Swedish for beginners 18 lessons. Awesome review of Swedish textbooks

The article answers the most important questions that arise when learning a language: how to memorize words, how much time for classes per day, per week, what to read, how to listen. The author also proves the inefficiency and even harmfulness of modern methods (tutors, reading books, audio courses, tutorials). Based on the analysis of their pros and cons, an easy and effective language learning algorithm is presented. In particular, the ban on reading books, the study of spelling and grammar of the language being studied to a free understanding of speech ...

Why is it necessary to learn a language?

If in the near, distant future, work, study, accommodation, long business trips abroad or work really related to the language, and not a checkmark in the questionnaire, are being viewed, planned, then you should learn the language and put it on standby, watching movies, satellite channels on the desired you language.

To look like a peacock in front of friends, colleagues, or sometimes watch something for the soul on Spanish TV channels, all this is not motivating enough, you simply will not make it to “enlightenment”, left lying among this endless pile of corpses of those who were enough for a couple of weeks or months of exercise, courses.

If you're persistent enough, you'll go a little further and get bogged down in the first thousand words, eating "Shakespeare Original" on weekends and vacations out of the trash cans. Scary? If you want to learn only how to read books or working documentation, then I advise you to quit this not the smartest idea (why, it is described below), and use, for example, a regular Google translator for this.

How many times and for how many hours a week do you need to learn a language?

The picture is approximately the same to achieve the same effect. Twice a day for 45 minutes (for example, once in the morning and once in the evening on the train, total 10 hours a week) = every day for 2 hours in a row (14 hours a week) = 7 hours three times a week (21 hours . per week) = 35 hours on Sundays. Fans of "work out on the weekends", as you hear, as you hear, welcome ... For more information, see the Internet about the "Ebbinghaus curve".

It is better and evenly to split the training time over the whole day for greater effect.

For example, if you have three hours a day for Swedish, then it is better to split an hour and a half into morning and evening, and even better, an hour in the morning, lunch, evening, and so on, up to 10-15 minute lessons. So it bothers you less, you don’t get tired, the concentration is at the level, and most importantly, the efficiency increases significantly. Options, like, "only on Saturdays from 9 to 15", do not even mention in order to avoid a fight.

The harder you make efforts to achieve the level of language you need, the less loss of forgetting, that is, for example, the following equality for classes is true: 100 days for 3 hours a day \u003d 200 days for 2 hours a day. But on the other hand, there is a limitation, you will not be able to learn more than a certain number of words per day.

There is a critical point at which a language neither develops nor deteriorates when the number of words remembered is compared to the number forgotten. That's why you can't reduce "classes to 15-30 minutes a day" if you want to develop a language.

How to memorize and remember words?

It is necessary to distinguish between memorized words that you already freely recognize in speech, and words that are in the process of memorization, that is, you have already tried to remember them, but so far unsuccessfully.

For many, this will be unexpected, but memorized words tend to be forgotten. The less you repeat, the more you forget, and you forget all the time: when you sleep, when you eat. The same goes for your native language, but because you constantly repeat it, listening, speaking and thinking in it, you get the impression that the language is forever.

Therefore, it is imperative to ensure the repetition of the language being studied, preferably in the easiest and most effective way, for example, by simply watching foreign channels. The larger your vocabulary, the more you need to repeat. If with a vocabulary of 1000 words it is enough to watch an episode of the series for 20 minutes a day, then with 5 thousand you already need “soap” for a couple of hours.

To memorize a word, it is necessary to ensure its "germination" in the brain, by a certain number of repetitions in the first month. To do this, when watching a movie, select only the most frequent words for memorization. In the future, the frequency of the word will increase, because the speed of video processing should gradually increase, which guarantees memorization of the word.

Your chaotic attempts to memorize almost all unfamiliar words that come across, or which you liked, or which you considered easy to remember, will give a zero result, because. you will not provide the required number of repetitions for memorizing words. It probably happens to you all the time, look at a very familiar word that you have already remembered a thousand times, but you cannot remember the translation, this is the same case.

Optimal Algorithm choosing a word to remember if the word comes across to you for the second time in a day or two, but not in the last half hour. If it seems that too many words are typed in this way to memorize, then thin out to the third, fourth hit. If it's the other way around, maybe your classes are too short, or you're taking too long to process incomprehensible sentences, or you're good at "reading" but not good at listening, so get used to speaking.

Learn a language in a month

If we are talking about the level of the language, somewhere, say, 80-90 percent of the understanding of films (Doctor of Engineering at a medical symposium), then no..

Most words need 10-15 repetitions over a 4-6 week span for full fixation. Due to the fact that the last repetitions occur 2-3-4 months after the start of intensive language learning, the authors of some methods note a certain leap in understanding the language.

Until this time, you will not feel any progress in the language. And right after, you won't speak the language. Just, you don't know, you don't know, and then bam!

The most common words and phrases (in your texts) blossomed, swelled up, scoring speech by 70-80 percent, that is, we are already crawling quite briskly, but still little understandable. Given that the speed of flying over unfamiliar words is 10-20 times lower, then 90% of the time is still occupied by standing in a traffic jam. With the help of the "memorizing the most frequent words" algorithm, this time is reduced to 20-30%.

Is it possible to learn several languages ​​at once?

Can. But do not learn more than one language at the same time. An example, if it takes you one year each to study two languages ​​sequentially, then with simultaneous study it will take you already 3-4 years (the number of languages ​​studied at the same time to the degree of 1.5-2) for everything, due to a decrease in repeated material twice for each language, leading to an increase in forgetting.

Do I need to learn grammar?

"Grammar" roughly describes the structure of the language, more precisely, a small part of it. What they couldn’t come up with schemes for or was just too lazy, they swept it under the carpet, calling it “idiom”, “phrase”, “slang”, “exceptions”, etc. In general, I don’t understand the reason why they torment children with this nonsense with such details (“zhi-shi write with ..”) for ten years, and without which they did fine long before school. Rather, this subject is suitable for scientists, researchers. Maybe this instills dislike for the motherland?

For me, just in case of a fire, it’s enough to attach an additional grammar dictionary if you don’t catch the structure of the language somewhere. It is easier to remember, for example, the form of the passive verb in the third person plural of the past tense in some contextual phrase of the film than in endless tables. And the question is not in memorization, but in bringing to automatism.

It's like how we were taught counting and the alphabet at school: 0, 1, 2, 3 .. 56 .. 100. And then, when you try to say 26, you start counting from one on your fingers even after many years. Isn’t it better to learn numbers separately, for example: “Give me four apples”, “The plane takes off at 11 o’clock from exit 3”, of course, at the initial stage of training you will not know all the numbers, but over time all the numbers will be restored and each will be in to your brain cell, and not a pile of heaps. Same story with grammar.

Listening vs. Reading

Let's count. Suppose there is a certain video-audio-text file with a dictionary of 10,000 words, for example, a season of a series with subtitles, let's estimate the difference in processing through reading and through audio-video.

Reading. This "method" has a number of "advantages": you have a full structured text and unlimited time to process it. If you stalled somewhere, lit a cigarette, searched in your head incomprehensible word, did not find, brewed coffee, looked in the dictionary. In general, to understand the text, you can do just fine with a couple of thousand words.

Speech perception is a merging continuous stream at a variable speed plus several pronunciations of the same word (abbreviations, mergers, accent), as a result required dictionary increases to 20.000-30.000. For example, compare how Google speaks and how it hears).

So we come to a surprising conclusion. If you can read, write, and even speak (for example, as part of a standard tutorial), then you know no more than 5-10 percent of the Swedish language (you do not speak 95%).

It is striking that the vast majority are confident that if they have learned to read Kolobok in the original, then their listening and speech comprehension is already in their pocket.

Your desire, as a client, is to quickly and easily, and the client's desire is .. money. Hence all these “Swahili in 14 minutes”, “100 Chinese verbs”. On the other hand, give you the opportunity to learn the language correctly, and who will work as doctors, engineers for 100 dollars.

If you greedily absorb books in your native language and you are simply bursting into something in the original, then perhaps this “method” would be suitable for you ... Otherwise, I imagine your facial expression after several “lessons”. And in general, not to hear the language, not to see the language, not to speak it, only some squiggles on papyrus (such relatives, after a ten-year term at school).

Let's take something maximally embracing the concept of "Language", for example, a film (here we get half of the Language, only for reception). Let's transform it to the level of "suitable" for reading. By the way, grandfather Tolstoy was having fun with the reverse operation, trying to visualize and audize, for example, some orc from The Lord of the Rings for ten pages, although on the screen it took 3-4 seconds somewhere in the corner. And then we, poor schoolchildren, had to clean up after him ...

So, we crop the video with all its context. We are left with audio that contains too much information: pronunciation, abbreviations. To get rid of this, we will convert speech into a “written form”, which, believe me, is not inferior to Chinese in complexity (for example, Russian “whom” is written through “g”, although “v” is heard, i.e. “whom” is a hieroglyph, although it is written in phonetic symbols). Now it's done.

Q: How can one learn the Swedish language by reading symbols? But in any way ... the information is lost irretrievably. Intuitively understanding this, all the “methods” present on the market offer to assemble it in the form of a huge puzzle: read a little books, a little grammar, etc. Judging by the fact that most of the teachers and deans of even language universities do not speak Swedish, it seems that the puzzle is not an easy one.

Oh, I freely read Hegel-Gogol in the original, but my listening comprehension is “lame”, doctor, recommend, and it begins ... For hearing - audio books, for conversational skills - Skype, for grammar - collections (for example, blue- red M.), they say that there are such paranormal alien anomalies that do exercises there, enter unnecessary words, emphasize verbal adjectives. Hell, I'll believe it!

Or, like, you know, there are several Swedish: Swedish for reading, spoken Swedish, written, you choose either-or. What will you do? It’s hard to learn, it’s easy ... But in our time ... Yes, I’m at the machine from the pot ... They somehow took a liter with Mikhalych ... Before, it was Swedish, but now it’s so-so ...

Why reading is harmful as a "method" of learning a language. For example, you are a foreigner studying Russian, and, due to inexperience, misunderstanding, you began to read Russian "A" as "B", "C" as "G" and so on (softer version of "Th" as "T", "Ch" and "Sch" as "Sh", "I" as "Y"), then this would not prevent you from mastering the hundred thousandth dictionary, the complete works of Lenin, Tolstoy in the original. But when you try to understand the TV or talk to it… I would look at it… Conclusion: you should start reading and writing at least after you have a free understanding of the TV.

Skype, chats

If for free, then communication with the same beginners as you, and if for money, then why? Learn to talk to yourself first (KL's advice). Although I prefer to translate Russian subtitles of foreign serials into the original, and then I check. That's another crossword puzzle ... But actually, it's not a bad idea to pretend to be an innocent schoolgirl and unwind the uncle, or pretend to be an uncle and unwind the police.

Audio courses, podcasts

I tried to learn one of the oriental languages ​​​​using audio courses, I did not find texts for them, which means that the efficiency of memorization decreases and the reading / writing skill is not developed. Quote from the forum of a guest from neighboring countries: "Ya atel naad kyag pdit pryski ..".

Lack of visual contact (you do not see facial expressions and lips of the word), lack of context (audio courses / podcasts have a context, like a black and white TV with an ax in a kinescope). What do we have today? Again?! Boredom! When learning two languages ​​at the same time, there will be problems in overlapping, interest-motivation is almost at zero, and this all greatly affects memorization and, therefore, additional time costs for something that is generally not needed.
Incompatibility with foreign films, series, satellite channels, due to the primitive “mother washed the frame, how to get to the library”, but it will probably be enough to fight off the Swedish teacher against the background of the rest of the “geeks”

Immersion in the language environment

I lived for several years in South-East Asia"immersed in the language environment." Having picked up the minimum of the most necessary for everyday life, then it was necessary to make some “efforts” one on one with the language. And in general, it is not clear what "immersion" means. Maybe it's unloading wagons or slapping on a keyboard in the suburbs of Shanghai, New York, surrounded by native Chinese speakers, and constantly finishing them off with questions. By the way, they get bored very quickly.

Programs for memorizing words

I once tried this technique on myself and collected the results from others. Not even useless, but harmful. As one smart person said, for cramming individual words you need to shoot on the spot for a particularly malicious waste of time. It is advisable to memorize not words, but phrases, and not memorize, but ... it will be described below.

Scroll through, for example, the subtitles of a movie or series. And where is this list even from the "3000 most common words"? Multiply that these words are spoken by people with different nationalities, education, orientations, registration (for example, in latest dictionaries do both Stockholm and Skane pronunciations).

When studying from films, the words are already arranged in frequent use. For example, the word "horse" or "tie" you will come across several times during the film, and the word "collar" ("tie for a horse"), you will meet once, and, most likely, long time you won't see. Accordingly, you will remember the first words, and you will definitely forget the other. Therefore, carefully select words for memorization, choose those that come across more often than others. And limit their number in one session, the brain is not rubber.

How many levels in language learning?

There is only one level, but rather high, where you can lie down more or less freely. Understanding the film from zero to one hundred percent gives you constant monitoring of your real successes and shortcomings, and not abstract: “beginner”, “advanced”.

If it seemed to you that you already ... Turn on the foreign news channel and go on: “I didn’t understand, I didn’t understand, en bot, I didn’t understand, I didn’t understand, I didn’t understand, Iraq, I didn’t understand, I didn’t understand, hey do.” Which means, in Iraq, there is some nonsense with boats, and you go on to work on your Swedish.

TOEFL, USE, TEF, DAF, Nationella prov

First, you need to learn the language. At least freely understand films, TV, and after that, learn to read, write, master “grammar”. For example, I have been using the Russian language for 40 years, and it’s scary to think how much I could get at the Unified State Examination. Poor kids…
Although, as a native speaker, it is easier for me, and the attempts of some of you, my esteemed Reader, to learn Swedish through / with NP with answers, are reminiscent of the biblical Sodom & Gomorrah. Well, the appropriate punishment.

It's like with a driving license, which is better to buy than trying to remember a fairly logical, but unnecessary nonsense. Therefore, try to get the right piece of paper in the easiest way and forget it.

Learning through music

Of course, you won’t learn the language, but it’s a great way to train pronunciation. This is the same “another I” (“how many languages ​​you know, so many times you are a person”), this is the same “setting” of the polyglot K., this is what Z. promotes, the loud (almost shouting) pronunciation of Swedish texts.

Texts for pronunciation are boring and it is not always possible to speak loudly (shout). And the songs are the best! And you don’t have to memorize a bunch of songs, two or three are a must, the rest is optional. By the way, it also helps overly modest comrades to feel more confident in society.

How do you teach anyway?

This is a certain scheme for working with videos (plus original and translated subtitles) that are of interest to you. It's better to get carried away with serials, because most films have little dialogue, and to television programs no subtitles.

To learn the language, according to the author, the best player is Kmplayer:
Supports up to three subtitles with many settings
In the subtitle editor synchronized with the video, it allows you to display the translation of an unfamiliar word by clicking the mouse
Four different rewind steps (set by yourself from 1 to 100 seconds), which can be scattered over the mouse and keyboard.

Briefly about the TV method

If, when watching a series, you do not understand a block (a phrase, a sentence or several of them, lasting 2-15 seconds), then:

I present the disappointed faces of some readers. No intergalactic chase with shooting from protoblasters, no dazzling blond beauties (handsome men), annoying black dragons waving at you with swords, while you, bleeding from sheep fat, are trying to cope with a red-hot cheburek.

And yet, there is nowhere to turn around with books that, after the invention of toilet paper, are no longer good at all, multi-level collections of disks, crazy programs with activation via SMS, milking via Skype, tutoring: “Today, my little friend, I will tell you a fairy tale on the subjunctive passive in the pluperfect.

It reminds me of the Holocaust. A good uncle-aunt leads the children into the room, while saying something very kind, soothing. Then he leaves, promising to go for sweets, and a minute later a greenish smoke begins to fall from the ceiling, and he knows that his method will not give a 100% result.

Learn more about the TV method

Step №1
Effect of this step:
= listening comprehension

Listen to the block 2-4 times (limiting repetitions increases concentration)

Step №2
Effect of this step:
= reinforcing or activating vocabulary (by recall)
= colloquial speech - grammar automation

Look at the Russian subtitles of this block and figure out how you would say it in the language you are learning. Do not look at the monitor while translating, imagine that you are talking with an imaginary interlocutor (do not write down anything on paper or laptop, do not waste time).

If you look at the Russian caption while translating, then part of the translation process takes place without your participation (somewhere there, in the depths of the subconscious). And it turns out that on the monitor you convert everything perfectly, and when you talk, you will stop. Leave the words that you don’t know and can’t pick up something close in meaning for them in Russian.

If, for example, you only need to understand TV, and you think that you do not need this Step, then you are mistaken. First, this step effective method fixing rarely-used words and pulling out frequently used words into an asset. Secondly, you are imbued with the structure of the language (unconscious construction of grammatical structures, as in your native language), helping you cut the flow (like the meow of the Vietnamese language) into understandable phrases, words (simple listening is ineffective).

If you are a beginner and you need to assemble a very complex grammatical structure ABC, then for a start it is better to practice on blocks with grammar AB, BC, CA, and skip ABC.

The order of translation from Russian into Swedish is approximately the following. Let's say we need to build a phrase: "If I learn Swedish language, then our family will move to Stockholm".
To begin with, we estimate how many pieces the sentence consists of. In each piece we scatter our subject (noun or pronoun) and infinitive predicate (verb):
i teach, family go
We figure out how we will connect the pieces (“because”, “when”, “but”)
if i teach then the family go
We modernize verbs under right time, inclination, submission, probability.
if I learn, then the family will move
And the rest, additions, adverbs
if i learn swedish our family will move to stockholm

There is no need to climb into dictionaries or reference books. If you have had enough "when I have a tongue, because mom, dad will go to Stockholm", then that's good. To start..

Step №3
Effect of this step:
= listening comprehension

We repeat. You know the translation of the block into Russian and, approximately, you know how it sounds in the original, now you are trying to catch it.

Step №4
Effect of this step:
= parsing grammar
= reading + spelling
= remembering new words

We finally look at the Swedish titles. Quickly disassemble (the order can be any, according to the situation):
Compare your Russian to Swedish translation with the original subtitle
We look at the words that you know, but did not hear (you can click listening in the dictionary, but it's better to hear on)
Remember the words that you don't know or have forgotten, for example, using the association method. For example, the Swedish piska (Russian whip) is pronounced as "squeak", which is consonant with the Russian "pussy". We are building an association for memorizing "a whip on a pussy." You can still try to remember, as some methods recommend, imagining how someone is beaten with a whip and he squeaks (“squeak A”), but ... If in the first option we managed to pick up almost homophones of a whip-puss, then in the second option, there is no whip , i.e. you will have to make mental efforts to correctly assemble the original-translation from the association.
If the grammar of the Swedish caption raises questions, we look at what construction is in the Russian translation (you don’t often need to go into reference books, you yourself will draw conclusions for a dozen or other blocks).

Adviсe:
Before learning a language, you need to familiarize yourself with its features: how many tenses, the presence of articles, endings, etc.

A complete study of a complex 10-12 second block with 2-3 unfamiliar words and a twisted construction takes up to 5 minutes.

If you are drawn to something else (flip through the grammar, listen to an audiobook, read the news), sort yourself out. Start watching another series, movie. Three-four-five series, films simultaneously in one language, not even a bad idea. If you don’t feel like that either, it’s better to watch TV, sleep, lie on the couch, just don’t ...

Vocabulary is qualitatively and quantitatively different for a cinephile and an engineer (therefore, cinephiles do not need to read technical documentation, and engineers do not need to recite Tolstoy).

© A.M. Maksimov, Wang Liao Shi
Email: [email protected]
adaptation: Pavel Mesolik

O T A V T O R O V

C exist different ways learning a foreign language. One of them is the study of the language by the self-instruction manual. The book you are holding in your hands is intended for those who have never learned Swedish and want to learn it on their own.

The self-instruction manual consists of a phonetic introductory course and 23 lessons of the main course. In each lesson you will find an interesting text about the life of two friends - Kaisa and Pia or a text about life in Sweden, its culture and history. Also, each lesson provides information from the area of ​​grammar and simple exercises with keys (i.e. the right options completing tasks). All keys are collected in the corresponding section at the end of the tutorial. The fact that the exercise is equipped with a key is indicated using a special icon, for example:

Ñ ​​EXERCISE E3 .

For those who are seriously interested in the Swedish way of life, the “Country Studies” section is intended, where you can read about the Swedes and Sweden in Russian or Swedish. Each lesson has short dictionary new words used in the lesson, and at the end of the textbook there are complete Swedish-Russian and Russian-Swedish dictionaries.

The book is supplied with a CD, listening to which you can get acquainted with live Swedish speech. By doing listening exercises, you will be able to master Swedish pronunciation and understand speech. In order for you not to forget to listen to the disc, we marked all the materials recorded on it and available in the book with a special icon, for example:

² DIALOGUE

Also in the textbook you will find many poems by Swedish poets and excerpts from books and newspapers. At the beginning of the textbook, the words are given with transcription (Russian letters), then the words will be given without transcription, since there are stable reading rules in Swedish. Simple texts at the beginning of the textbook, as well as some complex texts, will have a parallel translation.

We wish you a pleasant acquaintance with the Swedish language and Sweden. Valkommen!

Ekaterina Khokhlova graduated from the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University, where she studied Swedish and translation theory, and also studied at the University of Umeå in Sweden, and currently teaches Swedish at the Scandinavian School in Moscow. She loves Swedish music and Princess cake.

Pia Bjøren studied Russian in Moscow and St. Petersburg, and then decided to enter the medical faculty at the University of Umeå in northern Sweden. She loves Russia, the Russian language, the cartoon about Pettson and Findus, as well as hot chocolate and dancing.

WATER COURSE

SWEDISH LANGUAGE

Swedish is the official language of Sweden and is spoken by about nine million people. In Finland it is the second state language, children study it at school. The Swedish language belongs to the group of Germanic languages. It is very similar to Norwegian and Danish and is the most popular Scandinavian language among foreigners, perhaps because it is spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of the entire Scandinavian Peninsula. Swedish grammar and vocabulary have much in common with English and German.

Compare:

Swedish often resembles German to foreigners, probably because, being the language of the Germanic group, Swedish in the Middle Ages and the New Age experienced repeated German influence: then many merchants, builders and artisans came to Sweden, who brought German words into the language. Swedish, like German, has many long multi-rooted words, like pianomusik - piano music,musikskola- School of Music etc. The Swedes themselves joke that Swedish is English grammar plus German words.

Swedish grammar is much easier than German. The most difficult thing to learn is the vocabulary and melody of the language.

As you know, a language lives longer if there are wonderful works of literature in it. Famous Swedish writers Astrid Lindgren and Selma Lagerlöf are known all over the world. Swedish children's books and Swedish detective stories (Henning Mankell, Håkan Nesser, Lisa Marklund) are read with pleasure in many countries. By learning Swedish, you will be able to join the rich cultural heritage of this northern country. Since Swedish is similar to other Scandinavian languages: Norwegian, Danish and Icelandic, knowing it will help you navigate other languages ​​as well. Scandinavian countries. Now let's get to know Swedish alphabet.

	WATER COURSE
	Swedish alphabet
² Swedish	letter name
	A: (a)	en katt [katt] - cat
	Be: (be)	att bo [boo:] - live
	Se: (se)	ett centrum [centrum] - center
	De: (de)	en dag [yes:g] -day
	E: (uh)	elak [*e:lacquer] - evil
	Ef: (ef)	fem [femm] - five
	Ge: (ge)	en gata [* ha: ta] - street
	Ho: (ho)	en hall [hall] - hallway
	I: (and:)	en sil [si: l] - sieve
	Ji: (yi)	Jonas [* yu: us] - Jonas (name)
	Ko: (ko)	en ko [ku:] - cow
	El: (el)	en lampa [* lamp] - lamp
	Em: (uh)	en man [mann] - man
	En: (en)	ett namn [namn] - name
	U: (u)	en ros [ru:s] - rose
	Pe: (pe)	ett par [pa: p] - a couple
	Ku: (ku)	Enquist [e: nquist] - Enquist (surname)
	Air (er)	en rad [ra: d] -series
	Es: (es)	en sil [si: l] - sieve
	Te: (those)	en teve [* those: ve] - TV
	Uu: (u)	under [under] - under
	Ve: (ve)	en vas [vas: s] - vase
	Dubbelve: (dubbelve)	en watt [watt] - watt (unit)
	Ek:s (ex)	sex-six
	Y: (between y and y)	en by [bu:] -village
	*Se:ta (seta)	en zon [su: n] -zone
	O: (o:)	ett råd [ro: d] - advice
	æ: (uh:)	en häst [hast] - horse
	Ö: (between o and yo)	en ö [eh] -island

TO COMMENTARY

Ÿ En/ett - indefinite article nouns; It is better to memorize words immediately with articles.

Ÿ Att - a particle denoting the infinitive of the verb.

Ÿ '/* - accent marks, they are discussed below.

Ÿ The length of a vowel sound is indicated by the sign: (for example, a:).

Longitude of sounds

Swedish vowels and consonants are long and short. Let's look at vowels first.

Longitude of vowels

Vowels in unstressed syllables and vowels in closed syllables are short. Vowels in open syllable- long .

WATER COURSE

An open syllable in Swedish is a syllable in which, after a vowel, there is one consonant or a consonant and a vowel: en ra d [ra: d] -series. A syllable is considered closed if two consonants or one consonant at the end of a word are presented: en ha tt [ hatt] - hat.

Compare!

² Long vowel - short vowel

Remember!

If there are several long vowels in a word, then they have different lengths. The longest is a stressed vowel, usually in the first syllable. The stressed vowel is automatically lengthened. For example: in the word en lärare [*le: rare] teacher sound [e] - stressed and the longest, sound -

less stressed and shorter, and the final sound [e] is unstressed and the shortest.

Longitude of consonants

A long consonant sound is indicated in writing by a double consonant letter: att titt a look, att hopp ajump.

An exception:

long [k:] is indicated on the letter by the combination ck [kk]: en flick a [* flikka] girl, en brick a [* brikka] tray, att tack a [* takka] thank.

In transcription, a long consonant is traditionally denoted by a colon,. In this textbook, for ease of reading the transcription, it will be denoted by doubling the letter: en flicka [* flicka] girl.

When pronouncing a long consonant, you should make a mini-pause in the middle of the sound and draw the consonant as you would with a vowel. Pronouncing two consonants together is a mistake!

Remember!

1. The length of sounds should be observed, since many words differ from each other only in longitude and an error in pronunciation can distort the meaning. For example:

en sil [si: l] sieve; en sill [sill] herring.

Agree, it is better not to confuse them!

2. There are no diphthongs in Swedish - double vowels pronounced as one sound. All sounds are pronounced separately. For example:

Europa [*euru:pa] Europe.

3. There are no sounds [h], [c], [h], [j] in Swedish, and the letters q [k], z [s], w [c] are found only

in surnames and words of foreign origin. For example:

Waldemar Waldemar (first name), Enquist Enquist (surname) .

WATER COURSE

stress

The Swedish language (along with Norwegian) differs from other Scandinavian and European languages ​​in that it has a melody created by tonic stress. According to scientists, the ancient Indo-European language Sanskrit had the same melody. This type of stress is characteristic of many Oriental languages, but is unique to European ones. So, in Swedish there are two types of stress: tonic and dynamic.

Tonic (musical, melodic) stress -gravis - can be learned by imitating native speakers or using the “Chinese dummy” method: imagine that when you pronounce a word, you shake your head from side to side.

In this case, the main stress falls on the first syllable, and an additional, weaker one, on the second. Sometimes there can be as many as three stresses in a word, as in the word U ppsa la Uppsala or lä rare teacher, for example, and then they differ in strength: the first stress is the strongest, the second is weaker, the third is barely audible. Especially well it is possible to convey the melody of the Swedish language to people with a good ear for music.

Tonic stress can only be in words consisting of more than one syllable. It is always present in the infinitive of a verb and in general words (see the section on Noun Gender) ending in a vowel, and also often in two- and three-syllable words, like en ordbok dictionary, ett vinglas goblet, en folkvisa folk song, and words ending in complex suffixes -dom, -skap, -lek, etc. To learn how to pronounce words with Swedish intonation and correctly stress, you need to listen to an audio recording and repeat after the announcer. It is very useful to read verses in which the rhythm and rhyme will tell you how to correctly place the stresses.

² EXERCISE #1. Listen and repeat after the speaker.

att tala [* ta: la] - speak	mellan [* mellan] - between
att måla [* mo: la] - draw	en doca [*docka] - doll
att rita [* ri: ta] - draw	en pojke [* pojke] - boy
att hoppa [* hoppa] - jump	en bricka [*brikka] - a tray
att titta [* titta] - watch	en lärare [* lärare] - teacher
att veta [* ve: ta] - know	en mamma [* mamma] - mother
elak [*e:lacquer] - evil	en pappa [* pappa] - dad

IN some words have only normal stress,power (dynamic), as in Russian. It falls mainly on the first syllable: gammal old, en sy ster sister, en vi nter winter. In words of foreign origin, the stress often falls on the last syllable en stude ntstudent, ett bibliote klibrary, ett konditori confectionery). In foreign words there is no tonic stress - grave.

IN In this textbook, tonic stress in transcription is indicated by * at the beginning of a word. The absence of the * sign means that the stress in the word is not tonic, but only forceful (dynamic). If such stress falls on the first syllable, it is not indicated in the transcription. If the usual, force stress does not fall on the initial syllable, its place is indicated by the sign ’ immediately before the stressed vowel.

WATER COURSE

Reading and pronunciation

The table below gives an approximate pronunciation of Swedish sounds.

Vowels

BUT - reads like [a] (like the first sound in a word a stra): long -en dag [yes: g] day; short -en hatt [hatt] hat

Å - reads like [o] (like the first sound in the word blako): en båt [bo: t] boat, ett ålder [older] age

ABOUT - reads like [y] in words en bok [bu: k] book, en moster [* muster] aunt

It reads like [o] in the word en son [co: n] son

U - reads like a sound between [and] and [y] (while the lips are stretched, as if you wanted to pronounce [and], but it turned out [y]): du [du:] you, en buss [bus] bus

E - reads like a sound, the middle between [e] and [e], as in the Russian phrase: tre [tre:] three, vettig [* vettig]

reasonable

- without stress at the end of the word is pronounced as [e]: en lärare [*larare] teacher

Ä - reads like [e] (like the first sound in a word e that one): att äta [*e: that] is, att mäta [me: that] measure

Before r, it is pronounced as an open sound [e] (as in English a man or Russian five - the lips are stretched, the jaw is lowered down): en ära [e: ra] honor

I - reads like [and] (like the first sound in a word and me ):en bil [bi: l] car, att hitta [* hitta] find

Y - there is no equivalent in Russian; foreigners in such cases often hear [and]):

ny [nu:] new, nyss [nycc] just now

Ö - reads like a sound between [o] and [e] (there is no such sound in Russian, the closest in sound is -ё in the word ё zy): en snö -snow, en höst [höst] autumn

Remember!

The letter o can represent the sounds [o] and [y]. There are no rules.

Consonants

Remember!

There are no sounds [c], [h], [h], [j] in Swedish. Swedes pronounce many words in a special way.

C - reads like [c] before i, e, y, ä, ö (as the first sound in the word blue): en cirkus [circus] circus, in other positions - like [k]: en crawl [cro: l] - crawl

G - reads like [th] before i ,e ,y ,ä ,ö :ge [ye:] give - and at the end of words after l ,r :färg [far]

- read as [r] in other positions: gav [ha:v] gave

- at the end of words it can either be pronounced or not pronounced, cf .: ett lag [lag] command, ett slag [slug] blow, but: jag [ya: g] i, rolig [* ru: l: i] cheerful, onsdag [* unsda] Wednesday

	WATER COURSE
		End of table
	It reads like [x], but it sounds weaker than in Russian, and resembles an exhalation: att ha [ha:] have
	It reads like [th]: jag [th: yag] I, maj [May] May
	It sounds softer than in Russian: tolv [tolv] twelve, en sil [si: l] sieve
	As in English, they are pronounced with a breath, on the exhale, like h
	It reads like [ks]: ett exempel [ex'empel] example, sex [sex] six
	Reads like Russian [c]: en zon [su: n] zone

Difficult cases of pronunciation

Ÿ The combination rs is read as [w] both inside the word: mars [mash] March, torsdag [* tushda] Thursday, att förstå [fesht'o] understand, and at the junction of different words: var snäll [washn'ell] be kind .

Ÿ The letter r in combinations rd ,rl ,rt ,rn after a vowel is pronounced in the throat and is barely heard, as in English words car, barn. Examples: bort [bort] away, ett barn [‘bar n] child. The sound [p] of this quality will be marked with an underline: [p].

Ÿ In combinations rg, lg, arg -g at the end of words after a consonant, it is pronounced like [th]: en älg [‘el] elk, arg [ary] evil, en borg [fight] castle.

Ÿ In combinations ng, gn, when pronouncing, the air seems to go into the nose - the sound [n] is pronounced nasal, which corresponds to the nasal [n] in French and English. The letter g is not pronounced. Occurs in the words: Ingmar [ing mar] Ingmar (name), en vagn [vagn] wagon, många [* mong a]

many.

Ÿ In combination nk, a nasal sound [n] is also pronounced, while k is pronounced: en bank [bank to]

bank.

Ÿ In words that begin with combinations dj, lj, hj, gj, the first consonant is not pronounced: djup [yu: p] deep, ett ljud [yu: d] sound, en hjälp [yelp] help.

Ÿ Combinations tj, kj are pronounced like a Russian sound [u]: en kjol [schul] skirt, tjugo [* shyugu] twenty.

Ÿ sj ,skj and stj - there are three different options pronunciation of these sounds different regions Sweden. Swedish learners are advised to choose one option and stick with it. For example, you can pronounce something between [x] and [w], as if [w] with aspiration: en stjärna [* sherna / herna] star, en skjorta [* shu: mouth / hu: mouth] shirt, sju [shu :/xy:]seven .

Ÿ The combination -ti - in the suffix -tion- is pronounced as [w] or [x] -en station [stash / x’y: n] station, en revolution [revolution / x’y: n] revolution.

Attention!

Please note that the sound [w] can be pronounced in different ways, so listen to the audio recording and try to imitate native speakers.

Remember!

The sound [th] in Swedish is pronounced in two ways:

Ÿ marked in writing with the letter j, pronounced, as in Russian, - [th] (as the first sound in the word, York);

Ÿ marked on the letter with the letter g, it has an overtone [gh] (as in Ukrainian - [gh] ribs, ma [gh] azin): ett gym [yumm] - gym, att gilla [* yilla] - to love.

WATER COURSE

Pronunciation g ,k ,sk

The consonants g, k, sk are pronounced differently depending on the vowel after them.

		Before a ,å ,o ,u
g is pronounced like [g]		k is pronounced like [k]		sk is pronounced like [sk]
en ga ta [* ha: ta] street		en ka tt [katt] cat		en sko la [*sku:la] school
en gå rd [mountain :d] yard		ett ko rt card		en sko [sku:] shoe
ga len [*ga: len] crazy		en kå l [ko: l] cabbage		en ska ta [* ska: ta] magpie
		Before e ,i ,y ,ä ,ö
g is pronounced like [y/gh]		k is pronounced like [u]		sk is pronounced like [w]
att gi lla [*yilla] love		kä r [shche: r] in love		en ski da [*shy: yes] ski
ett gy m [yumm] gym		att ki ttla [* shield] to tickle		att sky lla [*shulla] blame
gjä rna [* ye: r on] willingly		att köpa [wood chips] to buy		en skä rm [sharm] screen

² EXERCISE #2. Listen and repeat after the speaker.

ett hjärta [*er ta] - heart djup [yu: p] - deep

ett ljud [yu: d] - sound

att ljuga [* yu: ha] - deceive gjorde [* yu: r de] - did

ett centrum [centrum] - center en cirkus [circus] -circus

en zon [su: n] - zone

en zebra [se: bra] - zebra (long [e] in this word is an exception to the rule)

ja [ya] - yes jag [ya] -ya

jätte- [* jette] - very maj [may] -may

en pojke [* pojke] - boy

ett ba: rn [bar n] - child bort [bor t] - away

ett kort [kur t] - card ett hjärta [* yer ta] - heart en karta [* ka: r ta] - card

arg [ary] - evil en älg [el] -moose

en borg [borg] - fortress Göteborg [yoteb'ory] -Gothenburg

många [* mong a] - a lot of Ingmar [* ing mar] - Ingmar ett regn [regn] - rain

en vagn [vagn] -car, carriage

en station [stash'u: n] - station

en revolution [revolutionary: n] - revolution en situation [situash'u: n] -situation old god [gu:] -kind

att gilla [*yilla] - like, love ett gym [yumm] - gym gärna [* ye: p on] - willingly

att gömma [* yomma] - hide

en katt [katt] - cat

en karta [* ka: r ta] - map

ett kort [chicken t] - card en kål [ko: l] - cabbage

en skola [* sku: la] - school

en sko [sku:] - boot / shoe

ett skådespel [* sko: despe: l] - performance en skam [* skam] - shame

en skida [* shi: yes] - ski en skärm [* sherm] -screen

ett skimmer [*shimmer] - shine

Numbers and numbers

EXAMPLES FOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

5 + 6 = 11 fem plus sex är elva 11 – 5 = 6 elva minus fem är sex 3 + 4 = 7 tre plus fyra är sju

10 – 2 = 8 tio minus två är åtta

Note:

Hon heter Riita.

Jag har en svensk kompis.

Hon heter Pia. Hon bor också i Umeå.

My name is Kaisa. I am twenty years old.

I I live now in Umeå, Sweden, but I came from Finland.

I speak Finnish, Russian and a little English.

My mother is from Russia. Her name is Lena.

My father is from Finland. He loves Sweden.

I study Literature and Swedish at Umeå University.

At I have a young man. His name is Walter.

He is a lawyer.

At I also have a sister. Her name is Reita.

At I have a Swedish girlfriend.

Her name is Pia. She also lives in Umeå.

Words and expressions to the text

Here and below, the words are given with grammatical marks. For nouns (advokat -en, -er lawyer), the ending of a certain form is indicated -advokat en (see lesson 4, p. 43) and plural-advokat er (see lesson 7, p. 66), for verbs - the type of conjugation (see later in this lesson p. 13, and also lesson 18, p. 159). Other parts of speech are not supplied with comments.

advokat -en, -er - lawyer	heta (2) - be called	också - too
bo (3) - live	hon - she	pojkvän -nen, -ner - boyfriend,
engelska -n - English	i - in	young man
finska -n - Finnish language	kompis -en, -ar - friend	studera (1) - study
från - from	lite - a little	svensk - swedish
gilla (1) - to love	min - mine	svenska -n - Swedish
ha (4) - to have	nu - now, now	tala (1) - to speak
han - he	oh-and

TO COMMENTARY

Ÿ Jag heter ... - My name is ... (note: the pronoun jag is in the nominative case!).

Practical Swedish course with mp3

The purpose of the manual is a comprehensive training in reading and understanding Swedish literature, developing skills colloquial speech and mastering the basics of Swedish pronunciation. The manual consists of the main course and an appendix, which includes a grammar table, keys to exercises and an alphabetical index.
3rd edition (2nd 1979) significantly revised; texts of a country-specific character are included, grammatical materials and a system of exercises are expanded.

Format: Pdf (book 14mb + mp3 76mb)
All in zip archive - Mb

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Practical Swedish course
depositfiles

Visa to Sweden

Swedish Audio Course by Living Language (Delta Publishing)

A short and simple course in everyday Swedish, giving you an idea of ​​the basics.
It is necessary to listen to the speaker and repeat after him during pauses.
The text makes it possible to simultaneously see words and phrases in printed form with transcription.
Short lessons are convenient for work.
The creators of the course promise that after its completion you will be able to communicate on simple themes in Swedish.

Format: PDF, mp3 (zip)
9.8MB

Berlitz. Swedish language. Basic course

Publisher: Living language, 2006
Swedish audio course, compiled according to the method Berlitz, consists of 24 lessons (scenes). Each subsequent lesson is based on the material of the previous one. The scene includes a dialogue on one of the most common topics in the spoken language, comments on it, and exercises. All dialogues are recorded on audio. Recorded by native Swedish speakers. The complexity increases gradually, so that the language is assimilated naturally and easily. IN basic course language includes: A textbook containing dialogues, simple grammar comments and exercises, and three audio cassettes with recorded dialogues.

Format: PDF + mp3 (>RAR)
Size: 310 MB

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Berlitz. Swedish language. Basic course
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Spoken Swedish in Dialogues (Book & Audio)

N. I. Zhukova, L. S. Zamotaeva, Yu. V. Perlova
Series: Spoken Language in Dialogues
2008
The benefit is intended for those who have basic knowledge Swedish grammar and wants to expand their vocabulary and master modern Swedish colloquial speech. The manual consists of training dialogues, built on the most likely conversational situations in which real language communication is modeled.

Format: PDF+MP3
Sizeo: 147.11 MB

Files that made it possible to get acquainted with the work in advance, and not to buy the book blindly, as well as to obtain information for residents of those regions where the purchase of this book is impossible, have been removed at the request of the publisher.

Swedish language. Tutorial for beginners (+ Audio course)

Khokhlova E.N., Bieren P.G.
AST-Press, 2011

The manual includes lessons on phonetics, vocabulary and grammar, exercises of varying degrees of difficulty with keys, lesson dictionaries, Swedish-Russian and Russian-Swedish dictionaries, grammar tables, humorous miniatures in Swedish. The tutorial is supplied with an audio supplement on CD, the text for which was recorded by native speakers of the Swedish language. The book contains color illustrations for regional study materials of the lessons. An accessible and step-by-step presentation of the material, explanations in Russian, an effective self-control system make the manual indispensable for those who have never studied languages ​​or think that they have no ability for them. After completing the entire course, the reader will be able to communicate in Swedish in typical situations, read texts of medium complexity and not get into an awkward position due to ignorance of Swedish customs and norms of linguistic behavior.
Total playing time: 1 hour 40 minutes.

Last year, I made the decision to move in a new direction with regard to my work. My new project was to test language learning resources and apps and then review them in a blog post. The reason for the new review was that I started learning Swedish, but gave up because I ran into some difficulties and didn't set really motivating goals.

Once I successfully mastered basic Hebrew from a textbook by a well-known British publisher Routledge and now they sent me a book to review Colloquial Swedish Complete Course for Beginners- Swedish textbook for beginners! And I decided to bring my basic Swedish to mind.

What is Colloquial Series?

This is a series of English-language textbooks for learning foreign languages. You can use the paper or electronic version. The textbook comes with audio recordings that can be downloaded for free on the website. I asked for the paper version, because in my opinion it is more convenient to work with it - you can emphasize important points with a pencil, do exercises. And yes, I do love books.

Who is the textbook for?

1. For those who already know English at an intermediate level and above, read freely. This is a cool experiment if you want to learn Swedish and support English. Just what I'm talking about about the language environment. Learn immediately in a foreign language!
2. Do you want to master grammar, pronunciation and intonation, necessary phrases to communicate at an elementary level on everyday topics (about yourself and family, hobbies and work, study and travel). The book will conduct a brief digression into the culture of the country: there is information, regions, history, lifestyle, traditions.
3. In my opinion, it is advisable to connect this textbook when you already have an idea about Swedish pronunciation, you can read and know the basic words. Otherwise it will be difficult. The language is not simple, and the texts for the textbook are not the easiest - a lot of unfamiliar words. Will have to work!

What's inside the book

Each of the 17 chapters of the textbook contains the following parts: text, dialogue, dictionary, grammar excursus, practical exercises, pronunciation training and cognitive text with explanations.

All dialogues in the tutorial are based on the story of several characters. This is student Rebecca from the USA, who came to the university in Stockholm for a year, her friend, family from Sweden and Scottish musician Bill.

1. Dialog presents options spoken language and phrases suitable for different everyday situations. For example, how to introduce yourself, say what you like and dislike, place an order in a cafe.
2. In notes additional constructions are offered to express the same thoughts as in the dialogue. The features of the pronunciation of individual words, phrases, combinations are also explained.
3. Dictionary after dialogue and text contains the translation of most words. If some words are not here, then you will find them at the end of the book - in the general dictionary. The authors of the textbook claim that at the end of the book the student's vocabulary will be 2000 words (check!). So it’s better to learn them right away, as you go, without putting it off for later. After all, with each chapter their number will grow.
4. Text with geographical and historical information, to be honest, not very interesting. Maybe it's the complexity and in large numbers unfamiliar words. I don't like looking into the dictionary every second. All fire is gone! It seems to me that the texts should have been made lighter and shorter. Yes, there are more interesting topics to choose from. In general, I decided to rely on the context and translate only into last resort as the book advises. But there were many such cases.
5. Exercises I liked it for practicing grammar and vocabulary. I have not practiced filling in the gaps with a pencil in a textbook for a long time. In total, the book contains 120 exercises to consolidate the material, and there are answers at the end of the book.
6. Chapter 1 to 10 In addition, tasks for training pronunciation are offered. There are also audios for them to compare yourself with native speakers and correct.
7. Chapter 1 to 5 stress is indicated in words and sentences. And not in vain! This is because the accent in Swedish is a separate issue. In addition, the Swedes like to stretch not only vowels, but also consonants. These nuances are given additional attention.

Problems in learning Swedish from scratch

Pronunciation- it is worth going through the section on pronunciation at the very beginning of the book before starting the training, and then before each lesson, train at least one audio recording from this section and so on several times. If it gets difficult, don't back down. Gradually, the rules will be remembered, their logic will become clear and become easier. I'm saying this because I haven't figured this out myself.

I draw attention to important point: I didn't have enough materials from the book. Therefore, I included the simplest and most basic audio from podcasts in the classes. SwedishPod. Thanks to them, I improved my pronunciation and generally began to understand at least something in it. At first it seemed that nothing would clear up for a long time.

stress- it depends on the correct placement of the stress whether you will be understood correctly, since there are 2 different accents in Swedish - with one accent and with two.

Word order and sentence structure- you can not pay too much attention to this if your task is to speak at the basic stage. But, if one of the tasks is to read and write, then start devoting time to these skills right away, as the authors of the textbook recommend.

My training

Week 1 This week I devoted the first chapter of the book. I started, of course, with the chapter on pronunciation plus pro read the recommendations of the authors of the textbook on how to work with the book.

• I listened to 7 audio recordings, following the text, in the section on Swedish pronunciation. There are many examples, but native speakers do not list and voice everything down to the last word. I will say that it was difficult, despite the fact that I had already listened and practiced pronunciation before. Still very unusual! Therefore, before each daily lesson, I decided to listen again and train aloud one audio recording from this section. I know that the skill will be honed only in this way.
• T renirovala alphabet and pronunciation of vowels.
• I listened to the dialogue with the presentation of the characters, the dialogue in the cafe and the text about Sweden and English-speaking countries, immediately repeating aloud after a native speaker. I studied the words to the notes and texts, answered the questions.
• Grammar went through pronouns, the verb "to be" (where without it?), the articles en and ett, general issues and questions with inversion, present tense forms of verbs. Plus, I did exercises on the topics listed.

So far, there is not enough practice in pronunciation and audio recordings of individual words from the dictionary under the dialogue. It seems to me that more audio should have been recorded for the tutorial. Reading the words is not yet sure of the correctness.

Week 2 No matter how difficult it is, let's move on to the second chapter. In parallel, repeating the first.

• I read (with difficulty) and listened to 2 texts and a dialogue.
• Dealt with the infinitive and present form verb, articles and nouns, word order in a sentence.
• I learned to talk about the time of the day, count to 100, ask and tell about the place of residence, greet interlocutors, introduce myself.
• I did the suggested exercises, practiced pronunciation, as usual.

Week 3 In addition to connecting new material, I find time in the lesson to repeat the previous chapters.

• I listen to audio recordings and dialogues from the first chapters, I train pronunciation.
• At the same time, I listen to SwedishPod podcasts for beginners at home or on the road. If possible, I repeat aloud (if at home) or to myself (if in transport).
• I read new text about a trip to Sweden, studied the dictionary.
• I studied grammar and vocabulary: adverbs, possessive case, days of the week, numbers, action verbs.

Week 4 I studied mostly not from a textbook, but from podcastsSwedishPod. Although the repetition of dialogues took place. News: I finally noticed a clearer pronunciation and listening comprehension. Hooray! It turns out beautifully and correctly to say basic phrases. This is huge progress, but there is still a lot of work to be done. So far, this is all I can say about the learning outcomes at the moment.

conclusions

Most likely I will make another series of articles about this tutorial, since I managed to get through only 3 chapters in a month. It takes time to properly work out and apply the material. In addition, the language is quite complex and unusual for me. So I see no reason to rush. We will act step by step. Isn't that a good reason to resurrect this thread?

Like the article? Support our project and share with your friends!

So far, I can say that if you study from a book, then connect either basic classes with a teacher, or first learn basic words, practice pronunciation, learn to read and listen to podcasts on simple topics. After that, proceed to the tutorial. I am now taking a break just for this purpose, and later I will return to Colloquial Swedish with new knowledge. If there is at least some knowledge of reading and pronunciation, the textbook should be enough. Well, I will continue to inform you about further actions and results.

Let me know in the comments if you tried foreign language in English language?

In this article, I will give you a couple of important guidelines + the introductory lesson itself.

To get started you need define your goals. After all, as you know, if you just go “somewhere”, then you will come to some random point. I suggest you clarify your plans for Swedish with the help of.

When you have already clearly decided what Swedish is for and how you will use it, it's time to choose suitable materials. This article will help you, which, in addition to textbooks, also touches on additional manuals.

At this stage, it makes sense to familiarize yourself with. I am not a supporter of hammering the rules of pronunciation to the stop and only after mastering them move on. Therefore, I divided all the information about pronunciation into 3 logical blocks, which I give to my students gradually. You can read before or after this lesson. The main thing - do not read all three at once, otherwise there will be porridge in your head.

In this first lesson, you will learn to talk about the languages ​​you speak and talk a little about yourself and other people.

For this you need a few verbs. Verbs are generally the most important thing in the language from the point of view of a beginner, since it is with their help that the backbone of sentences is built - both simple and complex.

Talar- I say

Pratar- talking / talking

Heter- (my name is

Kommer(från) - I come; (I'm from) …

Ä r- I am, I am

Kan- can; I can; I know

Three ways to say that you speak such and such a language:

1. Jag talar svenska - I speak Swedish.
2. Jag pratar ryska. - I speak Russian.
3. Jag kan engelska. – I know English / I speak English.

”Talar” and ”pratar” both mean “I’m talking / talking”, but the second word sounds more colloquial (about the difference between talar-pratar-säger is). It can also mean "talking". By the way, textbooks usually give exactly the variant with “talar”, while in colloquial speech the variant “pratar” dominates. If a Swede asks you “Do you speak Swedish?” he will most likely say: “ Pratar du svenska?”

Did you notice that the verb hasn't changed? Nice moment: if you know how to say “I say/know/food…”, then you know both “you say/know/go” and “we say/…”, “she says/…”. Convenient, isn't it? One verb form for all!

This works for all verbs with no exceptions. Not at all like in English, where it is difficult for a beginner to keep in mind that I have, but he has; She is, but you are and I am .

Another important thing(and nice too): Asking questions is very easy. You just need to swap “WHO” (you / you / she / me / your family, etc.) and the verb (“say”, “go”, “do”, etc.).

No frills like " auxiliary verbs”, as in English (do, does, did) is not necessary, which is good news.

Kan du engelska?– Do/do you speak/do you speak English? Do you know English?

”Kan” basically corresponds to the English ”can”, but can also mean “I know” in the context of foreign languages. Interestingly, in English you cannot say “I know English” (although Russians often try to say this by analogy with their native language), but in Swedish you can - just like in Russian.

Have you already noticed that the three languages ​​mentioned - svenska, engelska, ryska - all end in -ska? This is a typical ending for the names of languages ​​in Swedish. By the way, the word "language" itself is ett språk, and "foreign language" is ett främmande språk.

Other language examples:

tyska- German

franska- French

kinesiska- Chinese

spanska– spanish

(Yes, the names of languages—and nationalities!—are capitalized. English speakers often try to capitalize them.)

I also want to note that words of Scandinavian origin are typically stressed on the first syllable, so if you are not sure, it is better to pronounce an unfamiliar word with stress on the first syllable.

Here is how the stress falls in the words above: tálar, prátar, éngelska, rýska, svénska, kinésiska…

You probably want to say "I a little I speak Swedish" or "I not I speak Swedish.

Jag kan lite svenska. – I speak a little Swedish.

Jag pratar bara lite svenska. I only speak a little Swedish.

Jag kan inte svenska. – I don’t know Swedish / I don’t speak Swedish.

Jag talar inte svenska. – I don’t speak Swedish.

OBS! Note! Unlike the Russian language, in Swedish the negation "not" (inte) put after verb!

Talar du ryska? – Nej, jag kan inte ryska. - You speak Russian? – No, I don’t know Russian.

Jag förstar inte svenska. – I don’t understand Swedish.

How to tell about yourself?

Swedes don't usually say "My name is..." (=Mitt namn är...), although it is possible. But normal version developments like this:

— Vad heter du? - Jag heter ... (Margarita).

- What is your name? - My name is Margarita).

That is, literally - "I am called / called."

"Vad" = what.

Another important word for questions about a person is ”var” (=where).

Var bor du?- Where do you live?

Var ifrån kommer du?/Var kommer du ifrån? - Where you're from)?

Those familiar with English can easily recognize the English "from" in the word ifrån (i + från). There are many more similarities waiting for you.

What can be the answer to such questions?

Var bor du? – Jag bor i Sverige (I live in Sweden).

Var kommer du ifran? – Jag kommer/är från Ryssland (I'm from Russia).

The pitfalls here are pronunciation. Everyone strives to say [boron] and [sverige]. But no!

bor / [bu:r]

Sverige / [sverige]

By the way, how do you say “Can you speak Swedish?” Negra ideer? Any ideas?

Basically, you know all these words. Then maybe ”Kan du talar/pratar svenska?” In fact, this phrase will mean "You know how to speak ish in Swedish?

The correct option is ”Kan du tala/prata svenska?”

The catch here is this: Swedish has a present tense form of the verb (usually ending in –r) and an infinitive (for example, “deeds be ”, “chita be ”, “look be "). This form - the infinitive - usually ends in -a:

Present tense vs. Infinitive

prat ar prat a

tal ar tal a

komm er komm a

het er het a

ar var a

kan kunn a

forstå r forstå

Surely the last three lines have raised questions in you. You will find answers to them very soon, in.

In the meantime, I suggest you practice what you learned in this lesson, using an example different countries, peoples and their languages.

First exercise

Look, the first word in the line is the country, the second is the people/nationality, and the third is their language.

Till exempl(for example):

Finland-finnar-finska(Finland - Finns - Finnish)

You need to say: Finnar b o r i Finland. De pr a tar/t a lar finska. (Finns live in Finland. They speak Finnish).

Nu kor vi! Go!

USA-amerik a ner-engelska

Spanien-spanj o rer—spanska

Frankrike-fransman-franska

England/St o rbritannien-engelsman-engelska

Ryssland - ryssar - ryska

Sveri g e - svenskar - svenska

Ki na- ki neser- ki nesiska

no rg e - norrmän - no rs ka

Danmark-danskar-danska

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Second exercise

Write short texts about people you know.

Use the following pattern:

Jag har en pojkvän.

Hanheter Alexander.

Han är ryss/Han kommer från Ryssland.

Hanär 28 (år gammal).

Han pratar ryska och engelska.

Pojkvan means "boyfriend" (like "boyfriend").

The following words may be helpful to you:

en flickvan– girl (as “girlfriend”)

en kompis- friend, friend (also girlfriend)

en arbetskamrat- colleague

en brevvä n- pen pal

Vi h ö rs ! (Let's hear on!)