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Rules for division into syllables. Proclitic - an unstressed syllable before a stressed one, for example, I thought

Linguists distinguish such a thing as syllables. Language learners need to be able to correctly determine their boundaries in words and distinguish them by type. Consider the most basic types of syllables, as well as the rules for division.

Slogs - what is it?

There are different approaches to the definition of this concept. From a phonetic point of view, a syllable is one sound or a group of sounds accompanied by an expiratory push. There are always exactly as many syllables in a word as there are vowels in it. We can say that a syllable is the minimum pronunciation unit.

Syllabic (or syllable-forming sound) is a vowel. The consonant, respectively, is considered non-syllable.

Types of syllables

Syllables are also classified into open and closed. Closed syllables end in a consonant, while open syllables end in a vowel. In the Russian language, there is a tendency towards the openness of the syllable.

Also, if a syllable begins with a vowel, it is open, and if it starts with a consonant, then it is covered.

There are also syllables according to the acoustic structure:

  • ascending, where from a less sonorous (deaf consonant) comes and / or a sonorous consonant, and / or a vowel (pa-pa).
  • descending, where, unlike the ascending one, the syllable starts from a vowel, and then already sonorant consonants and / or deaf ones (mind) go.
  • ascending-descending, where a kind of "slide" is obtained, in which consonants first go according to the degree of sonority, then the top is a vowel sound, and then - "descent" down, starting with the most sonorous consonants (ping-pong).
  • even syllables - one vowel, that is, open and open syllables are even and consist of only one vowel (a).

Stressed and unstressed syllables

A stressed syllable is a syllable whose vowel is stressed, that is, the vowel is in a strong position. Unstressed syllables are not stressed.

And unstressed syllables, in turn, are divided into two types in relation to the stressed syllable: stressed and pre-stressed. It is not difficult to guess that the pre-stressed ones stand before the stressed syllable, the stressed ones, respectively, after. They are also divided into pre-stressed / post-stressed syllables of a different order in relation to the stressed one. The first pre-shock or pre-shock is closest to the one being struck, the second in order is behind the first shock and pre-shock, and so on.

Take for example the word che-re-do-va-ni-e, where all syllables, it is worth noting, are open. The fourth syllable -va- will be stressed, the first prestressed - syllable -do-, the second - -re-, the third - che-. But the first shock will be -ne-, the second - -e.

How to divide a word into syllables?

All words can be divided into syllables. In different languages, division can occur in different ways. But how does the division work in Russian? What are the nuances of the rule?

In general, the division takes place according to general principles:

  • How many vowels, so many syllables. If a word has one vowel sound, then this is one syllable, since vowels are syllable-forming. For example, these are the words: cat, whale, that, current, which consist of one syllable.
  • A syllable can only be a vowel sound. For example, the word "this" is divided into syllables as e-that.
  • Open syllables end in vowels, closed syllables end in consonants. Examples of openness: mo-lo-ko, de-le-ni-e, ko-ro-va. Closed syllables are found, as a rule, at the end of a word or at the junction of consonants (com-pot, mole, give). In the Russian language, as already mentioned, there is a tendency towards openness of the syllable.
  • If the word contains the letter "y", then it goes to the previous syllable. For example, mine.
  • At the junction of two vowels, there is a division in the middle, because there cannot be two vowels in one syllable. In this case, it turns out that the first syllable is open, and the second is open (ha-os).
  • All sonorants (m, n, l, p) at the junction of consonants before the deaf usually "stick" to the sounds preceding them, forming a syllable.

Theories of syllable division

Nevertheless, there is no clear framework for what exactly is a syllable and where its boundaries lie. The main thing is the presence of a vowel, but the definition of boundaries can occur in different ways. There are several main theories of syllable division.

  • Sonor theory, which is based on the principle of a syllable sonority wave. It was developed by a scientist from Denmark, Otto Jespersen, and for the Russian language, the idea was continued by R. I. Avanesov. He singled out four degrees of sonority, starting with more sonorant ones and ending with non-sonor ones. At the top are vowels, then sonorants go in the second degree, voiced noisy ones in the third degree, and completely deaf consonants in the fourth place. That is, a syllable is a combination of a vowel with less up to non-sonor ones.
  • The expiratory theory (expiratory) implies that a syllable is one expiratory push. How many pushes, so many syllables. However, the minus of this theory lies in the uncertainty of the syllable boundary at the junction of consonants. In this theory, you can use a candle to figure out how many syllables (air pushes) there are in a word.
  • The theory of "muscular tension" carries the idea that the syllable combines levels of maximum and minimum muscular tension (ie, tension of the organs of speech). The syllable boundary will be the sounds of minimal muscular tension.

Now that you know the rules for dividing words into syllables, you won't have any problems wrapping words.

Syllable Is it one sound or several sounds,
pronounced with one expiratory push of air:
mountain, machine.

Rules for dividing words into syllables in Russian

1. In Russian, there are sounds that are different in audibility: vowels are more sonorous compared to consonants.

  • There are so many syllables in a word how many vowels. Vowels form syllables, are syllable-forming.
  • Consonants are non-syllabic. When pronouncing a word, consonants are “attached” to vowels, forming a syllable together with vowels.

2. A syllable can consist of one sound (and then it is necessarily a vowel) or several sounds (in this case, in addition to the vowel, the syllable has a consonant or a group of consonants) : defense-defense; line-line;If a syllable consists of two or more sounds, then it must begin with a consonant.

3. Syllables are open and closed.

  • open syllable ends in a vowel: go-yes, wall-on.
  • Closed syllable ends in a consonant: juice.
  • In the middle of a word, a syllable usually ends in vowel sound, and the consonant or group of consonants following the vowel usually goes to the next syllable: no-ski, di-kta-tor.
  • In the middle of a word, closed syllables can form only unpaired voiced consonants [th], [p], [p'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'] (sonor): ma y-ka, San-ka, si m-ka.

4. Sometimes two consonants can be written in a word, and one sound, for example: outlive[izh:yt']. Therefore, in this case, two syllables are distinguished: and-live. Division into parts out-live corresponds to the rules of word hyphenation, and not division into syllables. The same can be seen in the example of the verb leave, in which the combination of consonants zzh sounds like one sound [w:]; so the division into syllables will be - leave, and the division of the word to carry - leave.

Attention!

  • Division twist-sya, presses-sya is a division into parts for transfer, and not a division into syllables, since in such forms the combination of letters ts, ts sounds like a single sound [ts].
  • When dividing into syllables, letter combinations ts, ts go entirely to the next syllable: see, wait.

5. When combining several consonants in the middle of a word:

  • two identical consonants necessarily go to the next syllable: about- leak, yes;
  • two or more consonants usually go to the next syllable: sha-pka, ra- clear. An exception make up combinations of consonants in which the first is an unpaired voiced (sonorous): letters p, p, l, l, m, m, n, n, d:mar-ka, dawn-ka, bul-ka, stele-ka, lady-ka, ban-ka, ban-ka, lay-ka

Teaching letters to preschoolers (children 4-6 years old) online in a playful way

The purpose of the section is to introduce the kids to writing a letter, to teach them to perceive letters by ear.

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The purpose of the section is to move from letters to reading words. Thanks to this section, the kids will understand how words are made up of letters.

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A large number of adapted and speaking texts for children.

Literacy lessons and learning to read

In the lessons of learning to read, it is important to offer children exercises to prepare their hands for the writing process. These are graphic games and graphic tasks preceded by finger gymnastics. Finger gymnastics are the simplest exercises built on flexion and extension of the fingers, clenching the hand into a fist, tapping the fingers on the surface of the table. The purpose of such exercises is to strengthen the muscles of the hand, relieve their excess tension, and relieve hand trembling. As a result of performing graphic exercises, the children learn:

a) freely direct movements in scope, degree of pressure on the pencil, in rhythm;

b) navigate on a sheet of paper;

c) represent lines of different directions with an uninterrupted movement of the hand.

You should not offer the child to write the elements of letters or the letters themselves, small graphic elements, because. it requires precision and not a little willpower.

It is necessary to widely use hatching, tracing contours. Assigning a group of contour images to the line (plums, apples, acorns, etc.) creates the skill of following the line, saving the size of the figure, reproducing the image. All this will be necessary at school when writing letters in a notebook. It is important that each graphic exercise has its own name "Christmas tree garland", "Leaf pattern", "Airplanes", etc. Such a figurative correlation enables children to see the object behind the contour, develops imagination, creativity, complex painstaking work on organizing graphic skills interesting and attractive for a preschooler.

In the lessons on teaching literacy, it is necessary to include elements of imagotherapy and its varieties - puppet therapy. Given the complexity of the material, the use of such an image understandable and familiar to children - a doll, increases the interest of preschoolers in the lesson, stimulates their attention and performance. In the presented methodological scenarios of classes, the fairy-tale character Pencil is included. This hero is associated with the concept of "letter", "letter". His tasks in the lesson are varied: he introduces children to new material, plays educational games with them, makes “mistakes” that children correct with pleasure, creates an increased emotional background, mood.

At the lessons on teaching literacy, attention should be paid to the intonational picturesqueness of speech. It is important to teach a child to distinguish intonation a sound in a word, a word in a sentence. Recreating the melody of speech, the skills of setting stress, the ability to control the pace and rhythm of speech will lay the foundations for expressive reading, teach the child to find meaningful information, convey his thoughts and feelings in speech.

The article was devoted to the topic "Syllables Grade 1".

Syllable

Syllable- the minimum unit of pronunciation of speech sounds into which you can divide your speech with pauses. The word in speech is divided not into sounds, but into syllables. In speech, it is syllables that are recognized and pronounced. Therefore, with the development of writing among all peoples, syllabic signs first appeared in alphabets, and only then letters reflecting individual sounds.

The division into syllables is based on the difference in sonority between sounds. A sound more sonorous than neighboring sounds is called syllable-forming and forms a syllable.

A syllable usually has a top (core) and a periphery. As a core, i.e. the syllabic sound, as a rule, is a vowel, and the periphery consists of a non-syllabic (non-syllabic) sound or several such sounds, which are usually represented by consonants. But a syllable can consist of only one vowel without periphery, e.g. diphthong in English pronoun I"I" or two or more vowels (Ital. vuoi). Peripheral vowels are non-syllable.

But syllables may not have a vowel, for example, in the patronymic Ivanovna or in the interjections “ks-ks”, “tsss”. Consonants can be syllable-forming if they are sonants or if they are between two consonants. Such syllables are very common in Czech: prst"finger" (cf. Old Russian. finger), trh"market" (cf. Rus. bargain), vlk"Wolf", srdce, srbsky, Trnka(famous Czech linguist). In a sentence Vlk prchl skrz tvrz(the wolf ran through the fortress) there is not a single vowel. But in examples from the Czech language, it is clear that the syllable-forming consonant is always sonorant.

The division into syllables is explained by different theories that complement each other.

Sonor theory: in a syllable, the most sonorous sound is syllabic. Therefore, in order of decreasing sonority, syllabic sounds are most often vowels, sonorous voiced consonants, noisy voiced consonants, and sometimes voiceless consonants (shh).

Dynamic theory: syllabic sound - the strongest, most intense.

expiratory theory: a syllable is created by one moment of exhalation, by a push of exhaled air. How many syllables are in a word, so many times the candle flame will flicker when pronouncing the word. But often the flame behaves contrary to the laws of this theory (for example, with a two-syllable "ay" it flickers once).

Types of syllables

open syllable is a syllable ending in a vowel, e.g. yes, ay.

Closed syllable is a syllable ending in a consonant, e.g., hell, mind, cat.

Covered syllable starts with a consonant, e.g. happy, pop.

naked syllable starts with a vowel: ah, he, ah,.

In Russian, there are mostly open syllables, and in Japanese almost all are open (Fu-ji-ya-ma, i-ke-ba-na, sa-mu-rai, ha-ra-ki-ri).

There are also cases of extremely closed and covered syllables, for example, splash, Eng. and fr. strict(strict), German. sprichst(speaking), Georgian - msxverpl(victim).

There are languages ​​where roots and syllables are the same. Such languages ​​are called monosyllabic, for example. whale. lang. - typical monosyllabic.

Often in speech it is very difficult to determine the boundary of a syllable.

Rus. They led by the hand - they took their friends away. They beat the viper - they killed the vipers. Palette - half a liter.

English. an ocean - a notion; an aim - a name.

Supersegmental units of language

The sound units of a language can be segmental (linear) and supersegmental.

Segment units- these are sounds (phonemes), syllables, words, etc. Longer language units are divided into shorter segments.

Supersegment units, or else prosodic(from Greek. prosodia- chorus, stress) are layered on a chain of segments - syllables, words, phrases, sentences. Typical supersegmental units are stress and intonation.

Tact- a group of words united by one stress and separated from each other by a pause.

Proclitic- unstressed syllable before stressed, e.g., I dat small.

Enclitic- an unstressed syllable after a stressed one, e.g. znbut YuI .

Unstressed words often act as enclitics - articles, prepositions, particles. Sometimes they pull the stress on themselves: “p about d hand."

Thus, word and bar boundaries may not match.

stress

Stress (accent) is the selection of a sound, syllable, word, group of words.

The three main types of stress are power, quantitative and musical.

    Power (dynamic) stress is related to the amplitude of the vibrations of the sound wave, the larger the amplitude, the stronger the sound is pronounced.

    Quantitative (quantitative) stress is associated with the duration, longitude of the sound, the stressed syllable has a longer duration than unstressed syllables.

    Musical (polytonic) stress is related to the relative pitch, with the change in this pitch.

Usually in languages ​​with stress, all three stresses are intertwined, but one of them prevails and the main type of stress in a particular language is determined from it.

In Russian, power stress, being the main one, is accompanied by the longitude of the stressed syllable.

In Swedish, musical stress is accompanied by power stress.

There are languages ​​in which there is no stress at all, for example, in the Paleo-Asiatic languages ​​(Chukotian, etc.).

The languages ​​with power stress as the main ones include Russian, Eng., French, German, Bash., Tat. and many others.

Quantitative stress as the main one is not used and is only used as a component in combination with other types of stress. In some languages, for example, Latin, versification is based on the alternation of long and short syllables (which corresponds to stressed and unstressed syllables in Russian versification). Therefore, to the ear of an Italian who is accustomed to verses based on dynamic stress, Latin verses are not rhythmic.

The languages ​​in which musical stress is widely used or plays the role of the main stress primarily include such oriental languages ​​as Chinese (4 tones in the literary, 6 tones in the Hong Kong dialect), Thai (5 tones), Vietnamese (6 tones), etc. In these languages, each syllable has its own tone, and since in these languages, as a rule, the syllable coincides with the word, each simple word has its own constant tone, which changes only occasionally during word formation.

In whale. lang. ma(1) with a flat tone means "mother", ma(2) with rising tone means "cannabis", ma(3) with a descending-ascending tone - "horse" and "number," ma(4) with a falling tone means "to swear."

Another example from the whale. lang.: verb Mai with a falling tone means "sell", a Mai with a descending-ascending tone - “buy”.

An even more amazing example of the distribution of tones in syllables can be found in the south of China in the Cantonese (Hong Kong) dialect, where there are 6 tones (tones are indicated by numbers): Fu 55 (upper case) - man, husband; Fu 35 (ascending upper register) - suffer, suffer; Fu 33 (outgoing upper case) - wealth, rich; Fu 21 (smooth lower case) - support, lean; Fu 13 (ascending lower case) - woman; Fu 22 (outgoing lower case) - father, older relative.

There are three types of musical stress in Japanese, but they only fall on stressed syllables, similar to dynamic stress in Russian.

hana (0) pronounced low on the first syllable and medium on the second means "nose, snot"; hana (1) pronounced high on the first syllable and low on the second means "beginning, end"; hana (2) pronounced low on the first syllable and high on the second means "flower".

In ancient Greek, there were also three types of musical stress. The stressed syllable was pronounced no stronger than the unstressed one, but with a higher tone.

Acute (lat. acutus) stress with a higher note, e.g., πατηρ [ pate r] - father; heavy accent (lat. gravity) with a lower note, e.g. αρχη [ arche ] - Start; light accent (lat. circumflex) with a combination of acute and heavy stresses, e.g., σωμα [ so ma] - body.

Of modern European languages, musical stress (2-3 types) is found in Serbian, Croatian, Latvian, Swedish, but always in combination with the main power stress.

Musical stress can be on a syllable or a word.

Syllable stress: Chinese, Tibetan, Burmese, Siamese (Thai), Vietnamese, Latvian, Serbian.

Accent: Japanese, Ainu, Tagalog, Malay, Swedish, Norwegian.

The word is stressed main(or secondary(\), e.g., yellowe zobetabout n.

Stress in languages ​​can be permanent (fixed), i.e. stressed syllables have a permanent place in a word, or free, i.e. not associated with a specific place in the word (tv about horn, creative about G).

One of the calculations showed that in the 444 studied languages, 25% of languages ​​have stress on the initial syllable, 18% on the penultimate syllable, 20% on the final syllable, and 33% of the languages ​​have free stress.

Constant stress on the first syllable is characteristic of the Czech, Hungarian, and Latvian languages. Wed Czech so bota"Saturday about ta", vo jak"soldier but T"; hung. a lma « I blocko, ba lta"axe".

Constant stress on the penultimate syllable (the second syllable from the end) is inherent in the Polish language, for example. matmaty ka, ko ziol"goat".

Most Spanish words also have stress on the penultimate syllable, especially those with a final vowel ( si esta).

Constant stress on the last syllable is characteristic of fr. lang., Turkic languages ​​​​(Bash., Tat., etc.), Persian (Farsi): fr. revolutio n, Bash., Tat. alma (apple), balta (axe), Tehran.

The most typical free-accent language is Russian.

Sometimes stress helps to distinguish the meanings of homographs - words with the same spelling, for example, kr at zhki - mug And, P about lki - regiment And.

In addition to the traditional stress, logical stress can be made in speech in order to emphasize the significance of a particular part of the sentence or to express an additional meaning to the main meaning of the phrase. For example, in the book A. M. Artaud “The Word Sounds”, the following example of logical stress is given:

“Let's take the standard phrase Give me a glass of tea and decompose it into its component meanings. If we focus onfirst word , open the following: “Enough chit-chat! I came tired, thirsty, give me a glass of tea, and then I will tell you all the news. Emphasis onsecond word : “They gave the neighbor on the right, they gave the neighbor on the left, they poured everyone, they asked everyone, they forgot about me - why is that? Give to me, if you give to everyone ... ". On thethird word : “You know perfectly well that I do not drink from a cup, give me a glass. You can at least a little reckon with my habits! And finally onfourth : "Tea! You see - no wine, no coffee! Nothing quenches thirst like good, fragrant tea!”

Intonation

All prosodic phenomena in syntactic units - phrases and words are called intonation.

Intonation consists of the following 5 elements, the first two of which are the main components of intonation:

    stress;

  1. speech rate;

    Syllable

    Syllable- this is the minimum phonetic-phonological unit, characterized by the greatest acoustic-articulatory fusion of its components, that is, the sounds included in it. The syllable has no connection with the formation and expression of semantic relations. This is a purely pronunciation unit. In a syllable, sounds of varying degrees of sonority are grouped, the most sonorous are syllable-forming, the rest are non-syllabic.

    Features of syllable formation

    In Russian, syllables are usually built according to the principle of ascending sonority, and the syllable division in non-final syllables most often occurs after the most sonorous sound. Types of syllables in Russian: open (-ta-) and closed (-at-), covered (-ta-) and uncovered (-ata-).

    In Russian, a vowel is a syllabic sound, so there are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels in it: aria(3 syllables), Lighthouse(2 syllables), flight(1 syllable).

    Syllables are either open (ending in a vowel) or closed (ending in a consonant). For example, in the word ko-ro-na all syllables are open, and in the word ar-buz both syllables are closed.

    All languages ​​have open syllables, but some, such as Hawaiian, do not have closed syllables.

    Syllables can be covered (begin with a consonant) or open (begin with a vowel). For example, in the word watermelon the first syllable is uncovered, and the second is covered.

    In order to determine how many syllables are in a word, a simple technique is used, first shown by elementary school teachers to children. To do this, the back of the hand is brought close to the chin and the right word is clearly pronounced, counting how many times the chin touches the hand. This number will be the number of syllables.

    Syllable it can be a significant sound unit (for example, in Vietnamese) and a phonetic unit, a formal concept.

    Essen wrote that the syllable has no meaning and does not have any special acoustic characteristics.

    Syllables exist because:

    1. The syllable is an important and clearly distinguishable unit in speech intuition.
    2. The syllable is the basic unit in versification.

    Theories about the nature of the syllable

    Linguists have put forward several theories regarding the nature of the syllable: expiratory, sonorous (acoustic), tense (articulatory), dynamic.

    expiratory theory of the syllable

    By expiratory (expiratory) theory the syllable is formed as a result of muscular tension of the vocal cords, when the exhaled air stream forms peculiar syllable shocks. The theory has been known since ancient times. An experimental test can be the simplest experiment with pronouncing a word in front of a candle flame: how many times the flame sways in the process of pronunciation - so many syllables are contained in the word. However, this theory is recognized as incorrect, since there are words in which the number of syllables does not match the number of exhalations. For example, in the word "ay" - two syllables, but one exhalation, in the word "alloy" - on the contrary: one syllable, but two exhalations.

    Sonorant theory of the syllable

    By sonor theory, which is also called acoustic theory or loudness / sonority theory, a syllable is a combination of sounds with a greater or lesser degree of loudness. The syllabic vowel, like a loud sound, attaches non-syllabic consonants to itself. Each syllable has two loudness minima, which are its limits. The acoustic theory was proposed by the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen. For the Russian language, it was developed by the Soviet linguist Ruben Ivanovich Avanesov (1902-1982). According to this theory, the highest level (fourth level in the sonority level scale) belongs to vowels in sonority ([a], [e], [o] and others). Between the third and fourth levels is the sound [th], which has a weakened sonority in comparison with vowels. At the third level are sonorant consonants ([l], [m]). The second level is occupied by noisy voiced ones ([b], [e] and others). Noisy deaf people ([n], [t] and others) are placed on the first level. At zero level, the sound is completely absent, this is a pause. The sonority level scale is built from the bottom up, like a musical ruler. For example, the word “ay” on the sonority level scale will graphically look like a graph with two sharp peaks resting on the top line of the ruler, with a hollow between them, descending downward to the line indicating the zero level (pause). If the word is conditionally depicted in numbers representing this acoustic pattern, then the word "ay" ( a-y) can be represented as a sequence of numbers of sonority levels: 0-4-0-4-0. According to this scheme, the acoustic graph of the word "alloy" ( splaf) will look like a broken line with a sequence according to the numbers of sonority levels: 0-1-1-3-4-1-0. Since in the latter case there is only one vertex, it is believed that the word "alloy" has one syllable. Thus, how many vertices there are on the scale of the level of sonority of a word, so many syllables will be in it. However, according to this theory, the number of syllables does not always coincide with the number of vowels, since sonorous consonants sometimes occur, forming "tops". For example, in the word "meaning" ( meaning) the scheme will be as follows: 0-1-3-4-1-3-0. Here the word with one vowel has two syllables with the syllabic sounds "ы" and "л". At the same time, this word has a pronunciation in one syllable: at the same time, the sonorant “l” is deafened by a noisy deaf “s” according to the scheme: 0-1-3-4-1-1-0. This feature of some words to have several variants of pronunciation by syllables is used in versification. So, the word "December" in Boris Pasternak's poem can be pronounced in two or three syllables, if necessary, to maintain the overall rhythm of the verse:

    It was winter in Ostankino

    December ( December), number thirtieth (...)

    It was winter in Ostankino, December ( December), thirty-first.

    However, the theory of sonority in some cases fails. So, for the interjection "ks-ks-ks", which in Russia is called to a pet cat, the sonority scheme will look like a graph with a long area without vertices (0-1-1-1-1-1-1-0) , despite the fact that even by ear this interjection has a certain breakdown by sonority levels.

    tension theory

    By tension theories or the articulatory theory put forward by the Soviet linguist Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba, the syllable is formed due to articulatory muscle tension, which grows towards the top of the syllable (that is, the vowel and sonorant sound), and then subsides.

    Dynamic syllable theory

    By dynamic theory, the syllable is considered as a complex phenomenon, which is determined by the action of a number of factors: acoustic, articulatory, prosodic and phonological. According to the dynamic theory, the syllable is a wave of intensity, force. The loudest, strongest sounds in a word are syllabic, the less strong are non-syllabic.

    Literature

    • Actual problems of culture of speech. - M., 1970.
    • Verbitskaya L. A. Russian orthoepy. - L., 1976.
    • Zinder L. R. General phonetics. - M., 1979.
    • Kochergina V. A. Introduction to linguistics. - L., 1991.
    • Maslov Yu. S. Introduction to linguistics. - M., 1987.
    • Trubetskoy N.S. Fundamentals of phonology. - M., 1960.

    Links

    • Maria Kalenchuk"Syllable and stress" // Encyclopedia for children. T. 10. Linguistics. Russian language (3rd edition) / Editor-in-chief M. D. Aksyonova. - M.: Avanta +, 2004. - S. 88-89, 92. ISBN 5-8483-0051-8

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    Synonyms:

    See what "Syllable" is in other dictionaries:

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      1. syllable, a; pl. syllables, ov; m. A sound or a combination of sounds in a word, pronounced with one push of exhaled air. Divide words into syllables. The stress is on the last syllable. Closed with. (ending in a consonant). Open with. (ending in… … encyclopedic Dictionary

      See speech, style, language brisk syllable, caustic syllable, sharp syllable... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. syllable manner, language, style; speech; ikt, warehouse, syllabema, pen, euphuism Dictionary ... ... Synonym dictionary

      syllable, syllable, pl. syllables, syllables, husband. 1. A sound or a combination of sounds in a word, pronounced in one breath (ling.). Open syllable (ending in a vowel). Closed syllable (ending in a consonant). Divide words into syllables. 2 units only Style,… … Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

      Syllable- A syllable is a phonetic phonological unit that occupies an intermediate position between sound and speech tact (see Sounds of speech, Articulation). There are several signs of a syllable as a phonetic unit. From the point of view of motor speech control, the syllable ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

      syllable, a, pl. and, oh, husband. A sound or combination of sounds uttered by a single push of exhaled air. Divide words into syllables. Read in syllables. Percussion with. Open with. (ending in a vowel). Closed with. (ending in a consonant). Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

    Syllables are parts into which a word is divided in the process of oral speech. When we pronounce a word, we get several expiratory jolts of air - this is precisely the pronunciation by syllables: ko-shka. Two pushes of air during exhalation - two syllables: yes. 3 pushes of air - three syllables: on-at-ka.

    In a word, there are as many syllables as there are sounds from the voice, that is, vowels: leaf - 1 syllable, no-ra - 2 syllables. A syllable can have a very different number of letters, but one must be a vowel.

    A word can have a different number of syllables. There are monosyllabic, two-syllable, three-syllable words and polysyllabic words: leaf (1 syllable), no-ra (two-syllable word), u-e-zjat (three-syllable).

    A syllable may consist of one vowel sound or a combination of a vowel and a consonant: a-ba-zhur. Even one vowel sound is already a syllable. But one consonant is not a syllable. How to divide a word into syllables? It is important to understand the main principle: if a syllable includes a vowel and a consonant, then it always begins with a consonant: night-time, country.

    How to divide a word into syllables with a confluence of consonants

    How to divide a word into syllables if there are several consonants in the middle? How to properly break a word into syllables: cat or cat? It is necessary to realize the principle of the so-called greater sonority. It is observed in the second case. From consonant to vowel. First comes a dull sound, then a voiced consonant, and at the end a vowel - shka. The first syllable ends in a vowel (ko). Such syllables are called open. We have much more of them than those that end in consonants: table, chair (they are called closed syllables).

    In the middle of a word, the syllable is usually open, that is, it ends with a vowel sound: country. According to the principle of increasing sonority, in most cases all consonants go to the next syllable: ko-shka.

    If several consonants are combined in the middle of a word, then all consonants following the vowel go to the next syllable: o-leak. These can be the same consonants or just combinations of different consonants: o-leak, sha-pka, ko-shka.

    An exception to this paragraph: only those syllables in the middle of a word that end in unpaired consonant voiced sounds (they are called very voiced, sonorous) end in a consonant: [th], [p], [p '], [l], [l '], [m], [m'], [n], [n']: May-ka, San-ka, man-ka.

    If several sounds merge into one sound in a word, then they all go to one syllable: zhu-zhzh (Zh) at, distracted (CA). In these cases, division into syllables and morphemic division for word transfer should not be confused: for example, we divide o-leak into syllables, we divide the same word for transfer like this - from-leak.

    Why be able to divide a word into syllables

    The selection of syllables is important for the correct transfer of words, the syllabic principle is the main one in competent transfer, although not the only one. Both skills are important: the selection of syllables in a word and the ability to find morphemes (significant parts of a word), because syllables and morphemes in many cases do not coincide. The syllable is not a prefix or a root, a suffix.

    The division into syllables occurs when a word is pronounced. And the division of a word into parts is necessary for writing a word, that is, for writing letters in prefixes, roots, suffixes.

    The selection of morphemes (prefixes, suffixes, roots) and syllables are two different actions, two different principles, on the basis of which a competent word transfer is carried out.

    For example, when transferring a word syllable by syllable, you need to simultaneously see the root, the prefix, so that, for example, not to tear off the first and last letter of the root or not to break the monosyllabic prefix.

    There are a number of transfer rules, which relies on the ability to divide a word into syllables and morphemes at the same time. Therefore, you need to be able to do one and the other.

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