Removal of surface waters. Great pros and cons

The system of drainage of rain or melt water from buildings (drainage) is one of the most important for maintaining buildings of any purpose in good condition, extending their service life. The accumulation of water in a place not intended for this can easily lead to the destruction of the foundation and the adjacent territory, pollution of the facade coating, death of plants, and swamping of the area.

One of the options for protecting a building is its waterproofing, but it is not enough for full protection. Effective will be a joint barrier to moisture from the waterproofing and drainage system.

In some cases, a system that will divert water away from the house is mandatory. For example, in houses that are located in a lowland or on clay and loamy soils. The risk of destruction of the foundation of buildings is also high in areas with high levels of precipitation, high levels of groundwater. In addition to natural causes, there are also man-made threats - buildings with a deep foundation are prone to water accumulation near it, and concrete or asphalt paths prevent water from seeping into the soil.

A system is considered to be complete, which includes roofing, surface and drainage collection of precipitation.

The roof water collection system consists of gutters along the edge of the roof, vertical pipes located usually at the corners of buildings and outlet funnels. Gutter systems with a circular section are installed on multi-storey residential buildings or industrial buildings, as they have a greater throughput.

Pipes with a rectangular cross section are installed on small buildings. The material for the production of pipes is usually plastic or galvanized metal - durable, practical and lightweight. When installing a roofing system, it is important to firmly reinforce all elements to avoid noise during the passage of water.

The type of roof is also important - pitched or flat. If a pitched roof does not require additional devices, then for a flat roof, as well as open balconies and terraces, it may be necessary to equip an internal drain.

The surface system does not require a large amount of excavation: rain trays are laid out in shallow trenches, which are covered with protective gratings. The location of the water collection point, the size of the trays and the number of trenches are calculated by experts, taking into account the terrain and the average rainfall in the area.

Deep drainage is the most common option for arranging a rainwater management system. Requires a large amount of excavation - trenches should be about 80 cm deep. On a layer of crushed stone and a durable geosynthetic fabric, perforated pipes are laid in trenches. Please note that the use of a geosynthetic sheet is recommended for installation in clay or loamy soil. Laying in sandy soil does not need such a canvas.

This drainage system is especially important for buildings that have a basement, basement with a high level of groundwater. Although rainwater will be collected by this drainage system only during the rainy season (spring and autumn), its absence can cause serious damage to the foundation and the surrounding area.

In addition to the aforementioned drainage systems, there are several less common ones, for example, backfill drainage or formation drainage.

Reservoir drainage is used for apartment buildings, underground passages and industrial complexes. The backfill drainage system is used in small areas where it is difficult or impossible to install open drainage. Before arranging it, you should know that it will be impossible to carry out a subsequent inspection of earthen trenches, their maintenance, because after laying the geo-web, crushed stone and pipes in the trench, everything is covered with a layer of turf for a more attractive look.

Options for "taming" rainwater

Some types of drainage have options that can be selected depending on the amount of precipitation and installation methods.

The surface drainage system has linear and point views. The linear view implies the collection of rainwater from the entire local area. The system is formed by lines of trenches through which water flows into the reservoir.

The point system is busy collecting water at certain points on the site, most often these are the outlet funnels of drains or watering taps. Collection points are closed with gratings to prevent branches, leaves and other debris from entering the drainage system. The drainage pipes of the point system are connected to the main pipe that leads to the well.

There is also a combination of point and line view which is considered to be the most advantageous in terms of cost and operation.

According to the method of installation, drainage systems are divided into open and closed.

Open systems are a combination of shallow sloping trenches connected by a common drainage ditch. Plastic or concrete trays covered with gratings are laid in the trenches. This type of drainage is preferred for low cost and speed of installation.

The arrangement of water disposal is best carried out during the construction of the building; installation after the completion of construction work is fraught with certain difficulties. In the period between the installation of a full-fledged system, it is possible to organize a temporary drainage system - to collect water manually, using barrels: a container of a suitable volume is installed under the downpipe.

A closed system has a narrower and shallower trench, which means less throughput. "Pros" are considered a more aesthetic appearance and safety of operation.

Vertical drainage can be called a variant of the deep drainage system. Near the buildings, the required number of wells with submersible pumps is installed. This option of drainage is the most efficient, but also the most expensive, since it requires a large amount of excavation and special knowledge.

Also, the closed installation of the drainage system can be divided into solid and wall-mounted. As the name implies, a solid one is mounted on the territory of the entire site, while protecting the basement and the adjacent territory.

The wall system is located exclusively near the foundation of the building, protecting only the building from rainwater.

Preparing for the installation of a system for removing excess water from the house

Prior to the start of work on the arrangement of the drainage system, it is necessary to prepare information on the relief of the given territory, soil composition, and average rainfall. These data can be taken from specialized services. Vibration loads in the territory where the pipes will be laid must be known to the customer himself, a master from a specialized construction company will help to determine them correctly.

Place of discharge of rainwater

An equally important element of the system is the rainwater collection point. They can serve as a natural reservoir, a specially prepared drainage field, consisting of a number of recesses through which water seeps into the soil, sewer collectors. The main condition for the arrangement of the discharge site is its location at the lowest point of the site. On a territory with a flat relief, a drainage well with a pump is installed.

The well can also be accumulating: water is then used for irrigation and absorbing: in the absence of a bottom, water slowly seeps into the ground.

In no case should you equip a place for collecting water near the foundation of the house, and you should not use underground drainage with surface drainage. This may lead to flooding of the building.

It is possible to choose the optimal type of drainage system only after a detailed study of the characteristics of the territory, weather reports for the area, the method of using the adjacent territory, and the purpose of the building itself. An experienced specialist will be able to take into account and correctly use all the information, so this complex and responsible work should be entrusted to a construction company with extensive experience in installing drainage of various kinds.

Errors or even inaccuracies in the work carried out on the drainage of rainwater can lead to irreparable consequences. On the contrary, compliance with the requirements and rules will extend the life of the building by more than half a century, eliminating unnecessary expenses and hassle.

LECTURE 3

WITHDRAWAL OF SURFACE (ATMOSPHERIC) WATER

The organization of the runoff of surface rain and melt water in the territories of residential areas, microdistricts and quarters is carried out using an open or closed drainage system.

On city streets in residential areas, drainage is carried out, as a rule, using a closed system, i.e. urban drainage network (storm sewer). The installation of drainage networks is a citywide event.

In the territories of microdistricts and quarters, drainage is carried out by an open system and consists in organizing the flow of surface water from building sites, sites for various purposes and territories of green spaces into the trays of driveways, through which water is directed to the trays of the carriageways of adjacent city streets. Such an organization of drainage is carried out with the help of a vertical layout of the entire territory, which provides flow by creating longitudinal and transverse slopes in all driveways, sites and territories of a microdistrict or quarter.

If the network of passages does not represent a system of interconnected passages or if the capacity of the trays on the passages is insufficient during heavy rains, a more or less developed network of open trays, ditches and ditches is provided for on the territory of microdistricts.

An open drainage system is the simplest system that does not require complex and expensive facilities. In operation, this system requires constant supervision and cleaning.

An open system is used in micro-districts and quarters of a relatively small area with a relief favorable for water flow, which does not have underestimated drainless places. In large microdistricts, an open system does not always provide a runoff of surface water without overflowing trays and flooding driveways, so then a closed system is used.

A closed drainage system provides for the development of an underground network of drain pipes - collectors on the territory of the microdistrict, with the intake of surface water by water intake wells and the direction of the collected water to the city drainage network.

As a possible option, a combined system is used, when an open network of trays, ditches and ditches is created on the territory of the microdistrict, supplemented by an underground network of sewage collectors. Underground drainage is a very important element of the engineering improvement of the territories of residential quarters and microdistricts, it meets the high requirements of comfort and general improvement of residential areas.

Surface drainage on the territory of the microdistrict must be ensured to such an extent that from any point in the territory the flow of water can freely reach the trays of the carriageway of adjacent streets.

From buildings, as a rule, water is diverted towards driveways, and when green spaces are adjacent, to trays or ditches that run along buildings.

On dead-end driveways, when the longitudinal slope is directed towards the dead end, drainless places are formed from which water has no outlet; sometimes such points are formed on driveways. The release of water from such places is carried out with the help of bypass trays, in the direction of the passages located at lower elevations (Fig. 3.1).

Trays are also used to divert surface water from buildings, from sites for various purposes, in green areas.

Bypass trays can have a triangular, rectangular or trapezoidal shape. The slopes of the trays are taken, depending on the soil and the method of strengthening them, within the range of 1:1 to 1:1.5. The depth of the tray is not less, and most often not more than 15-20 cm. The longitudinal slope of the tray is taken at least 0.5%.

Earthen trays are unstable, they are easily washed away by rain, while they lose their shape and longitudinal slope. Therefore, it is most advisable to use trays with reinforced walls or prefabricated ones made of some kind of stable material.

With a significant runoff of water, the trays turn out to be insufficient in terms of the entire throughput and they are replaced by cuvettes. Typically, the cuvettes are trapezoidal in shape with a bottom width of at least 0.4 m and a depth of 0.5 m; side slopes have a steepness of 1:1.5. Strengthen the slopes with concrete, paving or turf. With significant dimensions, at a depth of 0.7-0.8 m or more, ditches turn into ditches.

It should be borne in mind that ditches and ditches at intersections with driveways and sidewalks should be enclosed in pipes or bridges should be arranged above them. It is difficult and difficult to release water from ditches and ditches into driveway trays, due to different depths and differences in elevations.

Therefore, the use of open ditches and ditches is permissible only in exceptional cases, especially since ditches and ditches generally violate the improvement of modern microdistricts. Trays, on the other hand, with their usually shallow depth, are acceptable if they do not create great inconveniences for movement.

With relatively small areas of green spaces, drainage can be successfully carried out in an open way along the trays of paths and alleys.

With the location of paths and driveways among green spaces over a relatively short distance, the runoff of surface water can be carried out without the installation of trays or ditches, directly to the plantations. In such cases, fencing with sides for paths and driveways is not suitable. At the same time, the formation of stagnant waters and swamps should be excluded. Such a runoff is especially appropriate if artificial irrigation of green areas is necessary.

When designing an underground drainage network, special attention should be paid to the removal of surface water from the main roads and pedestrian alleys, as well as from places of mass congestion of visitors (main squares of the park; squares in front of theaters, restaurants, etc.).

In places where surface water is released from the territory of microdistricts to city streets, a water intake well is installed behind the red line, while its waste branch is connected to the collector of the city drainage network.

With a closed drainage system, surface water is directed to the intake wells of the drainage network and enters them through the intake grids.

Water intake wells on the territory of microdistricts are located at all low points that do not have free flow, on straight sections of passages, depending on the longitudinal slope with an interval of 50-100 m, at the intersections of passages from the side of the inflow of water.

The slope of the drain branches is taken at least 0.5%, but the optimal slope is 1-2%. The diameter of the drain branches is taken at least 200 mm.

The routes of drainage collectors on the territory of the microdistrict are laid mainly outside the driveways in the strips of green spaces at a distance of 1-1.5 m from the curb stone or the roadway.

The depth of laying the collectors of the drainage network in the microdistrict is taken taking into account the depth of soil freezing.

Water intake wells have water intake gratings, mostly rectangular in shape. These wells are built from prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete elements, and only in their absence - from bricks (Fig. 3.2).

Manholes are built according to standard designs from prefabricated elements.

When choosing a drainage system in a microdistrict, it should be borne in mind that in modern well-maintained microdistricts, the development of a network of drainage collectors is predetermined not only by the collection and discharge of surface water, but also by the use of a drainage network for other purposes, such as for receiving and diverting water from snow melters and when snow is discharged into the collectors of the network, as well as when water is discharged into the network when washing the carriageways of driveways and platforms.

It is advisable to arrange an underground drainage network in the microdistrict when equipping buildings with internal drains, as well as with a system for removing water from the roofs of buildings through external pipes with water discharge into the underground drainage network.

In both cases, the runoff of water from drainpipes along sidewalks and areas adjacent to buildings is excluded, and the appearance of buildings is also improved. Based on these considerations, it is considered expedient to develop an underground drainage network on the territory of microdistricts.

An underground drainage network in microdistricts is also justified if there are drainless places on the territory that do not have a free outlet for rain and melt water that collects in them. Such cases are relatively rare, but they are possible in complex rugged terrain and cannot be eliminated by vertical planning due to large volumes of earthworks.

It is almost always necessary to build an underground drainage network with a large depth of the microdistrict and the removal of the watershed from the nearest adjacent street by 150-200 m, as well as in all cases when the capacity of the trays on the driveways is insufficient and the driveways can be flooded during relatively heavy rains; the use of ditches and ditches in microdistricts is highly undesirable.

In vertical planning and the creation of surface water runoff, the location of individual buildings relative to the natural terrain is very important. So, for example, it is unacceptable to place buildings across the natural thalweg, thereby creating drainless places.

It is possible to avoid unnecessary and unjustified earthworks for backfilling in drainless places only when water is drained from such places using an underground collector of the drainage network, with the installation of a water intake well at a low point. However, the direction of the longitudinal slope of such a reservoir will be reversed with respect to the relief. This may lead to the need for excessive deepening of some sections of the drainage network of the microdistrict.

As unsuccessful examples, we can cite the location of buildings of various configurations in the plan without taking into account the natural topography and the flow of water from buildings (Fig. 3.3).

Even at the stage of drawing up the project and in the process of erecting any structure, a water drainage system is necessarily laid. Properly installed, it will reliably protect the foundation of a house or office and the territory of the site from the negative effects of precipitation. Internal, road, drain and surface drainage must be combined into a single system, the only way they are guaranteed to cope with the task. It's not worth saving on them.

Video guide for installation of surface drainage systems

Purpose of the water drainage system

The main task of the drainage system is to protect the foundation of the building from storm water, as well as all types of coverage on the site and the surrounding area. The presence of a well-designed and assembled drainage system several times increases the life of the building and reduces repair costs. Under the influence of constant precipitation, asphalt and concrete fall apart and crumble in a year and a half. But if a linear drainage system is provided on the territory, then it will be necessary to think about a new coating no earlier than in 6-8 years.

When drawing up a drainage scheme, it is necessary to think through all the details, take into account the features of the soil and topography, the presence of groundwater, the number of storeys of the building, the traffic intensity and, of course, the possibility of connecting to a public storm sewer system.

The importance of drainage in the garden can not be overestimated

Regardless of whether a commercial development is planned or an individual residential building is being designed, first of all, you need to pay attention not to the cost of the drainage system, but to the expected load.

What should be the drainage system on the site

Firstly, the drainage of water on the site must be an integrated system. Its main components are:

roof drainage system;
surface water drainage system;
internal drainage;
groundwater drainage system.

The latter is mandatory in those areas where the groundwater level is high enough, or there is a high probability of seasonal flooding. It is especially necessary if the house has a basement or underground garage.

Drainage from the roof, like surface drainage, is designed to combat the negative effects of rain and snow. In addition, it prevents the occurrence of perched water, which, as a rule, is a seasonal phenomenon. For houses with basements, water supply becomes an urgent problem: a leaky septic tank (“cesspool”) fills up in a matter of days in spring and during the rainy season.

Roof drainage allows you to direct the flow of water from the roof to the right place

The roof drainage system is designed to collect all rainwater from the roof of the building and bring it to the water collection points. If during construction the drainage from the roof became the point at which they saved money, then broken paths, crumbling steps and a dirty foundation will not take long.

surface drainage

The next mandatory element of the overall system should be surface drainage. Removal of excess moisture from the site in this way is carried out by installing a system of point storm water inlets and trays. It is not only effective, but also aesthetically fits perfectly into the general appearance of the building and the surrounding area. The material benefit from the operation of surface drainage is already felt in the first few years. The greatest effect is achieved by combining surface drainage with underground drainage.

To organize a system for draining water from the surface, the following can be used:

plastic trays (drainage channels)

Plastic trays are mainly used in private buildings

They are made from super durable material.

concrete trays

They are used where the coating has a large load (roads, garages, entrance gates). The depth varies depending on the expected volume of water, the docking system guarantees a secure fit and protects against shifting. From above, the products are protected by gratings made of steel or cast iron.

Concrete trays compared to plastic trays have greater strength and relatively low cost.

polymer composite trays

The material from which they are made is a carefully selected mixture of filler (granite or quartz chips, sand) and a binder mass, usually polyester or epoxy resin.

Polymer composite trays are the most promising substitute for plastic and concrete counterparts

The main function of surface drainage is to protect the foundation of buildings, basements and basements from moisture. In addition, it prevents soil erosion, prevents waterlogging. The appearance of ice in the winter and puddles in the warm season can also be prevented with its help. Road drainage helps prevent subsidence of the soil and subsequent failures on roads, paths, sidewalks. With it, you can save the landscape of the territory unchanged, since it is a reliable protection of the soil from leaching. Participating in the general improvement and the creation of a single style, drainage also affects the development of plants. It allows the root system to develop harmoniously, protecting it from excess moisture.

Linear drainage

Speaking about the surface drainage system, it is necessary to separately mention its types and, first of all, linear drainage, as able to cope with the heaviest loads. To organize it, the trays are laid flush with the surface, while the obligatory slope should be five millimeters per meter of length. This is achieved either by laying at an angle, or by purchasing trays in which the tilt system is already laid. The drainage channel is directed, as a rule, to the storm sewer well. From above, each tray must be closed with a decorative grille.

Linear drainage systems are most often used on the site.

To protect the sewer from clogging, sand traps are installed in them, which also trap small debris.

Point drainage

Point drainage has also firmly occupied its niche. It is a system of storm water inlets and underground pipes with access to the sewer.

Conventional storm water inlets are installed where heavy loads are expected. From above, they are closed with plastic or metal decorative grilles.

Rain inlets are installed in places of the main water flows

Rain collectors with lateral water outlet perform the function of purifying rainwater from impurities. This is important in cases where water is collected for economic and domestic needs.

A two-section drain drain allows you to monitor its condition and clean it in a timely manner.

A storm water outlet is used to collect precipitation from the roof of buildings. They are connected vertically to the drains. Their design includes a stale air trap, which prevents the spread of unpleasant odors.

Cast iron storm water inlets are used to divert water from the roadway. These are sewer manholes that are installed in places of organized slopes and closed with bars on top. Water entering this system flows directly into the sewer.

Depending on the purpose, the drainage system is mounted in the lowest places, under drainpipes and watering units, in a word, where the use of a linear one is not necessary or not possible.

Various types of point drainage systems

Volumetric drainage

As a separate type, volumetric drainage can be distinguished, which is a kind of “layer cake” made of geotextiles, lawn or geogrids, gravel, sand and soil. By maintaining the natural friability of the soil due to the reinforced grating, it is possible to ensure ideal water drainage from landscape gardening areas, open areas and lawns.

Internal drainage

Internal drainage is used not only in food or pharmaceutical industries. In everyday life, the most striking example of its use is a bath. The internal water drainage system consists of trays and ladders made of stainless steel. It is designed to collect and discharge wastewater into the general sewer network.

Groundwater drainage system

The groundwater drainage system is an engineering structure designed to collect and drain infiltrated and groundwater. This is a branched structure of pipes (drains) and wells located around the entire perimeter and interconnected.

If the drains are laid underground, then a deep drainage system is formed. It allows you to withdraw water from the site and lower the level of groundwater. Such systems are used in swampy and excessively humid areas, as well as in the construction of basement floors.

When performing foundation drainage, preference should be given to polypropylene, polyethylene and PVC pipes.

Even before the construction of the building, you need to answer a few questions:

What is the groundwater level in the construction site? What is the structure of the soil? This determines, in fact, the very need for a deep drainage system when designing basements. For this information, it is best to contact geodesy specialists.
Where will ground and surface water be discharged? Water can be discharged into storm or mixed sewers, as well as into a drainage field, from which water subsequently evenly goes into the ground in a specially designated area.
Do I need a drainage pump and a well, or will the water go by gravity? Be sure to determine the slopes on the site, and assign a reset point in the lowest part.
What is the size of the area from which water will be drained? Depending on this, a drainage system with an appropriate throughput is selected.
What surface pressure must the drainage systems withstand? That is, whether cars will pass through the linear drainage system, people will walk, or no one will step on it. For deep drainage, you also need to determine the load.

Drainage and water collection systems, with the right choice of materials, proper installation and timely maintenance, work and protect buildings and the site for many years. Doing the drainage yourself is a very real task. However, if you have doubts about your own abilities, it is better to invite professionals in this field. After all, the safety of basements and foundations is the key to the safety of the whole house, and hence its residents.

It is possible to prevent damage caused by melt water and heavy rainfall by arranging a surface drainage system. This system serves to collect and remove excess precipitation, which often floods the adjacent area, and with it fruit trees (and other plantings), foundations and basements. The article will focus on the surface drainage system.

Benefits of surface drainage

The device of the system does not require serious financial investments, due to the reduction of earthworks. As a result, the probability of violation of the structural strength of the soil, that is, subsidence, is reduced.

Due to the organization of an external drainage system of a linear type, the coverage of the territory for the catchment area has been significantly expanded, while such a value as the length of the sewer line is reduced.

The system can be carried out without violating the entire integrity of the existing pavement. Here the insert is carried out according to the width of the gutters.
The system is suitable for mounting on rocky or unstable ground. And also in those places where it is not possible to carry out deep work (architectural monuments, underground communications).

Types of drainage systems

Drainage systems are part of storm sewers that are used in the improvement of both public and private areas. There are 2 types of systems: linear and point.

Linear system consists of gutters, a sand trap, and sometimes a storm water inlet. This design does its job well in large areas. With its organization, earthworks are minimized. Its installation is necessary in areas with clay soil, or the slope of which is more than 3º.

Point system is a locally located storm water inlets, united underground by pipelines. The system is optimal for collecting water coming from roof gutters. Also, its installation is advisable in areas with modest areas or when there are any restrictions for arranging a linear drainage system.

Each system is characterized by efficient operation, but their combination is the best option when organizing drainage.

Drainage device for drainage

For the organization of linear or point drainage, various elements and devices are used, where each component fulfills its purpose. Properly combining them leads to effective work.

gutters

Drainage trays - an integral part of the linear system, serve to collect precipitation and melt water. After that, excess moisture is sent to the sewer or, at least, removed away from the site. Channels are made of concrete, polymer concrete and plastic.

Plastic products light weight and easy to install. Especially for this, plugs, adapters, fasteners and other elements were developed to facilitate the process of assembling and installing the system. Despite the high technical characteristics (strength and frost resistance) of the material used, they are limited by the load - up to 25 tons. Such gutters are installed in suburban areas, pedestrian areas, bicycle paths, where high mechanical impacts are not provided.

Concrete trays- Undoubtedly strong, durable and affordable. They are able to withstand a very solid load. Their installation is expedient in places where vehicles travel, for example, on access roads or near garages. Steel or cast iron gratings are installed on top. A reliable fastening system does not allow changing the position during operation.
Polymer concrete channels combine the best performance of plastic and concrete. With a small weight, the products take on a significant load and are distinguished by higher physical and technical properties. Accordingly, they have a decent cost. Thanks to the smooth surface of the gutters, sand, sparse leaves, branches and other street debris pass through without difficulty. Proper installation and periodic cleaning guarantee a long service life of the drainage system.

Sandboxes

This element of the system is responsible for filtering water from sand, earth and other suspended particles. The sand trap is equipped with a basket in which extraneous debris is collected. Equipment installed in the immediate vicinity of the sewer drain will provide the most efficient operation.
Sand traps, like trays, must match the type of load. Since this element is in the same bundle with other components of the drainage system, it must be made of the same material as the rest of the chain links.

Its upper part has the same shape as the gutters. It is also closed with a drainage grate, so the sandbox is invisible from the outside. It is possible to reduce its level of location (below the depth of soil freezing) by installing these elements on top of each other.
The design of the sand trap provides for the presence of side outlets for connection to underground storm sewer pipes. Outlets of standard diameters are located much higher than the bottom, so fine particles, settling, remain there.
The sandbox can also be made of concrete, polymer concrete and synthetic polymers. The package includes steel, cast iron, plastic gratings. Its choice is made depending on the expected volume of water to be removed and the level of load in the area of its installation.

rainwater inlets

Melt and rainwater collected by downpipes from the roof of the building enters the blind area. In these areas, storm water inlets are installed, which are square-shaped containers. Their installation is also advisable in those places where it is not possible to equip a surface drainage of a linear type.

Since the storm water inlets act as a sand trap, they are complemented by a garbage collector, which is regularly cleaned and a siphon that protects against odorous substances coming from the sewer. They are also equipped with nozzles for connection to underground drainage pipes.
Most often they are made of cast iron or durable plastic. The upper part has a grate that perceives loads, prevents large debris from entering and performs a decorative function. The grate can be plastic, steel or cast iron.

Drainage grids

The grate is part of the surface drainage system. It takes on mechanical loads. This is a visible element, so the product is given a decorative look.
Drainage grating is classified according to operational loads. So for a personal, suburban area, products of class A or C are suitable. For these purposes, plastic, copper or steel gratings are used.

Cast iron products are famous for their durability. Such gratings are used in the arrangement of territories with a high traffic load (up to 90 tons). Although cast iron is susceptible to corrosion and requires regular painting, there is simply no alternative to it in terms of strength.
As for the service life of drainage gratings, cast iron products will last at least a quarter of a century, steel products - about 10 years, plastic gratings will have to be changed after 5 seasons.

Drainage design

The calculation of the system over large areas is carried out according to the hydroproject, which takes into account the slightest nuances: precipitation intensity, landscape design and much more. Based on it, the length and number of elements of the drainage system are determined.

For suburban or summer cottages, it is enough to draw a plan of the territory on which the location of the drainage system is marked. It also calculates the number of gutters, connecting elements and other components.

The channel width is selected depending on the throughput. The optimal width of the trays for private construction is 100 mm. In places with increased drainage, gutters and up to 300 mm wide can be used.
Attention should be paid to the diameter of the branches. The standard cross section of sewer pipes is 110 mm. Therefore, if the outlet has a different diameter, an adapter must be used.

The rapid outflow of water through the canal will provide a sloped surface. You can organize the slope in the following ways:

use of natural slope;
by carrying out earthworks, create a slope of the surface (with minimal differences);
pick up trays with different heights, applicable only in small areas;
purchase channels whose inner surface is sloped. As a rule, such products are made of concrete.

Stages of a linear drainage device

By means of a stretched twine, the boundaries of the drainage system are marked. If the system passes through a concrete platform, the marking is carried out with sand or chalk.
Next is excavation. A jackhammer is used on an asphalted area.
The width of the trench should be approximately 20 cm larger than the tray (10 cm on each side). The depth under the gutters of light materials is calculated taking into account the sand cushion (10-15 cm). Under concrete trays, first a layer of crushed stone is laid, and then sand, 10-15 cm each. It should be noted that the drainage grate after installation should be located 3-4 mm lower than the surface level. The bottom of the trench can also be filled with lean concrete, but such actions are performed if the passage of vehicles is not provided.

A drainage system is being assembled. Trays are laid in the trench and, by means of fasteners, the tenon-groove are fixed to each other. Often, products are marked with an arrow indicating the direction of water movement. If necessary, the joints are sealed with polymeric components.
Next, the sand trap is mounted. The drainage main is connected to the sand collector and sewer pipes by means of fittings.
The empty space between the gutters and the walls of the trench is covered with crushed stone or previously excavated earth and carefully compacted. It is also possible to fill with sand and gravel mortar.
The installed channels are closed with protective and decorative gratings. It is worth noting that if plastic trays are used when arranging the drainage system, then the grate is installed and the space is filled with concrete mix.

Stages of arranging a point drainage system

In areas with the greatest accumulation of moisture, a pit breaks out. The width of the pit should be equal to the size of the storm water container. It should be noted that the grid should also be slightly below the ground.

Excavation is also carried out in the places where the line is laid for a linear outlet or pipes. Here it is important to observe a slope of approximately 1 cm per linear meter of surface.
The bottom of the pit is rammed and a sand cushion is arranged, with a layer of 10-15 cm. A concrete mixture about 20 cm thick is poured on top of it.
Next, a storm water inlet is installed, to which drainage trays or sewer pipes are connected.
At the end, a siphon is mounted, a waste basket is inserted and a grate is installed.
The design of the storm water inlet allows you to install several containers on top of each other. This makes it possible to deepen the outlet pipe below the freezing of the soil.

Shallow channels

Stony soils make it difficult to install standard sized gutters. In this regard, some manufacturers offer products with a shallow depth, where the height of the channel is 95 mm.

Usually trays are made of plastic with high physical and technical indicators. The package includes drainage gratings made of galvanized steel with abrasion-resistant polymer coating.
Such channels are widely used in areas with a small amount of wastewater. With their help, it will be possible to organize effective surface drainage with minimal excavation.

A timely installed and well-organized drainage system will protect the foundation and green spaces from seasonal flooding, and give the landscape a well-groomed appearance. Construction costs will pay off quickly. The system will extend the life of the building, reduce the cost of repairs and additional maintenance. The laborious and costly fight against mold in the basement due to high humidity will bypass.

An integral part of a private house or cottage is a storm sewer, which provides an aesthetic appearance of a residential building and the area adjacent to it. As well as preventing premature destruction of the foundation of buildings and the roots of plants growing on the site. To an inexperienced person in the field of "water disposal" this moment may seem like a dark forest. In this article, we will analyze everything point by point: the removal of surface, storm and melt water, from buildings and the site.

To create a storm sewer, which is also a surface water drainage system, elementary knowledge in construction and data on the most landscaped area are required. Storm sewerage is gravity, i.e. arranged at an angle, and includes the following elements:

Roof drainage;
Drainage drainage;
Collector or place of discharge of drainage.

Roof drainage receives atmospheric precipitation at roof level, through trays, gutters, funnels and sends them to the surface drainage system.

Designing a surface water drainage system

To design, you need to know:

the average amount of precipitation (both in the form of rain and in the form of snow, melt water), you can find out in SNiP 2.04.03-85;
roof area;
the presence of other communications and facilities in the area being developed.

For design, it is necessary to decide in what places the drainpipes will be located and how many there will be. A diagram is drawn up, which displays the elevation differences in the surface of the site, the structure on it. The diagram indicates the places for laying all elements of storm sewers, including pipes, manholes and water discharge points. When designing, the amount of required materials and the cost of them are also calculated.

Roof drainage

The material of the roof drain is varied: steel, copper, color-coated steel, aluminum, etc. Plastic is especially popular. It is economical, resistant to damage, is a noise-insulating material, hermetic, light both in weight and in installation. To properly design a roof drain, you will need:

Metal bracket;
Stud with special nut;
Adjustable fastening;
Gutter bracket;
Tip;
Coupling;
Knee;
Funnel plug;
Gutter plug;
Corner element;
Funnel;
Gutter connector;
gutter;
Drainpipe.

The number and type of each element depends on the perimeter of the roof and the amount of liquid being pumped, because too powerful drainage is irrational in terms of financial costs, and a weak one will not cope with the task. It is necessary to find the best option. The figure shows the required dimensions, typical for central Russia.

Installation of a water drainage system from the roof of the house

Installation is carried out after the development of the project of the entire drainage system, familiarization with the instructions attached by the supplier store (each system has its own design features that must be taken into account). The general sequence of installation and work performed:

Installation begins with mounting the bracket on the side of the rafter wall or frontal board, taking into account the slope of the gutters.
Then the gutters themselves are laid using special plates and fastened to each other by cold welding or rubber seals. The cold welding method is preferred for joining gutters due to its resistance to warping.
An additional bracket is installed in corner and funnel connections.
Pipes are being installed, observing a distance of 3-4 cm from the wall. Brackets are vertically mounted at a distance of 1.5-2 m. The drain itself should be half a meter from the ground.

Tips from professionals:

Gutters begin to be laid from the funnel so that the edges of the gutter are below the edge of the roof.
If you use a pipe to collect from three directions of gutters (if the roof is of a non-standard shape), it is necessary to provide tees instead of standard funnels.
The distance between the brackets should be no more than 0.50-0.60 m.
It is recommended to pre-mark the slope of the gutters. For example, a rope stretched from the start to the end point can serve as a guide.
Plastic drips are mounted at a temperature of + 5◦, otherwise the material will crack when cutting. Outflows from other materials can be mounted at any ambient temperature.

The device of the surface water drainage system

Surface water diversion system or surface drainage consists of point drainage systems and linear channels.

Point drainage systems are small wells locally connected to the roof drain. Trays are laid below the freezing level of pipes. The installation of such drainage is similar to the installation of a roof drain. A trench is being prepared (lower than the freezing depth of pipes, you can find out everything in the same SNiP) at a slope to the collector. Sand is poured in a layer of 20 cm. Pipes are laid using fittings. If the sealing is observed, the pipes are filled up.

Linear channels are of two types - open or closed, equipped with gratings or nets to retain large debris. The gratings should be predominantly made of metal, as withstand heavy loads (especially in places at the entrance to the garage).

Advice from professionals. For the effective collection of surface water, a complex arrangement of storm and point drainage is necessary. In the event of heavy rainfall, the bulk of the water will be carried away by surface drainage..

You can see how the process of installing a surface water drainage system looks in the video:

Deep drainage system provided if the area where the site is located is prone to prolonged rains. Such a system will protect the site from erosion, save trees from premature death (due to rotting roots), and protect the foundation from the destructive effects of water.

Groundwater drainage system

Groundwater drainage differs from the systems described above in that it is laid at a greater depth and in the case of groundwater close to the surface of the earth, which can flood a basement or underground garage. Drainage is combined with a storm drain, and the storm pipes are laid higher than the drainage. It is necessary to understand the difference between storm water and drainage. Stormwater for the removal of rain, melt water and floods, and deep drainage for the removal of groundwater and possible flooding. Surface and deep drainage are connected using special nodal connections for the accumulation of excess water in one place and its subsequent release, processing or reuse. Drains are mounted parallel to each other.

This is important: during heavy rainfall, water in large quantities passes through the storm sewer in a short time. When such a water flow enters the groundwater drainage system, this water enters the soil from the pipes, thereby not draining it, but flooding it, that is, it begins to perform the opposite function. Therefore, the surface water drainage system should be connected to the groundwater drainage system not earlier than the places where the pipes pass for water drainage and not drainage, if you look at the direction of water flow into the systems. Soil drainage is carried out in places where perforated pipes are laid. Water is drained by sealed pipes.

According to the method of groundwater extraction, they are divided into vertical, horizontal and combined drainage. Vertical drainage consists of vertical ribbed wells lowered into the groundwater layer. They are equipped with pumps and filters, respectively, for cleaning and pumping groundwater outside the territory. Such a scheme is quite complicated both in installation and in operation.

Horizontal drainage consists of perforated pipes laid at the optimal depth of the pumping outlet in dug ditches sprinkled with gravel. Ditches are dug throughout the site in the form of a Christmas tree.

The drainage device, regardless of the type of site, begins with the arrangement of a drainage well in the farthest part of the site, away from the house. You can use ready-made plastic wells.

In places of corner joints, manholes are arranged to facilitate the maintenance of communications.

The depth of the drainage is selected based on its tasks: if the goal is to collect groundwater to protect the basement, then the depth should correspond to the level of the basement floor; if the goal is to drain abundant waters sinking into the ground, the depth corresponds to the depth of the foundation.

The pipes are wrapped with special material () to prevent sand and gravel from entering the pipes, with which the pipe is covered with a layer of 20-30 cm. After that, the pipe can be covered with ordinary soil. Unlike vertical drainage, water collected through holes in pipes is discharged by gravity under a slope, and not by pumps.

Horizontal drainage is more popular than vertical or even combined because of the cost-effectiveness and ease of installation.

You can read more about the device of the groundwater drainage system in the article:

Discharge of collected water

excess water is removed outside the site, into a ditch, reservoir. If this is not possible, then a well or reservoir is arranged within the site, from where water can be reused.

Advice:

It is recommended that the drainage be laid in ditches with V-shaped walls with a wall slope of 30◦ in the cross section of the ditch. Width 50 cm Recommended ditch slope1-3 cm per meter of length. Wells can be equipped from any material that does not corrode.

Maintenance of drainage systems

Maintenance of the above systems is not difficult if they are properly designed and constructed. Key points in service:

Once every ten years, carry out a thorough flushing of pipes with a pump to prevent deposits on their walls.
Regular visual inspection of wells, sewers and cleaning if necessary.

The shelf life of a properly calculated, laid, maintained drainage system is on average fifty, or even much more years.

Tips from professionals:

Be sure to check that the pipes are laid at a slope. The slope should be away from the house.
If it is impossible to install a gravity drainage system, a pressure ebb equipped with a pump is arranged.
Do not forget about the optimal design and compliance price = quality.Very often you want more, better, but the budget does not always allow you to implement your plan. So it is recommended to design, compare the project with prices, purchase and install in accordance with the recommendations given here.