What letters of the Russian alphabet are not. Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

(alphabet) - a set of graphic characters - letters in the established sequence, which create the written and printed form of the national Russian language. Includes 33 letters: a, b, c, d, e, e, e, f, h, i, d, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, y, f, x, c, h, w, u, b, s, b, e, u, i. Most letters in writing are graphically different from printed ones. Except for ъ, ы, ь, all letters are used in two versions: uppercase and lowercase. In printed form, the variants of most letters are graphically identical (they differ only in size; compare, however, B and b), in writing, in many cases, the spelling of uppercase and lowercase letters differ from each other (A and a, T and t, etc.).

The Russian alphabet conveys the phonemic and sound composition of Russian speech: 20 letters convey consonant sounds (b, p, c, f, e, t, s, s, g, w, h, c, u, g, k, x, m, n, l, p), 10 letters - vowels, of which a, e, o, s, and, y are only vowels, i, e, e, u - the softness of the previous consonant + a, e, o, y or combinations j + vowel ("five", "forest", "ice", "hatch"; "pit", "ride", "tree", "young"); the letter "y" conveys "and non-syllable" ("battle") and in some cases the consonant j ("yogi"). Two letters: "b" (hard sign) and "b" (soft sign) do not denote separate independent sounds. The letter "b" serves to indicate the softness of the preceding consonants, paired in hardness - softness ("mol" - "mole"), after the letters of hissing "b" is an indicator in writing of some grammatical forms (3rd declension of nouns - "daughter", but “brick”, imperative mood - “cut”, etc.). The letters "b" and "b" also act as a separator sign ("rise", "beat").

The modern Russian alphabet, in its composition and basic letter styles, goes back to the ancient Cyrillic alphabet, whose alphabetic characters have been from the 11th century. changed in form and composition. The Russian alphabet in its modern form was introduced by the reforms of Peter I (1708-1710) and the Academy of Sciences (1735, 1738 and 1758), the result of which was the simplification of letter styles and the exclusion of some obsolete characters from the alphabet. So, the letters Ѡ (“omega”), Ꙋ (“uk”), Ꙗ, Ѥ (iotized a, e), Ѯ (“xi”), Ѱ (“psi”), digraphs Ѿ (“from”) were excluded. , OU (“y”), signs of stress and aspiration (strength), abbreviation signs (titles), etc. New letters were introduced: i (instead of Ꙗ and Ѧ), e, y. Later, N. M. Karamzin introduced the letter "e" (1797). These changes served to transform the old Church Slavonic seal for secular publications (hence later the name of the printed font - "civilian"). Some excluded letters were subsequently restored and excluded again, some of the extra letters continued to be used in Russian writing and printing until 1917, when by a decree of the People's Commissariat of Education of December 23, 1917, confirmed by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of October 10, 1918, the letters were excluded from the alphabet Ѣ, Ѳ, І (“yat”, “fita”, “i decimal”). The use of the letter "ё" in print is not strictly required, it is used mainly in dictionaries and educational literature.

The Russian "civilian" alphabet served as the basis for most of the writing systems of the peoples of the USSR, as well as for some other languages written on the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet.

Modern Russian alphabet

Ah	[a]	Kk	[ka]	xx	[Ha]
bb	[be]	Ll	[el]	ts	[ce]
Vv	[ve]	Mm	[Em]	hh	[che]
Gg	[ge]	Hn	[en]	shh	[sha]
dd	[de]	Oo	[about]	Shch	[sha]
Her	[e]	Pp	[pe]	bj	[hard sign, old. ep]
Her	[yo]	pp	[er]	Yy	[s]
Learn	[ge]	ss	[es]	b	[soft sign, old. er]
Zz	[ze]	Tt	[te]	uh	[e reverse]
ii	[and]	woo	[y]	Yuyu	[Yu]
yy	[and short]	FF	[ef]	Yaya	[I]

Bylinskiy K.I., Kryuchkov S. E., Svetlaev M. V., The use of the letter ё. Handbook, M., 1943;
Deeringer D., Alphabet, translated from English., M., 1963;
Istrin V. A., The emergence and development of writing, M., 1965;
Musaev K. M., Alphabets of the languages of the peoples of the USSR, M., 1965;
Ivanova VF, Modern Russian language. Graphics and spelling, 2nd ed., M., 1976;
Moiseev A. I., Modern Russian alphabet and alphabets of other peoples of the USSR, RYaSh, 1982, No. 6;
see also the literature under the article

Oh yes, I remembered the lower grades when we wrote encryption, we used a digital system and put one letter in order, and the other against the order, by the way, the letter P it is the same in the account and back and forth it is the seventeenth - once I knew all this by heart and knew how to write ciphers quickly enough.

There are 33 letters in the Russian alphabet. Each letter has its own number. The distribution is based on the principle A - 1 letter of the alphabet, B - 2 letters of the alphabet, etc. to the last letter - I, which is 33 in a row.

It would seem, well, why would anyone need to know the serial numbers of letters in the alphabet of the Russian language? Probably, those who have passed tests to determine the IQ know that you need to know this in order to successfully cope with the test tasks. There may be not one, or two, but many more such tasks in the test. For example, in this test there are five such tasks out of forty.

Here, for example, is the very first task of the test and the last fifth:

The alphabet is shown below in the figure, which shows which letter of the 33 letters of the Russian alphabet has which serial number. The first digit is a forward count, the second digit is a reverse count. In this form, the numbering and the alphabet itself are easier to remember than a list.

There are only 33 letters in the Russian alphabet:

It is not always possible to find even the simplest things on the Internet, with regards to the numbering of the alphabet, the same thing.

The serial numbers of the letters, you can see in the table below, the correct order and correspondence of the serial number.

The letter A comes first.

The letter B is in second place.

The letter B is in third place.

The letter G is in fourth place.

The letter D is in fifth place.

The letter E is in sixth place.

The letter is in seventh place.

The letter J is in eighth place.

The letter Z is in ninth place.

The letter I is in tenth place.
The letter Y is in eleventh place.

The letter K is in twelfth place.

The letter L is in thirteenth place.

The letter M is in the fourteenth place.

The letter H is in fifteenth place.

The letter O is in sixteenth place.

The letter P is in seventeenth place.

The letter R is in eighteenth place.

The letter C is in nineteenth place.

The letter T is in twentieth place.

The letter U is in twenty-first place.

The letter F is in twenty-second place.

The letter X is in twenty-third place.

The letter C is in twenty-fourth place.

The letter H is in twenty-fifth place.

The letter W is in twenty-sixth place.

The letter Щ is in twenty-seventh place.

The letter b is in twenty-eighth place.

The letter Y is in twenty-ninth place.

The letter b is in the thirtieth place.

The letter E is in thirty-first place.

The letter Yu is in thirty-second place.

The letter I is in thirty-third place.

There are 33 letters in the Russian alphabet. Probably everyone knows this. And the serial number of the letter can be useful to solve some riddle, charade or read an encrypted letter.

Ordinal number of letters in the Russian alphabet.
- A - number 1 ,
- B - number 2 ,
- B - number 3 ,
- G - number 4 ,
- D - number 5 ,
- E - number 6 ,
- - 7 (some people forget that e and are still different letters, they should not be confused),
- F - 8,
- Z - 9,
- I - 10,
- Y - 11,
- K - 12,
- L - 13,
- M - 14,
- H - 15,
- O - 16,
- P - 17,
- R - 18,
- C - 19,
- T - 20,
- U - 21,
- F - 22,
- X - 23,
- C - 24,
- Ch - 25,
- Sh - 26,
- Shch - 27,
- b (solid sign) - 28,
- Y - 29,
- b (soft sign) - 30,
- E - 31,
- Yu - 32,
- I am 33.
Russian alphabet in reverse order looks like this (first comes the serial number, and after the number the letter itself)
- 33 - A,
- 32 - B,
- 31 -B,
- 30 - G,
- 29 - D,
- 2 - E,
- 27 - ,
- 26 -F,
- 25 - Z,
- 24 - And,
- 23 - th,
- 22 - K,
- 21 - L,
- 20 - M,
- 19 - H,
- 18 - Oh
- 17 - P,
- 16 - R,
- 15 - C,
- 14 - T,
- 13 - U,
- 12 - F,
- 11 - X,
- 10 - C,
- 9 - H,
- 8 - W,
- 7 -Sch,
- 6 - b,
- 5 - S,
- 4 - b,
- 3 - E,
- 2 - Yu,
- 1 -I.
The letter A serial number-1

B-serial number-2

B-serial number-3

The letter E has number 6

The letter has serial number 7

F- number 8

Letter Z-number 9

I- has serial number 10

E girlfriend Y- number 11

K-12 in a row

Letter L-13

We count the letter H as 15 in a row

16 is the letter O

b-28 letter of the alphabet

A a a serial number 1

B b be ordinal number 2

V v ve ordinal digit 3

G g ge serial number 4

D d de serial number 5

E e ordinal digit 6

ordinal 7

Well well ordinal number 8

Z z ze serial number 9

And and and ordinal number 10

th and short ordinal number 11

K to ka (not ke) ordinal number 12

L l el (or el, not le) ordinal number 13

M m em (not me) ordinal number 14

N n en (not ne) ordinal number 15

O o o ordinal number 16

P p pe ordinal number 17

R p er (not re) ordinal number 18

S with es (not se) ordinal number 19

T te ordinal number 20

y y ordinal number 21

F f ef (not fe) ordinal number 22

X x ha (not he) ordinal number 23

Ts tse ordinal number 24

H h th ordinal number 25

Sh sh sha (not she) ordinal number 26

Щ shcha (not yet) ordinal number 27

Ъ ъ solid sign ordinal number 28

S s s ordinal number 29

b b soft sign ordinal number 30

E e e (e negotiable) ordinal number 31

Yu Yu Yu Ordinal Number 32

I am I ordinal number 33

It is useful to know the serial numbers of the letters of the Russian alphabet, it is not bad to know the reverse numbering of letters, it is also sometimes required to know the numbering of pairs of letters that are equally distant from the ends of the alphabet. This knowledge can help in solving various kinds of logical problems.

So, the Russian alphabet is numbered in order:

Alphabet in reverse order:

Pairs of letters equally distant from the ends of the alphabet:
fourth

The letter Dd will be 5

Her letter will be 6

The letter will be 7

The eighth, ninth and tenth are the letters Zh, Z, I

Eleventh letter

twelfth letter

An alphabet is a collection of letters or other characters used to write in a particular language. There are many different alphabets, each with its own characteristics and history.
In this case, we will talk about the Russian alphabet. Over the course of several centuries of existence, it developed and underwent changes.
History of the Russian alphabet
In the 9th century, thanks to the monks Cyril and Methodius, the Cyrillic alphabet appeared. From that moment, Slavic writing began to develop rapidly. It happened in Bulgaria. It was there that there were workshops where liturgical books were copied and also translated from Greek.
A century later, the Old Church Slavonic language comes to Russia, church services are conducted in it. Gradually, under the influence of the Old Russian language, Old Slavonic undergoes some changes.
Sometimes an equal sign is put between the Old Slavonic and Old Russian languages, which is completely wrong. These are two different languages. However, the alphabet originated, of course, from Old Slavonic.
At first, the Old Russian alphabet consisted of 43 letters. But the signs of one language cannot be accepted by another language without amendments, because the letters must somehow correspond to the pronunciation. How many Old Church Slavonic letters were removed from, how many and what kind of letters were destined to appear, this is the subject of a separate article. We can only say that the changes were significant.
Over the following centuries, the alphabet continued to adapt to the requirements of the Russian language. Letters that were not in use were abolished. A significant reform of the language took place under Peter I.
By the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian alphabet had 35 letters. At the same time, "E" and "Yo" were considered one letter, just like "I" and "Y". But the alphabet contained letters that disappeared after 1918.
Most of the letters of the alphabet until the beginning of the 20th century had names different from modern ones. If the beginning of the alphabet is familiar (“az, beeches, lead”), then the continuation may seem unusual: “verb, good, eat, live ...”
To date, the alphabet consists of 33 letters, of which 10 are vowels, 21 and two letters that do not represent sounds (“b” and “b”).
The fate of some letters of the Russian alphabet
For a long time, "I" and "Y" were considered variants of the same letter. Peter I, reforming, canceled the letter "Y". But after a while she again took her place in writing, since many words are unthinkable without her. However, the independent letter "Y" (and short) became only since 1918. Moreover, "Y" is a consonant letter, while "I" is a vowel.
The fate of the letter "Yo" is also interesting. In 1783, the director of the Academy of Sciences, Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova, proposed introducing this letter into the alphabet. This initiative was supported by the Russian writer and historian N. M. Karamzin. However, the letter was not widely used. "Yo" settled in the Russian alphabet by the middle of the 20th century, but its use in print media continues to be unsteady: either "Yo" is required to be used, or it is categorically not accepted.
The use of the letter "Yo" vaguely resembles the fate of the Izhitsa "V", the letter that once completed the alphabet. It was practically not used, because. was replaced by other letters, but continued to proudly exist in some words.
The next letter worthy of special mention is "Ъ" - a solid sign. Before the reform of 1918, this letter was called "er" and was used in writing much more often than now. Namely, it was necessarily written at the end of words ending in a consonant. The abolition of the rule to end the word with "er" led to great savings in the publishing business, since the amount of paper for books was immediately reduced. But the solid sign remained in the alphabet; it performs a very necessary function when it stands inside a word.

The role of writing in the development of the entire human society cannot be overestimated. Even before the appearance of letters familiar to us, ancient people left various inscriptions on stone and rocks. At first these were drawings, then they were replaced by hieroglyphs. Finally, a letter more convenient for transmitting and understanding information appeared using letters. Centuries and millennia later, these signs-symbols helped to restore the past of many peoples. A special role in this case was played by written monuments: various codes of laws and official documents, literary works and memoirs of prominent people.
Today, knowledge of that language is an indicator not only of a person's intellectual development, but also determines his attitude to the country in which he was born and lives.
How it all began
In fact, the basis for the creation of the alphabet was laid by the Phoenicians at the end of the 2nd millennium BC. e. They came up with consonants, which they used for a long time. Subsequently, their alphabet was borrowed and improved by the Greeks: vowels already appeared in it. This was around the 8th century BC. e. Further, the history of the alphabet of the Russian language can be reflected in the scheme: Greek letter - Latin alphabet - Slavic Cyrillic. The latter served as the basis for the creation of writing among a number of related peoples.
Formation of the Old Russian state
From the 1st century AD, the process of disintegration of the tribes that inhabited the territory of Eastern Europe and spoke the common Proto-Slavic language began. As a result, Kievan Rus was formed in the region of the middle Dnieper, which later became the center of a large state. It was inhabited by a part of the Eastern Slavs, who eventually developed their own special way of life and customs. The story of how the Russian alphabet appeared was further developed.
The growing and strengthening state established economic and cultural ties with other countries, primarily Western European ones. And for this, writing was needed, especially since the first Church Slavonic books began to be brought to Russia. At the same time, there is a weakening of paganism and the spread throughout Europe of a new religion - Christianity. It was here that an urgent need arose for the "invention" of the alphabet, thanks to which the new teaching could be conveyed to all Slavs. It was the Cyrillic alphabet, created by the "brothers of Thessalonica".
The important mission of Constantine and Methodius
In the 9th century, the sons of a noble Thessalonica Greek, on behalf of the Byzantine emperor, went to Moravia - at that time a powerful state located within the borders of modern Slovakia and the Czech Republic.
Their task was to acquaint the Slavs who inhabited Eastern Europe with the teachings of Christ and the ideas of Orthodoxy, and also to hold services in the native language of the local population. The choice fell on two brothers not by chance: they had good organizational skills, showed special diligence in their studies. In addition, both were fluent in Greek and Konstantin (shortly before his death, after being tonsured a monk, he was given a new name - Cyril, with whom he went down in history) and Methodius became the people who came up with the alphabet of the Russian language. This was perhaps the most significant result of their mission in 863.
Cyrillic base
When creating the alphabet for the Slavs, the brothers used the Greek alphabet. The letters corresponding to the pronunciation in the languages of these two peoples, they left unchanged. To designate the sounds of Slavic speech that were absent from the Greeks, 19 new signs were invented. As a result, the new alphabet included 43 letters, many of which subsequently entered the alphabets of the peoples who once spoke a common language.
But the story of who invented the alphabet of the Russian language does not end there. During the 9th-10th centuries, two types of alphabet were common among the Slavs: Cyrillic (it was mentioned above) and Glagolitic. The second contained a smaller number of letters - 38 or 39, their style was more complicated. In addition, the first signs were used additionally to indicate numbers.
So did Cyril invent the alphabet?
For several centuries, researchers have found it difficult to give an unambiguous answer to this question. In the "Life of Cyril" it is noted that "with the help of his brother ... and students ... he compiled the Slavic alphabet ...". If this is true, then which of the two - Cyrillic or Glagolitic - is his creation? The matter is complicated by the fact that the manuscripts made by Cyril and Methodius have not been preserved, and in later ones (related to the 9th-10th centuries) none of these alphabets is mentioned.
To understand who invented the alphabet of the Russian language, scientists have done a lot of research. In particular, they compared one and the other with the alphabets that existed even before their appearance and analyzed the results in detail. They did not come to a consensus, but most agree that Cyril most likely invented the Glagolitic alphabet, and even before his trip to Moravia. This is supported by the fact that the number of letters in it was as close as possible to the phonetic composition of the Old Slavonic language (designed specifically for writing). In addition, in their style, the Glagolitic letters differed to a greater extent from Greek ones and bear little resemblance to modern writing.
The Cyrillic alphabet, which became the basis for the Russian alphabet (az + beeches is the name of its first letters), could have been created by one of Konstantin's students - Kliment Okhritsky. He named it after his teacher.
The formation of the Russian alphabet
Regardless of who invented the Cyrillic alphabet, it was she who became the basis for the creation of the Russian alphabet and the modern alphabet.
In 988, Ancient Russia accepts Christianity, which significantly influenced the further fate of the language. Since that time, the formation of their own writing begins. Gradually, the Old Russian language, the alphabet of which is based on the Cyrillic alphabet, is being improved. It was a lengthy process that ended only after 1917. Then the last changes were made to the alphabet that we use today.
How Cyrillic changed
Before the Russian alphabet acquired the form it has today, the fundamental alphabet underwent a number of changes. The most significant were the reforms in 1708-10 under Peter I and in 1917-18 after the revolution.
Initially, the Cyrillic alphabet, which was very reminiscent of the Byzantine script, had several extra, doublet, letters, for example, i=i, o=ѡ - they were most likely used to convey Bulgarian sounds. There were also various superscripts that indicated stress, aspirated pronunciation.
Before the reign of Peter I, letters denoting numbers were drawn up in a special way - it was he who introduced the Arabic account.
In the first reform (this was due to the need to draw up business papers: 7 letters were removed from the alphabet: ξ (xi), S (green) and iotized vowels, I and Y were added (they replaced the existing ones), ε (reverse). This greatly simplified alphabet, and it began to be called "civilian". In 1783, N. Karamzin added the letter Y. Finally, after 1917, 4 more letters disappeared from the Russian alphabet, and b (er) and b (er) began to denote only the hardness and softness of consonants .
The name of the letters has also completely changed. Initially, each of them was a whole word, and the whole alphabet, according to many researchers, was filled with a special meaning. This showed the mind of those who invented the alphabet. The Russian language has preserved the memory of the first names of letters in proverbs and sayings. For example, “start from the basics” - that is, from the very beginning; "Fita yes Izhitsa - the whip is approaching the lazy." They are also found in phraseological units: “to look with a verb”.
Praise to the Great Saints
The creation of the Cyrillic alphabet was the greatest event for the entire Slavic world. The introduction of writing made it possible to pass on to the descendants the accumulated experience, to tell the glorious history of the formation and development of independent states. It is no coincidence that they say: "If you want to know the truth, start with the ABC."
Centuries pass, new discoveries appear. But those who came up with the alphabet of the Russian language are remembered and revered. The proof of this is the holiday, the Day which is celebrated annually on May 24 all over the world.

Real Russian Alphabet.
Grigori Ovanesov.
Grigory Tevatrosovich Ovanesov.
ALPHABET OF A SINGLE LANGUAGE.
№__ch.z.__r.__No.__ch.z.__r.____No.__ch.z.____r.____No.__ch.z.___r.

1__1___a___10__10____w____19___100____y____28__1000____r

2__2___b___11__20____i_____20__200____m_____29__2000____s

3__3___y____12__30___l_____21__300____th____30___3000___v

4__4___d____13__40___x_____22__400____n____31__4000____t

5__5___е____14__50___s______23__500____ш____32__5000___р

6__6___z____15__60___k______24__600____o____33__6000___c

7__7___e____16__70___h______25__700____h____34__7000___y

8__8___s____17__80___z______26__800____p___35___8000___f

9__9___t____18___90___g____27__900____j____36___9000___q
_____________________________________________________________________________
# - The number of the letter. h.z. - the numeric value of the letter. R. - Russian alphabet.
To indicate the beginning of a sentence, you must use the same letters with an increased size. It also means that the letter h is a soft voicing of the letter Г, which is used in Russian, but is not recorded and is used in dialects (adverbs), especially by shepherds when they drive cows reproducing the sound he (ge). Such a pronunciation of the letter G as h is considered non-literary. In addition, the same letter G as a throaty thin wheezing sound is written as g. Moreover, the letters “e” are voiced as “yyy”, “t” as “tx”, “s” as “tc”, “z” as “dz”, “j” as “j”, r as a solid (English) “ p” and “q” as “kh”. There are no diphtones Ya (ya), Yu (yu), E (ye) and Yo (yo) in the alphabet, since their sounding by separate mono sounds already exists in the alphabet. Of course, b and b signs are not letters, since they are not voiced, and cannot be used in the alphabet. In the process of voicing the letters of the alphabet, people actively used a wide range of sounds that animals and birds make, imitating them. Of course, the predecessors of the alphabet in graphic notation are two interconnected alphabets compiled millions of years ago. They were restored by me for the first time in the world, with the same number of letters, which ensured upright posture, the development of grasping movements and the creation of the semantic content of words with the voicing of letters. Moreover, having restored two ancient ABCs, I turned out to be their modern creator. In addition, with the help of the ABC, the concepts of counting and numbers with letter-by-letter notation and designation with the fingers of the hand were introduced, the decimal system of counting units, the concepts of length and time were compiled. Actually, the number of fingers with gaps between them on the hands and feet is four nines, which together make up the number 36.
Thus, with the help of the Unified Alphabet, a letter-by-letter way of writing numbers was created. For example, the number 9999 was originally written letter by letter as q j g t or 3446 as vnkhz (see the alphabet above). Actually, it was not easy for me to figure out the mechanism of letter-by-letter recording of numbers and numbers on my own. For this, I used only the alphabet with the numerical values of the letters. In principle, this is a very serious topic, so I singled it out separately.
Moreover, for the first time in the world, I gave the definition of NUMBER and NUMBER.
In this case, the Number is the number in the record voiced by a letter or a word.
So a Number is a quantity written either letter by letter or by numbers.
Of course, the quantity is HOW MUCH.
It should be borne in mind that the number 0 is voiced by the word “zero, zero”, the number 1 is voiced by the word “one, one”, the number 2 is voiced by the word “two, two”, etc., moreover, in different languages in their own words.
Moreover, the reflection of the Unified Alphabet in the form of the positions of the fingers and their grasping movements made it possible to substantiate how all numbers up to the largest from 10,000 and beyond, which are now used for counting, were created.
In the alphabet, the numerical values of the letters determine the order in which the columns (groups) are distributed. In the first nine (first column), the digital record of the numbers of the letters and their numerical values are written in the same way. In this case, the numbers of the other three columns of letters are written in two-digit numbers. Moreover, the numerical values in each column include significant numbers from 1 to 9. Moreover, in the second column, one zero is added to each of these numbers, in the third column two zeros and in the fourth column three zeros. There is also a complete correspondence between each digital entry of a two-digit letter number and its numerical value.
It should be borne in mind that Russian-speaking people, due to the lack of a significant number of letters (mono sounds) of the first alphabet in the world, with the help of which the semantic content of words and their voicing were created, have serious problems with the study of other dialects of the common language of the peoples of the world.
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