§ 83. Homogeneous members not connected by unions 1. Between homogeneous members of a sentence not connected by unions, a comma is usually placed, for example: I saw his head, tangled hair, a tattered overcoat strap (Perventsev); Zhukhrai spoke brightly, clearly, understandably, simply

§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions that are not connected by unions. Definitions are homogeneous: a) if they denote the distinguishing features of different objects, for example: At a great distance, the city sprawled and quietly

§ 85. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous applications that are not connected by unions. Applications are homogeneous if they characterize an object on the one hand, indicate close signs, for example: Fifteen versts from mine

§ 83. Homogeneous members not connected by unions 1. Between homogeneous members of a sentence not connected by unions, a comma is usually placed, for example: At this time, a swallow flew into the colonnade, made a circle under the golden ceiling, sank,

§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions that are not connected by unions. Definitions are homogeneous: 1) if they indicate the distinguishing features of different objects, for example: A crowd of children in blue, red, white

§ 85. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous applications that are not connected by unions. Applications are homogeneous if they characterize an object on the one hand, indicate close signs, for example: fifteen miles from mine

§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions 1. Between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by single connecting unions and, yes (in the meaning of “and”), dividing unions or, or, a comma is not put, for example: Khlopusha and Beloborodoe did not say

§ 87. Homogeneous members connected by repeated unions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by means of repeated unions and ... and, yes ... yes, neither ... nor, or ... or, whether ... whether, or ... or, then ... then and etc., for example: Darkness of an early winter morning

§ 88. Homogeneous members connected by paired unions 1. If homogeneous members are connected by paired (comparative, double) unions like ... and, not like ... like, not only ... but also, not so much ... how much, how much ... so much, although ... but, if not ... then, etc., then a comma is placed

Homogeneous members of a sentence, a comma between homogeneous members not connected by unions § 25 with repeated unions (such as and ... and, neither ... nor). § 26 with a double repetition of the union and § 26 with a double repetition of other unions, except for and § 26 with a pairwise union of members

Without definitions explaining the property and quality of an object, human speech would be "dry" and uninteresting. Everything that has a sign is conveyed in sentences with the help of definitions. It is the description of objects that creates our knowledge about it and our attitude towards it: a delicious fruit, a bitter experience, a beautiful person, a white and fluffy rabbit, etc. Such explanations characterizing objects help to understand them better.

The concept of homogeneous members

For greater disclosure of the content of a sentence or to strengthen any part of it, homogeneous members of sentences are often used. They answer the same question and explain or refer to the same member of the sentence. Homogeneous members are absolutely independent and are connected in a sentence either by enumerative intonation or by coordinating conjunctions. Rarely, they can be connected by subordinating unions that convey the meaning of concession or the reasons for what is happening.

For example:

All members of the sentence, both secondary and main, can be homogeneous equally. Difficulties in punctuation often raise doubts about their uniformity. To know when commas are needed and when not, you need to understand what distinguishes between homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions.

Definitions heterogeneous and homogeneous

Homogeneous are definitions that refer to one member of the sentence or that characterize it, and answer one question. Commas are placed between homogeneous definitions, as they describe an object from any side or list its varieties, for example:

Heterogeneous definitions give a description of the subject from different angles, characterizing it according to its various qualities.

This is the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Examples have shown that homogeneous are divided according to the characteristics and conditions that they characterize. They also have an enumerative intonation.

Heterogeneous definitions

Homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions can be divided according to the way of expressing signs and according to the place in the sentence.

Non-homogeneous include:

• Definitions that characterize or reveal the properties of an object from different angles. At the same time, its various qualities can be listed - shape, color, width, height, material, etc. For example: a long black scarf was wrapped several times around the neck (definitions indicate the length and color of the object).
• Definitions consisting of a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example: a girl took off a red woolen mitten from her hand and stroked a kitten (“red” is a qualitative adjective characterizing the color, “woolen” is a relative one, indicating the material).
• Definitions represented by qualitative adjectives included in different semantic groups. For example: his cheerful green eyes squinted (two quality adjectives characterize the word being defined from different angles).

Another feature that distinguishes homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (examples clearly demonstrate this) is the absence of a listing intonation when they reveal their various properties in objects.

Main signs of homogeneity

In order to determine what type definitions in a sentence belong to, one should know what particular features of an object they can characterize. In the section "Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions" (grade 8), the main features indicating homogeneity are given:

They also distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions of punctuation marks in a sentence. With homogeneous secondary terms, they are always put.

Punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions

It is important to correctly determine whether or not to put punctuation marks when the sentence has homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Lesson (grade 8) on this topic gives the following examples of comma placement:

Commas are not put if homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions are separated by a coordinating union and. For example: red and yellow balls (uniform definitions); the house was large and stone (heterogeneous definitions).

Additional signs of homogeneity and heterogeneity

In addition to the main ones, there are additional signs indicating that the definitions are homogeneous. This is characteristic either of poetic forms bound by the requirements of rhyme or terminology. In such speech constructions, definitions, even after the object they define, may be undefinable. For example:

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (the exercises confirm this) can move from one quality to another. For example, when one definition stands in front of another, which makes up a single phrase with the subject: a long train.

A special kind of definitions

A special variety includes definitions that connect explanatory relationships. In this case, it is easy to determine where homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions are. The test for their difference lies in the substitution of conjunctions "namely" and "that is".

• A completely different, interesting time has come (another, namely interesting).
• The play received a new, original sound (new, that is, original).

A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions connected by explanatory conditions.

Note

As the rules show, they may have exceptions or notes, which confirms the study of the topic “homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions”. A lesson in grade 11 introduces students to a note on this topic. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions tend to change the meaning of the sentence, for example:

• New, yellow taxis appeared on the streets of the city (the former ones were not yellow).
• New yellow taxis appeared on the streets of the city (the number of yellow taxis increased).

In the first example, the emphasis is on the fact that taxis in the city have become yellow. In the second, new cars appeared among the yellow taxis.

double punctuation

Depending on what intonation the speaker uses, in some phrases the definition following the first one may become not homogeneous, but explanatory. For example:

• New proven methods led to the result (before these methods did not exist).
• New, proven methods resulted (previous methods were not proven).

In the second example, you can substitute the unions "that is" and "namely", so a comma is placed and the intonation changes.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Agreed definitions relating to one defined word can be both homogeneous and heterogeneous.

Homogeneous definitions each directly related to the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. Homogeneous definitions are connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions and enumerative intonation or only by enumeration intonation and connecting pauses.

Homogeneous definitions are used in two cases:

a) to indicate the distinguishing features of different objects (varieties of objects of the same kind are listed, for example: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue panels of light fall on passers-by, slide along facades (Cat.));

b) to designate various, logically one-dimensional, signs of the same object (the signs of the object are listed, and most often the object is characterized on the one hand, for example: Chapaev loved a strong, decisive, firm word (Furm.)).

Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different angles, but at the same time, the context creates conditions for the convergence of the features they express (the unifying feature can be a distant general concept, the similarity of the impression produced by the features, appearance, etc.), for example: Napoleon made an interrogative gesture with his small, white and plump hand (L.T.).

In a series of homogeneous definitions, each subsequent one can strengthen the sign they express, as a result of which a semantic gradation is created, for example: In autumn, feather grass steppes completely change and get their own special, original, incomparable look (Aks.).

Between homogeneous definitions, since they form a coordinative series and are in a logically and semantically identical relation to the word being defined, one can usually insert a coordinating union: cheerful and open smile, open and charming smile etc. (Heterogeneous definitions do not allow this: one cannot say: climbed the creaky and wooden stairs, put on a new and red dress.)

Usually, the adjective and the participial phrase following it (or just participle) act as homogeneous definitions, for example: It was somehow sad in this small garden, already touched in late autumn (Hump.); clean, ironed shirt; grey, dull day.

Definitions are heterogeneous, if the preceding definition does not refer directly to the noun being defined, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the noun being defined, for example: The sun disappeared behind an advanced low broken cloud (L.T.).

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles, in different respects, for example: a large leather briefcase (size and material), an oblong pale face (shape and color), beautiful Moscow boulevards (quality and location), etc. But, if it is possible to bring such signs under a common generic concept, the definitions can become homogeneous, for example: Along the mossy, swampy banks, huts blackened here and there (P.) (the unifying feature is marshy).

Definitions expressed by qualitative and relative adjectives are heterogeneous, since they are not in the same relation to the noun: the relative adjective extends the noun, and the qualitative one joins the phrase (relative adjective + noun) as a whole name: sunny autumn day.

Also, the definitions expressed are not homogeneous:

1) pronoun and adjective: your new hat, this wooden casket;

2) ordinal number and adjective: second stone House;

3) participle and adjective (in that order): purely washed wooden floor, tanned cheerful face.

The clarifying definitions are not homogeneous either (the second definition, often inconsistent, clarifies the first, limits the sign expressed by it), for example: Only a narrow, three hundred fathoms, strip of fertile land is the property of the Cossacks (L. T.)

Homogeneous definitions?

lady nee

The greatest difficulties in establishing the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the members of a sentence are associated with homogeneous definitions, which should be distinguished from heterogeneous ones (and this is not always easy).

First of all, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions relate differently to the noun being defined.

Each of the homogeneous definitions explains the directly defined noun: An interesting, exciting film.

In the case of heterogeneous definitions, only the definition closest to the noun is directly related to it and forms a single complex name together with the noun. And the definition more distant from the noun characterizes all this complex name as a whole: Good May day, that is, the definition good does not refer to the word day, but to the phrase May day.

Heterogeneity relations are most often observed between qualitative and relative adjectives-definitions (a large glass vase, a new leather bag), while the relative adjective stands immediately before the noun and is part of a complex name, and the qualitative one characterizes all this complex name as a whole.

Definitions are usually heterogeneous if: 1) they are expressed by a pronoun and an adjective: your blue suit; our new friend; every interesting book; 2) numeral and adjective: the first winter day; two old linden trees; 3) participle and adjective: crumbling autumn leaves; faded gray eyes; 4) qualitative adjective and relative: big stone house; bright morning dawn; strong male voice. Such definitions designate different attributes of an object: belonging and color, size and material, shape and color, quality and location, etc.

Combinations with homogeneous definitions are semantically diverse. In general, they can be divided into two groups: 1) definitions that name the features of different objects; 2) definitions that name the features of the same object. (Heterogeneous definitions always characterize one subject, but from different angles: There were old hanging wall clocks in the office (L. Tolstoy).)

1) With the help of definitions, varieties of objects that differ in any one respect are indicated: by color, purpose, material, geographical location, etc.

For example: At a great distance, the city sprawled and quietly flamed and sparkled with blue, white, yellow lights (V. Korolenko).

Homogeneity of definitions in such groups is strictly obligatory and easily recognizable. (It is precisely such definitions that either include or allow the inclusion of the union c.)

2) Much more common are such homogeneous definitions that characterize the same object or a single group of objects. It can be:

A) synonymous definitions (the uniformity of which is obligatory, since they express one feature, that is, they characterize an object from one side): a sharp, piercing wind; thick, dense fog;

B) definitions that denote signs different, but often and naturally accompanying each other (between such definitions, you can insert a causal union because, because): dark, low clouds; nocturnal, desert city;

3) definitions are necessarily homogeneous, of which the first is a single, and the second is a participial turnover (a single definition precedes the common one): they walked through a quiet taiga illuminated by stars (but: they walked through a quiet taiga illuminated by stars).

Tell me what is heterogeneous definitions?

kitty

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles, indicate different features of an object, for example, its size, shape, color, material, location, etc. For example: that the forest was cut down in winter (V. Soloukhin). 2) Bestuzhev removed a green knitted (color and material) glove from her hand and kissed her cold fingers (K. Paustovsky). 3) A thick draft (size and purpose) notebook, in which I wrote down plans and rough sketches, was placed at the bottom of the suitcase (V. Kaverin). 4) Around noon, a lot of round high (shape and location) clouds usually appear ... (I. Turgenev).
As a rule, definitions expressed by a combination of a qualitative and relative adjective are heterogeneous.

mire kim

Designate the defined words, underline homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. For a long time, no attention was paid to the Dymkovo painted clay toy. Interest, and then real world recognition, came to her in our days. Indeed, today there is an acute shortage of good.


For a long time, no attention was paid to the Dymkovo painted clay toy. Interest, and then real world recognition, came to her in our days. Indeed, today there is an acute shortage of good.
Dymkovka is a children's joyful optimistic view of the world. Here are caring serious nannies with children; graceful playful water carriers; funny colorful rams with golden horns; harmless nobles - arrogant and funny. These are happy young people riding a boat; funny moving buffoons on horseback; shy young ladies with umbrellas. And how amusing in his arrogant majestic pose is the rider on the spotted horse!
Halftones and imperceptible transitions are alien to the famous Dymkovo toy. These are catchy optimistic toys burning with colored spots.

The greatest difficulties in establishing the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the members of the proposal are associated with homogeneous definitions, which should be distinguished from inhomogeneous ones (and this is not always easy).

First of all, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions relate differently to the noun being defined.

Each of homogeneous definitions explains the directly defined noun: An interesting and exciting film.

In the case of heterogeneous definitions, only the definition closest to the noun is directly related to it and forms a single complex name together with the noun. And a definition more distant from the noun characterizes all this complex name as a whole: Good May day that is the definition good does not refer to the word day, and to the phrase May day.

Heterogeneity relationships are most often observed between qualitative and relative adjectives-definitions (large glass vase, new leather bag), at the same time, the relative adjective stands immediately before the noun and is part of the complex name, and the qualitative one characterizes all this complex name as a whole.

Definitions are usually heterogeneous if: 1) they are expressed by a pronoun and an adjective: your blue suit; our new friend; every interesting book; 2) numeral and adjective: first winter day; two old linden trees; 3) participle and adjective: crumbling autumn leaves; faded gray eyes; 4) qualitative adjective and relative: large stone house; bright morning dawn; strong male voice. Such definitions designate different attributes of an object: belonging and color, size and material, shape and color, quality and location, etc.

Combinations with homogeneous definitions semantically different. In general, they can be divided into two groups: 1) definitions that name the features of different objects; 2) definitions that name the features of the same object. (Heterogeneous definitions always characterize one subject, but from different angles: There was an old hanging wall clock in the office (L. Tolstoy).)

1) With the help of definitions, varieties of objects that differ in any one respect are indicated: by color, purpose, material, geographical location, etc.

For example: At a great distance, the city sprawled and quietly flamed and sparkled with blue, white, yellow lights (V. Korolenko).

Homogeneity of definitions in such groups is strictly obligatory and easily recognizable. (It is precisely such definitions that either include or allow the inclusion of the union c.)

2) Much more common are such homogeneous definitions, which characterize the same object or a single group of objects. It can be:

a) definitions-synonyms (the homogeneity of which is obligatory, since they express one feature, i.e. characterize the subject from one side): sharp, piercing wind; thick, dense fog;

b) definitions that denote signs different, but often and naturally accompanying each other (between such definitions, you can insert a causal union because, because): dark, low clouds; nocturnal, desert city;

3) definitions are necessarily homogeneous, of which the first is single, and the second is participial turnover (a single definition precedes the common one): walked through the quiet, star-lit taiga(but: walked through the quiet taiga illuminated by stars).

4) definitions-epithets (emotional, artistic definitions). Such definitions are found mainly in the descriptive contexts of works of art, where, with the help of homogeneous definitions every single detail of the description is underlined. Uniformity such definitions may be mandatory or optional. Homogeneity does not receive a distinct design and depends on the entire statement. Such definitions are united by some common feature. The basis for this association may be the similarity of the impression produced: The letter is written in large, uneven, thin handwriting. (A. Kuprin); Short, velvety grass grows green near the spring. (I. Turgenev); Arriving home, Laevsky and Nadezhda Fyodorovna went into their dark, stuffy, boring rooms. (A. Chekhov); In the gray sky there were wadded, dry clouds (K. Paustovsky).

Without definitions explaining the property and quality of an object, human speech would be "dry" and uninteresting. Everything that has a sign is conveyed in sentences with the help of definitions. It is the description of objects that creates our knowledge about it and our attitude towards it: a delicious fruit, a bitter experience, a beautiful person, a white and fluffy rabbit, etc. Such explanations characterizing objects help to understand them better.

The concept of homogeneous members

For greater disclosure of the content of a sentence or to strengthen any part of it, sentences are often used. They answer the same question and explain or refer to the same member of the sentence. Homogeneous members are absolutely independent and are connected in a sentence either by enumerative intonation, or rarely they can be connected by concessions conveying meaning or reasons for what is happening.

For example:

All members of the sentence, both secondary and main, can be homogeneous equally. Difficulties in punctuation often raise doubts about their uniformity. To know when commas are needed and when not, you need to understand what distinguishes between homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions.

Definitions heterogeneous and homogeneous

Homogeneous are definitions that refer to one member of the sentence or that characterize it, and answer one question. Commas are placed between homogeneous definitions, as they describe an object from any side or list its varieties, for example:

Heterogeneous definitions give a description of the subject from different angles, characterizing it according to its various qualities.

This is the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Examples have shown that homogeneous are divided according to the characteristics and conditions that they characterize. They also have an enumerative intonation.

Heterogeneous definitions

Homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions can be divided according to the way of expressing signs and according to the place in the sentence.

Non-homogeneous include:

• Definitions that characterize or reveal the properties of an object from different angles. At the same time, its various qualities can be listed - shape, color, width, height, material, etc. For example: a long black scarf was wrapped several times around the neck (definitions indicate the length and color of the object).
• Definitions consisting of a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example: a girl took off a red woolen mitten from her hand and stroked a kitten (“red” is a qualitative adjective characterizing the color, “woolen” is a relative one, indicating the material).
• Definitions represented by qualitative adjectives included in different semantic groups. For example: his cheerful green eyes squinted (two quality adjectives characterize the word being defined from different angles).

Another feature that distinguishes homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (examples clearly demonstrate this) is the absence of a listing intonation when they reveal their various properties in objects.

Main signs of homogeneity

In order to determine what type definitions in a sentence belong to, one should know what particular features of an object they can characterize. In the section "Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions" (grade 8), the main features indicating homogeneity are given:

• enumeration of the qualities of various objects: aspens were decorated with yellow, purple and red foliage, birches - golden (definitions characterize foliage of different colors);

  

• disclosure of the signs of an object, on the one hand, or a state: a warm, quiet, unhurried rain rustled through the foliage (homogeneous definitions convey the state of rain);
• each following definition reveals or complements the meaning of the previous one: every September the forest is briefly transformed, acquiring a special, bright, unique look (the subsequent definition reveals the meaning of the previous one);
• between the definitions, you can substitute the union and: on the table lay pencil, ink sketches (pencil and ink sketches);
• when they convey different signs of an object, united in a common context by a single property: inflamed red eyes (red due to inflammation);
• when they stand after the defined word: we immediately looked after ourselves a fluffy, tall, slender Christmas tree (the defined word “tree”, after which there are definitions describing it);
• when this minor member of the sentence is an adjective and a fragrant, toasted loaf was taken out of the oven following it.

They also distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions of punctuation marks in a sentence. With homogeneous secondary terms, they are always put.

Punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions

It is important to correctly determine whether or not to put punctuation marks when the sentence has homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Lesson (grade 8) on this topic gives the following examples of comma placement:

• When homogeneous definitions are expressed by a single adjective and the participial phrase following it, a comma is placed between them: the son handed his mother a large bouquet of wildflowers he had collected.

  

• When they list the signs of various objects, for example: red, yellow, orange, blue flowers, painted by children on a gray fence, made it festive.
• When different properties of one item are listed, pointing to one of its properties: cold, hard ice cream scoops were of different colors.
• When all homogeneous definitions refer to one word and a union can be put between them and: he answered with an honest, calm look (an honest and calm look).
• When they are located directly after the word being defined: he saw a graceful, fragile, tender girl.
• When they list the synonymous properties of an object in a single context: a stormy, roaring, deafening storm broke out.
• When there are signs due to mutual dependence: heavy, prolonged downpour (lingering due to being heavy).

Commas are not put if homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions are separated by a coordinating union and. For example: red and yellow balls (uniform definitions); the house was large and stone (heterogeneous definitions).

Additional signs of homogeneity and heterogeneity

In addition to the main ones, there are additional signs indicating that the definitions are homogeneous. either poetic forms bound by the requirements of rhyme or terminology. In such speech constructions, definitions, even after the object they define, may be undefinable. For example:




Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (the exercises confirm this) can move from one quality to another. For example, when one definition stands in front of another, which makes up a single phrase with the subject: a long train.

A special kind of definitions

A special variety includes definitions that connect explanatory relationships. In this case, it is easy to determine where homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions are. The test for their difference lies in the substitution of conjunctions "namely" and "that is".

• A completely different, interesting time has come (another, namely interesting).
• The play received a new, original sound (new, that is, original).



A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions connected by explanatory conditions.

Note

As the rules show, they may have exceptions or notes, which confirms the study of the topic “homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions”. A lesson in grade 11 introduces students to a note on this topic. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions tend to change the meaning of the sentence, for example:

• New, yellow taxis appeared on the streets of the city (the former ones were not yellow).
• New yellow taxis appeared on the streets of the city (the number of yellow taxis increased).



In the first example, the emphasis is on the fact that taxis in the city have become yellow. In the second, new cars appeared among the yellow taxis.

double punctuation

Depending on what intonation the speaker uses, in some phrases the definition following the first one may become not homogeneous, but explanatory. For example:

• New proven methods led to the result (before these methods did not exist).
• New, proven methods resulted (previous methods were not proven).

In the second example, you can substitute the unions "that is" and "namely", so a comma is placed and the intonation changes.