which uses it for its needs. Such a strange, to put it mildly, monetary strategy has led the US to the fact that its public debt has reached 17 trillion dollars.

Every American today owes some $54,000 to private individuals who print dollars. Of course, the return of such a debt seems unlikely; rather, it will continue to grow further.

There are all signs of a financial pyramid, and we have already analyzed how such economic phenomena end. And this would have been a problem only for the United States if the Bretton Woods agreement had not been signed in 1944, which made the dollar the world currency. Today, the US financial pyramid relies on many economies of the world, and its collapse will inevitably have a bad effect on each of them, which will undoubtedly affect the population as well.

Why is there no money?

The macroeconomic reasons for the lack of money among the population are quite understandable, however, there are many individual reasons that cause difficult financial circumstances in a person's life. And if each individual person cannot eliminate the first, then there is a certain field for activity to solve their own problems. Consider what the lack of money can be connected with.

As we have already figured out, the concept of money is continuously associated with the exchange of goods and services. It would seem that if you do not have money, it means that you do not work enough, do not produce the required amount of goods or services. But everything is not so simple. Today's life is much more complicated and there can be many reasons for the impoverishment of the financial flow. First of all, it is important to understand that the lack of money is a signal that you are doing something wrong, that you need to carefully analyze your current situation for bottlenecks. Passive position “this is how the circumstances developed”, “the government, the president, the massons, the neighbor, etc.” are to blame. we will not even consider it, since it in itself is a powerful brake on the development of any sphere of life.

So, the reasons for the lack of money in your life can be divided into several groups:

• negative psychological attitudes;
• false needs;
• self-management and self-control.

The first group of reasons is characterized, as a rule, by low self-esteem and the absence of such qualities as optimism and love of life, intuition and courage, self-discipline and financial literacy, positive thinking and a sense of humor, reasonable risk and responsibility. The possession of these qualities allows you to become.

However, do not be upset if you do not see some of them in yourself. Few people have a complete set of them. Many of the qualities are brought up, and it is never too late to do this. Often we do not attach importance to self-improvement and raising the level of our education. Some believe that they have received a higher education and that is enough, while others, in general, in their opinion, have a lot of schools. But in reality, acquiring new knowledge and skills opens up new opportunities, including for improving one's own well-being.

Often people do not have enough money for one simple reason - they do not keep up with the times or fashion, new technologies or a rich neighbor or acquaintance. This motivation also leads to a feeling of lack of money. A person cannot always decide why he needs a new thing - because the old one does not perform the necessary functions, or simply because it is outdated. You should protect yourself from the manipulation of the environment - advertising, other people's opinions and advice. Money should be spent on exactly what is really needed.

The third group of reasons for the lack of well-being is associated with the inability to distribute one's forces and concentrate on what is important. The inability to effectively manage one's life leads to excessive workloads and meager results, which invariably ends in depression and overwork. If you are overtaken by such a problem, try to organize work and rest differently. Sometimes the decision to dedicate more time to rest unexpectedly leads to an increase in cash flow. You must develop for yourself such a system of work and rest that would allow you to strictly follow the intended course without sharp jumps and setbacks.

Conclusion

Here, briefly, what money I saw. The problem of lack of money can happen to anyone, and in order for this problem not to bring big shocks, you should take responsibility for your life. Don't rely on someone else to solve your problems. For financial well-being, you need to change a lot - your attitude to life, to finances, your habits. You should be able to properly take and give money. Only in this case, the issue of lack of money may cease to be relevant for you.