What is human activity. Human activity and its main forms (labor, play, teaching)

In human activity, his needs are completed. They also activate it. That is, in the process of activity, actual needs are satisfied, new ones are formed. However, in this case, not only a change in needs occurs, but also a change in the individuality of a person. What other influence does activity have on human development? Let's figure it out.

Activity is a form of human activity aimed at cognition, transformation of the surrounding world, oneself and the conditions of one's existence. This is what distinguishes a person from an animal, emphasizes the social in human nature.

• Activities are not limited to satisfying needs.
• It is determined by the goals and requirements of society.
• Actions are associated with the development of personality, human consciousness (including self-awareness).
• This is a consciously regulated process of human interaction with the world.

In activity, a person acts as a creator, a creator. In the process, they develop:

• intellectual abilities of the individual;
• creative imagination;
• worldview;
• system of ideals and values;
• emotional and aesthetic attitude to the world.

As a member of society, a person is valuable when he leads an active labor, public life performs actions and takes responsibility for them.

Subject of activity

Activity is always subjective. The subject is what it is aimed at. It can exist independently or be created in the course of the activity itself.

Operating principles

The activity is based on the principle of functionality and the principle of consistency.

• The first involves reliance on the already developed mental elements that are mobilized to achieve the goal.
• The principle of consistency implies the inclusion of individual personality traits, on the basis of which several blocks can be distinguished in the structure.

Activity structure

There are six blocks. Each of the elements is interconnected with others, interpenetrating.

This is where they get to work. A motive is an objectified need. The desire to satisfy a need, that is, to obtain a specific object, encourages activity. Activity is impossible without a motive.

Goals

Main element. It has two forms of manifestation:

• as a result presented by a person;
• as the desired level of achievement.

Program

A person decides what and how he should do, that is, it is the choice of methods and means, the assessment of his own resources. The work includes cognitive, motivational, executive spheres.

Information base

Its efficiency depends on the adequacy and completeness of information data on the conditions of activity.

Making decisions

From alternatives one is selected, mastered, rules and criteria for achieving the goal are developed.

Personal qualities significant for activity

These are character traits, inclinations and others. individual characteristics that will help you achieve your goal.

Activity Components

Activity always has an internal plan and an external manifestation, between which there is an inextricable link. From external operations with objects (objective thinking), information, being transformed by the psyche, turns into internal images, ideals (figurative thinking). This process of transition is called internalization.

The reverse action (creating something materially through internal representations) is exteriorization.

Action is a tool to achieve a goal

An action is a part of an activity aimed at achieving an intermediate result in specific conditions. Consists of operations - methods of execution according to the conditions.

physical actions

These are external, motor actions with objects that consist of movements.

Smart Actions

Internal mental actions with images and concepts based on external actions with objects.

The psyche is the regulator of activity

The reflection of the world by the psyche occurs consciously, that is, in the process of actions a person:

• is aware (partially or fully) of the purpose of his actions;
• represents the result;
• perceives and evaluates the conditions in which one has to act;
• builds step by step plan, algorithm of operations;
• makes volitional efforts;
• supervises the process;
• experiences success and failure.

Knowledge, skills, habits

Knowledge, skills, or ZUN is the basis responsible for the organization and management of practical activities.

Knowledge

These are images of sensations and perceptions, further processed into representations and concepts. Without them, conscious purposeful activity is impossible. Knowledge increases the effectiveness of actions.

Skills

This is the mastery of the method of performing an action that does not require reinforcement by exercises. Conscious individual control is the main difference between skills. They are closely related to thinking and are impossible without active intellectual activity. Skills allow you to find a way out of non-standard situations, respond to changes in external conditions.

Skills

Skills are actions brought to automaticity. Success depends on skills. Skills are formed through exercises - repeated repetition of a specific action (actions). The skill is based on a dynamic stereotype, that is, a neural connection between the elements of an action. This happens uncontrollably, but if there is some kind of inaccuracy, then the person immediately notices it. The stronger the nerve connection, the faster and better the action.

Skills are motor, mental, sensory, behavioral. A skill is formed in several stages:

• introductory (comprehension of actions, familiarity with the methods of implementation);
• preparatory (conscious, but inept performance of an action);
• standardizing (unity and automatism of actions);
• situational (mastering the arbitrariness of action).

Learning new skills is always influenced by old ones. Sometimes it helps and sometimes it hinders. In the first case we are talking on the coordination of skills, in the second - on interference (contradiction). Skills are consistent when:

• the system of movements of one skill coincides with the system of movements of another;
• one skill is a means better assimilation another;
• the end of one skill is the beginning of another and vice versa.

Accordingly, interference occurs under the reverse conditions.

habits

A habit is an action that has become a need. There are also habits. Habits, like skills, are based on dynamic stereotypes. Habits are formed through:

• imitations;
• multiple random repetition;
• conscious purposeful learning.

They can be an engine or an inhibitory factor in the performance of activities.

Activities

There are many types of activities, but in psychology it is customary to distinguish 4 main ones.

Communication is the first activity in which a person participates (intimate-personal communication with the mother). In this form of activity, the first development of personality takes place.

The purpose of communication is to establish mutual understanding, personal and business relations, providing mutual assistance, teaching and educational influence of people on each other.

It is worth noting that some researchers do not consider communication an independent activity, but rather call it a means for implementing another activity, achieving the goals of another activity. However, in infancy, it is this species that is leading.

A game

The game is the main activity of childhood, but it persists at subsequent age stages. Allows you to learn social experience human activity and human relations. For adults, the game is relaxation, stress relief.

Game activity prepares a person for further learning and work. She develops:

• thinking,
• memory,
• imagination,
• Attention,
• capabilities,
• will.

And also determines the formation of character.

Studies

Educational activity stood out from labor. Assumes:

• assimilation of information about the properties of the surrounding world (knowledge), techniques, operations (skills);
• development of the ability to choose techniques and operations in accordance with the goals and conditions (skills).

AT learning activities there is an assimilation of knowledge, development of skills, abilities, development of abilities.

Work

Labor is an activity aimed at creating a socially significant product. Labor is the basis of human existence, his mental and personal development.

There are other types of activity, but they all line up within the framework of one of the four named or at the junction of several types. The choice depends on the strength, quantity, originality of the needs of a particular person.

However, at each age, a person performs several types of activities at once, and only one remains the leader. For example, for an adult, this is work.

Individual style of activity

This fixture nervous system person and the characteristics of the organism to the activities performed. At the heart of the individual style is:

• skills;
• skills;
• experience.

The purpose of this adaptation is to achieve the best result at the lowest cost. Temperament determines the success and failure of a person in a particular activity.

Afterword

Conscious purposeful activity is the difference between people and animals. In its process, a person creates objects of material and spiritual culture, transforms his abilities, ensures the progress (although sometimes regression) of society, influences nature (preserves or destroys).

Any activity is a creative way beyond the natural, work on oneself and the world. Man not only consumes, but also creates. With it, he influences his life.

Thanks to it, the mental development of the individual is carried out. However, at the same time, mental processes (attention, imagination, memory, speech) act as components and even certain types activities.

Fill in the gaps in the diagrams.

Write the numbers under which the examples of activities are indicated in the appropriate block diagram.

Examples: 1) the hostess is preparing dinner; 2) schoolchildren organized a chess tournament; 3) the general plans a parade of troops; 4) the seller packs the purchase; 5) a summer resident waters vegetables in the garden; 6) the student is preparing: for the exam; 7) several families organized football match; 8) the participants of the TV quiz answer the questions of the presenter; 9) a schoolchild reads books assigned by a literature teacher in the summer; 10) a girl does a doll's hair; 11) Government ministers draw up the state budget.

Answer

Goal - Achievement - Path

Main types of human activity:

1. Game- This special kind activity, the purpose of which is not the production of any material product, but the process itself - entertainment, recreation. The game, like art, offers a certain solution in the conditional sphere, which can be used in the future as a kind of model of the situation. The game makes it possible to simulate specific life situations.

Examples: 2) schoolchildren organized a chess tournament; 7) several families organized a football match; 8) the participants of the TV quiz answer the questions of the presenter; 10) the girl does the doll's hair.

2. Teaching- a type of activity, the purpose of which is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by a person. The peculiarities of the doctrine are that it serves as a means of psychological development of a person. Teaching can be organized and unorganized (self-education).

Examples: 6) the student is preparing for the exam; 9) the schoolboy in the summer we read the books given by the teacher of literature.

3. Communication- this is a type of activity in which there is an exchange of ideas and emotions (joy, surprise, anger, suffering, fear, etc.). According to the means used, the following types of communication are distinguished: direct and indirect, direct and indirect, verbal and non-verbal.

4. Labor- a type of activity that is aimed at achieving a practically useful result. Character traits labor: expediency, focus on achieving concrete result, practical utility, transformation external environment habitat.

Examples: 1) the hostess is preparing dinner; 3) the general plans a parade of troops; 4) the seller packs the purchase; 5) a summer resident waters vegetables in the garden; 11) Government ministers draw up the state budget.

Man is a social being. He cannot fully develop without contact with other people. Only by constantly learning, we become stronger, gain access to the most hidden corners of our soul. Types of human activity are closely related to the understanding of one's predestination. Choice life path depends on the character, ambitions, living conditions, readiness to act, despite significant obstacles, that is, it is determined by external and internal components. With some effort, we have the opportunity to fully move forward.

Consider the main types of human activity. It is worth noting that not all of them will be manifested in the life of a particular individual, since much depends on the level of consciousness, on how much the person is ready to take responsibility. What types of human activities exist? Let's try to figure it out.

A game

It is a rather entertaining component, which certainly accompanies any development. The game as a kind of human activity deserves special attention. After all, that's where it starts. active process knowledge of the surrounding world. Otherwise, it would hardly be possible to learn something, to prove oneself in outside world. If you watch a child playing, you can see one interesting feature: he models different situations, which is of interest to him, solves important problems. A huge fantasy makes him come up with complex plot moves, his consciousness literally gushes with ideas.

Passion for the process of the game helps to get rid of disturbing thoughts, learn to look at the surrounding reality differently. This type of activity acts as a way of knowing the world through playing a variety of models and roles. Main Feature is that in the game a person is not afraid to make decisions and acts intuitively, based on his inner vision.

Communication

All types of human activity are closely interconnected. One cannot be imagined without the other. Interaction with others is as necessary as learning, the ability to conduct research activities. Communication is a kind of human activity aimed at satisfying a deep need for recognition and understanding. Establishment warm relations impossible without trust.

Education

Ideally, it should be carried out throughout life for effective self-improvement. Learning is a type of human activity aimed at obtaining new information, which later becomes our knowledge. In the process of acquiring new skills, a person improves his abilities, gets the opportunity to fully work on himself. A mature personality understands the need for such changes, since it is aimed at internal transformation. AT childhood learning primarily means acquiring new knowledge. A child needs to learn many subjects before he goes into adulthood.

In many cases effective learning becomes a reason to begin to be proud of their achievements. Here everyone will have individual merits. A distinctive feature is the fact that for the implementation of the learning process it is necessary to make efforts on your own, because knowledge will not appear by itself.

Physical work

For many, this activity is an indicator of a useful pastime. Many people are imbued with sincere respect for those individuals who are engaged in this activity. Physical labor in society is valued and encouraged. It is believed that such a person really honestly earns money and therefore can be considered noble. This type of activity is also necessary because it allows you to develop physically, to remain hardy. This is extremely important in our time of rapid development of hypodynamia. People who have chosen such an activity for themselves retain excellent physical shape for a long time, they can cope with any unforeseen situation, if only it requires strength and activity.

Brainwork

This activity is the lot of refined and intelligent people. As a rule, mental activity is chosen for themselves by those individuals who are focused on the performance of an intellectual task. This type of human activity largely determines scientific and social progress. The more a person is engaged, the sooner it develops in some kind of growth that is significant for itself. The development of thought occurs gradually, under the influence of certain components.

Mental labor has always been valued, especially in certain circles. The intellectual consciousness is a searching character that is constantly striving to come to an understanding of complex things. Concentrating on the main thing, it can become an amazing guide to the world of intellectual components. To engage in mental activity, you must have a certain temperament, constantly work on yourself. The more a person reads books, studies something, the more powerful he develops intellectually, and the sooner his possibilities expand.

The science

Tendency to research work largely determines the warehouse of character. Science is a kind of human activity that requires a developed analytical mind. This is a prerequisite. Otherwise, the activity will not have significant success. The main feature is that all conclusions and conclusions are made on the basis of logical components. Pursuing scientific activity, it is necessary to prove something, based on theoretical approaches scientists and their practical experience. Here one cannot simply draw conclusions if they are not supported by relevant knowledge. Science requires maximum clarity and precision. It is impossible to act at random without having an idea about the subject of your research. It is noteworthy that scientists, getting used to building complex conclusions, then begin to treat life as an ongoing chain of assumptions and conclusions. It is very difficult to get rid of such a worldview, making a decision based on purely scientific approach. The point is that life is sometimes much more difficult than any research work.

Art

It is a type of human activity aimed at meeting the needs of the intelligentsia. The ability to understand works of art is an indicator of the development of aesthetic taste. Not everyone can appreciate real literary works, paintings by great masters and music. To do this, you need to have a refined worldview and at least an increased interest in a particular type of art. Such people are distinguished by exquisite taste, they often show additional talents. The main feature is that individuals who are fond of art often become so immersed in a fictional world that they stop noticing the surrounding reality.

Art always requires a certain dedication from a person. After all, such an activity would never have been able to develop if it had not been given enough time and attention. A person who is passionate about art always sacrifices something in order to do what he loves. As a rule, life always guides such people, helps them to constantly feel the enduring meaning of their actions. They necessarily have a lofty goal that justifies and allows everything. They act not for the sake of money, but in the name of a bright idea.

Trade

A type of human activity that has flourished since ancient times. A person who has chosen trade for himself, as a rule, highly appreciates his own material wealth. He is able to assess the benefits and notice significant prospects in any situation. In most cases, people excel significantly in their chosen occupation if they have an inclination for it. Trade is an essential element of life. Such a person is distinguished by the fact that he is aimed at obtaining wealth and values. It is of great importance for him what clothes he wears, what he eats, how great his well-being is. Merchants in many matters act quite coolly and purposefully. They are not influenced by emotions and therefore achieve significant results faster. Representatives of other spheres could envy them with great enthusiasm.

Marketing

This direction, of course, originates from trade. Marketing is a kind of human activity, entirely aimed at obtaining material benefits. This area assumes that a person is able to understand difficult questions to act on the basis of their own long-term planning. Great importance has such a thing as self-organization. Only by fully focusing on the task, you can solve it. Not without good planning. Marketing assumes that a person will act clearly and in accordance with the requirements of modern society.

A banal mistake can lead to irreparable consequences, so self-control, the ability to keep feelings under control, is extremely important here. Of course, not everyone succeeds. A successful marketer is one who is free from his own doubts and anxieties. Home distinctive feature such a person is self-confidence. After all, the ability to make decisions quickly really leads to success.

Creation

The need to create is inherent in each of us. Another question is whether a person is working on himself, whether he is ready to devote enough time and attention to his creativity. This activity requires not only great dedication, but also tremendous endurance and patience. Sometimes it takes a strong will to get things done. The creative path is never simple and easy. Sometimes a person needs to go through many trials in order to succeed. A person is forced to make maximum efforts, because only in this case he develops, becomes self-sufficient and self-confident.

Self improvement

It occupies a special position in the life of an individual. If we stop working on ourselves, it will be difficult for us to cope with our own emotions. Such a person begins to degrade over time, ceases to develop existing abilities. Self-improvement is an integral element of any activity. Whatever a person plans to do, he must definitely pay Special attention to your inner world.

Working with feelings and emotions is very important. Thanks to her, we begin to become more aware of what is truly valuable in life.

Instead of a conclusion

Thus, the main types of human activity are labor, play, science or art, and each deserves special attention. It is important that the personality develops without fail, and does not stand still. This is facilitated by complete dedication.

The man of modern society is engaged in a variety of activities. However, it is possible to generalize and single out the main activities characteristic of all people. They will correspond to the general needs that can be found in almost all people without exception, or rather, to those types of social human activity in which each person inevitably joins in the process of his individual development. Such activities are play, learning and work.

A game- a type of activity, the result of which is not the production of any material or ideal product. The game is a special process in which typical ways of action and interaction of people have historically been fixed.

The game is especially significant in the life of children of preschool and primary school age. First of all, the game is a kind of reflection of life. In the game, for the first time, the need to influence the world is formed. In an active game form, the child learns more deeply the phenomena of life, public relations people, work processes. Inclusion of the child in gaming activity provides an opportunity to master the social experience accumulated by mankind, as well as the cognitive, personal and moral development of the child.

In the life of adults, the game is in the nature of entertainment, the goal is to get rest. Sometimes games serve as a means of symbolic relaxation of tensions that have arisen under the influence of the actual needs of a person, which he is not able to weaken in any other way.

There are several types of games:

1. Individual games are a kind of activity when one person is engaged in the game.

2. Group - include several individuals.

3. Object games are associated with the inclusion of any objects in a person's gaming activity.

4. Story games unfold according to a certain scenario, reproducing it in basic detail.

5. Role-playing games allow a person's behavior, limited to a specific role that he takes on in the game.

6. Games with rules are regulated by a certain system of rules of conduct for their participants.

Often in life there are mixed types of games: subject-role-playing, plot-role-playing, story games with the rules, etc. The relationships that develop between people in the game, as a rule, are artificial in the sense of the word, that they are not taken seriously by others and are not the basis for conclusions about a person. Play behavior and play relationships have little effect on real relationships between people, at least among adults.

Learning activities - the process of assimilation of subject and cognitive actions, which is based on the mechanisms for transforming the material being assimilated, highlighting the basic relationships between the subject conditions of the situation in order to solve typical problems in changed conditions, generalizing the principle of solution, modeling the process of solving the problem and monitoring it [Makarova].

Doctrine is an activity aimed at acquiring the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for broad education and subsequent labor activity.

Teaching in a person's life follows the game, accompanies him throughout his life and precedes work. The main purpose of the study is preparation for future independent work. Teaching can be organized and carried out in special educational institutions. It can be unorganized and occur along the way, in other activities as their side, additional result. In adults, learning can acquire the character of self-education.

Labor activity - the process of actively changing objects of nature, the material and spiritual life of society in order to meet human needs and create various values.

Thanks to labor, a person became what he is, built modern society, created objects of material and spiritual culture, transformed the conditions of his life in such a way that he discovered the prospects for further, practically unlimited development. First of all, the creation and improvement of labor tools is connected with labor. They, in turn, were a factor in increasing labor productivity, the development of science, industrial production, technical and artistic creativity. Labor is the main way of personality formation. In this activity, human abilities develop, character develops. Labor is aimed at creating social useful product. This is his purpose.

These activities have different meaning for human development different stages ontogeny.

In psychology, there is a concept of leading activity. Leading activity- this is such an activity, the implementation of which determines the emergence and formation of the main psychological neoplasms of a person at a certain stage of ontogenetic development. That is, this activity most affects the mental development of the individual at a certain stage of development. .

Leading activity:

For young children, this is a game, although there are elements of learning and work in their activities;

The leading role belongs to education in school;

· with age leading value receives employment.