What is in the water. The chemical composition of water in the Moscow water supply

One of the most important problems today has become the problem of clean water. Scientific progress has generated another problem - pollution. environment. Not everyone dares to drink tap water. Of course, this may not end in anything bad, but no one wants to risk their health. Why is tap water dangerous? What is she?

With an increased content of manganese in tap water, anemia may develop, the functional state of the central nervous system may be disturbed. Some doctors are of the opinion that high content manganese has a mutagenic effect on humans; during pregnancy, the risk of pathogenic childbirth and stillbirth increases.

If the content of salts of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids (chlorides and sulfates) is increased in water, then the taste of water becomes unpleasantly salty or bitter-salty. The use of such water may cause malfunctions. gastrointestinal tract. Water is considered unfavorable for health, the content of chlorides per 1 liter in which is more than 350 mg, and sulfates - more than 500 mg.

If the water contains calcium and magnesium cations, then it becomes hard. The optimal level of hardness is considered to be 3.0–3.5 mg eq / l (= mol / cubic meter). With the constant use of water, in which hardness is increased, salts accumulate in the body, which ultimately leads to the development of joint diseases (arthritis, polyarthritis), the formation of stones in the kidneys, urinary and gall bladders.

When drinking tap water with a high fluorine content, tooth enamel becomes mottled, calcium excretion in the urine increases, phosphorus and calcium content in the bones decreases, immune reactivity is suppressed, and morphofunctional changes occur in the liver and kidneys. But the low content of fluorine in water is also not good, since the condition of a person’s teeth depends on the water. For example, the incidence of caries directly depends on how much fluorine is contained in the water. In order for water not to cause harm, fluorine in it should be contained in the range of 0.7 - 1.5 mg / l.

In the presence of sulfides (hydrogen sulfide) in water, the water appears bad smell and such water causes skin irritation. Arsenic causes disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems, which then contribute to the development of polyneuritis. Harmless concentration of arsenic is 0.05 mg/l.

With prolonged intake of strontium in the human body in large quantities(more than 7 mg / l) functional changes in the liver may appear.

The cause of senile dementia, neurological changes associated with Parkinson's disease, increased excitability may be the accumulation of aluminum in the body. In a child's body, aluminum causes disturbances in motor reactions, anemia, kidney disease, headaches, liver, colitis.

These types of pollution are chemical. But there are also organic water pollution, which include bacteria that cause various diseases.

Organic contamination of tap water

For example, diseases such as dysentery, typhoid fever, poliomyelitis, and water fever can be transmitted through contaminated water. Yes, and an elementary indigestion is not the most pleasant thing. Bacteria are killed when water is boiled.

For many years, chlorine was used to disinfect water, which was considered the most effective tool. But they not only destroy bacteria, but it also enters into chemical reactions with other substances, while the formation of compounds that are no less dangerous to health occurs. It is these organochlorine compounds (formed, in particular, by boiling chlorinated water) that can develop chronic nephritis and hepatitis, toxicosis during pregnancy, and diathesis in children. Moreover, chlorine, as a more active element, displaces iodine from the body, thereby weakening the functional state of the thyroid gland. If water, in addition to chlorine, also contains phenol, then these two elements form chlorophenolic compounds, which are especially toxic and hazardous to health.

Modern city water flows into apartments and houses settlements through the water supply system. After special cleaning, the flow passes through many metal pipes ending in the house with a tap. This is how a system is formed that provides drinking and technical water to residents of cities, towns and sometimes villages. AT water pipes water comes from a common urban reservoir, which is filled from rivers or reservoirs.

• Settling - in this case, heavy inclusions and debris settle.
• Filtration through grates - removes floating on the surface and suspended debris.
• Primary chlorination, which destroys most bacteria, plankton.
• Ozonation is done to kill bacteria; makes water taste better.
• Coagulation with aluminum sulphate - is done to separate fine suspended particles from water, stick them together and further remove them by filtration through sand and coal.
• secondary chlorination.

Unfortunately, often tap water directly can be used only for domestic needs. For drinking, it is recommended to clean it in a home filter system designed to turn household tap water into really drinking water. After all, its quality determines the duration of our life.

Characteristics

Tap water is characterized by several indicators, the most famous of which are hardness and temperature:

• Hardness is the quantitative content of salts and minerals. Increased hardness adversely affects household appliances (scale in washing and dishwashers, in teapots, etc.) and on human health. An indicator of up to 14 mg per 1 liter is allowed.
• Hot water temperature from 50˚C to 70˚C and cold water temperature from 5˚C to 20˚C.

Additional characteristics: taste, smell, color, amount of suspended residue, oxidizability and ability to actively react, the content of bacteria and E. coli.

Classification:

• Drinking water for ingestion and cooking.
• non-potable cold water for household needs.
• non-potable hot water for household needs.
• non-potable process water for watering.

Compound

Chemical composition tap water and the permissible amount of impurities is regulated by SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01.

They ensure the safety of human consumption of water and limit the content of impurities and residues of disinfectants used to purify it. It may contain the following chemicals and their compounds.

Substances-reagents

Reagents - those substances that were introduced into the water during preliminary treatment. They are partially stored in the water supply and have a devastating effect on humans. These are various coagulants, flocculants, reagents for preventing pipe corrosion, chlorine.

Chlorine

Of the water treatment disinfectants, chlorine is the most common. Its content is limited to 0.3-0.5 mg per 1 liter. However, even such small doses of toxic compounds cause diseases in many people: inflammation of the mucous membranes of the esophagus, a tendency to asthmatic manifestations, elevated level allergic reactions. The content of sodium hydrochloride and hypochlorous acid compounds explains the popularity of purchased bottled drinking water and residential filter systems. The chlorine present in the water disappears from an open container during the day.

Substances contained in natural water

Fluorine, iron, copper, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, mercury, lead (up to 0.01 mg per liter), selenium can be contained in natural water in relatively small quantities (in the absence of pollution by industrial effluents, Agriculture and highways).

Substances from wastewater

Wastewater is generated from domestic, industrial and agricultural drains and waste. Remains chemical compounds fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides from farming, heavy metals from industrial productions first fall into ground water, then into the rivers and into the water supply. Without the possibility of neutralization, they cause poisoning, disease, weakening of the immune system and early old age.

salt various substances(potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron) and minerals increase the hardness index.

Each chemical substance or its compound affects the human body in its own way:

We have described the most unfavorable situation. If a established requirements to the quality of tap water is not violated, it does not cause serious damage to the body. But doctors recommend additional cleaning with home filters.

Consumption quality water in the right amount is an essential component of a healthy body.

The quality of tap water in Moscow is discussed in the video below:

It is a well-known fact that the human body is 90% liquid. Based on this, we can conclude that not a single inhabitant of the planet can do without water. Nowadays, many are accustomed to drinking liquid in the form of tea, coffee, juices and other drinks. There are even people who don't like the taste of ordinary water, so they don't drink it at all. Those who want to be healthy should change this habit. After all, it is water in its pure form that brings the greatest benefit body.

About substances in water

The composition of water can vary depending on various factors. For example, tap water will contain more harmful substances, and the mineral, on the contrary, is useful. Therefore, it is important to use good water, and not the one that enters the house from the pipes.

Any organism needs certain elements that affect the health and condition of a person. You should figure out what nutrients are in the water, and what it can give the body.

Main elements:

• Iron.
• Calcium.
• Potassium.
• Chlorine.
• Fluorine.
• Copper.
• Magnesium.
• Sulfur.
• Sodium.

As you can see, in an ordinary liquid there are many necessary elements. If you use it regularly, you can forever forget about the lack of these substances. This may explain why the well-being of people who drink clean water much better than drink drinkers.

It is believed that an adult should drink about 1.5 liters of fluid per day. It is this amount that is necessary to maintain the body in good condition. It must be remembered that the nervous system primarily suffers from a lack of water.

But this is far from the only problem that may arise. Experts note that from a lack of fluid appears headache, digestion worsens, nervousness occurs, starvation of cells begins, transportation is disturbed useful substances. Some people even age earlier because they don't drink enough water.

To avoid possible problems health, you should consume at least a few glasses of normal liquid per day. Coffee, tea and other drinks do not count.

What effect does water have on the body?

Quite often there are disputes on the topic of whether ordinary liquid is really needed for a person. It is enough to look at the benefits of water for the body to draw an unambiguous conclusion.

Experts have proven that a pure liquid has a rejuvenating effect. Water improves skin condition, moisturizes the epidermis from the inside and makes the cover more elastic. It slows down aging, thereby keeping youth longer. The liquid removes toxins and toxins that poison the body. Improves the functioning of the digestive tract, helps digest food and relieves constipation.

It is believed that water strengthens the immune system, protects against infectious diseases and help you recover faster. It also helps to restore energy, thereby relieving fatigue. Ordinary fluid transports oxygen and nutrients by cells, it does not allow their starvation and subsequent death. Without it, the body is much more difficult to work.

Scientists have proven that water reduces the risk of a heart attack. Therefore, it is especially necessary for the elderly, as well as for those who have problems with the cardiovascular system.

It is worth starting to drink liquid, and after a few days you can notice how the condition of the body improves. Although she is not medicine, but sometimes it helps with diseases better than pharmacy drugs.

No matter what's in your water, the main ingredient is, of course, H2O, the compound that makes up 75% of your body.

It is water that breaks down nutrients into forms your body can use and transports them to where they are needed.

You may not think about it when you shower or use tap water, but more than 2 billion people around the world drink water that contains pesticides, sewage, lead, mercury and hazardous waste. What is in the water we drink?

Well water

If you are using well water instead of that supplied by local wastewater treatment plants, you should definitely test it for pesticides, organic chemical substances and heavy metals before first use. Also every year it is necessary to conduct research on the content of chemicals and bacteria. Headaches, diarrhea, and chronic fatigue can all result from drinking contaminated water.

Fluorine

About two thirds of public water contains fluoride. This mineral protects your teeth from cavities. Unfortunately, enough level fluorine in water is not found in all regions of Ukraine. In others, on the contrary, there is a high content of fluorine in the water, which can lead to the development of fluorosis - damage to tooth enamel.

Sodium

Salt is also found in drinking water. Small amounts of salt will not do any harm, but if you like salty foods, you should be careful. Overuse salt is not recommended for health problems such as high blood pressure or diabetes.

Arsenic

You may have heard a lot of bad things about arsenic, but it is a naturally occurring chemical that can be found in small amounts in well water and other natural sources. High levels of arsenic have been linked to heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and poor brain performance in children.

Lead

Lead can be found in water passing through old pipes. It hits the water right before it comes out of the faucet. Home filtration systems can remove lead from your water, but it's important to change your filters regularly. Lead has been linked to many serious health problems in children and adults.

Chlorine

Chlorine is used to kill microbes in public systems water supply. Other chemicals are also used to purify water, but chlorine is one of the most common. Low doses of chlorine are considered safe, but water containing chlorine has a characteristic odor and taste.

Filtration systems

Quality systems with timely filter replacements can remove most heavy metals and bacteria from the water. But some of them can remove fluoride from the water, which is good for your teeth and gums.

bottled water

Keep in mind that in most cases bottled water is no safer than your tap water. Such water must also be tested for chemical and metal content. Also, bottled water most often lacks fluoride, which protects your teeth.

When should you boil?

It is advisable to boil all the tap water that you use for drinking and cooking. Boiling cleans the water of any harmful bacteria, viruses and other organisms. For the full effect, it is enough to boil water from 1 to 3 minutes.

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Where can you see the chemical composition of water in the Moscow water supply?

The quality of drinking water supplied centralized systems water supply must comply sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01.

The water entering the Moscow water supply system is thoroughly purified and its quality is under strict control. Water quality is constantly monitored by more than 130 chemical and biological parameters and fully complies with the requirements of sanitary rules and regulations.

The main indicators of drinking water are given below:

1. Hydrogen indicator(pH unit) is the decimal logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions, taken with the opposite sign. For all living things in water, the minimum possible pH value is 5, pH 6.0-9.0 is allowed in drinking water, and 6.5-8.5 in drinking water reservoirs for domestic and cultural water use. The pH value of natural water is determined, as a rule, by the ratio of the concentrations of hydrocarbonate anions and free CO2.

2. General hardness is the sum of the concentrations of magnesium and calcium ions. Depending on the value of the total hardness of water, water is distinguished as very soft (0 - 1.5 mg-eq / l), soft (1.5 - 3 mg-eq / l), medium hardness (3 - 6 mg-eq / l) , hard (6-9 mg-eq/l), very hard (more than 9 mg-eq/l). The optimal physiological level of hardness is 3.0-3.5 mg-eq/l. Constant ingestion of water with increased hardness leads to the accumulation of salts in the body and, ultimately, to diseases of the joints (arthritis, polyarthritis), to the formation of stones in the kidneys, gallbladder and bladder. Hardness above 4.5 mg-eq / l leads to intensive accumulation of sediment in the water supply system and plumbing, interferes with work household appliances. According to the instruction manual household appliances water hardness should not exceed 1.5-2.0 mg-eq / l.

3. Chlorides. The content of chlorides in natural waters varies widely (from fractions of a milligram to several grams per liter) and is due to the leaching of salt-containing rocks or the discharge of industrial and domestic wastewater into water bodies. The presence of more than 350 mg/l of chlorides in water gives it a salty taste and leads to digestive system in people.

4. sulfates. The content of sulfates in natural waters varies widely (from fractions of a milligram to several grams per liter) and is due to the leaching of salt-containing rocks or the discharge of industrial and domestic wastewater into water bodies. The presence of more than 500 mg/l sulfates in water gives it a salty taste and leads to disruption of the digestive system.

5. Nitrates. Nitrates are found mainly in surface waters. Nitrates at a concentration of more than 20 mg/l have a toxic effect on the human body. Constant consumption of water with a high content of nitrates leads to blood diseases, of cardio-vascular system, causes metabolic and blood diseases.

6. Sulfides(hydrogen sulfide). They are found mainly in underground water sources, formed as a result of the processes of reduction and decomposition of certain mineral salts (gypsum, pyrite, etc.). Hydrogen sulfide is almost never found in surface waters, because. easily oxidized. Its appearance in surface sources may be the result of putrefactive processes or the discharge of untreated sewage. The presence of hydrogen sulfide in water gives it an unpleasant odor, intensifies the process of corrosion of pipelines and causes their overgrowth due to the development of sulfur bacteria.

7. Iron. The content of iron in water above the standard contributes to the accumulation of sediment in the water supply system, intense staining plumbing equipment. Iron gives the water an unpleasant red-brown color, impairs its taste, causes the development of iron bacteria, the deposition of sediment in the pipes and their clogging. These foulings secondarily worsen the organoleptic properties of water due to the formation of mucus, which is inherent in iron bacteria. The high content of iron in water leads to adverse effects on the skin, may affect the morphological composition of the blood, and contributes to the occurrence of allergic reactions.

8. Manganese. According to the WHO, the content of manganese in drinking water up to 0.5 mg/l does not lead to a violation of human health. However, the presence of manganese in such concentrations may be unacceptable to water users, since the water has a metallic taste and stains fabrics when washed. The presence of manganese in drinking water can cause deposits to build up in the distribution system. Even at a concentration of 0.02 mg/l, manganese often forms a film on pipes, which flakes off as a black deposit.

9. Oxidation permanganate. i.e., the total oxygen concentration corresponding to the amount of permanganate ion (MnO 4 ) consumed when a water sample is treated with this oxidizer. It characterizes the measure of the presence of organic and oxidizable substances in water. inorganic substances. This parameter is mainly intended for assessing the quality of tap water. The value of permanganate oxidizability above 2 mgO 2 /l indicates the content in water of easily oxidized organic compounds, many of which adversely affect the liver, kidneys, reproductive function of the body. When such water is disinfected by chlorination, chlorohydrocarbons are formed, which are much more harmful to public health (for example, chlorophenol).

10. Ammonium.(NH 4 +) (ammonium nitrogen) Final product decomposition of proteins - ammonia. The presence of ammonia of vegetable or mineral origin in water is not dangerous in sanitary terms. If ammonia is formed as a result of the decomposition of sewage protein, such water is unsuitable for drinking. Exceeding the MPC for ammonium content in drinking water may indicate the ingress of fecal effluents or organic fertilizers to the source. According to WHO, the ammonium content should not exceed 0.5 mg/l. Constant ingestion of water with a high content of ammonium causes chronic acidosis and changes in tissues. In addition, ammonia (in the form of a gas) irritates the conjunctiva of the eyes and mucous membranes.

11. Alkalinity.(acid consumption by an aliquot of the water sample when titrated with 0.05 N HCl). Under the total alkalinity of water is meant the sum of the hydroxyl ions OH contained in the water and the anions of weak acids, such as carbonic acid (HCO 3).

12. Silicon. Silicic acid refers to weak mineral acids, salts of which are present in natural water. In some rivers, as well as in wells, silicon dioxide is present in the form of extremely finely dispersed colloidal particles.

13. dry residue. Water mineralization is characterized by two analytically determined indicators - dry residue and hardness. The dry residue is determined by the thermogravimetric method (evaporating a water sample in a water bath and drying a cup at 105 ° C. During processing, volatile components and substances that decompose with the formation of volatile components are removed from the sample. For hygienists, the dry residue serves as a reference point for the content of inorganic salts in water.

14. dissolved oxygen. Oxygen is present in natural water as a result of its dissolution upon contact of water with air. The concentration of dissolved O 2 sharply decreases with increasing water temperature. So, at a temperature of 20 ° C, the solubility is 9080 μg / kg, at 60 ° C - 4700 μg / kg, at 80 ° C - 1500 μg / kg.

15. Carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is present in natural water both as a result of its dissolution from the air and due to the flow of various biochemical processes in water and soil. The equilibrium concentration of CO2 in water also decreases significantly with increasing temperature. So, at 20 ° C, the solubility is 500 μg / kg, at 60 - 190 μg / kg, at 80100 μg / kg. Carbon dioxide dissolved in water forms carbonic acid CO 2 + H 2 O → H 2 CO 3, which dissociates to form bicarbonate and carbonate ions: H 2 CO 3 -> H + + HCO 3 - HCO 3 - -> H + + CO 3 -2 Relationship between concentrations various forms carbonic acid in water depends on pH and temperature.

16. Residual chlorine. The level of excess, or so-called residual, chlorine in water is currently associated with the idea of ​​​​the reliability of disinfection. Since water chlorination is carried out with chlorine, which is in water in free or bound form, its residual amounts are present in water in the form of free (hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite ion) or bound (chloramine) chlorine. Due to the bactericidal activity of these forms of chlorine, the standards for their content in drinking water are also different (for free chlorine - 0.3-0.5 mg / l, for bound - 0.8-1.2 mg / l). All compounds of active chlorine have a very strong bactericidal effect, but if their concentration is higher than the standards, they cause irritation of the skin, mucous membranes, and respiratory tract. It is also known that when water is chlorinated, HClO is formed, which interacts with iron, forming soluble salts, which increases the corrosivity of such water.

17. Copper and its compounds are widely distributed in nature, so they are often found in natural waters. Copper concentrations in natural waters are usually tenths of mg/l, in drinking water they can increase due to leaching from pipe and fitting materials, especially soft, active water. The properties of copper in water depend on the pH value of water, the concentration of carbonates, chlorides and sulfates in it. Copper imparts an unpleasant astringent taste to water at low concentrations (greater than 1.0 mg/l).

18. Aluminum. High concentrations of aluminum in natural water are rare and depend on many factors (pH, the presence and concentration of complexing agents, the redox potential of the system, pollution by industrial sewage). The main source of aluminum in tap water is coagulants based on aluminum salts. There is information about the neurotoxicity of aluminum, its ability to accumulate under certain conditions in the nervous tissue, liver and vital areas of the brain.

In addition, other organic and inorganic compounds– benzapyrene, benzene, cadmium, magnesium, etc. Standards for drinking water in Russia and abroad are shown in the table below.

Table.

Drinking water standards in Russia and abroad*

Parameter	MPC, micrograms per liter (µg/l)
				Russia
Acrylamide
Polyacrylamide
Aluminum
Benzopyrene
Beryllium
Vinyl chloride
Dichloroethane
Manganese
Molybdenum
Pesticides
Strontium
sulfates
Trichloroethyl
Chloroform

Note.

* Data taken from M. Akhmanov's book. The water we drink. Moscow: Eksmo, 2006

PAHs - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons close to benzapyrene.

In the EU data, the abbreviation "week." (“week”) indicates the average weekly dose of a substance that is guaranteed not to cause harm to the human body.

The asterisk marks those MPC values ​​in Russian standards that are taken from scientific articles or new Sanitary regulations and norms. The remaining values ​​​​are indicated in GOST.

The “two asterisks” mark those MPC values ​​in American standards that are called secondary: they are not included in national standard, but may be legalized by state authorities.

A dash in any position of the table means that there is no data for this connection.

In addition, the water entering the water supply is regularly checked for the presence of bacteria that happen to enter reservoirs and drinking water as a result of a breakthrough in sewage treatment or sewer systems. These can be bacteria and viruses, but more often problems are caused by the long-known Escherichia coli (E. Coli), which causes nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Disinfection with chlorine and boiling can kill all bacteria in tap water.

The quality of tap water at waterworks must be constantly checked at all stages of treatment. Microbiological indicators are determined 2 times a day, organoleptic (odor, color, turbidity) - 6-12 times a day, residual chlorine - hourly. Each waterworks performs 1000 chemical, 100 bacteriological and 20 hydrobiological analyzes daily, which are controlled by Mosvodokanal, the city SES and the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision. As a result, according to the conclusions of experts, Moscow water meets all sanitary and epidemiological standards and even surpasses water in some European capitals in some parameters.

However, despite this, the quality of urban tap water has recently become the subject of heated debate. The length of the Moscow water pipeline is 9000 km (as from Moscow to Vladivostok). At the same time, the pipes are old, 50% of them have lost their tightness. Doctors, and even water consumers, are seriously concerned about the possible presence of pathogenic bacteria and other impurities in water that can harm the body and even provoke serious diseases.

Today, water quality requirements are quite strict and are aimed at ensuring that you and I are drinking clean and safe water. At four Moscow water intake stations, non-stop work is underway to purify water: water is chlorinated, ozonized, coagulated, settled, filtered, chlorinated again, and during floods it is also treated with activated carbon and potassium permanganate. Despite the obvious benefits of disinfecting drinking water with chlorine, many are concerned about the impact of residual chlorine and organochlorine compounds on the human body. When organic compounds combine with chlorine, trihalomethanes are formed. These methane derivatives have a pronounced carcinogenic effect, which contributes to the formation cancer cells. And when boiling chlorinated water, dioxins can also be formed - substances that adversely affect immune system human Research conducted in different countries, confirmed the toxicity of these impurities, which can lead to serious illnesses kidneys, liver, the appearance of congenital anomalies and cancers. If you drink tap water, you should know that it contains organochlorine compounds, the number of which, after the procedure for disinfecting water with chlorine, reaches several hundred. Moreover, this number does not depend on entry level water pollution, these substances are formed in water due to chlorination. Of course, there will be no immediate consequences from the consumption of such drinking water, but in the future it can seriously affect your health. It is possible to reduce the content of trihalomethanes in water by reducing the amount of chlorine used or by replacing it with other disinfectants, for example, using granular Activated carbon for removal of the organic compounds which are formed at water purification. And, of course, we need more detailed quality control of drinking water than today.

Heavy metals in the form of salts and oxides (aluminum, iron, lead, nickel, zinc can also be present in drinking water. For example, aluminum used in filters can remain in the water. The rest of the metals are received by the water on the way to the consumer, while while flowing through rusty, old pipes.When entering the body, metals accumulate and lead to a variety of diseases.

In addition, water can contain nitrates, pesticides, phenols, surfactants, and petroleum products.

Thus, no one will give you a guarantee of the required level of purity of tap water.

One solution to the problem of tap water quality can be bottled water consumption and filtration. However, you have to pay for good water. Conducted comparative tests of various brands of water, ranging from expensive to widespread, in most cases proved their high quality. However, it is worth remembering that, although the composition of purchased water may vary, nevertheless, any bottled water, regardless of the place and country of production, must meet the requirements of existing standards. A reliable reference point among the sea of ​​bottled water can only be a solid trademark and well-established manufacturer.

Below are a few rules that will help make tap water better and safer. Before using tap water, drain it for 15-20 minutes, as it quickly stagnates in pipes. Then you need to let it stand for several hours so that the residual chlorine disappears. Then use filter the water through any filter. Even the simplest accumulative type, better than nothing. Filtration will remove only part of the microorganisms from the water, not get rid of some chemicals. Charcoal filters ( component such popular filter jars) can significantly reduce the amount of chemical impurities, but not microorganisms. Bacterial water purification arbitrariness only filters are more expensive than $300. And do not forget to wash and change the filters regularly, otherwise their cleaning effect will turn into the opposite.

Sincerely,