Types of society as a dynamic system. Society as an integral dynamic system

1. Name any three characteristics of society as a dynamic system.

2. What socio-economic formations do Marxists single out?

3. Name three historical types of society. By what signs they are allocated?

4. There is a statement: “Everything is for a person. It is necessary to produce as many goods for it as possible, and for this it is necessary to "invade" nature, violating the natural laws of its development. Either man is his well-being, or nature and her well-being.

There is no third".

What is your attitude to this judgment? Justify your answer, based on the knowledge of the social science course, the facts of social life and personal experience.

5. Give three examples of the relationship between global j problems of mankind.

6. Read the text and do the tasks for it. “Gaining more and more strength, civilization often showed a clear tendency to impose ideas with the help of missionary activities or direct violence coming from religious, in particular Christian, traditions ... Thus, civilization steadily spread across the planet, using all possible ways and means for this - migration, colonization, conquest, trade, industrial development, financial control and cultural influence. Little by little, all countries and peoples began to live according to its laws or created them according to the model established by it ...

The development of civilization, however, was accompanied by the flowering of bright hopes and illusions that could not come true ... At the heart of her philosophy and her actions was always elitism. And the Earth, no matter how generous it may be, is still not able to accommodate an ever-growing population and satisfy its more and more new needs, desires and whims. That is why a new, deeper split has now emerged - between super-developed and underdeveloped countries. But even this rebellion of the world proletariat, which seeks to partake of the riches of its more prosperous brethren, proceeds within the framework of the same dominant civilization...

It is unlikely that she will be able to withstand this new test, especially now, when her own body is torn apart by numerous ailments. NTR, on the other hand, is becoming more and more obstinate, and it is becoming more and more difficult to pacify it. Having endowed us with unprecedented strength and instilled a taste for a level of life that we did not even think about, NTR sometimes does not give us the wisdom to keep our abilities and demands under control. And it’s time for our generation to finally understand that now it depends only on us ... the fate of not individual countries and regions, but of all mankind as a whole.”

A. Lenchey

1) What global problems of modern society does the author highlight? List two or three issues.

2) What does the author mean when he says: “Having endowed us with unprecedented strength and instilled a taste for a level of life that we did not even think about, the scientific and technological revolution does not sometimes give us the wisdom to keep our abilities and demands under control”? Make two guesses.

3) Illustrate with examples (at least three) the author's statement: "The development of civilization ... was accompanied by the flowering of bright hopes and illusions that could not be realized."

4) Is it possible in the foreseeable future to overcome the contrast between rich and poor countries, in your opinion. Justify the answer.

7. Choose one of the proposed statements and express your thoughts on the issue raised in the form of a short essay.

1. "I am a citizen of the world" (Diogenes of Sinop).

2. "I am too proud of my country to be a nationalist" (J. Voltaire)

3. “Civilization does not consist in more or less refinement. Not in the consciousness common to the whole people. And this consciousness is never refined. On the contrary, it is quite healthy. To represent civilization as the creation of an elite means to identify it with culture, while these are completely different things. (A. Camus).

Ticket number 1

What is a society?

There are many definitions of the term "society". In a narrow sense under society can be understood as a certain group of people united for communication and joint performance of any activity, and a specific stage in the historical development of a people or country.

Broadly speaking, society- this is a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which consists of individuals with will and consciousness, and includes ways of interacting people and forms of their unification.
In philosophical society is characterized by science as a dynamic self-developing system, i.e., such a system that is capable, while seriously changing, at the same time retaining its essence and qualitative certainty. The system is defined as a complex of interacting elements. In turn, an element is some further indecomposable component of the system that is directly involved in its creation.
Signs of society:

• A collection of individuals endowed with will and consciousness.
• General interest, which is permanent and objective. The organization of society depends on the harmonious combination of common and individual interests of its members.
• Interaction and cooperation based on common interests. There must be an interest in each other, giving the opportunity to implement the interests of each.
• Regulation of the public interest through binding rules of conduct.
• The presence of an organized force (power) capable of providing society with internal order and external security.

Each of these spheres, being itself an element of the system called "society", in turn turns out to be a system in relation to the elements that make it up. All four spheres of social life are interconnected and mutually condition each other. The division of society into spheres is somewhat arbitrary, but it helps to isolate and study certain areas of a truly integral society, a diverse and complex social life.

1. Politics and power

Power- the right and opportunity to influence other people, to subordinate them to your will. Power appeared with the emergence of human society and will always accompany its development in one form or another.

Sources of power:

• Violence (physical force, weapons, organized group, threat of force)
• Authority (family and social ties, deep knowledge in some area, etc.)
• Law (position and authority, control over resources, custom and tradition)

Subject of power- one who gives orders

Object of power- the one who performs.

To date researchers identify various public authorities:
depending on the prevailing resource, power is divided into political, economic, social, information;
depending on the subjects of power, power is divided into state, military, party, trade union, family;
depending on the ways of interaction between subjects and objects of power, power is distinguished as dictatorial, totalitarian and democratic.

Politics- the activities of social classes, parties, groups, determined by their interests and goals, as well as the activities of state authorities. Political struggle is often understood as a struggle for power.

Allocate the following types of authority:

• Legislative (parliament)
• Executive (government)
• Judicial (courts)
• Recently, the media have been characterized as the “fourth estate” (ownership of information)

Policy Subjects: individuals, social groups, classes, organizations, political parties, state

Policy objects: 1. internal (society as a whole, economy, social sphere, culture, national relations, ecology, personnel)

2. external (international relations, the world community (global problems)

Policy features: organizational base of society, controlling, communicative, integrative, educational

Policies:

1. according to the direction of political decisions - economic, social, national, cultural, religious, state-legal, youth

2. by the scale of impact - local, regional, nationwide (national), international, global (global problems)

3. according to the prospects for impact - strategic (long-term), tactical (urgent tasks to achieve the strategy), opportunistic or current (urgent)

Ticket number 2

Society as a complex dynamic system

Society- a complex dynamic self-developing system, which consists of subsystems (spheres of public life), which are usually distinguished by four:
1) economic (its elements are material production and relations that arise between people in the process of production of material goods, their exchange and distribution);
2) social (consists of such structural formations as classes, social strata, nations, their relationships and interactions with each other);
3) political (includes politics, state, law, their correlation and functioning);
4) spiritual (covers various forms and levels of social consciousness, which in the real life of society form a phenomenon of spiritual culture).

Characteristic features (signs) of society as a dynamic system:

• dynamism (the ability to change over time both society and its individual elements).
• a complex of interacting elements (subsystems, social institutions).
• self-sufficiency (the ability of the system to independently create and recreate the conditions necessary for its own existence, to produce everything necessary for people's lives).
• integration (the relationship of all components of the system).
• self-governance (responding to changes in the natural environment and the world community).

Ticket number 3

1. human nature

Until now, there is no clarity as to what is the nature of man, which determines his essence. Modern science recognizes the dual nature of man, the combination of biological and social.

From the point of view of biology, man belongs to the class of mammals, the order of primates. A person is subject to the same biological laws as animals: he needs food, physical activity, and rest. A person grows, is subject to disease, ages and dies.

The "animal" personality of a person is influenced by innate programs of behavior (instincts, unconditioned reflexes) and acquired during life. This side of the personality is “responsible” for nutrition, preservation of life and health, and procreation.

Proponents of the theory of the origin of man from animals as a result of evolution
explain the features of the appearance and behavior of a person by a long struggle for existence (2.5 million years), as a result of which the fittest individuals survived and left offspring.

The social essence of a person is formed under the influence of a social way of life, communication with others. Thanks to communication, a person can convey to others what he is aware of, what he is thinking about. The means of communication between people in society is primarily language. There are cases when small children were brought up by animals. Once in human society already in adulthood, they could not master articulate human speech. This may indicate that speech and the abstract thinking associated with it are formed only in society.

Social forms of behavior include a person's ability to empathize, caring for the weak and needy members of society, self-sacrifice for the sake of saving other people, the struggle for truth, justice, etc.

The highest form of manifestation of the spiritual side of the human personality is love for one's neighbor, not associated with material rewards or social recognition.

Selfless love, altruism are the main conditions for spiritual growth, self-improvement. The spiritual personality, being enriched in the process of communication, limits the egoism of the biological personality, this is how moral perfection occurs.

Characterizing the social essence of a person, as a rule, they call: consciousness, speech, labor activity.

1. Socialization

Socialization - the process of mastering the knowledge and skills, ways of behavior necessary for a person to become a member of society, act correctly and interact with his social environment.

Socialization The process by which an infant gradually develops into a self-aware intelligent being who understands the essence of the culture in which he was born.

Socialization is divided into two types - primary and secondary.

Primary socialization concerns the immediate environment of a person and includes, first of all, family and friends, and secondary refers to the mediated, or formal, environment and consists of the impacts of institutions and institutions. The role of primary socialization is great in the early stages of life, and the secondary - in the later stages.

Allocate agents and institutions of socialization. Socialization agents- these are specific people responsible for teaching cultural norms and mastering social roles. Institutes of socialization- social institutions that influence the process of socialization and guide it. Primary socialization agents include parents, relatives, friends and peers, teachers and doctors. To the secondary - officials of the university, enterprise, army, church, journalists, etc. Primary socialization - the sphere of interpersonal relations, secondary - social. The functions of agents of primary socialization are interchangeable and universal, those of secondary socialization are non-interchangeable and specialized.

Along with socialization, it is also possible desocialization- loss or conscious rejection of learned values, norms, social roles (commission of a crime, mental illness). Restoring lost values ​​and roles, retraining, returning to a normal lifestyle is called resocialization(such is the purpose of punishment as a correction) - change and revision of the ideas formed earlier.

Ticket number 4

Economic systems

Economic systems- this is a set of interrelated economic elements that form a certain integrity, the economic structure of society; the unity of relations that develop over the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of economic goods.

Depending on the method of solving the main economic problems and the type of ownership of economic resources, four main types of economic systems can be distinguished:

• traditional;
• market (capitalism);
• command (socialism);
• mixed.

Ticket number 5

Ticket number 6

Cognition and knowledge

The dictionary of the Russian language Ozhegov S. I. gives two definitions of the concept knowledge:
1) comprehension of reality by consciousness;
2) a set of information, knowledge in some area.
Knowledge- this is a multidimensional result tested by practice, which was confirmed in a logical way, the process of knowing the world around.
There are several criteria for scientific knowledge:
1) systematization of knowledge;
2) consistency of knowledge;
3) validity of knowledge.
Systematization of scientific knowledge means that all the accumulated experience of humanity leads (or should lead) to a certain strict system.
Consistency of scientific knowledge means that knowledge in various fields of science complements each other, not excludes. This criterion follows directly from the previous one. The first criterion to a greater extent helps to eliminate the contradiction - a strict logical system of building knowledge will not allow several contradictory laws to exist simultaneously.
Validity of scientific knowledge. Scientific knowledge can be confirmed by repeated repetition of the same action (ie, empirically). The substantiation of scientific concepts occurs by referring to the data of empirical research or by referring to the ability to describe and predict phenomena (in other words, relying on intuition).

Cognition- this is the process of acquiring knowledge through empirical or sensory research, as well as comprehending the laws of the objective world and the totality of knowledge in some branch of science, art.
There are the following types of knowledge:
1) worldly knowledge;
2) artistic knowledge;
3) sensory knowledge;
4) empirical knowledge.
Worldly knowledge is an experience accumulated over many centuries. It lies in observation and ingenuity. This knowledge, no doubt, is acquired only as a result of practice.
Artistic knowledge. The specificity of artistic knowledge lies in the fact that it is based on a visual image, reflects the world and a person in a holistic state.
Sensory cognition is what we perceive with the help of the senses (for example, I hear a cell phone ring, I see a red apple, etc.).
The main difference between sensory cognition and empirical cognition is that empirical cognition is carried out with the help of observation or experiment. During the experiment, a computer or other device is used.
Knowledge methods:
1) induction;
2) deduction;
3) analysis;
4) synthesis.
Induction is a conclusion made on the basis of two or more premises. Induction can lead to both correct and incorrect conclusions.
Deduction is a transition made from the general to the particular. The method of deduction, unlike the method of induction, always leads to true conclusions.
Analysis is the division of the studied object or phenomenon into parts and components.
Synthesis is a process opposite to analysis, that is, the connection of parts of an object or phenomenon into a single whole.

Ticket number 7

Legal responsibility

Legal responsibility- this is a way by which the interests of the individual, society and the state receive real protection . Legal responsibility means the application to the offender of sanctions of legal norms, specified in them certain penalties. This is the imposition of measures of state coercion on the offender, the application of legal sanctions for the offense. Such responsibility is a kind of relationship between the state and the offender, where the state, represented by its law enforcement agencies, has the right to punish the offender, restore the violated law and order, and the offender is called to be convicted, i.e. to lose certain benefits, to suffer certain unfavorable consequences established by law.

These consequences may vary:

• personal (death penalty, imprisonment);
• property (fine, confiscation of property);
• prestigious (reprimand, deprivation of awards);
• organizational (closure of the enterprise, dismissal from office);
• their combination (recognition of the contract as illegal, deprivation of a driver's license).

Ticket number 8

Man in the labor market

A special and unique sphere of socio-economic relations of people is the sphere of relations in the sale of their labor force by people. The place where labor is bought and sold is labor markets. Here the law of supply and demand reigns supreme. The labor market ensures the distribution and redistribution of labor resources, the mutual adaptation of objective and subjective factors of production. In labor markets, a person gets the opportunity to act in accordance with their own interests, to realize their abilities.

Work force- physical and mental capabilities, as well as skills that allow a person to perform a certain type of work.
For the sale of his labor power, the worker receives a wage.
Wage- the amount of monetary remuneration that the employer pays to the employee for the performance of a certain amount of work or the performance of his official duties.
Hence, the price of labor power is wages.

At the same time, the “labor market” means competition for jobs for everyone, a certain freedom of hands for the employer of labor, which, under adverse circumstances (supply exceeds demand), can cause very negative social consequences - wage cuts, unemployment, etc. For a person who is looking for a job or is employed, this means that he must maintain and deepen interest in himself as a workforce through advanced training and retraining. This not only provides certain guarantees against unemployment, but represents the basis for further professional development. Of course, this is not a guarantee against unemployment, because in each specific case, one should take into account a variety of personal reasons (for example, desires and claims for certain activities), real conditions (a person’s age, gender, possible obstacles or restrictions, place of residence, and much more). It should be noted that both now and in the future, employees must learn to adapt to the demands that the labor market puts before them and the conditions themselves, which are changing rapidly. In order to meet the conditions of the modern labor market, everyone must be ready for constant changes.

Ticket number 9

1. Nation and national relations

A nation is the highest form of an ethnic community of people, the most developed, historically stable, united by economic, territorial-state, cultural, psychological and religious features.

Some scholars believe that a nation is a co-citizenship, i.e. people living in the same state-ve. Belonging to a particular nation is called nationality. Nationality is determined not only by origin, but also by upbringing, culture and psychology of a person.
There are 2 trends in the development of the nation:
1. National, which is manifested in the desire of each nation for sovereignty, the development of its economy, science and art. Nationalism is the doctrine of the priority of the interests and values ​​of one's nation, an ideology and politics based on the ideas of superiority and national exclusivity. Nationalism can develop into chauvinism and fascism - aggressive manifestations of nationalism. Nationalism can lead to national discrimination (belittling and infringement of human rights).
2. International - it reflects the desire of nations for interaction, mutual enrichment, expansion of cultural, economic, and other ties.
Both trends are interconnected and contribute to the progress of human
civilizations.

NATIONAL RELATIONS are relations between the subjects of national and ethnic development - nations, nationalities, national groups and their state formations.

These relations are of three types: equality; domination and submission; destruction of other entities.

National relations reflect the fullness of social relations and are determined by economic and political factors. The main ones are political aspects. This is due to the importance of the state as the most important factor in the formation and development of nations. The political sphere includes such issues of national relations as national self-determination, the combination of national and international interests, the equality of nations, the creation of conditions for the free development of national languages ​​and national cultures, the representation of national personnel in power structures, etc. At the same time, historically emerging traditions, social feelings and moods, geographical and cultural conditions of nations and nationalities have a strong influence on the formation of political attitudes, political behavior, political culture.

The main issues in national relations are equality or subordination; inequality of levels of economic and cultural development; national strife, strife, enmity.

1. Social problems in the labor market

Ticket number 10

1. Culture and spiritual life of society

Culture is a very complex phenomenon, which is reflected in the hundreds of definitions and interpretations that exist today. The most common are the following approaches to understanding culture as a phenomenon of social life:
- Technological approach: culture is the totality of all achievements in the development of the material and spiritual life of society.
- Activity approach: culture is a creative activity carried out in the spheres of the material and spiritual life of society.
- Value approach: culture is the practical implementation of universal human values ​​in the affairs and relationships of people.

Starting from the 1st c. before. n. e. the word "culture" (from Latin cultura - care, cultivation, cultivation of the land) meant the upbringing of a person, the development of his soul and education. It finally came into use as a philosophical concept in the 18th - early 19th centuries. and denoted the evolution of mankind, the gradual improvement of language, customs, government, scientific knowledge, art, religion. At that time, it was close in meaning to the concept of "civilization". The concept of "culture" was opposed to the concept of "nature", that is, culture is what a person created, and nature is what exists independently of him.

Based on the numerous works of various scientists, the concept of "culture" in the broad sense of the word can be defined as a historically conditioned dynamic complex of forms, principles, methods and results of active creative activity of people that are constantly updated in all spheres of public life.

Culture in the narrow sense is a process of active creative activity, during which spiritual values ​​are created, distributed and consumed.

In connection with the existence of two types of activity - material and spiritual - two main spheres of existence and development of culture can be distinguished.

Material culture is associated with the production and development of objects and phenomena of the material world, with a change in the physical nature of a person: material and technical means of labor, communication, cultural and community facilities, production experience, skills, skills of people, etc.

Spiritual culture is a set of spiritual values ​​and creative activities for their production, development and application: science, art, religion, morality, politics, law, etc.

Division criterion

The division of culture into material and spiritual is very arbitrary, since it is sometimes very difficult to draw a line between them, because they simply do not exist in a “pure” form: spiritual culture can also be embodied in material media (books, paintings, tools, etc.). d.). Understanding the whole relativity of the difference between material and spiritual culture, most researchers nevertheless believe that it still exists.

The main functions of culture:
1) cognitive - is the formation of a holistic view of the people, country, era;
2) evaluation - the implementation of the differentiation of values, the enrichment of traditions;
3) regulatory (normative) - the formation of a system of norms and requirements of society for all individuals in all areas of life and activity (norms of morality, law, behavior);
4) informative - the transfer and exchange of knowledge, values ​​and experience of previous generations;
5) communicative - preservation, transfer and replication of cultural values; development and improvement of personality through communication;
6) socialization - the assimilation by an individual of a system of knowledge, norms, values, accustoming to social roles, normative behavior, the desire for self-improvement.

The spiritual life of society is usually understood as that area of ​​being in which objective reality is given to people not in the form of opposing objective activity, but as a reality that is present in the person himself, which is an integral part of his personality.

The spiritual life of a person arises on the basis of his practical activity, is a special form of reflection of the surrounding world and a means of interacting with it.

As a rule, knowledge, faith, feelings, experiences, needs, abilities, aspirations and goals of people are referred to spiritual life. Taken in unity, they constitute the spiritual world of the individual.

Spiritual life is closely connected with other spheres of society and is one of its subsystems.

Elements of the spiritual sphere of society: morality, science, art, religion, law.

The spiritual life of society covers various forms and levels of social consciousness: moral, scientific, aesthetic, religious, political, legal consciousness.

The structure of the spiritual life of society:

spiritual needs
They represent an objective need of people and society as a whole to create and master spiritual values.

Spiritual activity (spiritual production)
The production of consciousness in a special social form, carried out by specialized groups of people professionally engaged in skilled mental labor

Spiritual goods (values):
Ideas, theories, images and spiritual values

Spiritual social connections of individuals

Man himself as a spiritual being

Reproduction of public consciousness in its integrity

Peculiarities

Its products are ideal formations that cannot be alienated from their direct producer.

The universal nature of its consumption, since spiritual benefits are available to everyone - individuals without exception, being the property of all mankind.

1. Law in the system of social norms

social norm- a rule of conduct established in society that regulates relations between people, social life.

Society is a system of interrelated social social relations. These relationships are many and varied. Not all of them are regulated by law. Outside of legal regulation are many relationships in the private life of people - in the sphere of love, friendship, leisure, consumption, etc. Although political, public interactions are mostly legal in nature, and in addition to law, they are regulated by other social norms. Thus, law does not have a monopoly on social regulation. Legal norms cover only strategic, socially significant aspects of relations in society. Along with the law, a wide variety of social norms perform a large amount of regulatory functions in society.

A social norm is a general rule that regulates homogeneous, mass, typical social relations.

In addition to law, social norms include morality, religion, corporate rules, customs, fashion, etc. Law is only one of the subsystems of social norms that has its own specifics.

The general purpose of social norms is to streamline the coexistence of people, to ensure and coordinate their social interaction, to give the latter a stable, guaranteed character. Social norms limit the individual freedom of individuals, setting limits on possible, proper and prohibited behavior.

Law regulates social relations in interaction with other norms, as an element of the system of social regulatory regulation.

Signs of a legal norm

The only one in a number of social norms that comes from the state and is the official expression of its will.

Represents measure of freedom of expression and behavior of a person.

Published in specific form.

Is an form of realization and consolidation of rights and obligations participants in social relations.

Supported in its implementation and protected by the power of the state.

Always represents government mandate.

Is an the only state regulator of public relations.

Represents general rule of conduct, i.e. indicates: how, in what direction, during what time, on what territory it is necessary for this or that subject to act; prescribes a correct course of action from the point of view of society and therefore obligatory for each individual.

Ticket number 11

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation is the main law of the country

Constitution of the Russian Federation- the highest normative legal act of the Russian Federation. Adopted by the people of the Russian Federation on December 12, 1993.

The Constitution has the highest legal force, fixing the foundations of the constitutional system of Russia, the state structure, the formation of representative, executive, judicial authorities and the system of local self-government, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

The Constitution is the fundamental law of the state, which has the highest legal force, fixes and regulates basic social relations in the field of the legal status of the individual, civil society institutions, the organization of the state and the functioning of public authority.
It is with the concept of the constitution that its essence is connected - the basic law of the state is called upon to serve as the main limiter for power in relations with man and society.

Constitution:

· fixes the state system, fundamental rights and freedoms, determines the form of the state and the system of higher bodies of state power;

· has the highest legal force;

It has a direct effect (the provisions of the constitution must be implemented regardless of whether other acts contradict them);

It is distinguished by stability due to a special, complicated procedure for adoption and change;

· is the basis for the current legislation.

The essence of the constitution, in turn, is manifested through its main legal properties (that is, the characteristic features that determine the qualitative originality of this document), which include:
acting as the fundamental law of the state;
legal supremacy;
fulfillment of the role of the basis of the entire legal system of the country;
stability.
Sometimes the properties of the constitution include other features - legitimacy, continuity, prospects, reality, etc.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation is the fundamental law of the country. Despite the fact that this term is absent in the official title and text (unlike, for example, the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978 or the constitutions of the Federal Republic of Germany, Mongolia, Guinea and other states), this follows from the very legal nature and essence of the constitution.
legal supremacy. The Constitution of the Russian Federation has the highest legal force in relation to all other legal acts, not a single legal act adopted in the country (federal law, act of the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, an act of regional, municipal or departmental lawmaking, an agreement, a court decision, etc. ), cannot contradict the Basic Law, and in case of contradiction (legal conflicts), the norms of the Constitution have priority.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation is the core of the legal system of the state, the basis for the development of current (industry) legislation. In addition to the fact that the Constitution establishes the competence of various public authorities for rule-making and determines the main goals of such rule-making, it directly defines the areas of public relations that must be regulated by federal constitutional laws, federal laws, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, regulatory legal acts of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and and so on, it also contains many of the basic provisions underlying the development of other branches of law.
The stability of the constitution is manifested in the establishment of a special procedure for changing it (in comparison with laws and other legal acts). From the point of view of the order of change, the Russian Constitution is “rigid” (in contrast to the “soft” or “flexible” constitutions of some states - Great Britain, Georgia, India, New Zealand and others - where changes to the constitution are made in the same order as into ordinary laws, or at least by a fairly simple procedure).

1. social mobility

social mobility- change by an individual or group of the place occupied in the social structure (social position), moving from one social stratum (class, group) to another (vertical mobility) or within the same social stratum (horizontal mobility). social mobility is the process by which a person changes his social status. social status- the position occupied by an individual or a social group in society or a separate subsystem of society.

Horizontal mobility- the transition of an individual from one social group to another, located at the same level (example: moving from an Orthodox to a Catholic religious group, from one citizenship to another). Distinguish individual mobility- the movement of one person independently of others, and group- movement occurs collectively. In addition, allocate geographical mobility- moving from one place to another while maintaining the same status (example: international and interregional tourism, moving from city to village and back). As a type of geographic mobility, there are concept of migration- moving from one place to another with a change in status (example: a person moved to the city for permanent residence and changed his profession).

Vertical mobility- moving a person up or down the corporate ladder.

Upward mobility- social uplift, upward movement (For example: promotion).

Downward mobility- social descent, downward movement (For example: demotion).

To help the graduate: "Preparation for the exam in social studies."

Social science is one of the most chosen subjects by school graduates, because. he is profiling in many Russian universities. In order to successfully pass the exam in social studies, not only knowledge is required, but also the ability to apply them in practice (solution of test tasks).

Without the completed part C, there can be no high score. Complete correct performance of the tasks of part 3 (C) is estimated from 2 to 5 points, C1, C2, C5 - 2 points each, tasks C3, C4, C6, C7, C8 - 3 points each, tasks C9 - 5 points, in total for the part C - 26 points.

To help those guys who decided to take social studies this year, the same type of tasks of part C were selected.

Task C5 - task of an increased level to enumerate signs, phenomena or to use a concept in a given context. There are two models of this task:

The first model assumes the enumeration of a certain number of given elements (properties, manifestations, etc.);

The second model involves the definition of a concept and the compilation of two informative sentences with it, reflecting certain theoretical or actual social science data.

Part C5 assignments

C5. one. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "scientific knowledge"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about scientific knowledge.

C5.2. List any three features that characterize a society as an open dynamic system.

C5.3. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "school education"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about school education.

C5.4. What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of "economic resources"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about economic resources.

C5.5. Name three features of a presidential republic that distinguish it from a parliamentary republic.

C5.6. Name any three functions of politics in a state.

C5.7. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "political behavior"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about political behavior.

C5.8. Give three reasons for grouping people together.

C5.9. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "socialization of the individual"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the socialization of the individual.

C5.10. What meaning do lawyers invest in the concept of "civil marriage"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about civil marriage.

C5.11. Scientists have determined that the voter's choice during voting is determined by a significant number of factors. List any three factors that influence a voter's decision.

C5.12. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "labor market"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the labor market.

C5.13. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social group"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about social groups in society.

C5.14. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "world religions"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about world religions.

C5.15. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "political elite"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the political elite.

C5.16. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "citizenship"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about citizenship.

C5. 17. It is known that many democratic countries are faced with the problem of low voter turnout. Some countries impose special sanctions (such as fines) on such voters, others consider turnout to be a right of the voter, which he may not enjoy. Suggest what could be the reasons for low voter turnout? Name three reasons.

C5.18. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social control"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about social control.

C5.19. Form four judgments that reveal the various functions of political parties in modern society.

C5.20. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "education"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about education.

C5.21. Name three functions of modern science.

C5.22. What is the limitation of economic resources? Give at least three sentences.

C5. 23. Name three historical types of society.

C5. 24. Name any three human needs.

C5. 25. Name any three global problems of our time.

C5.26. Name three public institutions that contribute to the socialization of the individual.

C5. 27. What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of "dialogue of cultures"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the dialogue of cultures

C5. 28. List any three reasons why people join groups.

C5. 29 . Name three property rights of spouses.

C5. thirty. List any three conditions that promote economic freedom in a market economy.

C5. 31. Name any three factors of socialization of the individual.

C5. 32 . List any three features that characterize education as a social institution

C5.33. List any three functions of government that are characteristic of a democratic state.

C5.34. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "political party"? Drawing on knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about a political party.

C5.35. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social group"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about social groups in society.

C5.36. What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of "world religions"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about world religions.

C5.37. Name two reasons for the emergence of global problems of our time.

C5.38. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "civilization"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about civilization.

C5.39. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "international division of labor"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the international division of labor.

C5.40. Name any three types of worldview.

C5.41.What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of "personality"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the personality of a person.

C5.42. Name three subjects of the economic system that benefit from unexpected inflation.

C5.43. Name any three factors that increase the supply of goods.

C5.44..What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of "counterculture"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make up two sentences containing information about the counterculture.

C5.45. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social relations"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about social relations.

C5.46. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "cognition". Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about cognition.

C5.47. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "producer"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the manufacturer.

C5.48. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "revolution"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the revolution.

C5.49. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "unemployment"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make up two sentences containing information about unemployment.

C5.50. What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of "political ideology"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about political ideology.

ANSWERS to tasks С5.

one). “Scientific knowledge is knowledge acquired through special methods in science.”

Offers:

Scientific knowledge includes a hypothesis.

One of the methods of revealing scientific knowledge is an experiment.

Communication of society with nature;

The presence of subsystems;

The relationship of parts and elements of the social structure;

Constant changes in society.

C5.3."School education is a stage of the educational system of the state, covering children and adolescents aged 7-17 years"

Offers:

School education is the most important stage in the socialization of the individual.

One of the tasks of school education is to prepare the younger generation for work (entry to higher educational institutions).

C5.4.“Economic resources are those factors by which services and goods are created in the process of production.”

Offers:

Most economic resources are limited.

One of the most important economic resources is labor.

C5.5.- strict separation of the legislative power from the executive;

Exclusion of combinations of government posts and seats of deputies in parliament;

The president is elected in elections, separate from the parliamentary ones;

Executive power is less dependent on the will of the deputies of parliament.

C5.6.- ensuring the stability of the state;

Mobilization;

managerial;

Humanitarian.

C5.7."Political behavior is the actions of a person that characterize his interaction with political institutions."

Offers:

The political behavior of the individual is explained by his value attitudes.

One form of political behavior is participation in demonstrations and rallies.

C5.8.- groups satisfy the needs of a person in social belonging;

In a group, a person satisfies one or another interest;

In a group, a person performs those activities that he cannot carry out alone;

A person belongs to one or another interest group;

A person belongs to a certain group by age, gender, social status.

C5.9."The socialization of the individual is the assimilation of the basic knowledge accumulated by society and the norms of social life."

Offers:

The family is the primary socialization institution.

The socialization of the individual helps her to adapt to the conditions of social life.

C5.10.« A civil marriage is a marriage legally registered with the registry office.

Offers:

Only civil marriage generates legal relations between spouses.

Along with civil marriage, fictitious, church marriages are distinguished.

C5.11.- the level of income and education of the voter;

Influence of the social sphere;

Media position;

National, religious factors.

C5.12.“The labor market is a set of economic and legal procedures that allow people to exchange their labor services for money and other material goods.

Offers:

- The labor market is characterized by mobility.

The labor market reflects the structure and general state of the economy of the region and the country as a whole.

C5.13.“A social group is a set of people who have some common significant social attribute” or “A social group is any set of people identified according to socially significant criteria.”

Offers:

Social groups are subdivided by number, character, age, sex.

In social groups, a person can realize himself as a person.

In social groups, a person realizes his interests.

C5.14. concept: "World religions are a group of religions that are widespread in all regions of the Earth, addressed to all people, regardless of ethnicity and political affiliation, by the largest number of believers."

Two suggestions:

Islam is the youngest of the world religions.

- "World religions include Buddhism, Christianity, Islam."

- "One of the very first world religions was Buddhism, which arose in ancient India."

C5.15."The political elite is a group of people occupying the highest positions in the political hierarchy" or "The political elite is a relatively small social group that concentrates a significant amount of political power in their hands."

Offers:

The political elite constitutes a minority of society, possessing the qualities of leadership.

The political elite is updated in the process of the election campaign.

C5. sixteen."Citizenship is a stable legal relationship of a person with the state" or "Citizenship is a person's belonging to any state."

Offers:

Citizenship can be acquired by a person from birth.

Citizenship is not only belonging to the state, but also the mutual obligations of a person and the state to which he belongs.

Low activity may be associated with political stability in society;

Voters do not trust the authorities;

People are busy with their lives, there is no interest in politics;

Crisis phenomena in society, the inability of the authorities to find a way out.

1. Signs of society.

This is the historical result of the naturally developing relationships of people.

This is the largest group of people living in a given territory, existing relatively autonomously from the entire population of people.

It has qualities that its constituent elements do not possess.

E. Durkheim defined society as a supra-individual spiritual reality based on collective ideas.

M. Weber defined society as the interaction of people who are the product of social, that is, focused on other actions.

K. Marx defined society as a historically developing set of relations between people that develop in the process of their joint actions.

T. Parsons defined society as a system of relations between people based on norms and values ​​that form culture.

E. Shils singled out the following signs of society:

It is not an organic part of any larger system.

Marriages are concluded between members of this community

It is replenished by the children of those people who are members of this community.

It has its territory

It has its own name and its own history

It has its own control system.

It exists longer than the average life span of an individual.

It is united by a common system of values, norms, laws, rules.

The following definition corresponds to the signs of Shils: a society is a historically formed and self-reproducing community of people. Aspects of reproduction are biological, economic and cultural reproduction.

The concept of “society” should be distinguished from the concepts of “state” (an institution for managing social processes that arose historically later than society) and “country” (a territorial-political entity that has developed on the basis of society and the state)

Society is an integral naturally functioning system. This means that all aspects of its reproduction are functionally interconnected and do not exist separately from each other. This approach to the consideration of society is called functional. The functional approach was formulated by G. Spencer and developed in the works of R. Merton and T. Parsons. In addition to the functional, there are deterministic (Marxism) and individualistic approaches (interactionism).

social institutions (agents of socialization). At the first stage, the agent of socialization is primarily the family, at the second stage, the school, and so on. The main object of sociology from Cooley's point of view are small groups (family, neighbors, school staff, sports, etc.), in the depths of which the main social ties and the socialization of the individual are carried out. A person becomes aware of himself by observing other members of the group, constantly comparing himself with them. Society cannot exist without mental reactions, mutual evaluations. It is thanks to mutual contacts that people realize social values, acquire social experience and skills of social behavior. A person becomes a person thanks to his interaction with other people precisely within the framework of small primary groups.

The process of socialization reaches a certain degree of completion when the individual reaches an integral social status. Naturally, the process of socialization is most intense during childhood and adolescence, but personality development continues into adulthood and old age. Therefore, many sociologists believe that the process of socialization continues throughout life. Although the socialization of children and adults have significant differences. The socialization of adults differs in that it is mainly a change in external behavior (the socialization of children is the formation of value orientations), adults are able to evaluate norms (and children only learn them). Adult socialization aims to help a person acquire certain skills. For example, to master a new social role after: retirement, change of profession or social status. Another point of view on the socialization of adults is that adults are gradually abandoning naive children's ideas (for example, about the steadfastness of authorities, about absolute justice, etc.), from ideas that there is only white and black.

But socialization not only gives the individual the opportunity to integrate into society and communicate with each other through the development of social roles. It also ensures the preservation of society. Although the number of its members is constantly changing, as people are born and die, socialization contributes to the preservation of society itself, instilling in new citizens generally accepted ideals, values, patterns of behavior.

So the essence of the process of socialization lies in the fact that socialization has two goals: to help the individual to integrate into society on the basis of a social role and to ensure the preservation of society through the assimilation of new members of society's beliefs and patterns of behavior.

they form a certain system, they can mutually neutralize each other if they come into conflict, or reinforce each other if their content coincides. The effectiveness of sanctions in relation to a particular person is influenced by the depth and nature of their consciousness of individuals, which in turn is due to the values ​​and value orientations of the individual, the level of his self-awareness. Without an impact on the self-consciousness of the individual, the system of social control ceases to exist.

Society is constantly striving to combat negative behavior. But until that time, most of the means of social control and prevention are caused by emotions, dogmas and illusions, and least of all by the real laws of the processes that society is trying to control. As a rule, prohibitive and repressive measures are recognized in our society as the best means of struggle. But full-fledged social control is a set of means and methods of influencing society, not unwanted (deviating) forms of behavior. Therefore, social control can be effective when its various mechanisms are used, taking into account the characteristics of the deviations themselves. These mechanisms include:

1) control itself, carried out from the outside, including through punishments and sanctions;

2) internal control, ensured by the internalization of social norms and values;

3) side control caused by identification with the reference “law-abiding group”;

4) “control”, established on widely available various means of achieving goals and satisfying needs, alternative to illegal or immoral.

Considering the quality, direction and spread of social deviations in Ukraine, we can propose the following strategy of social control: replacement, displacement of the most dangerous forms of social pathology by socially useful and neutral ones; orientation of social activity in a socially approved or neutral direction; legalization (as a waiver of criminal or administrative prosecution) of “victimless crimes” (homosexuality, prostitution, alcoholism, etc.); creation of organizations (services) of social assistance: suicidological, narcological, gerontological; liberalization and democratization of the regime of detention in places of deprivation of liberty with the rejection of forced labor and the reduction of part of this type of punishment in the law enforcement system.

The problem of social deviations, deviant behavior attracts more and more attention of domestic sociologists. Ways of rational control and dissemination of positive behavior are being actively developed. An important task for researchers is also the typology of deviant behavior of an individual, the development of the conceptual foundations of the mechanism of social control.

Section "Society". Topic #1

Society as a social system

Society- a part of the world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes ways of interaction between people and forms of their unification.

In a narrower sense, society:

- the historical stage of the development of society (ancient society);

- a group of people united by a common territory

(Russian society, European society);

- a circle of people united by a common origin (noble society), interests and activities (book lovers society).

The country- a part of the world or territory that has certain boundaries and enjoys state sovereignty.

State- the central political organization of a given country, which has supreme power.

System- this is a single whole, consisting of interconnected elements, where each element performs its function.

Society is a single social system consisting of people, social groups, social institutions and social (public) relations. Also, as elements of society, one can distinguish subsystems(areas) of society:

- economic (production, distribution, exchange, consumption of material goods);

- social (interaction of social groups, layers, classes, nations;

as well as the activities of the social infrastructure of society);

– political (state forms, state power, law and order, laws, security);

- spiritual (science, education, art, morality, religion).

A person enters society through a collective, being a member of several social groups: family, school class, sports team, labor collective. Also, a person is included in larger communities of people: a class, a nation, a country.

Public relations(social relations) - diverse connections that arise between people, social groups, classes, nations, as well as within them, in the process of society's life. Public relations arise in the economic, social, political, spiritual life of society.

Public relations include:

a) subjects (individuals, social groups, social communities);

b) objects (material, spiritual);

Society as a dynamic system

Society is a dynamic system, it is constantly evolving.

1. Changing society can be seen in the following aspects:

- changing the stage of development of the whole society as a whole

(agrarian, industrial, post-industrial),

- changes occur in certain areas of society,

- social institutions are changing (family, army, education),

- some elements of society die off (serfs, feudal lords), other elements of society appear (new professional groups),

- social relations between elements of society are changing

(between state and church).

2. The nature of the development of society can be different:

Evolution is a slow, gradual, natural process of development.

The revolution- a radical, qualitative, rapid, violent change in the social system.

Reform- partial improvement in any sphere of social life, a series of gradual transformations that do not affect the foundations of the existing social system. The reform is carried out by state bodies. Modernization- a significant update, a change in accordance with modern requirements.

3. Directions for the development of society:

Progress- the process of change from simple to complex, from lower to higher. Regression- the process of change from higher to lower, the process of degradation and collapse of the system, the return to obsolete forms.

Progress is an ambiguous social phenomenon, because it has a side effect: the "reverse side of the coin" or the "price" of progress.

The founders of the theory of progress in the XVIII century (Montesquieu, Condorcet, Turgot, Comte, Spencer) believed that the main engine of progress is the human mind. They believed that with the development of science and education, society would be progressive, social injustice would be eliminated, and a “kingdom of harmony” would be established. Today, faith in progress is undermined by global problems.

What is the criterion for progress?

The most important goal of all social development is man, his all-round development. A progressive society can be considered a society in which conditions for the harmonious development of the individual are created. Proceeding from the idea of ​​humanism, progressive is what is done for the benefit of man. As humanistic criteria, such indicators of the progressive development of society are put forward: average life expectancy, mortality rate, level of education and culture, a sense of satisfaction with life, the degree of observance of human rights, attitude towards nature.