Influence of environmental factors on plant development plan. Biology at the Lyceum

Environmental factors and their impact on plants

In studying botany, you learned that rainforest and tundra plants, forests and grasslands are different, even if they belong to the same species. When caring for cultivated plants, you have noticed that some crops are especially demanding on moisture, while others need bright lighting. You know that weeds are difficult to control because they produce many seeds that ripen earlier than the seeds of cultivated plants. Many weeds have long rhizomes with which they multiply rapidly. Plants are adapted to certain conditions, environmental conditions.

Let's remember what ecology and environmental factors are.

Habitat and environmental factors. All nature surrounding a plant is its habitat . It contains all the conditions necessary for the growth and development of this plant, but in different quantities and ratios. Factors (conditions) of the external environment can directly affect the plant, they are necessary for the existence of the organism, but the plant is not required. Factors such as light, moisture in the air and in the soil, temperature, the presence and concentration of salts in the soil, wind and some others affect the plant.

environmental factors any element of the environment that can have a direct or indirect effect on the body is called.

Find out how environmental factors can affect plants. An environmental factor can limit plant growth. For example, if the soil contains a small amount of mineral salts, and a crop is cultivated on it from year to year, then the salt reserves are exhausted and plant growth stops. If the environmental factor is below the critical level or, conversely, exceeds the maximum possible level, it becomes a plant growth limiter, even if other factors are present in the required amount. This environmental factor is called limiting factor . In the aquatic environment, oxygen is most often the limiting factor. For plants that love the sun (sunflower) - light. Moreover, not only the intensity of lighting is important, but also the duration.

At different stages of development, the plant reacts differently to environmental factors. It is known that the most resistant to too high or too low temperatures are the buds of higher plants, seeds, spores.

All factors together determine the conditions for the existence of plants, orliving conditions . It is clear that the living conditions in the Far North and in the steppe zone, in the forest and in the meadow are different. But habitat conditions change seasonally and even during the day. Plants, like all living organisms, have an amazing ability to respond to changes and adapt to environmental conditions.

Adaptation of plants to dry and hot habitats. In arid and hot habitats, plants must be able to extract water, store it, avoid excessive evaporation, but also not “overheat” in the sun.

Plants with powerful root systems live in semi-deserts and deserts. Some root systems are very deep, which gives them the opportunity to use groundwater. So in the bushesclan Juzgun roots go as deep as 30 m. In other plants (cacti) the root system is shallow, but widely overgrown, so during rare rains they quickly absorb moisture from large areas.

The third group of plants (for example, Tatar rhubarb ) does not have a highly developed root system, but they are able to absorb morning dew with their large leaves, spread over the surface of the earth.

These plants tend to have thick skins and very few stomata. They slow down the process of metabolism and as a result - growth.

Shrubs with a deep root system do not accumulate water, but retain it. To reduce evaporation, their small leaves are densely hairy. Often there are no leaves at all, and photosynthesis occurs in shoots that look like twigs or thorns.(saxaul). With a lack of water, a few stomatal gaps close.

In addition to adaptations for the absorption and conservation of water, desert plants have the ability to tolerate even long-term drought. Among them - ephemera - plants that complete their life cycle from seed to seed within a few days. Their seeds germinate, and the plants bloom and bear fruit immediately after the rain falls. At this time, the desert is transformed - it blooms.

These plants survive a long period of drought in the seed stage.

Perennial bulbous or rhizomatous plants survive drought in the form of underground storage organs.

Lichens, many lower plants, some species of club mosses and ferns, even a few flowering plants, survive a long drought in the most amazing way: they lose all moisture and, being completely dehydrated, are at rest until the rain falls.

Adaptation of plants to cold and wet conditions.The living conditions of plants in the tundra are very harsh. First of all, it is temperature. Average monthly summer temperatures rarely exceed +10 °C. Summer is very short - about two months, but even in summer frosts can occur.

There is little precipitation in the tundra, and accordingly, the snow cover is small - up to 50 cm. Therefore, strong winds are dangerous - they can blow away the snow that protects plants. Why is there a lot of moisture in the tundra? First, it does not evaporate as intensely as in warmer zones. Secondly, water does not go deep into the soil, as it is retained by a layer of permafrost. Therefore, there are many small lakes and swamps.

Plants in this zone are usually stunted and covered with snow in winter, which protects them from cold and wind. Root systems are superficial. On the one hand, their development is hindered by permafrost, on the other hand, by increased soil moisture and, as a result, a lack of oxygen in the soil. It is interesting that the structural features of the shoots resemble plants of a hot climate, only they protect not from heat, but from cold. This is a thick skin, wax coating, cork on the stem. Plants should have time to bloom and produce seeds in a short summer.

Tundra trees only once a century produce seeds that can germinate. Seeds fully ripen only when the summer is warm for the tundra for two years in a row. As a rule, tree seeds fall into conditions unsuitable for germination. Many tundra plants reproduce vegetatively, such as mosses and lichens.

Light as an environmental factor. The amount of light that a plant receives affects both its external appearance and internal structure. Trees grown in the forest have taller trunks and a less spreading crown. If they grew under the canopy of other trees, then they are oppressed and much worse developed than their peers in the open space.

Shade and light plants can also differ in the arrangement of leaf blades in space. In the shade, the leaves are arranged horizontally to catch as much sunlight as possible. In the light, where there is enough light - vertically to avoid overheating.

Shade-grown plants have larger leaves and longer internodes than sun-grown plants of the same or similar species.

The leaves are not identical in internal structure: in the light leaves, the columnar tissue is better developed than in the shadow ones. In the stems of light plants, more powerful mechanical tissue and wood.

Interactive lesson simulator. (Complete all the tasks of the lesson)

Audio fragment "Environmental factors" (4:33)

Onature circling the body -this is his habitat. science, studythe relationship of organismswith each other and with the environment,called ecology. influence the plantyat environmental environmental factors:light, temperature, humidity, wind,soil composition, etc. All factors necessaryplants that are used for lifeliving conditions. Excess orlack of one or morelogical factors affectthe structure of the body. Plants fitsuccumb to living conditions incertain boundaries.

The environmental factoris below the critical levelor, conversely, exceeds the maxihardly possible for a plantvein, called limitingfactor .

To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

Combined lesson:

Knowledge test: Independent work on the studied topic: "Families of plants of the monocotyledonous class." We prepare and sign the leaflets!

And their effects on plants Environmental environmental factors Study of a new topic:

The purpose of the lesson: 1. Get acquainted with the Factors of the environment. 2. Find out their influence on living organisms (plants). 3. Get to know how plants are classified into groups with respect to abiotic environmental factors.

ECOLOGY The science that studies the regularities of the life of living organisms (in any of its manifestations at all levels of organization) in their natural habitat, taking into account changes introduced into the environment by human activity. And the mutual influence of the environment and organisms on each other.

Learning new material

Environmental factors are called: Conditions of organic and inorganic nature, directly or indirectly affecting the state and properties of an organism, population, natural community.

Environmental environmental factors Abiotic Biotic Anthropogenic Factors of non-living nature Factors of living nature Factors of human activity

1. Light 2. Pressure 3. Humidity 4. Radiation: a) Ultra-violet b) infrared c) radioactive d) Electro-magnetic, etc. 5. Minerals. 6. Chemical substances. 7. t *(temperature) Abiotic Factors of non-living nature Biotic Factors of living nature Anthropogenic Factors of human activity 1. Animals 2. Plants 3. Fungi 4. Bacteria 5. Viruses a) Direct b) Indirect (indirect)

In relation to light: plants are subdivided…. Light-loving Shade-loving Shade-tolerant

Heat-loving In relation to temperature: plants are ... .. Cold-resistant

Plants in Excessively Moistened Habitats Effects of Moisture on Plants: Plants in Dry Habitats Plants Living in Average (Sufficient) Moisture Conditions

Moisture-loving In relation to moisture: Drought-resistant

Animals Biotic environmental factors Fungi Bacteria

Direct impact Anthropogenic environmental factors Not direct impact

Think! List the abiotic environmental factors known to you and their significance. What groups are plants divided into regarding: A) Light B) Moisture C) Temperature Fixing the material:

A/C $ 54-55 questions Give examples of each type of environmental factor and its effects on plants

Performed:
1st year student,
groups BGOm-117,
Alekseeva Irina

The environment of a plant is made up of many
various elements that affect the body.
Individual elements of the external environment are
the name of environmental factors.
Environmental factors are the properties of the environment
habitats that have any impact
on the body.

Habitat (ecological
niche)
-
totality
specific
abiotic
and
biotic conditions in which
a given individual lives
or
view,
part
nature,
surrounding living organisms and
exerting direct or
indirect impact.

By the nature of the impact
distinguish:
direct acting (light,
water, mineral elements
nutrition)
indirectly acting
environmental factors (factors,
influencing
on the
organism
indirectly through change
direct acting
factors
such as relief).

By origin, they distinguish:
1. Abiotic factors - factors
inanimate nature:
a) climatic - light, heat, moisture,
composition and movement of air;
b) edaphic - diverse
chemical and physical properties
soil;
c) topographic (orographic) factors determined by relief.
2. Biotic factors of mutual influence of cohabiting
organisms.
3. Anthropogenic factors of influence on human plants.

All living organisms are affected in one way or another.
phenomena and components of inanimate nature. That's what it is
abiotic factors affecting life
humans, plants, animals. They, in turn,
divided into edaphic, climatic,
chemical, hydrographic, pyrogenic,
orographic.

Light mode, humidity, temperature, atmospheric
pressure and precipitation, solar radiation, wind can be attributed to
climatic factors.
Edaphic influence living organisms through thermal,
air and water regime of the soil, its chemical composition and
mechanical structure, groundwater level, acidity.
Chemical factors are the salt composition of water, the gas composition
atmosphere.
Pyrogenic - the effect of fire on the environment.
Living organisms are forced to adapt to the terrain
(orographic) terrain, elevation differences, as well as to
features of water (hodrographic), content in it
organic and mineral substances.

Light is very important for plants. Its quantity affects their appearance and
internal structure. For example, forest trees that have enough
lights grow tall, have a less spreading crown. The same,
who are in their shadow, develop worse, are more oppressed. Them
the crowns are more spreading, and the leaves are arranged horizontally. This is
needed to capture as much sunlight as possible. There,
where the sun is sufficient, the leaves are arranged vertically to
avoid overheating.

Light-loving =
heliophytes
Birch
Shade-loving =
sciophytes
Shade tolerant =
optional
heliophytes
fern
forest herbs,
shrubs,
majority
meadow plants
wheat
oxalis

Abiotic environmental factors
epistion
monstera
leaf pubescence
(reflects rays, saves from
overheating)
Decrease (or
magnification) of the surface
leaves, which increases
(or reduce)
cooling evaporation
Different intensity
fumes and other
the number of stomata
sheet

Plants that grow in hot, arid climates
for example, the desert has a powerful root system,
to be able to get water. For example, shrubs
belonging to the genus juzgun, have a 30-meter
roots going deep into the earth. But cacti have roots
deep, but widely spread below the surface
soil. They collect water from a large surface of the soil during
time of rare, short rains.

collected
water
necessary
save.
So
some
plants - succulents
time conserve moisture in
leaves,
branches,
trunks.
Among the green inhabitants of the desert
there are those who have learned
survive even with many years
drought. Some who have
the name of the ephemera, live in total
some
days.
Them
seeds
sprout, bloom and bear fruit
as soon as it rains. At that time
the desert looks very beautiful - it
blooms.
But lichens, some club mosses and
ferns,
may
live
in
dehydrated for a long time
time until rare
rain.
Crassula
Aizovye

The tundra has a very harsh climate, summer
short, you can’t call it warm, but
frosts last from 8 to 10 months. Snowy
the cover is insignificant, and the wind is completely
bare plants. Flora representatives
usually have a superficial root
system, thick skin of leaves with waxy
raid. Required supply of nutrients
plants accumulate substances during the period
when the polar day lasts. Tundra
trees produce seeds that germinate
only once every 100 years during the most
favorable conditions. And here are the lichens
mosses
adapted
multiply
vegetative way.

Abiotic environmental factors
Plant groups in relation to water
average
low
partly high
humidity humidity humidity
in water
in water
hydatophytes
hydrophytes
hygrophytes
mesophytes
xerophytes
water lily
marigold
cattail
dandelion
camelthorn plant

Abiotic environmental factors
Plant adaptations to drought
camel
thorn
kalanchoe
cactus
aloe
Powerfully developed Waxy Reduced water storage
root
cuticle on leafy
in stem or
system
leaves
records
leaves

microorganisms that decompose
plant residues enrich the soil
humus and minerals.
In turn, plants influence
environment. They change composition
air: moisturize it, absorb
carbon dioxide and release oxygen.
Plants change the composition of the soil. They are
absorb some substances from it and
allocate others to it. Root systems
plants fix the slopes of ravines,
hills, river valleys, protecting the soil
from destruction. Forest plantations protect
dry wind fields. Plants that evaporate
a lot of moisture, such as eucalyptus, can
be used to drain
wetlands.

Anthropogenic environmental factor -
This
change
conditions
life of organisms in connection
with human activity. Actions
can be both conscious and
unconscious. However, they
lead to irreversible changes in
nature.
Anthropogenic
factors
can be divided into four main
subgroups: biological, chemical,
social and physical. All of them are in
to varying degrees affect
animals, plants, microorganisms,
contribute to the emergence of new species and
wipe the old ones off the face of the earth.

Human influence on plants
Some human actions affect the environment, and
that means plants. For example, forest fires, road construction,
transport, industrial enterprises, atmospheric radiation. All these
factors to a greater or lesser extent inhibit the growth, development
plants.
Chemical compounds emitted into the atmosphere by the pipes of factories,
power plants, vehicle exhaust gases, residues
oil products entering the soil and water, excessively pollute
ecological environment, which negatively affects the development of plants.
Many substances act on them like poison, leading to extinction.
many types of green inhabitants. Other harmful substances
cause mutations that can only be assessed after some
time. Most often, pollution of nature, poor ecology leads to He brings out new highly productive and
disease-resistant plant varieties.
Man fights weeds and promotes
distribution of valuable plants.
But human activity can cause
harm to nature. Yes, improper irrigation
causes waterlogging and salinization of soils and
often leads to the death of plants. Because of
deforestation destroys the fertile layer
soils and even deserts can form.
There are many such examples, and
all of which indicate that the
has a huge impact on plant
the world and nature in general.

We do not live in a vacuum. We have to interact with the environment every time. We interact with the atmosphere, temperature, humidity, other people, animals. And all this cannot but affect us. When it's too hot, you can get heatstroke, if a person standing next to you has the flu, then we are also very likely to get infected. Also, life, the appearance of plants directly depend on the environment. We will learn exactly how in this lesson.

Ecology is the science of the relationship of living organisms and their communities with each other and with the environment.

Environmental factor - a phenomenon or object that affects the body.

Environmental factors:

An ecological niche is a set of conditions necessary for the existence of a certain species. Any living organism is able to exist only under certain values ​​of environmental factors.

Sunlight serves as a source of energy for plants, as it is necessary for photosynthesis (see Fig. 1). Light also has a regulatory effect on plant growth, flowering, fruiting.

Rice. 1. Photosynthesis

For timothy and strawberries, light is necessary for seed germination.

Plants in relation to light:

1. Light-loving (heliophytes). Able to grow only on brightly lit surfaces (feather grass, wheat, pine, Robinia).
2. Shade-loving (sciophytes). They can only grow in shady places. In the bright sun, burns (crow's eye, anemone) may appear.

Shade-tolerant. They grow well in lighted places, but they can also tolerate slight shading (linden, oak, ash).

Both overheating and too low temperatures are detrimental to any plants. Too high temperatures lead to loss of moisture, burns, destruction of chlorophyll.

Heliophytes are exposed to high temperatures, in connection with this they have a number of adaptations: they can turn the leaves, shed the leaf blade, leaving only the petiole, the leaves are turned into spines (cacti). Reducing the area of ​​the leaf blade helps heliophytes avoid excessive evaporation of water. Dense white pubescence or silver color of the leaves help the plant reflect most of the rays falling on it.

When water freezes, ice crystals form in the cells, which damage them. When the temperature drops to minus values, the chemical processes in the cell slow down, an imbalance occurs, which can lead to death.

The appearance of plants in cold habitats: evergreen, with small hard foliage, low (do not exceed the height of the snow cover) (dwarf birch, willow).

Many plants for dry and cold periods can fall into a dormant state when all life processes are slowed down. In woody plants, the shoots of this year become woody and the thickness of the cork layer increases. Herbaceous plants lose all above-ground organs. Shrubs and trees shed their leaves. Aquatic plants sink to the bottom (duckweed), retain only bottom leaves (water lily).

Sclerophytes - plants of arid habitats (cornflower false-spotted (see Fig. 2)). They have tough leaves.

Rice. 2. Cornflower false-spotted

Succulents are plants of arid habitats that are able to store moisture in the fleshy formations of the body - stems, leaves (aloe (see Fig. 3), cacti).

Rice. 3. Aloe

Plants in relation to humidity

1. Aquatic plants and plants that live in conditions of excess moisture
2. Plants of dry habitats
3. Habitat plants with normal moisture

The chemical composition of the soil

Plants get minerals from the soil. Most of all they need compounds of phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium. They also need compounds of boron, manganese and iron.

Animals feed on plants, so plants have protective devices: needles, thorns (acacia), hard foliage (steppe plants), poisons (nightshade plants).

Other animals enter into mutualistic relations with plants: bees, butterflies, pollinate plants. Birds spread their seeds by eating delicious berries.

Mutualism is a mutually beneficial relationship between 2 organisms.

Large plants shade smaller ones, so there is a division into tiers. Epiphytic plants (orchids) can use others as support.

Plants are involved in maintaining the constancy of the composition of the air (they release oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide).

They take part in the formation of soils (root systems absorb some substances and release others). After the plant dies, most of the substances return to the soil.

The roots of plants fix the slopes of hills, ravines, protect the soil from erosion (destruction).

Forest plantations (see Fig. 4) are used to protect fields from dry winds and fires.

Rice. 4. Forest plantations

Large woody plants that evaporate a large amount of moisture. Can be used to drain wetlands (eucalyptus).

People cut down forests, drain swamps, irrigate arid lands. This destroys natural habitats and creates conditions for agricultural crops. New varieties of plants are being developed.

Deforestation can lead to the loss of fertile soil and the formation of deserts. In case of illiterate irrigation, waterlogging of the soil can occur.

In 3 identical pots with the same soil, plant 3 coleus. Grow them for a month in different conditions: one in bright light and with additional illumination, the second in normal daylight, the third in partial shade - 3 meters from the window. Watch the growth and development of plants. Try to draw conclusions.

Schematically sketch the shape of the crowns of trees (birch, linden, pine) that have grown in different lighting conditions. Draw your own conclusions.

An extreme form of adaptation of plants to extreme environmental conditions (cold, dryness, heat) is suspended animation.

Anabiosis is a state of the body in which traces of vital activity are so small that there are no visible signs of life.

So, mosses endure winter freezing or complete drying in a state of suspended animation, from which they return to normal life after thawing or rain.

Bibliography

1. Biology. Bacteria, fungi, plants. Grade 6: textbook. for general education institutions / V.V. Beekeeper. - 14th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2011. - 304 p.: ill.
2. Tikhonova E.T., Romanova N.I. Biology, 6. - M.: Russian word.
3. Isaeva T.A., Romanova N.I. Biology, 6. - M.: Russian word.

1. Biolicey2vrn.ucoz.ru ().
2. Rae.ru().
3. Travinushka.ru ().

Homework

1. Biology. Bacteria, fungi, plants. Grade 6: textbook. for general education institutions / V.V. Beekeeper. - 14th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2011. - 304 p.: ill. - with. 263, tasks and question 5, 6, 7 (.
2. What are the groups of plants in relation to light. Describe them.
3. What are the environmental factors? Describe them.
4. * Select 2 plants of different species and assign them to ecological groups in relation to light, humidity, temperature.

The impact of anthropogenic factors on the environment The work was carried out by a student of the 1st year of the 173rd group Yury Kuzmin

Influence of anthropogenic factors on the environment. Anthropogenic factors are the result of human impact on the environment in the course of economic and other activities. They can be divided into 3 groups.

The first are factors that have a direct impact on the environment as a result of sudden onset, intense and short-lived activities. For example: laying a road or railway through the taiga, seasonal commercial hunting in a certain area, etc.

Second Indirect impact through economic activity of a long-term nature and low intensity. For example: environmental pollution with gaseous and liquid emissions from a plant built near a laid railway without the necessary treatment facilities, leading to the gradual drying of trees and slow heavy metal poisoning of animals inhabiting the surrounding taiga.

The complex impact of the above factors, leading to a slow but significant change in the environment (population growth, an increase in the number of domestic animals and animals that accompany human settlements - crows, rats, mice, etc., transformation of land, the appearance of impurities in water, etc. . P.). As a result, only plants and animals that have managed to adapt to the new state of life remain in the changed landscape. For example: coniferous trees are replaced in the taiga by small-leaved species. The place of large ungulates and predators is occupied by taiga rodents and small mustelids hunting them, etc. Third

In the 20th century Anthropogenic factors began to play a significant role in changes in climate, the composition of the atmosphere and soil, fresh and marine water bodies, in the reduction of forest area, and the disappearance of many species of plants and animals.

Man's influence on the environment At present, changes are taking place in the environment surrounding man, associated with the influence of the scientific and technological revolution, human economic activity. This is, first of all, pollution of air, water bodies, mismanagement of land, etc.

Pollution of the atmosphere The gaseous envelope of the Earth is one of the important special environmental problems today. It is known how important air is for any living organism: a person can live without food for a month, without water - a week, without air - a matter of seconds. At the same time, what we breathe is strongly influenced by a number of factors - the results of the intensive development of such industries as: fuel and energy, metallurgical, petrochemical, etc.

The fuel and energy complex includes the activities of thermal power plants, the operation of which is associated with the emission of sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, which are formed during the combustion of raw coal.

No less dangerous air pollutant are the enterprises of the metallurgical industry, which emit various chemical compounds of especially heavy, but rare metals into the air. The products of processing of the petrochemical industry, especially hydrocarbon compounds (methane, etc.) have become a dangerous source of air pollution.

A dangerous air pollutant is tobacco smoke, from which, in addition to nicotine, a large amount (about 200) of such toxic substances as carbon monoxide, benzoperine and others enters the air.

As a result of atmospheric pollution, phenomena such as the greenhouse effect have arisen - an increase in the overall temperature on Earth; an ozone hole formed as a result of the violation of the ozone layer in the atmosphere by nitrogen oxides emitted by ballistic and space rocket engines. Smog is the accumulation of harmful gases in the lower layers of the atmosphere as a result of the increased work of boiler houses operating on coal, fuel oil, diesel fuel, as well as as a result of air pollution by vehicles. Acid rain - compounds of sulfur and nitrogen from the air with water and falling to the Earth in the form of rain (acid). Such “rain” negatively affects the skin, hair, and also the development of plants, accelerates the corrosion of metals, destroys gypsum, marble, acidifies water bodies, soils, which leads to the death of fish, forests, and animals living in them.

The main organizational and technological methods of combating air pollution are as follows: Reducing the number of power plants (TPP - thermal) through the construction of more powerful, equipped with the latest systems for purification and utilization of gas and dust emissions; Purification of coal before it enters the thermal power plant; Replacement of coal and fuel oil at thermal power plants with environmentally friendly fuel - gas; Regulating internal combustion engines in cars, installing special catalysts on them to neutralize carbon monoxide, replacing harmful ethyl gasoline, which pollutes the air with lead, with a less environmentally harmful one. Of particular importance in the purification of atmospheric air is the greening of cities and villages, in industrial zones.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!