We learn Swedish. Swedish language without torture and pain

Swedish is rarely chosen as a second foreign language, because in Europe, basically, everyone speaks English. Swedish is spoken in Sweden and in places in Finland. In total, according to the latest data, about 10 million people speak it.

However, sometimes this language is chosen because of work, education, moving for permanent residence, or simply falling in love with the country. Then an important question arises before the student - where to start learning and how to learn at all?

This article has collected important tips about where to start learning and how to master this difficult Nordic language!

History and origins of Swedish

This language, as well as Danish and Norwegian, is based on Old Norse. It was spoken by the Vikings, who spread it throughout Europe through their conquests. Until 1050, the language in Scandinavia was one, but after that it was divided into three groups.

Even though the languages are divided, those who know Swedish will also be able to understand Danish and Finnish. The modern dialect of Swedish was formed already in the 19th century under the influence of urbanization. In the 20th century, serious reforms were carried out that shaped final version official language of Sweden.

Why you might need Swedish

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Of course, most often life circumstances push a foreign student to study. Moving to the country permanent place residence, studying in Sweden or getting a job in that country, or other situations where it would be necessary to speak Swedish, will make the language skill mandatory.

Also, interest in this skill may appear due to falling in love with this country. Scandinavia - amazing place with breathtakingly beautiful scenery. Passion for Swedish culture, music, literature and nature can be a good motivator to start classes.

How to learn Swedish on your own

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One of the most popular ways to study is self-study. This is easy to do with English or Italian, but harder with Swedish. Firstly, it is more difficult to find a tutor or courses - Swedish is not very popular.

Secondly, it is quite difficult to study it without the help of a teacher, because there is not such a huge amount of video and audio materials. But still, the study of this language can be built independently. The main thing is to observe the basic rule - systematic daily exercises. Let them be 15 minutes a day, but without gaps.

Learn Swedish from scratch using textbooks and phrasebooks

This method of studying learning can be classified as traditional. You need to get all the available methodological literature on Swedish -. The difficulty lies in the fact that the material in book format can not be found in all stores - you will have to try to find books.

If you know English, it will be easier, as there are more English-language manuals for Swedish. For example, .

This method will be effective if the lessons from the textbooks are methodical and daily. You need to complete all the exercises and supplement the lessons with audio materials in order to put the correct pronunciation.

Learn Swedish online

The modern way of learning is through online courses or classes. Now the Internet provides a lot of options for self-study. Can choose step by step lessons with checking homework, or you can just do exercises of your choice every day. You can also download to your phone Swedish learning apps so that the opportunity is always at hand.

Why is it better to learn Swedish with a teacher?

Most The best way master it in a short time - study with a teacher. At the very least, it is undesirable to start learning a language alone. So the student will not have trial and error, and the learning process will be set up correctly and gradually.

The teacher will help to put the pronunciation well from the first lessons and explain all the subtleties of this European language. It is usually assigned an average degree of difficulty, so lessons with a teacher will bring maximum efficiency.

Enough convenient way study - group lessons at school. It's not as costly as individual sessions but also effective. After all, in a group you can work in pairs, train pronunciation, try yourself in everyday situations and much more. Of course, the attention of the teacher in this case will not be as much as with personal contact. But this option is in any case more effective than self-study.
Another modern way to practice - chat with a tutor online , Skype or any other video service. Such lessons will replace individual lessons, but the cost will be much cheaper. Of the obvious advantages of this method - you do not need to go anywhere to meet with the teacher, but you can study right at home in front of the computer. Video training can be built just as well as face-to-face meetings.

You can find a Swedish teacher, both Russian-speaking and a native speaker, on the website italki. There is a choice of standard lessons with homework, thematic courses or speaking sessions for practice.

What makes learning Swedish easier?

In order to learn a language most effectively and quickly, you need to use all methods at once. First you need to choose the most convenient way of learning that is suitable for better assimilation material. Gradually connect others. You can consolidate standard lessons by completely immersing yourself in the environment.

It is best to hang word cards around the house, watch, listen to Swedish news and radio. This will help you surround yourself with the new language and get used to it.

It is also worth constantly practicing, before new classes, repeating the material covered and paying attention to daily activities. Constant practice is the key to success!

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The ancestor of most dialects spoken by Danes, Swedes and Norwegians is Old Norse. In ancient times, the Vikings, trading throughout Europe, made their dialect one of the most common. The continental Scandinavian languages that existed on the territory of Norway, Denmark and Sweden until 1050 practically did not differ from each other, but after, under the influence of other cultures, they began to have significant differences.

The greatest influence in settlements, which were part of the Hanseatic League, had a Low German dialect, classical literary Swedish was formed from the Etian and Svei languages, and more modern version was formed in the 15th century, during the reign of Magnus II Eriksson. Today's Swedish language originated during industrialization, some dialects developed after the beginning of radio broadcasting - in the 20s of the twentieth century. According to the latest estimates, about 10 million people speak Swedish, 9 million of whom live directly in Sweden itself, and 1 million live abroad, including in Finland and the Åland Islands.

Traditional Swedish and its features

Standard Swedish is sometimes referred to as "high". It originated in Stockholm and adjacent territories at the beginning of the last century. Today this language is used by means mass media And educational institutions, although sometimes the use of individual words from other dialects is practiced here, which runs counter to generally recognized linguistic standards. Finnish Swedes also speak mainly an exceptionally high language, in some regions grammatical constructions are built by analogy with the dialects of the central part of the country.

There are a huge number of dialects in Swedish, which the standard language has had little effect on. In the central regions, grammar and phonetics have been preserved since the use of the Wood Scandinavian language, so the rest of the Swedes understand the locals with great difficulty. All less common and rare dialects are divided into Norrland, Svealand, Gotaland, Finnish-Swedish, Gotland dialects and the language of young Sweden.

The specificity of the Swedish language

The most difficult phonetic nuance for a Russian-speaking person is the stress that falls on the first syllable. Swedish is considered very melodious due to the abundance of vowels, although their pronunciation in each of the dialects is radically different. Unlike other European languages, Swedish has only two genders, one of which is traditional, neuter, and the other is common, which includes both masculine and feminine. Surprisingly, in some dialects there is no neuter gender, and in all varieties of dialects there are no cases, which greatly facilitates mastering the language.

A particular problem is presented by articles, which, unlike English, indicate the gender, number of the word and determine its position in the sentence and text. Nouns are divided into six classes, having both the singular and the plural. Adjectives are declined according to the weak and strong type, verbs have several forms, can be transformed into the past tense, the so-called "perfect", formed using the participle supina.

Why you might need Swedish

Many are accustomed to the fact that English is widely spoken in Europe, so they do not consider it necessary to learn other, less common languages. In Sweden, English is well spoken by the younger generation, who studied it at school. Age Swedes practically do not know the language of the British Isles, so communication with them is possible only in their native Swedish. Residents of the “country of the Vikings” are wary of visitors and perceive them more closely only if the guests merge into their culture and learn their language.

In Sweden, without knowing the language, all roads will be closed to you, and in order to become a full member of society, learning Swedish will be mandatory. Surprisingly, as soon as you switch to the native language of Sweden, the locals will noticeably improve their attitude towards you and they will be happy to help and answer questions. Swedish businessmen also prefer to conduct all business in their own language, especially negotiations, formal agreements, business meetings, although in an informal setting it is quite possible to communicate in English. The services of an interpreter in the country are expensive, so if you are going to establish business contacts with the Swedes, knowledge of the language at least at the initial level will be very useful to you.

What makes learning Swedish easier?

The more foreign languages you knew earlier, the easier it will be for you to learn Swedish, which is considered medium in terms of difficulty. Linguists say that after Swedish, German will be much easier to learn, and, conversely, also a lot of words were once borrowed from French and English. To learn a language at a basic level means to ensure a comfortable trip or trip not only in this country, but throughout Scandinavia, the opportunity to make new friends or partners.

Learning Swedish on your own involves many types and forms, but it will never be superfluous to make the difficult process as easy as possible by watching movies or TV shows or listening to songs from modern bands. At the same time, you will get used to pronunciation, parse words into sentences and memorize set expressions which will be very useful to you in the future.

After a few months of study, you will be able to understand simple texts and literary works in Swedish, it will be useful to read recipes, anecdotes, guides, tongue twisters, proverbs, humorous stories. At first, you will not do without dictionaries, phrasebooks, textbooks, which will become effective assistants in the systematization of knowledge. Since the grammatical constructions of Swedish are much simpler than Finnish for example, with a little effort and reference to available sources, you can quickly get ahead.

How to learn Swedish on your own

Since Swedish is not as widely spoken as Spanish, German or English, it is not always possible to find groups willing to learn it. IN small town this will be a significant difficulty, in megacities the chance is much higher. Every beginner wonders what are the ways of self-learning a language and how effective they are, provided minimal cost And the fastest result?

There are four main methods of learning Swedish: three are considered more traditional, and one is modern and progressive. The first method is based on self-study linguistic material using phrasebooks and tutorials. The obvious disadvantages of this method are the high cost of literature, the difficulty in buying it, the inability to fully master pronunciation, correct construction phrases and grammatical structures.

Another way is to learn Swedish through video and audio lessons, interactive classes. The Internet offers a huge amount of linguistic material presented in an accessible and understandable way even for someone who has never dealt with a foreign language before. The proposed options for tests and exercises will help you cope with some tasks, however, without the support of a native speaker, consultations, error correction and advice, you will not be able to cope even with a basic level.

Learning Swedish at a distance language school

The best way to learn Swedish on your own is to study it in a remote online school. This form of education is the most progressive and can be applied, if the Internet is available, in any city. Interactive schools have a number of undeniable advantages:

For maximum efficiency of remote learning of the Swedish language, it is provided gradual transition from simple to complex, regular consolidation of acquired knowledge to identify gaps and insufficiently well-developed topics.

How is learning in an online school

Before the start of the course, you will be asked to take a short test to adequately assess your knowledge of the language. Depending on your level of Swedish, you can start with the alphabet, phonetics, pronunciation, grammar rules, writing, syntax, colloquial speech and its specifics. To work out the material, you can choose the best option for yourself:

3-4 week skype-course;

20 weeks basic course;

10 lessons with a native speaker;

individual program;

language competition.

Regular classes and a systematic attitude to the lessons will help you quickly reach the basic A1 level and move to a higher level. For convenience, you can study anytime, anywhere using electronic devices based on Android or IOS. Every day you will receive more and more new knowledge that will allow you to easily adapt in Sweden, make a career, make a good deal, find new friends or a life partner.

Evaluation of information

...languages how about a fascinating occupation, and involuntarily you are imbued with the feeling that how should learn...– you can study any language on one's own. This is the most efficient way... which language you need and which- No. Lead by your own interest. Swedish ......

Practical Swedish course with mp3

The purpose of the manual is a comprehensive training in reading and understanding Swedish literature, developing skills colloquial speech and mastering the basics of Swedish pronunciation. The manual consists of the main course and an appendix, which includes a grammar table, keys to exercises and an alphabetical index.
3rd edition (2nd 1979) significantly revised; texts of a country-specific character are included, grammatical materials and a system of exercises are expanded.

Format: Pdf (book 14mb + mp3 76mb)
All in zip archive- Mb

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Practical Swedish course
depositfiles

Visa to Sweden

Swedish Audio Course by Living Language (Delta Publishing)

A short and simple course in everyday Swedish, giving you an idea of the basics.
It is necessary to listen to the speaker and repeat after him during pauses.
The text makes it possible to simultaneously see words and phrases in printed form with transcription.
Short lessons are convenient for work.
The creators of the course promise that after its completion you will be able to communicate on simple themes in Swedish.

Format: PDF, mp3 (zip)
9.8MB

Berlitz. Swedish language. Basic course

Publisher: Living language, 2006
Swedish audio course, compiled according to the method Berlitz, consists of 24 lessons (scenes). Each subsequent lesson is based on the material of the previous one. The scene includes a dialogue on one of the most common topics in the spoken language, comments on it, and exercises. All dialogues are recorded on audio. Recorded by native Swedish speakers. The complexity increases gradually, so that the language is assimilated naturally and easily. The basic language course includes: A textbook containing dialogues, simple grammar comments and exercises, and three audio cassettes with recorded dialogues.

Format: PDF + mp3 (>RAR)
Size: 310 MB

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Berlitz. Swedish language. Basic course
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Spoken Swedish in Dialogues (Book & Audio)

N. I. Zhukova, L. S. Zamotaeva, Yu. V. Perlova
Series: Colloquial in dialogues
2008
The benefit is intended for those who have basic knowledge Swedish grammar and wants to expand lexicon and master modern Swedish colloquial speech. The manual consists of training dialogues, built on the most likely conversational situations in which real language communication is modeled.

Format: PDF+MP3
Sizeo: 147.11 MB

Files that made it possible to get acquainted with the work in advance, and not to buy the book blindly, as well as to obtain information for residents of those regions where the purchase of this book is impossible, have been removed at the request of the publisher.

Swedish language. Tutorial for beginners (+ Audio course)

Khokhlova E.N., Bieren P.G.
AST-Press, 2011

The manual includes lessons on phonetics, vocabulary and grammar, exercises of varying degrees of difficulty with keys, lesson dictionaries, Swedish-Russian and Russian-Swedish dictionaries, grammar tables, humorous miniatures in Swedish. The tutorial is supplied with an audio supplement on CD, the text for which was recorded by native speakers of the Swedish language. The book contains color illustrations for regional study materials of the lessons. An accessible and step-by-step presentation of the material, explanations in Russian, an effective self-control system make the manual indispensable for those who have never studied languages or think that they have no ability for them. After completing the entire course, the reader will be able to communicate in Swedish in typical situations, read texts of medium complexity and not get into an awkward position due to ignorance of Swedish customs and norms of linguistic behavior.
Total playing time: 1 hour 40 minutes.

In this article, I will give you a couple of important guidelines + the introductory lesson itself.

To get started you need define your goals. After all, as you know, if you just go “somewhere”, then you will come to some random point. I suggest you clarify your plans for Swedish with the help of.

When you have clearly decided what Swedish is for and how you will use it, it's time to find the right materials. This article will help you, which, in addition to textbooks, also touches on additional manuals.

At this stage, it makes sense to familiarize yourself with. I am not a supporter of hammering the rules of pronunciation to the stop and only after mastering them move on. Therefore, I divided all the information about pronunciation into 3 logical blocks, which I give to my students gradually. You can read before or after this lesson. The main thing - do not read all three at once, otherwise there will be porridge in your head.

In this first lesson, you will learn to talk about the languages you speak and talk a little about yourself and other people.

For this you need a few verbs. Verbs are generally the most important thing in the language from the point of view of a beginner, since it is with their help that the backbone of sentences is built - both simple and complex.

Talar- I say

Pratar- talking / talking

Heter- (my name is

Kommer(från) - I come; (I'm from) …

Ä r- I am, I am

Kan- can; I can; I know

Three ways to say that you speak such and such a language:

Jag talar svenska - I speak Swedish.
Jag pratar ryska. - I speak Russian.
Jag kan engelska. – I know English / I speak English.

”Talar” and ”pratar” both mean “I’m talking / talking”, but the second word sounds more colloquial (about the difference between talar-pratar-säger is). It can also mean "talking". By the way, textbooks usually give exactly the variant with “talar”, while in colloquial speech the variant “pratar” dominates. If a Swede asks you “Do you speak Swedish?” he will most likely say: “ Pratar du svenska?”

Did you notice that the verb hasn't changed? Nice moment: if you know how to say “I say/know/food…”, then you know both “you say/know/go” and “we say/…”, “she says/…”. Convenient, isn't it? One verb form for all!

This works for all verbs with no exceptions. Not at all like in English, where it is difficult for a beginner to keep in mind that I have, but he has; She is, but you are and I am .

One more important thing (and nice too): Asking questions is very easy. You just need to swap “WHO” (you / you / she / me / your family, etc.) and the verb (“say”, “go”, “do”, etc.).

No frills like " auxiliary verbs”, as in English (do, does, did) is not necessary, which is good news.

Kan du engelska?– Do/do you speak/do you speak English? Do you know English?

”Kan” basically corresponds to the English ”can”, but can also mean “I know” in the context of foreign languages. Interestingly, in English you cannot say “I know English” (although Russians often try to say this by analogy with their native language), but in Swedish you can - just like in Russian.

Have you already noticed that the three languages mentioned - svenska, engelska, ryska - all end in -ska? This is a typical ending for the names of languages in Swedish. By the way, the word "language" itself is ett språk, and "foreign language" is ett främmande språk.

Other language examples:

tyska- German

franska- French

kinesiska- Chinese

spanska– spanish

(Yes, the names of languages—and nationalities!—are capitalized. English speakers often try to capitalize them.)

I also want to note that words of Scandinavian origin are typically stressed on the first syllable, so if you are not sure, it is better to pronounce an unfamiliar word with stress on the first syllable.

Here is how the stress falls in the words above: tálar, prátar, éngelska, rýska, svénska, kinésiska…

You probably want to say "I a little I speak Swedish" or "I not I speak Swedish.

Jag kan lite svenska. – I speak a little Swedish.

Jag pratar bara lite svenska. I only speak a little Swedish.

Jag kan inte svenska. – I don’t know Swedish / I don’t speak Swedish.

Jag talar inte svenska. – I don’t speak Swedish.

OBS! Note! Unlike the Russian language, in Swedish the negation "not" (inte) put after verb!

Talar du ryska? – Nej, jag kan inte ryska. - You speak Russian? – No, I don’t know Russian.

Jag förstar inte svenska. – I don’t understand Swedish.

How to tell about yourself?

Swedes don't usually say "My name is..." (=Mitt namn är...), although it is possible. But normal version developments like this:

— Vad heter du? - Jag heter ... (Margarita).

- What is your name? - My name is Margarita).

That is, literally - "I am called / called."

"Vad" = what.

Another important word for questions about a person is ”var” (=where).

Var bor du?- Where do you live?

Var ifrån kommer du?/Var kommer du ifrån? - Where you're from)?

Those familiar with English can easily recognize the English "from" in the word ifrån (i + från). There are many more similarities waiting for you.

What can be the answer to such questions?

Var bor du? – Jag bor i Sverige (I live in Sweden).

Var kommer du ifran? – Jag kommer/är från Ryssland (I'm from Russia).

The pitfalls here are pronunciation. Everyone strives to say [boron] and [sverige]. But no!

bor / [bu:r]

Sverige / [sverige]

By the way, how do you say “Can you speak Swedish?” Negra ideer? Any ideas?

Basically, you know all these words. Then maybe ”Kan du talar/pratar svenska?” In fact, this phrase will mean "You know how to speak ish in Swedish?

The correct option is ”Kan du tala/prata svenska?”

The catch here is this: Swedish has a verb form for the present tense (usually ending in –r), and there is an infinitive (for example, “deeds be ”, “chita be ”, “look be "). This form - the infinitive - usually ends in -a:

Present tense vs. Infinitive

prat ar prat a

tal ar tal a

komm er komm a

het er het a

ar var a

kan kunn a

forstå r forstå

Surely the last three lines have raised questions in you. You will find answers to them very soon, in.

In the meantime, I suggest you practice what you learned in this lesson, using an example different countries, peoples and their languages.

First exercise

Look, the first word in the line is the country, the second is the people/nationality, and the third is their language.

Till exempl(for example):

Finland-finnar-finska(Finland - Finns - Finnish)

You need to say: Finnar b o r i Finland. De pr a tar/t a lar finska. (Finns live in Finland. They speak Finnish).

Nu kor vi! Go!

USA-amerik a ner-engelska

Spanien-spanj o rer—spanska

Frankrike-fransman-franska

England/St o rbritannien-engelsman-engelska

Ryssland - ryssar - ryska

Sveri g e - svenskar - svenska

Ki na- ki neser- ki nesiska

no rg e - norrmän - no rs ka

Danmark-danskar-danska

—————————————————————————

Second exercise

Write short texts about people you know.

Use the following pattern:

Jag har en pojkvän.

Hanheter Alexander.

Han är ryss/Han kommer från Ryssland.

Hanär 28 (år gammal).

Han pratar ryska och engelska.

Pojkvan means "boyfriend" (like "boyfriend").

The following words may be helpful to you:

en flickvan– girl (as “girlfriend”)

en kompis- friend, friend (also girlfriend)

en arbetskamrat- colleague

en brevvä n- pen pal

Vi h ö rs ! (Let's hear on!)

O T A V T O R O V

C exist different ways learning a foreign language. One of them is the study of the language by the self-instruction manual. The book you are holding in your hands is intended for those who have never learned Swedish and want to learn it on their own.

The self-instruction manual consists of a phonetic introductory course and 23 lessons of the main course. In each lesson you will find an interesting text about the life of two friends - Kaisa and Pia or a text about life in Sweden, its culture and history. Also, each lesson provides information from the area of grammar and simple exercises with keys (i.e. the right options completing tasks). All keys are collected in the corresponding section at the end of the tutorial. The fact that the exercise is equipped with a key is indicated using a special icon, for example:

Ñ EXERCISE E3 .

For those who are seriously interested in the Swedish way of life, the “Country Studies” section is intended, where you can read about the Swedes and Sweden in Russian or Swedish. Each lesson has short dictionary new words used in the lesson, and at the end of the textbook there are complete Swedish-Russian and Russian-Swedish dictionaries.

The book is supplied with a CD, listening to which you can get acquainted with live Swedish speech. By doing listening exercises, you will be able to master Swedish pronunciation and understand speech. In order for you not to forget to listen to the disc, we marked all the materials recorded on it and available in the book with a special icon, for example:

² DIALOGUE

Also in the textbook you will find many poems by Swedish poets and excerpts from books and newspapers. At the beginning of the textbook, the words are given with transcription (Russian letters), then the words will be given without transcription, since there are stable reading rules in Swedish. Simple texts at the beginning of the textbook, as well as some complex texts, will have a parallel translation.

We wish you a pleasant acquaintance with the Swedish language and Sweden. Valkommen!

Ekaterina Khokhlova graduated from the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University, where she studied the Swedish language and translation theory, and also studied at the University of Umeå in Sweden, and in this moment teaches Swedish at the Scandinavian School in Moscow. She loves Swedish music and Princess cake.

Pia Björen studied Russian in Moscow and St. Petersburg, and then decided to enter Faculty of Medicine at the University of Umeå in northern Sweden. She loves Russia, the Russian language, the cartoon about Pettson and Findus, as well as hot chocolate and dancing.

WATER COURSE

SWEDISH LANGUAGE

Swedish is the official language of Sweden and is spoken by about nine million people. In Finland it is the second state language, children study it at school. The Swedish language belongs to the group of Germanic languages. It is very similar to Norwegian and Danish and is the most popular Scandinavian language among foreigners, perhaps because it is spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of the entire Scandinavian Peninsula. Swedish grammar and vocabulary have much in common with English and German.

Compare:

Swedish often resembles German to foreigners, probably because, being the language of the Germanic group, Swedish in the Middle Ages and the New Age experienced repeated German influence: then many merchants, builders and artisans came to Sweden, who brought German words into the language. Swedish, like German, has many long multi-rooted words, like pianomusik - piano music,musikskola- School of Music etc. The Swedes themselves joke that the Swedish language is English grammar plus German words.

Swedish grammar is much easier than German. The most difficult thing to learn is the vocabulary and melody of the language.

As you know, a language lives longer if there are wonderful works of literature in it. Famous Swedish writers Astrid Lindgren and Selma Lagerlöf are known all over the world. Swedish children's books and Swedish detective stories (Henning Mankell, Håkan Nesser, Lisa Marklund) are read with pleasure in many countries. By learning Swedish, you will be able to join the rich cultural heritage of this northern country. Since Swedish is similar to other Scandinavian languages: Norwegian, Danish and Icelandic, knowing it will help you navigate other languages as well. Scandinavian countries. Now let's get to know Swedish alphabet.

	WATER COURSE
	Swedish alphabet

² Swedish	letter name


	A: (a)	en katt [katt] - cat
	Be: (be)	att bo [boo:] - live
	Se: (se)	ett centrum [centrum] - center
	De: (de)	en dag [yes:g] -day
	E: (uh)	elak [*e:lacquer] - evil
	Ef: (ef)	fem [femm] - five
	Ge: (ge)	en gata [* ha: ta] - street
	Ho: (ho)	en hall [hall] - hallway
	I: (and:)	en sil [si: l] - sieve
	Ji: (yi)	Jonas [* yu: us] - Jonas (name)
	Ko: (ko)	en ko [ku:] - cow
	El: (el)	en lampa [* lamp] - lamp
	Em: (uh)	en man [mann] - man
	En: (en)	ett namn [namn] - name
	U: (u)	en ros [ru:s] - rose
	Pe: (pe)	ett par [pa: p] - a couple
	Ku: (ku)	Enquist [e: nquist] - Enquist (surname)
	Air (er)	en rad [ra: d] -series
	Es: (es)	en sil [si: l] - sieve
	Te: (those)	en teve [* those: ve] - TV
	Uu: (u)	under [under] - under
	Ve: (ve)	en vas [vas: s] - vase
	Dubbelve: (dubbelve)	en watt [watt] - watt (unit)
	Ek:s (ex)	sex-six
	Y: (between y and y)	en by [bu:] -village
	*Se:ta (seta)	en zon [su: n] -zone
	O: (o:)	ett råd [ro: d] - advice
	æ: (uh:)	en häst [hast] - horse
	Ö: (between o and yo)	en ö [eh] -island

TO COMMENTS

Ÿ En/ett - indefinite article nouns; It is better to memorize words immediately with articles.

Ÿ Att - a particle denoting the infinitive of the verb.

Ÿ '/* - accent marks, they are discussed below.

Ÿ The length of a vowel sound is indicated by the sign: (for example, a:).

Longitude of sounds

Swedish vowels and consonants are long and short. Let's look at vowels first.

Longitude of vowels

Vowels in unstressed syllables and vowels in closed syllables are short. Vowels in open syllable- long .

WATER COURSE

An open syllable in Swedish is a syllable in which, after a vowel, there is one consonant or a consonant and a vowel: en ra d [ra: d] -series. A syllable is considered closed if two consonants or one consonant at the end of a word are presented: en ha tt [ hatt] - hat.

Compare!

² Long vowel - short vowel

Remember!

If there are several long vowels in a word, then they have different lengths. The longest is a stressed vowel, usually in the first syllable. The stressed vowel is automatically lengthened. For example: in the word en lärare [*le: rare] teacher sound [e] - stressed and the longest, sound -

less stressed and shorter, and the final sound [e] is unstressed and the shortest.

Longitude of consonants

A long consonant sound is indicated in writing by a double consonant letter: att titt a look, att hopp ajump.

An exception:

long [k:] is indicated on the letter by the combination ck [kk]: en flick a [* flikka] girl, en brick a [* brikka] tray, att tack a [* takka] thank.

In transcription, a long consonant is traditionally denoted by a colon,. In this textbook, for ease of reading the transcription, it will be denoted by doubling the letter: en flicka [* flicka] girl.

When pronouncing a long consonant, you should make a mini-pause in the middle of the sound and draw the consonant as you would with a vowel. Pronouncing two consonants together is a mistake!

Remember!

1. The length of sounds should be observed, since many words differ from each other only in longitude and an error in pronunciation can distort the meaning. For example:

en sil [si: l] sieve; en sill [sill] herring.

Agree, it is better not to confuse them!

2. There are no diphthongs in Swedish - double vowels pronounced as one sound. All sounds are pronounced separately. For example:

Europa [*euru:pa] Europe.

3. There are no sounds [h], [c], [h], [j] in Swedish, and the letters q [k], z [s], w [c] are found only

in surnames and words of foreign origin. For example:

Waldemar Waldemar (first name), Enquist Enquist (surname) .

WATER COURSE

stress

The Swedish language (along with Norwegian) differs from other Scandinavian and European languages in that it has a melody created by tonic stress. According to scientists, the ancient Indo-European language Sanskrit had the same melody. This type of stress is characteristic of many Oriental languages, but is unique to European ones. So, in Swedish there are two types of stress: tonic and dynamic.

Tonic (musical, melodic) stress -gravis - can be learned by imitating native speakers or using the “Chinese dummy” method: imagine that when you pronounce a word, you shake your head from side to side.

In this case, the main stress falls on the first syllable, and an additional, weaker one, on the second. Sometimes a word can have as many as three stresses, as in the word U ppsa la Uppsala or lä rare teacher, for example, and then they differ in strength: the first stress is the strongest, the second is weaker, the third is barely audible. Especially well it is possible to convey the melody of the Swedish language to people with a good ear for music.

Tonic stress can only be in words consisting of more than one syllable. It is always present in the infinitive of a verb and in general words (see the section on Noun Gender) ending in a vowel, and also often in two- and three-syllable words, like en ordbok dictionary, ett vinglas goblet, en folkvisa folk song, and words ending in complex suffixes -dom, -skap, -lek, etc. To learn how to pronounce words with Swedish intonation and correctly stress, you need to listen to an audio recording and repeat after the announcer. It is very useful to read verses in which the rhythm and rhyme will tell you how to correctly place the stresses.

² EXERCISE #1. Listen and repeat after the speaker.

att tala [* ta: la] - speak	mellan [* mellan] - between
att måla [* mo: la] - draw	en doca [*docka] - doll
att rita [* ri: ta] - draw	en pojke [* pojke] - boy
att hoppa [* hoppa] - jump	en bricka [*brikka] - a tray
att titta [* titta] - watch	en lärare [* lärare] - teacher
att veta [* ve: ta] - know	en mamma [* mamma] - mother
elak [*e:lacquer] - evil	en pappa [* pappa] - dad

IN some words have only normal stress,power (dynamic), as in Russian. It falls mainly on the first syllable: gammal old, en sy ster sister, en vi nter winter. In words of foreign origin, the stress often falls on the last syllable en stude ntstudent, ett bibliote klibrary, ett konditori confectionery). IN foreign words there is no tonic stress - grave.

IN In this textbook, tonic stress in transcription is indicated by * at the beginning of a word. The absence of the * sign means that the stress in the word is not tonic, but only forceful (dynamic). If such stress falls on the first syllable, it is not indicated in the transcription. If the usual, force stress does not fall on the initial syllable, its place is indicated by the sign ’ immediately before the stressed vowel.

WATER COURSE

Reading and pronunciation

The table below gives an approximate pronunciation of Swedish sounds.

Vowels

BUT - reads like [a] (like the first sound in a word a stra): long -en dag [yes: g] day; short -en hatt [hatt] hat

Å - reads like [o] (like the first sound in the word blako): en båt [bo: t] boat, ett ålder [older] age

ABOUT - reads like [y] in words en bok [bu: k] book, en moster [* muster] aunt

It reads like [o] in the word en son [co: n] son

U - reads like a sound between [and] and [y] (while the lips are stretched, as if you wanted to pronounce [and], but it turned out [y]): du [du:] you, en buss [bus] bus

E - reads like a sound, the middle between [e] and [e], as in the Russian phrase: tre [tre:] three, vettig [* vettig]

reasonable

- without stress at the end of the word is pronounced as [e]: en lärare [*larare] teacher

Ä - reads like [e] (like the first sound in a word e that one): att äta [*e: that] is, att mäta [me: that] measure

Before r, it is pronounced as an open sound [e] (as in English a man or Russian five - the lips are stretched, the jaw is lowered down): en ära [e: ra] honor

I - reads like [and] (like the first sound in a word and me ):en bil [bi: l] car, att hitta [* hitta] find

Y - there is no equivalent in Russian; foreigners in such cases often hear [and]):

ny [nu:] new, nyss [nycc] just now

Ö - reads like a sound between [o] and [e] (there is no such sound in Russian, the closest in sound is -ё in the word ё zy): en snö -snow, en höst [höst] autumn

Remember!

The letter o can represent the sounds [o] and [y]. There are no rules.

Consonants

Remember!

There are no sounds [c], [h], [h], [j] in Swedish. Swedes pronounce many words in a special way.

C - reads like [c] before i, e, y, ä, ö (as the first sound in the word blue): en cirkus [circus] circus, in other positions - like [k]: en crawl [cro: l] - crawl

G - reads like [th] before i ,e ,y ,ä ,ö :ge [ye:] give - and at the end of words after l ,r :färg [far]

- read as [r] in other positions: gav [ha:v] gave

- at the end of words it can either be pronounced or not pronounced, cf .: ett lag [lag] command, ett slag [slug] blow, but: jag [ya: g] i, rolig [* ru: l: i] cheerful, onsdag [* unsda] Wednesday

	WATER COURSE
		End of table

	It reads like [x], but it sounds weaker than in Russian, and resembles an exhalation: att ha [ha:] have

	It reads like [th]: jag [th: yag] I, maj [May] May

	It sounds softer than in Russian: tolv [tolv] twelve, en sil [si: l] sieve
	As in English, they are pronounced with a breath, on the exhale, like h

	It reads like [ks]: ett exempel [ex'empel] example, sex [sex] six

	Reads like Russian [c]: en zon [su: n] zone

Difficult cases of pronunciation

Ÿ The combination rs is read as [w] both inside the word: mars [mash] March, torsdag [* tushda] Thursday, att förstå [fesht'o] understand, and at the junction of different words: var snäll [washn'ell] be kind .

Ÿ The letter r in combinations rd ,rl ,rt ,rn after a vowel is pronounced in the throat and is barely heard, as in English words car, barn. Examples: bort [bort] away, ett barn [‘bar n] child. The sound [p] of this quality will be marked with an underline: [p].

Ÿ In combinations rg, lg, arg -g at the end of words after a consonant, it is pronounced like [th]: en älg [‘el] elk, arg [ary] evil, en borg [fight] castle.

Ÿ In combinations ng, gn, when pronouncing, the air seems to go into the nose - the sound [n] nasal is pronounced, which corresponds to the nasal [n] in French and English. The letter g is not pronounced. Occurs in the words: Ingmar [ing mar] Ingmar (name), en vagn [vagn] wagon, många [* mong a]

many.

Ÿ In combination nk, a nasal sound [n] is also pronounced, while k is pronounced: en bank [bank to]

bank.

Ÿ In words that begin with combinations dj, lj, hj, gj, the first consonant is not pronounced: djup [yu: p] deep, ett ljud [yu: d] sound, en hjälp [yelp] help.

Ÿ Combinations tj, kj are pronounced like a Russian sound [u]: en kjol [schul] skirt, tjugo [* shyugu] twenty.

Ÿ sj ,skj and stj - there are three different options pronunciation of these sounds different regions Sweden. Swedish learners are advised to choose one option and stick with it. For example, you can pronounce something between [x] and [w], as if [w] with aspiration: en stjärna [* sherna / herna] star, en skjorta [* shu: mouth / hu: mouth] shirt, sju [shu :/xy:]seven .

Ÿ The combination -ti - in the suffix -tion- is pronounced as [w] or [x] -en station [stash / x’y: n] station, en revolution [revolution / x’y: n] revolution.

Attention!

Please note that the sound [w] can be pronounced in different ways, so listen to the audio recording and try to imitate native speakers.

Remember!

The sound [th] in Swedish is pronounced in two ways:

Ÿ marked in writing with the letter j, pronounced, as in Russian, - [th] (as the first sound in the word, York);

Ÿ marked with the letter g, it has an overtone [gh] (as in Ukrainian - [gh] ribs, ma [gh] azin): ett gym [yumm] - gym, att gilla [* yilla] - to love.

WATER COURSE

Pronunciation g ,k ,sk

The consonants g, k, sk are pronounced differently depending on the vowel after them.

	Before a ,å ,o ,u

g is pronounced like [g]	k is pronounced like [k]	sk is pronounced like [sk]

en ga ta [* ha: ta] street	en ka tt [katt] cat	en sko la [*sku:la] school
en gå rd [mountain :d] yard	ett ko rt card	en sko [sku:] shoe
ga len [*ga: len] crazy	en kå l [ko: l] cabbage	en ska ta [* ska: ta] magpie


	Before e ,i ,y ,ä ,ö

g is pronounced like [y/gh]	k is pronounced like [u]	sk is pronounced like [w]

att gi lla [*yilla] love	kä r [shche: r] in love	en ski da [*shy: yes] ski
ett gy m [yumm] gym	att ki ttla [* shield] to tickle	att sky lla [*shulla] blame
gjä rna [* ye: r on] willingly	att köpa [wood chips] to buy	en skä rm [sharm] screen

² EXERCISE #2. Listen and repeat after the speaker.

ett hjärta [*er ta] - heart djup [yu: p] - deep

ett ljud [yu: d] - sound

att ljuga [* yu: ha] - deceive gjorde [* yu: r de] - did

ett centrum [centrum] - center en cirkus [circus] -circus

en zon [su: n] - zone

en zebra [se: bra] - zebra (long [e] in this word is an exception to the rule)

ja [ya] - yes jag [ya] -ya

jätte- [* jette] - very maj [may] -may

en pojke [* pojke] - boy

ett ba: rn [bar n] - child bort [bor t] - away

ett kort [kur t] - card ett hjärta [* yer ta] - heart en karta [* ka: r ta] - card

arg [ary] - evil en älg [el] -moose

en borg [borg] - fortress Göteborg [yoteb'ory] -Gothenburg

många [* mong a] - a lot of Ingmar [* ing mar] - Ingmar ett regn [regn] - rain

en vagn [vagn] -car, carriage

en station [stash'u: n] - station

en revolution [revolutionary: n] - revolution en situation [situash'u: n] -situation old god [gu:] -kind

att gilla [*yilla] - like, love ett gym [yumm] - gym gärna [* ye: p on] - willingly

att gömma [* yomma] - hide

en katt [katt] - cat

en karta [* ka: r ta] - map

ett kort [chicken t] - card en kål [ko: l] - cabbage

en skola [* sku: la] - school

en sko [sku:] - boot / shoe

ett skådespel [* sko: despe: l] - performance en skam [* skam] - shame

en skida [* shi: yes] - ski en skärm [* sherm] -screen

ett skimmer [*shimmer] - shine

Numbers and numbers

EXAMPLES FOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

5 + 6 = 11 fem plus sex är elva 11 – 5 = 6 elva minus fem är sex 3 + 4 = 7 tre plus fyra är sju

10 – 2 = 8 tio minus två är åtta

Note:

Hon heter Riita.

Jag har en svensk kompis.

Hon heter Pia. Hon bor också i Umeå.

My name is Kaisa. I am twenty years old.

I I live now in Umeå, Sweden, but I came from Finland.

I speak Finnish, Russian and a little English.

My mother is from Russia. Her name is Lena.

My father is from Finland. He loves Sweden.

I study Literature and Swedish at Umeå University.

At I have a young man. His name is Walter.

He is a lawyer.

At I also have a sister. Her name is Reita.

At I have a Swedish girlfriend.

Her name is Pia. She also lives in Umeå.

Words and expressions to the text

Here and below, the words are given with grammatical marks. For nouns (advokat -en, -er lawyer), the ending of a certain form is indicated -advokat en (see lesson 4, p. 43) and plural-advokat er (see lesson 7, p. 66), for verbs - the type of conjugation (see later in this lesson p. 13, and also lesson 18, p. 159). Other parts of speech are not supplied with comments.

advokat -en, -er - lawyer	heta (2) - be called	också - too
bo (3) - live	hon - she	pojkvän -nen, -ner - boyfriend,
engelska -n - English	i - in	young man
finska -n - Finnish language	kompis -en, -ar - friend	studera (1) - study
från - from	lite - a little	svensk - swedish
gilla (1) - to love	min - mine	svenska -n - Swedish
ha (4) - to have	nu - now, now	tala (1) - to speak
han - he	oh-and