Syringes volumes. Selection of premises and required staff

In medicine syringe - medical instrument, intended for injections, diagnostic punctures, suction of pathological contents from cavities. It comes from the German Spritze (from spritzen - to splash).

According to the number of components (component parts), syringes can be divided into 2- and 3-component.

How to choose a syringe?

Which syringe is better, 2-component or 3-component?

Two-component syringes (photo #1)- these are syringes consisting of 2 parts (components): a cylinder and a piston

Three-component syringes (photo #2)- these are syringes consisting of 3 parts (components): a cylinder, a piston and a rubber seal

Video material: two-component, three-component syringes, luer-lock and luer-slip fastening

For the introduction of viscous solutions (for example, oil-based), it is better to use a syringe with a Luer Lock attachment (photo # 3).
This type of attachment of the needle to the syringe eliminates the possibility of it slipping, since the needle is "screwed" into the mount, and not just put on it, as is the case with Luer Slip
Luer Lock mount

(photo #3)

Pros and cons of two-component and three-component syringes.
PRICE
As a rule, the cost of two-component syringes is lower than their three-component counterparts. This is largely due to the simplification of manufacturing technology: it is easier and cheaper to create a syringe from 2 parts than from 3 parts.
EXPLOITATION
For displacing the piston of a two-component syringe may need the application of greater force and its course is not as free as that of a three-component one, and accordingly, after a while, the specialist using these syringes in his work will get tired
Due to the fact that when the syringe plunger is driven, the plastic rubs against the plastic, control of the uniformity of the injection may be difficult , which, again, requires the medical worker using this syringe to increase the tension of the muscles of the hands, which leads to their rapid fatigue
With a smoother (see 3-component syringe) sliding of the piston inside the cylinder, the injection to the patient should be less painful.
A good two-piece (two-piece) syringe will provide a smoother and painless injection of the drug solution than a cheap three-piece syringe bought only "on the advice" due to the presence of a rubber seal in it.
A rubber seal is not a guarantee of the smooth running of the syringe, and its absence will not spoil the smooth running of a good two-component syringe.
SECURITY
RISK OF PLASTIC MICROPARTICLES IN THE INJECTION SOLUTION
There is an opinion that when the piston rubs against the cylinder of a two-component syringe, particles polymer material, of which they are composed, can be "scraped off" by the piston from the inside of the cylinder and, together with the contents of the syringe, enter the tissues of the body when injected
The three-component syringe has a special rubber part that improves the sliding of the piston inside the barrel and eliminates the possibility of scraping the plastic inside the piston, and also provides greater tightness and the ingress of the injection solution beyond the surface of the piston with a rubber nozzle is excluded
The rubber part (component) of the syringe may contain natural latex, which can cause allergic reactions if predisposed. It should be noted that in the production of most modern three-component syringes, synthetic hypoallergenic materials that do not cause allergies are used.

DISPOSAL
It is known that disposable medical syringes are subject to disposal after use. The healthcare worker who is responsible for the preparation of syringes for disposal knows that the preparation 2-component syringes are much easier. It consists in "disassembling" the syringe into its component parts: the medical worker disconnects the needle from the syringe in one of the ways, depending on the availability of special devices in the medical institution:
- removal of a needle by means of a needle remover;
- cutting off the needle with a needle cutter with an integrated puncture-proof container for needles;
- destruction of the needle with the help of a needle destructor - a device for burning needles by exposure to high temperature.

And finally, especially for mothers who came here to find out: "What kind of syringe to prick a child with?"
1) The choice of the volume of the syringe for injection.
The volume should correspond to the volume of the drug solution that you plan to administer to the baby, but 0.5-1 cube more. Often, syringes have extra space, such as a 2 ml syringe. can have a scale up to 2.5 ml., and a 5 ml syringe. - scale up to 6 ml. That is, if you need a 2ml syringe, then 3ml will do. But, with an increase in the volume of the syringe, the product becomes more expensive, so there is no point in overpaying for empty cubes.
2) Select a 2- or 3-piece syringe.
It will be more convenient for you to use a 3-component syringe (the one with a rubber seal). It will provide a more even (without jerks) injection and eliminate the leakage of the drug (drug leakage occurs more often when using low-quality 2-component syringes, i.e. poorly assembled and without a rubber seal on the piston)
3) High-quality syringe from a trusted manufacturer.
The assortment includes syringes with a volume of 0.5ml, 1ml, 2ml, 3ml, 5ml (and others).
What really matters is choice of injection needle. There is a high probability that the needle that comes with the syringe is not suitable for your baby. It is important to approach the choice of needles very carefully. Ask your healthcare provider which needles are needed for your prescribed injections. Of course, you want to prick the baby with the thinnest and most painless needles, but this is not always possible, because. the injected substance may be viscous and the injection will be difficult. Therefore, it is important to know the thickness and length of the desired needle.

On the this moment in Russia, 70% of the sold syringes are imported. There will always be a demand for syringes, and if a domestic manufacturer appears in the region, then syringes will most likely be purchased from him, and not from imported suppliers.

For the manufacture of syringes with an injection needle, a lot of expensive equipment will be needed, and total amount the required investments for starting a business from scratch will be about 1 billion rubles. Some companies started with the opening of production disposable syringes without a needle, which saved money. When the business began to make a profit, they started issuing complete set. Also, many buy imported needles for a complete set. It takes about 11-12 months to set up a syringe manufacturing business (purchase equipment, train staff, etc.).

Syringe: types and structure

In medicine, a syringe is widely used: it is used for various injections, for blood sampling, and suction of pathological contents from cavities. A modern disposable syringe can be two-component (cylinder, piston) and three-component (cylinder, piston, rubber tip lubricated with liquid for better sliding along the cylinder).

Syringes come in sizes:

small volume (0.3, 0.5 and 1 ml). Used in endocrinology (insulin syringes), phthisiology (tuberculin syringes), neonatology, for vaccination and allergological intradermal tests.
standard volume (2, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ml). Used for subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous injections.
large volume(30, 50, 60 and 100 ml). They are used for suctioning liquids, introducing substances and washing.

The syringe has a different location of the tip on the cylinder:

coaxial (concentric). Location in the center of the cylinder. For a syringe with a volume of 1-11 ml.
eccentric. Side location. For a syringe with a volume of 22 ml.

There are three types of needle attachment:

Luer - the needle is put on the cylinder.
Luer-Lok - the needle is screwed into the cylinder.
non-removable needle integrated into the cylinder body (usually needles with a volume of up to 1 ml).

Production technology

Production room includes several departments: cylinder and piston production line, warehouses where raw materials are stored and received.

The cylinders and pistons of the syringe are made from polymer raw materials (polyethylene, polypropylene) by casting on special machines equipped with molds. The raw materials are poured into the bunker, the machine melts the mass, and then forms the necessary parts of the syringe. After casting and cooling, the scale is applied to the cylinders by offset printing or silk screen printing. Tips are put on the pistons, after which they are connected to the cylinders. The finished syringe is sterilized and packed in blisters.

Equipment and raw materials

The production line for the production of syringes includes the following set of equipment:

injection molding machine (injection molding machine) - from 150 thousand rubles for a used one, from 1 to 2 million rubles for a new one;
molds (200 thousand rubles - 500 thousand rubles);
cooling machine - from 50 to 250 thousand rubles;
pneumatic or vacuum forming machine for packaging - from 60-90 thousand rubles;
offset printing machine - about 300 thousand rubles;
syringe assembly machine (up to 24,000 syringes / hour) - from 1 million rubles;
sterilizer - about 1 million rubles;

Total: about 4 million rubles.

Required raw materials:

polypropylene (30-75 rubles / kg). The production of 3 million syringes per month will take about 6-7 tons of raw materials, the costs will be about 400 thousand rubles;
rubber / silicone for the cuff from the piston (from 240 rubles / kg);
ink for printing (3-4 tons per month);

Premises and staff

The production premises, together with warehouses, should have an area of 2-5 thousand square meters. m. (depending on the volume of production), ceiling height - at least 6 meters, spans - 12 m. Naturally, communications must be carried out in the building and electricity must be connected. Location - no more than 500 meters from the nearest housing. Number of personnel on the production line:

raw material preparation area (raw material transportation to the casting area, reception) - 2 operators, 2-3 workers;
casting section (automatic line) - 1-2 masters;
area for applying the scale - 1-2 operators;
packaging area (automated) - 1-2 operators;
sterilization area - 1-2 operators;
quality control - 1 specialist;
warehousing - 5-10 workers;

Total: at least 15-20 people.

Requirements

The product must be tested in Rospotrebnadzor and receive a certificate of conformity. The required syringe characteristics and test methods are described in GOST R ISO 7886-4-2009.

Investments

Initial investment (when renting premises) will amount to about 7-8 million rubles. Monthly expenses are about 3 million, income - 3.5 - 6 million rubles. The cost of a syringe without a needle is 50 kopecks -2 rubles / piece.

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A disposable syringe consists, like a glass one, of a cylinder and a piston rod (collapsible or non-collapsible). The cylinder has a Luer-type cone tip (Record syringes can be produced on request, they are practically not produced), a finger rest and a graduated scale. The rod-piston assembly consists of a rod with a stop, a piston with a seal and a reference line.

Depending on the structure of the piston rod, the design of disposable syringes

subdivided into 2-component (Fig.) and 3-component (Fig.). In 2-component syringes, the rod and piston are a single whole, in 3-component syringes the rod and piston are separated. The main functional difference between these designs is the characteristics of lightness and smoothness of the piston. Disposable syringes can also be coaxial and eccentric (Fig. 18), which is determined by the position of the cone tip.

Rice. 18. Disposable syringes coaxial (1) and eccentric (2)

Fig.19. Syringes disposable eccentric.

The capacity of syringes is determined by their purpose and ranges (GOST) from 1 to 50 ml. In practice, the range of volumes of disposable syringes ranges from 0.3 to 60 ml. Syringes with a volume of 0.3; 0.5 and 1.0 ml are used for accurate administration of drugs (tuberculin, insulin, standard allergen extracts) in small volumes - from 0.01 ml.

The industry produced sterilizing cases for storing and sterilizing syringes. They were sometimes called syringe stacks. were very widespread in various field conditions. Today they have been replaced by disposable syringes, but you can still meet them in your practice.

Fig.20. Cases-sterilizers for storage and sterilization of glass syringes.

Medical needles

Stabbing or piercing-cutting instruments in the form of a thin rod or tube with a pointed end. In addition, they produce special ligature needles .

Depending on the purpose, medical needles are divided into:

ü injection,

ü puncture-biopsy,

ü surgical.

injection needles

Injection needles are designed to administer solutions medicines, blood sampling from a vein or artery, blood transfusion. They are used together with syringes, as well as systems for transfusion of liquids or blood. An injection needle is a narrow metal tube made of certain grades of steel, one end of which is cut and pointed, and the other is tightly attached to a short metal sleeve for connection to a syringe or elastic tube ( inner diameter head holes for syringes "Record" - 2.75 mm, for Luer type syringes - 4 mm). Sterile disposable injection needles are becoming more and more common. Their use dramatically reduces the risk of infectious complications, they are convenient and do not require preliminary sterilization. The main significant parameters of the needle are length, outer diameter, sharpening angle and puncture force. The needles have different lengths (from 16 to 90 mm) and diameters (from 0.4 to 2 mm):

ü for intradermal injection, a needle 16 mm long and 0.4 mm in diameter is used,

ü for subcutaneous injection, a needle with a length of 25 mm and a diameter of 0.6 mm is used,

ü for intravenous injection, a needle 40 mm long and 0.8 mm in diameter is used,

ü for intramuscular injection a needle 60 mm long, 0.8-1 mm in diameter is used.

In practice, a needle with a maximum length of 38 (40) mm provides intramuscular injection of the drug into the area of the upper lateral quadrant of the buttock in 15% of men and 5% of women. (rice.)

Rice. 21. Needles for injections, infusions, transfusions: a - injection needle (1 - needle tube, 2 - needle head, 3 - mandrin, 4 - dagger sharpening, 5 - spear sharpening, b - needle cut angle); b - a needle with an emphasis for intradermal injections; in - a needle with a safety bead; g - needle with side holes for air release; e - attachment to the injection needle for connection to blood transfusion systems, etc.; e - transitional cannula for injection needles; g - Dufo needle for blood transfusion; h - a needle for taking blood.

The cutting angle of injection needles ranges from 15 to 45° depending on the execution task:

ü 15-18° for injection needles,

ü 30° at needles for introducing catheters into a vein, for spinal puncture,

ü 30 and 45 ° for needles with a short cut for the introduction of radiopaque substances

The needles have a spear-shaped or dagger sharpening. The outer diameter of the needle ranges from 0.4 to 2 mm, length - from 16 to 150 mm. The number of the needle corresponds to its dimensions (for example, No. 0840 means that the diameter of the needle is 0.8 mm, the length is 40 mm).

Fig.22. A - needles disposable with

various designs cannula with case.

AT - various options needle sharpening,

produced by the industry.

The IV needle is cut at a 45° angle, while the hypodermic needle has a sharper cut. The needles must be very sharp, without burrs. (fig.21). The point of the needle is sharpened in 3 planes (spear-shaped sharpening), which ensures that the piercing effect prevails over the cutting one when puncturing tissues. The protective cap protects the needle from external damage and ensures safety when handling it. On the packaging, the type of cut of the needle is indicated by a special symbol ©. In this case, the needle is average length cut and is intended for intradermal administration of drugs.

Importance have the characteristics of an injection needle. The ease of tissue penetration (penetrating force), the accuracy of hitting certain anatomical structures, the stability of the position of the needle in the vessels, the degree of tissue trauma, and hence the pain of the injection depend on them. The listed characteristics of the needle in certain cases, along with the cost, determine the choice of the entire kit (syringe + needle).

The following requirements apply to a good injection needle:

ü minimum force for puncture,

ü longitudinal resistance to bending (elasticity),

ü strength, stability of connections with a syringe,

ü minimal roughness of the outer surface and sharpening area.

Puncture force

The force required for a puncture is determined by various factors, including design and production. This indicator depends on the shape and quality of the tip and cut of the needle, as well as on its diameter and special surface coating. A poor-quality cut can capture microfragments of the skin. With an increase in the diameter of the needle from 0.5 mm (insulin syringe needle - orange cannula) to 0.8 mm (standard needle - green cannula), the puncture force increases by 1.5 times. The best glide of the needle at the moment of puncture is achieved by applying a silicone coating to the surface of the needle, which is used by most manufacturers, including large domestic ones.

Needle packaging

Needle packaging should provide:

ü maintaining the sterility of the contents when stored in dry, clean, properly ventilated areas;

ü minimal risk of contamination of the contents at the time of its opening;

ü adequate protection of the contents under normal conditions of storage and transport;

ü creation of conditions under which the opened package cannot be re-closed without much effort, and the fact of opening is obvious.

In addition to the primary packaging, there must be a secondary rigid one that protects the contents. On the packaging of the needles, in addition to information about the manufacturer and supplier (name and trademark) and contents, indicate: "best before .." (English - exp. date), and then the day, month and year of manufacture. Complete information about the manufacturer or supplier is placed on the secondary packaging. The packaging must be kept undamaged during transportation (temperature from -50 to +50°C) protected from precipitation. vehicles and storage at temperatures from -5 to 40°C in heated and ventilated rooms. The packaging is sensitive to moisture. The susceptibility of packages of domestic syringes to getting wet during short contact with water can be determined by paper density, print quality, and the presence of voluminous accompanying information. Domestic analogues of packages are more resistant to moisture. Foreign-made syringe packages are more prone to getting wet.

When choosing injection devices, preference should be given to syringes in a two-part package, since when the paper part of the package is torn, packaging paper fibers are found on the parts of the syringe and needle. If the package consists of two parts, it is necessary to follow the opening method indicated on it.

Medical syringe

Syringe- a medical instrument intended for injections, diagnostic punctures, suction of pathological contents from cavities.

Principle of operation

When the syringe plunger is raised, if its needle is placed in a vessel with liquid, a vacuum is created between it and the surface. The liquid from the vessel rushes there, since atmospheric pressure acts on it.

Description

Reusable syringe, 5 ml, with glass cylinder and other details in chromed metal.

Typically, a syringe is a hollow graduated cylinder with a cone on which a needle is placed, and an open end through which a piston with a rod is inserted into the cylinder.

In the 1980s received wide use single use syringes (SHOP, colloquial name: disposable syringes), made almost entirely of plastic, with the exception of the needle, which is still made of stainless steel. The syringe also has a large number of slang names in the slang of drug addicts.

Syringe tubes are also used ( English) for single drug administration. But, as a rule, the syringe should be disposable - it is sterile

Basic rules of use

Since the syringe comes into contact with blood during use, attention should be paid to the sterility of the syringe:

before using a disposable syringe, you must ensure the integrity of the package;
reusable syringes are thoroughly boiled before use.

For injection, the syringe needle is placed in a container with a drug, after which it is drawn in by the movement of the piston required amount drug into the syringe barrel. Before the injection, you should make sure that there are no air bubbles in the preparation drawn into the syringe. To do this, the syringe is directed with the needle up and with a slight movement of the piston, air is expelled from the syringe along with part of the drug. The skin at the injection site must be wiped with alcohol. In the future, depending on the type of injection, the needle is injected into the patient's vein, under the skin or into the skin or into the muscle, after which the medicine is moved from the syringe into the patient's body by the movement of the piston.

History of creation

The origin of syringes is almost impossible to trace. It is known that they were in Europe around the 13th century, but so far no one has been able to find out where and how they were used before. They were made from translucent bull Bladder, to which was attached a sharp thin tip made of wood or copper. An incision was made on the patient's muscle or vein with a knife, after which the tip was quickly inserted there.

Despite the fact that intravenous injections have been carried out since the middle of the 17th century, the syringe, in the form in which we know it now, was invented only in 1853 by veterinarian Charles Gabriel Pravaz and Alexander Wood independently of each other.

The first syringes were made from a rubber cylinder, inside of which was placed a well-fitted piston made of leather and asbestos with a metal pin sticking out. A hollow needle was fixed at the other end of the cylinder. Since the cylinder was opaque, notches for dosing the medicine were made not on it, but on the metal pin of the piston.

Cream injector

plastic cylinder with a volume of 200 to 2000 cm3 (2 l) with a piston and an outlet, designed to contain and squeeze out various creams, mainly used to decorate cakes and cakes. The syringe has a set of cornets having different section and a profile and mounted at the inlet through which the cream is squeezed out to the surface by a piston confectionery. The most convenient for work is liter syringes, which ensure the continuity of work with one cake. Small syringes are extremely inconvenient, since they often have to be filled, not only interrupting work, but also interrupting the uniformity of the thickness (intensity) of the pattern applied through the cornets on the cake, which spoils appearance products

Technical syringe

Technical syringe is intended for the introduction of liquid or grease lubrication into the nodes of machines and mechanisms, as well as for application to various surfaces glue, sealant and other viscous substances. The device of a technical syringe is similar to the device of a medical syringe, but differs large sizes and (often) the presence of a lever mechanism for driving the piston. As a rule, units that are lubricated with a syringe have a special unit - a grease fitting with check valve, excluding the leakage of lubricant after disconnecting the syringe. There are disposable (filled with working fluid at the factory) and rechargeable (filling by the consumer) technical syringes.

Types of disposable syringes used in Russia

Sources

Links

Parenteral route of drug administration.

Injection route of administration medicinal substances - bypassing the digestive tract, through injections (from lat. inectio.- injection)

parenteral administration of drugs:

Provides rapid entry into the blood when oral administration is not possible;
Preferably in case of decomposition of substances in the gastrointestinal intestinal tract or difficulty in absorption.

Variety of routes of administration:

In tissue - skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, bone;

In vessels - veins, arteries, lymphatic vessels;

In the cavity - abdominal, pleural, cardiac, articular;

In the subarachnoid space - under the meninges.

Application Benefits:

Fast action - application in emergency care;

Dosing accuracy;

Independence of the patient's condition.

The disadvantages of the method:

Possibility of complications;

risk of infection.

Medications injected into the tissue with a needle using a syringe. Performing injections requires mandatory professional competence.

Syringe - consists of main parts: a cylinder with a scale, a needle cone, a piston with a rod and a handle

Exist different kinds syringes:

· syringe "Record "with a metal piston,

· syringe "Luer" "- all glass,

· combination syringe - glass, but with a metal under-needle cone. Syringes and syringe plungers of the same brand are interchangeable.

· disposable syringes made of plastic in a sterile factory sealed package. The disposable syringe has become an integral part of the nurse's activity in our country. Many years of experience in the use of disposable syringes gives reason to consider them not only as the simplest injection device for administering a drug or taking biological fluids, but also as a tool to ensure the safety of the patient and the nurse

· Syringe tubes - Sterile syringes for single use, already filled with medicines.

· Syringe jane with a capacity of 100 and 200 ml is used for washing cavities.

A - reusable and disposable syringes, B - syringe tube.

The syringe must be intact, without cracks, with a well-fitting piston, then it will maintain tightness. Checking the syringe for leaks is carried out as follows: close the cone of the cylinder with the second or third finger of the left hand (in which the syringe is held), and move the piston down with the right, and then release it. If the piston quickly returned to its original position - the syringe is sealed

The capacity of the injection syringe is 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 ml.

The capacity of the syringe must be selected depending on the amount of solution to be injected. The needle is used depending on the injection site, the amount and nature of the solution:

For intradermal- a syringe with a capacity of 1 ml - tuberculin, a needle 15 mm long and

with a diameter of 0.4 mm.

For subcutaneous- a syringe 1-2 ml, less often 5 ml and a needle 20 mm long and 0.4-0.6 mm in diameter.

For intramuscular- syringe 1-10 ml, needle 60-80 mm long, 0.8 mm in diameter.

For intravenous- syringe 10-20 ml, needle 40 mm long, 0.8 mm in diameter.

In order to correctly draw a dose of medicine into the syringe, you need to know the "price" of dividing the syringe. The "price" of a division is the amount of solution between the next two divisions of the cylinder. In order to determine the "price" of the division, you should find on the cylinder the number closest to the needle cone indicating the number of milliliters, then determine the number of divisions on the cylinder between this number and the needle cone and divide the figure found by the number of divisions. For example: on the cylinder of a syringe with a capacity of 20 ml, the number closest to the needle cone is 10. The number of divisions between the cone and the number 10 is 5. Dividing 10 by 5, we get 2 ml. The "price" of the division of this syringe is 2 ml.

Syringes available special purpose, which, with a small capacity, have a narrowed and elongated cylinder, due to which divisions corresponding to 0.01 and 0.02 ml can be applied to it at a large distance from each other. This allows for a more accurate dosage when administering potent agents - insulin, vaccines, sera.

You need to hold the syringe like this: the cylinder is clamped between the I and III–IV fingers, the needle sleeve is held with the second finger, and the handle or piston rod with the fifth (or vice versa).

Syringes volumes. Selection of premises and required staff

PRICE

EXPLOITATION

SECURITY

DISPOSAL