Compliance with state standards and specifications. How does GOST differ from that one and what standards apply today in Russia

Technical regulation- a document that establishes mandatory requirements for products released to the Russian market. Technical regulations are adopted in order to protect the life and health of citizens, to protect environment, prevention of actions that mislead purchasers. Adoption of technical regulations for other purposes is not allowed.

The technical regulation may contain rules and forms of conformity assessment, including schemes for certification and declaration of conformity, requirements for terminology, packaging, marking or labels and rules for their application. Form and schemes mandatory certification or declarations of conformity can only be established by technical regulations, taking into account the degree of risk of products. Mandatory certification or declaration of conformity is carried out only in cases established by the technical regulations, and solely for compliance with the requirements of the technical regulation.

object mandatory confirmation conformity can only be products put into circulation in the territory Russian Federation. The Declaration of Conformity and the Certificate of Conformity have equal legal force regardless of the mandatory conformity assessment schemes and are valid throughout the Russian Federation.

Comparison of two concepts of mandatory conformity assessment

The main difference between the old and the new approach for mandatory product certification is as follows. GOST R certification system ( old system conformity certification) established uniform approaches for product certification, regardless of the type of product, a uniform approach when choosing certification schemes, uniform sampling rules, validity periods for certificates and declarations of conformity, etc. To confirm compliance, only national standards - GOSTs could be used, and GOSTs were mandatory. The list of products subject to mandatory certification of conformity or mandatory declaration of conformity was approved by a government decree twice a year.

The new conformity assessment approach assumes that mandatory legal requirements and technical standards contained in different documents. So, for each type of product, technical regulation establishes its mandatory legal requirements, such as a list of products that are subject to technical regulation, schemes for mandatory certification of products and schemes for mandatory declaration of products, validity periods of documents, etc. The government approves a list of GOSTs that can be used for mandatory product certification or declaration of conformity on a voluntary basis. The manufacturer can also confirm the compliance of products with the requirements of the technical regulation based on their own evidence, without the use of standards.

The abbreviation GOST stands for State All-Union Standard. Even from the name it comes from that the main part of the GOSTs of the Russian Federation came to us from Soviet Union. The creation and promotion of union standards began with the introduction in 1918 international system measures and weights. It was with the help of this system that Russia switched to such units of measurement as the meter and kilogram. It has a name - the metric system of measures and weights.

The first standardization body was created under the Council of Labor and Defense in 1925 and was called the Committee for Standardization. Its main task was the development and implementation of all-Union standards - OSTs. The first developed OSTs introduced requirements for cast iron and rolled products from ferrous metals, for breeding varieties of wheat, and for certain consumer goods.

Until 1940, the approval of standards was the responsibility of the people's commissariats. But this year the All-Union Committee for Standardization was established, and standardization switched to the creation of GOSTs directly.

In 1968, for the first time in world practice, the state standardization system (SSS) was created. It included the creation and development of the following types of standards:

• GOST - state standard of the USSR;
• PCT - republican standard;
• OST - industry standard;
• STP is the standard of the enterprise.

The level of development of technology, the need to develop and implement information computing systems, and many other factors led to the creation of complexes of standards and a number of large general technical systems of standards. They are called interindustry standards. In the state system of standards, they have their own indices, while the GSS itself is assigned index 1. Nowadays operating systems are, among other things, the following systems of standards (GOSTs):

• ESKD - Unified system for design documentation (index 2);
• ESTD - Unified system of technological documentation (3);
• SIBID - System of information and bibliographic documentation (7);
• GSI - State system ensuring the uniformity of measurements (8);
• SSBT - System of standards in the field of labor safety (12);
• ESPD - Unified system of program documentation (19);
• SSETO - System of standards for ergonomic requirements and technical aesthetics (29).

The ESKD and ESTD standards systems among all intersectoral systems occupy special place. They are interconnected, and for all industries National economy formulate requirements for the main technical documentation.

The task of harmonizing Russian standards and GOSTs was set back in 1990 by the Council of Ministers of the USSR, when the transition to a market economy began. Then the provision was formulated that the implementation of GOSTs and other standards can be both mandatory and recommended. Mandatory requirements these are those relating to safety, product compatibility, environmental friendliness, and interchangeability. The decree of the government of the USSR allowed the use of national standards in force in other countries, international requirements, if they meet the needs of the national economy.

Over the past years, a huge number of GOSTs have been developed and approved. Currently, they are being revised taking into account international requirements of standards. So, when international ISO standards are taken as a basis, then a series of Russian standards began to appear in Russia, such as GOST ISO 9001 or GOST ISO 14001, which absorbed the best practices of the world community, but they take into account Russian specifics.

GOSTs and Technical regulations

The concept of Technical Regulations came to Russia with the adoption in 2002 of Federal Law No. 184 "On Technical Regulation". This law proclaimed GOST as a non-binding document. Multiple families of GOSTs were intended to replace new standards - Technical Regulations, which should establish minimum safety requirements for objects subject to regulation by the relevant Technical Regulations.

Nevertheless, prudence prevailed. Standardization bodies, before approving the next Technical Regulation, must publish a list of GOSTs, rules and other standards, the implementation of which will lead to the implementation of the requirements established by a specific Technical Regulation.

As before, a detailed formulation of the requirements is contained in GOSTs, the implementation of which is recommended by law. A simple commonplace example. If you grew up under socialism, then it is possible that, among other things, delicious food is associated, for example, with stew or boiled sausage. Only stew, which is made on the basis of GOST, will evoke those vague memories of taste in you. Just like when choosing a sausage, many consumers stop at a product that has an inscription: made in accordance with GOST.

GOSTs and Specifications

If standards have not been developed for new products (which have not yet been produced under socialism and even in subsequent years), then the manufacturer must create them himself or buy from the holder of standards developed for similar production using the same technology, raw materials and components.

Specifications are developed by the decision of the manufacturer or at the request of the consumer of the product. They are an integral part of a set of technical or design documentation for products. If there is no other technical documentation, then the technical specifications should include a full range of requirements for the manufacture of products, control and acceptance of finished products, as well as for the product itself.

Technical conditions in their construction, composition and design must comply with the requirements of GOSTs, which are included in the ESKD system. Specifications as GOSTs in accordance with Federal Law No. 184 are not binding. Except those technical devices, which are used at hazardous production facilities and for other similar products.

Technical conditions are not always worse than standards. Technology does not stand still. The standardization system does not always keep up with the trends of the times. And if the manufacturer has such know-how that will allow him to create a high-quality and unique product for the Russian market with high consumer characteristics, then he is also forced to use the Technical Conditions.

In accordance with the current Russian legislation registration of the Technical Specifications is mandatory only for food products. But as practice shows, the registration of Technical Specifications for other types of products provides a number of advantages, among them is the consolidation of the right intellectual property on Technical conditions; entering the Technical Specifications into the register of the registering authority; registration of the Catalog sheet to the Specifications, etc.

And confirmation of compliance with the requirements of GOST or the Technical Regulations, or confirmation that the Technical Conditions are being met, is in this time and market requirement. In order for the product and its manufacturer to take their rightful place in Russian market Mandatory and voluntary assessment of compliance with GOSTs and other standards and rules is indispensable these days.

State and industry standards are designed to protect people from purchasing substandard products. Manufacturers are required to produce goods that meet all established standards so that there are no serious problems. Each consumer should carefully consider this data, since they all have importance responsible for quality. You need to be able to distinguish these data, just like specifications and the areas in which they operate.

State standards - GOST

The state standard (GOST) is created for products of cross-industry significance. This regulation is aimed at ensuring the quality of raw materials, services and other products. All market participants are required to comply with these rules. Recently, GOSTs no longer have such a colossal influence on manufacturers of goods, as they used to, and are being replaced by technical regulations. However state standards are still important and used in all CIS countries. Standards are accepted by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (IGU).

Industry standards - OST

An industry standard (OST) is created for products of industry importance. As a rule, it is created in those industries where state standards need serious improvement or do not exist at all. If a manufacturing company works in an area where there are industry standards, then their observance is mandatory. Based on the emerging industry standard, a future state standard is already being developed. The approval of an industry standard must be done by the government department or ministry that is responsible for the industry. This structure is also responsible for the compliance of manufacturers with this standard.

Specifications - TU

Specifications are drawn up directly by the manufacturers, after which they are certified by the ministry responsible for the industry, which can make minor amendments to them. Similar situations arise when government or industry standards are too demanding or, conversely, do not adequately describe the requirements. Manufacturing companies often resort to creating their own specifications in order to be able to certify products. This method is faster and less expensive than trying to bring products up to standards that are outdated. As a rule, specifications are clarifications to state standards for those data that are not sufficiently described. Manufacturers create conditions based on their own ideas about the methods and methods of production.

Differences between state and industry standards

The main difference between OST and GOST is the scope of their application. If state standards are mandatory for all market segments and for each manufacturing company, then industry standards are important only for a particular industry, and in the rest they simply will not be valid. Also, the difference lies in the body that develops a particular standard. If GOST is under the control of the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification, then the department or ministry responsible for this or that industry is responsible for GOST.

Industry standards do not replace GOSTs in some specific situations. They are created in cases where the state standard requires clarification or when there is no clear indication in a particular industry about a particular situation. When developing a state standard, some points are not taken into account, while OST requires full compliance with GOST. Another difference is that the state standards must comply with the products that must pass the state certification. For the same goods that do not need certification, compliance with industry standards will be enough.

Similar differences can be found between state standards and specifications. According to its characteristics, technical conditions are much closer to industry standards than to GOSTs. So, unlike GOST, technical conditions are created by entrepreneurs-manufacturers. Technical conditions are much less significant and are often not taken into account at all. The fact is that many manufacturers create specifications based on their own ideas about product quality, and people who are competent for assurance can understand this topic too superficially to take into account all the points. As a result, other manufacturing companies in the same industry do not strive to match the data. specifications, but choose only state standards, since it is their compliance that will help to pass state certification. Only government standards are rigorously reviewed before publication. They are examined by competent people in special laboratories. Involved in the creation and approval of GOST a large number of experts, therefore they are considered mandatory for compliance with all quality standards.

The choice of cable according to GOST or TU - what is the difference Electrical products are presented today on the market and in stores in a wide range. The number of types and brands of cable and wire products is very large. This allows you to quite successfully and quickly solve problems related to the implementation of electrical work. When carrying out such work, the quality of cables and wires plays a significant role. The conditions for the production of goods must comply with GOST. Then you can talk about high quality. Deviating from GOST and independently developing technical conditions (TU), enterprises want to save money and get super profits. Due to the manufacture of cable products according to specifications, the market is full of low-quality and cheap wires and cables. cable GOST or TU In order not to encounter accidents and unpleasant situations, trust the cable products that are manufactured in accordance with GOST. It is better to bypass the cable made according to TU. For wiring, the use of such a product is fraught with consequences. According to statistics, more than half of household fires occur due to poor-quality wires and cables. Cable according to GOST or TU what to choose? For those who are not in the know, I will talk about the situation that is happening today in the market of cable and wire products. Choosing a cable is a difficult task. After all, it is very difficult or almost impossible to find a quality product, despite the huge number of electrical wires on the counter. in specialized or hardware store you can find electrical products of any section and for every taste. The whole point is that 99 percent of the goods offered are not worth buying. After all, wires of this quality carry a danger. I wonder if everyone knows the difference between a GOST cable and a cable produced according to specifications. Many of us have not heard at all that cable products must be produced according to any regulatory standards. In the USSR, the production of wires and cables was carried out in accordance with GOST - the state standard mandatory for use in areas determined by the preamble of the standard itself. Certain requirements were imposed on the quality of the conductive material, the thickness and quality of the insulating covers. Couldn't be broken established norms. In Soviet times, if you bought a wire with a cross section of 2.5 square meters. mm., then they could be 100% sure that the cross section in it is 2.5 square meters. mm. Later the state and some interested persons”decided that it was too boring to follow the GOSTs, and there is no place for freedom and maneuvers there. Without thinking twice, these individuals came up with technical conditions (TU). In TU installed technical requirements. They must be satisfied by a specific substance, material, product or group of them. The specifications also specify procedures that allow you to determine how these requirements are met. It seems that there is no difference between GOST and TU. After all, this is also white paper that lists specific requirements. True, they relate only to a specific product for which this specification is issued. But this is only at first glance. TU is far from analogous to GOST. You can write specifications for a specific product (cable, in our case). Therefore, manufacturers have the opportunity to specify anything in the TU. Thanks to the appearance of technical specifications, the conductor products on the market have become very inferior in quality. The manufacturer decided to reduce the thickness of the insulating covers, both the overall sheath of the wire and the sheath of the current-carrying wires, and to underestimate the cross-section of the current-carrying wire by 10-40 percent. The manufacturer simply indicates all these changes in the technical specifications, so it is believed that he does not violate any norms. Unscrupulous manufacturers have developed techniques, thanks to which they began to underestimate the cross section of current-carrying conductors. One of these techniques is a reference to paragraph 2.2 in GOST 22483-2012 (previously it was GOST 22483-77 P 1.4. a). Paragraph 2.2 states that, subject to compliance electrical resistance(requirements of this standard) nominal and actual cross-section may differ. That is, if the manufacturer complies with the standards for resistance, then he can reduce the cross section. It is unfortunate that in practice these rules are not respected. Manufacturers have long set the main goal of reducing the cost of production. By reducing the cost of conductive wire material, the manufacturer achieves this goal admirably. There is another important drawback in that the wires are produced according to technical specifications, and not according to GOST. The manufacturer reduces the thickness of the core insulation and the “common” sheath. Because of this, the quality of insulation is reduced, and sometimes very significantly. In this case, the electrical insulating material has the same composition. That is, the material has the same characteristics, but its amount in insulation decreases. Why do cable manufacturers make cables not according to GOST but according to TU? The answer to this question is very simple. The manufacturer wants to charge competitive prices and make a big profit. It saves on the materials used, thereby reducing the cost of manufacturing products. Sellers in electrical stores do not hide the fact that it is more profitable for them to sell wires produced according to specifications. After all, the price of products manufactured according to GOST is higher. Buyers most often do not pay attention to such a "trifle" as compliance with GOST. They will go to the store where the wire is cheaper, despite the fact that it is made according to specifications. It turns out that both sellers and manufacturers are not busy supplying our customers with quality goods, albeit more expensive ones. Their main goal is not to lose customers. After all, if they sell expensive high-quality wire, then the buyer will make a purchase from a competitor who sells cheaper. A policy with specifications is aimed at a person who does not understand all technical points manufacture of cable and wire products and carries out the choice of cable based only on the price indicator. A simple man in the street naively believes that he is buying a quality product. And these buyers are about a hundred percent. And what is especially bad is that it is rarely possible to find a wire produced according to GOST in an ordinary electrical shop. They are simply not for sale. In modern realities, you can buy such a wire only through an organization (if possible). This can be done by ordering a large batch from the manufacturer. Factories still produce cables and wires in accordance with GOST, but mainly for industrial use. For domestic needs, they produce wires according to specifications.

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Many of you have heard such abbreviations as GOST, TU, TR (technical regulations) and the like. In this article, you will get a definition: what is GOST, what is technical regulation. Find out the differences between GOST and TR.

The consumer of manufactured goods (in particular, food) on the territory of the Russian Federation is protected from low-quality products and the arbitrariness of manufacturers by a system of standardization of products or services provided. Quality products are characterized by such properties that determine it as suitable for in full satisfy the wishes of the consumer in accordance with the intended purpose.

The Institute of Standardization implies legislatively regulated provisions, norms and standards in the field of compliance with the quality of products, goods produced and services provided.

If in Soviet time the number of standards was limited to a small number, then in modern Russia- their number has increased significantly and has dozens and even hundreds of abbreviations. Which, of course, is connected with the influence international organizations to our market, their high requirements for production, product quality, safety for the consumer. As a result, the buyer receives a more competitive finished product.

What is GOST?

The most famous and widespread system of quality compliance in the territory of the Russian Federation is a document - the National Standard or the State Standard. State standard (GOST or GOST R) is a mandatory regulatory act that regulates the quality of a particular industry.

The state standard was the main type of regulatory support for consumer protection. Moreover, he was the regulator of standardization in Soviet Russia. Now GOST acts as an interstate document for the CIS countries. And its use in the territories of the countries of this union is advisory and even voluntary. GOST is a priority only when the country in question does not have an appropriate legal document of federal significance. Every citizen can familiarize himself with the content of state standards, the text of any of them is freely available both in printed and electronic form.

GOST R or a certificate of conformity confirms that the product has been tested and meets all safety requirements. The GOST R quality management system is not the only one, but one of the most popular and credible among potential buyers. The types of services, services and goods that are required to be tested and receive GOST R are listed in the list of the Federal Metrological Agency for Technical Regulation, the rest are voluntarily certified. The competitiveness of products certified in this system is significantly increased.

It is obvious that the content of the standards should not contradict the requirements of the federal normative and legal acts and technical regulations in force in the same area. The provisions of GOSTs are established on the basis of the application modern achievements science, technology and practical experience, taking into account latest editions international standards or their drafts. Usage national standard must be accompanied by the appropriate mark of conformity in accordance with GOST R 1.9.

It is worth saying that on present stage the system of standardization has changed, as well as control in the field of quality of products, goods and services. In 2003, the law "On Technical Regulation" was adopted, which gave rise to a new document - technical regulations (Federal Law No. 184-FZ was adopted on December 27, 2002). According to Art. 6 Chap. 2: technical regulations are adopted in order to protect the life or health of citizens, as well as to prevent actions that mislead purchasers.

What is a technical regulation?

Technical regulation - a regulatory document that establishes mandatory requirements for the objects of technical regulation (products) or related processes of production, storage, transportation, sale, etc., as well as legal regulation relations in the field of conformity assessment.

The difference between GOST and technical regulations is that the first is characterized by the quantitative parameters of products, and the second - by the conditions of use. finished product. Thus, at present, the technical regulation is normative act, mandatory for implementation, in contrast to the State Standard, which is now voluntary. The obligatory application of one or another GOST or its separate section (provision) is indicated in the technical regulation, which thus ensures compliance with the requirements federal law. And in the absence of technical regulations, the previously existing ones are taken as a basis. regulations, i.e. state standards. According to experts, the availability of high-quality state and interstate GOSTs contributes to the viability of technical regulations.