Wood lathe: device, characteristics and overview of models. Copier for a wood lathe with a manual mill Copier for lathes

copier for lathe on wood with manual router

We suggest you make your own copier with minimal cost time, the machine can be started in " industrial production»turned parts by the evening. The “cutting tool” will be a hand router, the specifications for the manufactured parts depend on specifications wood lathe. Despite the fact that the copier is made using plywood, it can produce up to a hundred products from one copier, you will agree that this amount is quite enough to fulfill most bulk orders.

The fixture does not look quite "attractive" in terms of design, but we did not set ourselves such a task. We tried to make our “equipment” as simple as possible to manufacture and more or less reliable. Which is what happened in the end. How is a copier made? Let's get to know him better.

copier device

An ordinary manual milling cutter is adapted for a cutting tool; a specific model does not matter. Install the milling cutter on the support platform, we have platform dimensions of 500 × 200 mm, made of sheet plywood 12 mm thick. You can slightly increase or decrease the linear parameters of the site, depending on the size of the hand mill. On the site, make holes for the exit of the cutter and holes for installing mounting bolts. In order to completely exclude unauthorized spontaneous movements of the cutter during operation, we advise you to install additional stop bars along the perimeter on the site, fix the bars with self-tapping screws, the length of the screws is selected taking into account the thickness of the fixing bars.

The milling cutter must be installed between the thrust bars, check the reliability of its fixation, any vibrations are completely eliminated. The far end of the platform should “ride” along the pipe for the entire length of the wood lathe, we used a pipe Ø 25 mm, you can take other pipes for manufacturing. The main thing is that they can withstand the weight of the router without bending, be absolutely even and with a perfectly smooth surface. Fix the ends of the pipe with two wooden blocks, in our case, bars 80 × 35 mm were used. Screw the bars to the body of the lathe using metal screws, you do not have to cut the threads for the bolts. If your machine device does not allow you to fasten the bars in this way, then solve this problem in your own way.

Installation of the main structural elements homemade copier

Strong advice - do not rush during the manufacture of equipment, turned parts for a copier do not forgive even the slightest violations of not only technology, but also the location of the working axes. It follows from this that the axis of the pipe along which the milling cutter will move must be perfectly parallel to the axis of rotation of the lathe. It turned out by itself that the axis of the pipe coincided with the axis of the machine, but this condition is not necessary. The main thing is that the cutting tool of the cutter in the lowest position coincides with the axis of the machine, and this parameter can be adjusted by the level of the copier.

The pipe is fixed in the blind holes of the bars; before fixing, two bars must be put on it, on which the carrier platform of the router will be installed. Important condition- the platform bars should slide easily along the guide tube, but wobbling is prohibited. Check this parameter, if necessary, manually lap the pipe and bars. Then fix the router support pad to the bars and install the router on it. Once again check the smoothness of the slide, pay attention to the fact that there are no wobbles at all. Do not be afraid of such "strict" requirements for the quality of sliding. If you have a pipe with a normal surface and completely flat, then it is not difficult to achieve smooth sliding.

Installation of a horizontal bar

This is the second "working" element of a home-made copier; in terms of installation accuracy, all of the above requirements must be observed. A detail profile template is attached to a horizontal bar. For manufacturing, a bar of 70 × 30 mm is quite suitable, fastened with self-tapping screws to vertical wooden racks, fix the racks with any convenient way to the lathe bed. The upper edge of the horizontal bar must be parallel to the axis of the machine and be at the same level with it. If the copier becomes temporarily not needed, then the bar can be easily removed, the mounting platform for the router folds back to the rearmost position and the wood lathe can be used for its intended purpose.

Fasten the vertical stop to the working platform of the router, we made it from thin plywood, you can use more durable materials, up to metal ones. This part will move along the copier during turning and set the spatial position of the cutter, fasten the copier as firmly as possible. There is a direct dependence on the thickness: the thinner it is, the more accurately the dimensions will be taken from the template. But there is another dependence - too thin copier makes it difficult to move the device along the template, choose golden mean. The height of the copier must be adjusted after the final assembly of the machine; during the adjustment, all of the above conditions must be observed. One more moment. If you have a copier made of plywood, then you need to make it removable, this will allow you to quickly change the worn-out copier to a new one while turning a large number of the same type of products.

Copier stop

How the template is made

There is nothing new here. Draw on a strip of plywood or OSB board the contour of the part being machined, check again all the dimensions and carefully cut it out using an electric jigsaw. The edges must be sanded, remove notches and bumps. Fix the template on the horizontal rail with self-tapping screws, observe all installation dimensions during fixing.

Some features of turning

You will have to move the device only with two hands, otherwise jamming on the pipe is possible. Another problem is that the radii of curvature of turned parts are limited by the diameter of the cutter, this must be borne in mind when choosing the profile of turned parts. Practice shows the dependence of the feed rate on the diameter of the cutter: the smaller the diameter of the cutter, the smaller the feed should be and vice versa.

540 rub

1 700 rub

5 000 rub

830 rub

720 rub

1 350 RUB

1 200 rub

600 rub

RUB 1,500 RUB 1,900

1 500 rub

1 650 rub

RUB 1,300 RUB 1,700

The device of lathes for woodworking is similar in basic parameters to metalworking equipment. They also have a front and rear headstock, a caliper, a spindle with cutters. The purpose of the equipment depends on its weight, equipment with additional devices and automated systems management.

Woodworking lathe device

The device of a wood lathe differs from metal equipment in that it does not require a cooling system, due to this there is no coolant supply system. The power of a woodworking lathe for manual control is less, but it has rotation speed control. To work on manual wood lathes that are not intended for the production of one type of goods, special devices are used - cutters and a removable faceplate.

Main knots

The faceplate is used to securely hold the material of the maximum allowable diameter, and the cutter is used to handmade on equipment that does not have a permanently installed support. They are more often used for the manufacture of plain blanks for painting, turning the cuttings necessary for the household for shovels, ax handles and other household utensils.

A school wood lathe gives a complete picture of how you can make household utensils, beautiful souvenirs. A machine operating at low speeds will allow the novice master to understand the basic principle of operation of all turning units and mechanisms. The skills acquired at school will help to master more complex turning equipment with CNC.

One of the most common equipment in mass production of woodworking shops is a wood lathe. For its work, devices are needed - stencils, according to the outline of which the outline of the object will be created.

Classification of woodworking machines

Many types of equipment are used in the woodworking industry. The main criteria for classification are technological process and design features.

Technological features:

cutting;
Gluing and assembly;
Presses;
Finishing;
Drying.

Different in design equipment for carrying out the same operations may differ in the technology of work.

Processing 1 or many items;
Number of threads;
1-coordinate or 4-coordinate;
By the number of spindles;
Along the trajectory of movement of the processed material;
By the nature of the presentation.
By cyclicality.

The scheme of work on a lathe is as follows:

At the top of the bed, on special fasteners, a stencil made of wood is installed - a copier.
The overrunning roller moves along the outer side of the copier.
By connecting the roller with cutting tool by the method of rigid fastening, the cutter transfers the movement of the roller along the copier to the tree with accuracy. Where there is a recess on the copier, there will be a convex element on the tree, and a protrusion on the stencil will affect the recess in the finished wooden object.

For the production of identical elements wooden decor machine with a copier is the most convenient solution.

The lathe, on which processing is carried out with the help of hand tools: reyer, meisel, scraper, is not particularly accurate. When manufacturing several similar parts from wood with the same density characteristics, one has to rely only on the skill of the turner and his eye, but it is still very difficult to give a 100% guarantee that they will be identical. The use of different types of wood in the production implies that cutters and fixtures will be required different from each other.

The lathe and copying machine for wood is distinguished by the accuracy of reproduction of the embedded data. The copier is a kind of CNC prototype. One copier allows an infinite number of times to make identical things, which is necessary for the manufacture of balusters for railings or legs for cabinet furniture sets. In workshops where production is put on stream, it is more expedient to use copy machines equipped with CNC.

When working with wood, always remains manual process perfecting a detail with sandpaper. Grinding is done at the stage while the object is in a fixed form between the headstock of the lathe. The rotation is programmed at a lower speed than those at which the cutting was performed.

Lathes are used for turning wooden elements oblong shape. The workpiece is mounted on a spindle with approximately equal weight distribution. To do this, holes are drilled in the center of the end ends of the wooden blank - this is necessary so that the rotation of the shaft is uniform. Most often, a cylindrical tree or a bar with planed corners is used. Cutting is carried out not only external, but also inner surface blanks. Forms finished products can be complex, conical, cylindrical - symmetrical about the center of the product.

A desktop wood lathe equipped with a computer programming system has a high accuracy in reproducing a complex pattern. It can create very complex elements threads.

Classification

Lathes are divided into:

center, having a mechanized feed. It is possible to perform work on this equipment using manual cutting tools (when a special handpiece is installed on the frame). The oblong piece of wood is held by a spindle and a movable tailstock. The longitudinal feed of the caliper is mechanized. On these machines, you can work with a copier. When working with short, light workpieces, the tailstock mount may not be used. When processing inside wood detail the faceplate serves as a mount. The moving elements in the operating mode on these lathes are the cutters moving along the processed piece of wood and the rotating spindle.
frontal lathes are used to produce parts on a flat, wide wooden base. Beautiful multi-level carving, bas-reliefs, high reliefs - this is what can be done on machines working with a wide faceplate, on which the workpiece is attached. Work is carried out only on the front of the part. The rest of the revision will be done manually.
round sticks process a tree, giving it a shape with a round section. When working on this equipment, the workpieces do not rotate or move. The only moving parts of the machine are the heads with cutters. There are also machines in this group for processing long products. Then they will feed blanks with rollers under the cutters.

Wood is shaped by rotating the material being processed and using a cutting tool.

Device and equipment

Woodworking lathes differ in the type of caliper feed and the shape of the manufactured items.

On a lathe with a handpiece, wooden blanks are processed, not exceeding 40 cm in diameter, and 1 m, 60 cm in length.
Lathes with mechanical support feed are adapted to the processing of wooden blanks with the same size restrictions as hand cutting fixtures.
The device for disk-shaped wooden blanks has the ability to place parts up to 3 m in diameter on the working surface. The thickness of the tree is limited by the parameters set by the machine manufacturer.

Scheme of a lathe having a mechanical feed of a caliper equipped with an attached frontal device:

bed on 2 pedestals;
front and rear headstock;
calipers;
spindle rotated by 2-speed motor;
V-belt transmission connecting a 3-speed gearbox with a motor;
a pulley mounted on the spindle drives the longitudinal support;
cutters are mounted in a rotary holder;
the main - transverse and additional - longitudinal calipers set the direction of the cutters.

When working with hand cutters, it is necessary to install a handpiece on the guide beds. The caliper at this stage of processing is retracted beyond working area all the way.

Accessories for lathes Tools for wood lathes

The frontal device also has a swivel holder. This device is used for processing workpieces with a diameter of up to 60 cm, fixed on one side on a faceplate connected to the spindle, and fixed by the tailstock of the machine. When machining a short workpiece, the clamp may not be used, which simplifies the internal processing of parts.

Wood edge cutting speed different points different, which is determined by the distance of the cutter from the axis of rotation. This is most clearly seen when working with a copier. The spindle speed is determined by the diameter of the processed wood material and its strength.

A variety of equipment, including machines, can be used to work with wood. Due to the use of such equipment, it accelerates the process of mechanical processing of wooden blanks. A wood lathe with a copier is in great demand, which greatly simplifies the fulfillment of the tasks set: the manufacture of furniture legs, door handles and balusters.

Classification of lathes

Many people decide to choose lathes for purchase and installation in their own workshop due to their possible use in the manufacture of cylindrical products. There is quite a large number of different models, they can be divided into several groups:

Classical equipment, when the workpiece is located in a chuck or faceplate. A cutter is used as a cutting tool. The workpiece can rotate at different speeds. However, the equipment is not suitable for mass production.
Copy machines can be used to work on a template. By using a template, you can simplify the task of manufacturing the same type of products. For small-scale production, a manually operated apparatus is suitable, as it has a low cost and is easy to use.
Milling machines are extremely common today. This is due to the fact that they are widely used in the production of body and flat parts made of wood and metal. Meets and turning- milling machine on a tree that can be used to perform various operations.
Models with numeric program management. In mass production or the manufacture of expensive products, equipment that has a CNC unit can be used. However, the use of a copier significantly reduces the cost of the product.

The copier for a wood lathe has very attractive characteristics, due to which they began to be installed in private and other workshops.

Classic design

Industrial machines have enough complex design, especially CNC versions that can process automatically. The required product can also be obtained by using copiers. The classic design is represented by a combination of the following main components:

A home-made copier for a wood lathe also allows for high-quality processing of workpieces.

DIY manufacturing

Industrial versions of machine tools are expensive. That is why many are considering the possibility of assembling the machine with their own hands. Recommendations for the work are as follows:

Most attention is paid to the production of a copier. It is he who distinguishes the lathe from the copier.

Creating a copier

The copier is used for the production of similar products. Due to its use, the performance indicator is significantly increased. Among the features associated with the creation of a copier, the following points are noted:

The template is made of plywood, it is screwed to the front surface of the beam. The upper surface of the previously installed beam is aligned with the axis of the template.

Disadvantages of the considered device

A homemade copy machine has a fairly large number of significant drawbacks. An example would be the following information:

That is why it is recommended to install industrial machines to establish the production of complex wooden elements.

Woodworking machine Proma DSL-1200

The considered model is intended for processing wooden products, which can be used as decorative elements. hallmark construction specialists call the presence of two incisors:

This model of the machine can be used to work with large workpieces. To do this, the design is equipped with a steady rest, which is mounted on rods that act as guides. The installed faceplate allows you to process multifaceted products.

The main characteristics of the model:

The disadvantage of this proposal, like many others, can be called a rather high cost.

Copy lathes are used to make many of the same parts, such as balusters for stair railings, fence posts, etc. You can make a functional design with your own hands, using devices that are unnecessary in the household.

Making a lathe

The most primitive model of a lathe is made of conventional drill. But this is not the only solution. The main parts of the future device:

bed;
front and rear racks (headstock);
electric motor;
leading and slave centers;
tool stop.

The bed is the base for placing all the elements and mechanisms. Therefore, it is made of a thick bar of wood or metal. The headstock is securely fixed on the base, the part will be fixed on it. A device is placed in the front rack that transmits movement from the electric motor to the leading center and then to the part.

The rear post (headstock) moves along the guide on the frame, it holds the free end of the workpiece. An emphasis for the tool is placed between the grandmas. Grandmas must be located strictly along a single axis.

For a do-it-yourself machine, an electric motor with a power of 200 - 250 W, with a speed of no more than 1500, is suitable. If you plan to process large parts, a more powerful engine is required.

A faceplate is put on the electric motor pulley, which fixes large workpieces. The faceplate contains points on which the part is stuffed. The opposite end of the part is fixed with a corner.

To turn an ordinary lathe into a copier, an additional device is required - a copier.

Copier for lathe

The basis of the copier will be an unnecessary hand mill. It is placed on a surface of 12 mm plywood, the size of the platform is 20 x 50 cm. Holes are made in the platform for fasteners and cutters, and stops are installed - bars for fixing the cutter. The router is placed between the clamps and secured with a pair of large nails.

The remote part of the site moves along the frame along the guide - the pipe. Its ends are fixed in wooden bars. The bars are attached to the frame with self-tapping screws. When fixing the pipe, use a level and align the axis of the pipe with the center of the machine. Before installation, a pair of bars with holes is put on the pipe, which easily move along the guide. A platform is attached to the bars, on which the milling cutter is placed.

Second important element installed with your own hands directly on the lathe - a bar in a horizontal position, on which templates will be attached. A beam of 7 x 3 cm is suitable; it is attached to vertical supports with self-tapping screws. Stands are screwed to the frame. The upper surface of the bar must clearly coincide with the axis of the machine.

When the copier is not in use, the bar is dismantled, the platform with the milling cutter is retracted and the machine turns into a conventional lathe.

The stop is made of thick plywood and is attached to the work surface. In fact, the emphasis plays the role of a copier in this design. It is fixed vertically, to the end of the working surface it is fixed to a transition beam made of wood. The copier can be removed, it is installed on the stand with self-tapping screws. The stand must be fixed firmly, without the possibility of removal.

The templates are made of plywood, with the help of self-tapping screws they are screwed to the front surface of the bar. The top surface of the beam should be aligned with the axis of the template.

Cons of the proposed design

The working surface with a milling cutter has to be moved with both hands, since during operation it warps and jams;
only fairly simple elements can be copied, for example, it is impossible to repeat twisted patterns on columns;
to move the cutter, it is more convenient to provide a screw gear;
and it is better to replace the cutter with a circular, such a device will turn out to be more versatile.

Wood is one of the main materials that people use in Everyday life for the manufacture of furniture, objects interior decoration, decorative architectural elements, household and garden supplies and much more.

copy machine on wood.

One or two things can be done hand tool or using woodworking equipment.

But how to process a large number of completely identical products with the least labor and time costs? In this case, copy machines will come to the rescue. One of them is a copy-milling machine for wood.

The article discusses its device and principle of operation, and also offers some advice to those wishing to make the device on their own.

Copy-milling machines (CFS) are designed for processing wood parts by copying. Varieties of the method:

contour or 2-dimensional (2-D) milling;
volume or 3-dimensional (3D) copying.

One method or another is used depending on the shape of the workpiece.

The main advantage of copy machines is that you can produce any number of parts with a curved contour, which are a copy of the original copy. All of them will be absolutely identical. At the same time, the machine has the flexibility to switch to another part, just change the reference.

Therefore, their scope is quite wide: from small-scale production to mass production. In addition to large enough machines for industrial use, there are also compact bench-top devices. Copy machines are used in furniture production, woodworking workshops, in carpentry workshops of individual entrepreneurs.

Milling heads (milling cutter) are often used as a working unit in small machines. Its rotational speed is sufficient to ensure the required surface quality (no chips, splits, burrs).

Examples of workpieces

Below is a far from complete composition of products manufactured using FSC:

furniture details - facades, headboards, backs, legs of armchairs and chairs;
interior items - fireplace framing, wooden panels, frames, stands;
souvenir products - figurines, caskets, medallions;
building structures - framing arched windows, filling paneled doors;
architectural elements - bas-reliefs, decorative friezes and borders, window casings (slotted or embossed), cornice carving;
decorative fences - railing elements, balusters, ornamental screens, fence details;
wooden elements of the weapon - butt, fore-end;
handles of a gardening tool, for example, an ax handle.

As you can see, the listed parts have significant differences from each other, both in size and shape. If you group them according to the most common features, then it becomes obvious that processing of parts belonging to the same group requires its own design (layout) of the machine.

The principle of operation of the copier

For replication of the product, one of the copies is used, which serves as a template. The head with the cutting tool (cutter) is integrally connected to the copy probe.

In 2D milling, the probe moves along the generatrix of the copied contour, and the rotating tool repeats this movement, resulting in a copy of the template.

When milling a 3D part, the copy tip scans the 3D model and causes the cutter to move along an equidistant (similar) path. The nature of the movements of copying machines is of 2 types:

The template and the workpiece are stationary, the cutting head moves in the longitudinal direction, removing a certain amount of material in one double stroke.
The template and workpiece (one or more) rotate, and the cutter moves in the radial direction along the copier. As a result, it repeats the profile of the copied section. In this case, the cutting unit or part is uniformly moved along the longitudinal axis of the product.

A private type of copying and engraving work is the milling of drawings or ornaments according to a template, which is a pasted paper copy printed on a printer.

As a program for creating a drawing, you can use AVTOCAD, Compass, Word, Paint and others. In order not to break through the paper, a soft insert (wood or plastic) is inserted into the copying tip.

Choosing the layout of a homemade machine

What you need to know when starting to develop your original device.

First of all, you should determine what parts it is intended for. Next, you should select the shaping movements, the number of axes of the machine. For the processing of flat parts by the method of contour copying, 2 axes are sufficient: longitudinal and transverse movement. Details with low relief require another movement (perpendicular).

However, if the terrain is steep, then the tool axis must be additionally rotated to ensure Better conditions for processing. That is, it already turns out 4 axes. In some cases, 5 or more axles will be required. Representing the processing technology in your head, you should take into account all possible situations. After the manufacture of the machine, make additional movements may be problematic.

Finally, the machine must be arranged in such a way that the control forces are minimal. This means moving parts should be as light as possible. Think about which layout is better to choose: horizontal or vertical. Firstly, the convenience of work, as well as loading and unloading of workpieces, depends on it. Secondly, with a vertical layout, the chips fall directly to the floor or into the trough, and do not accumulate on the base or in the mechanisms of the machine.

The milling head should be selected as high as possible. This is an important factor, affecting the quality of processing (the height of the scallops from the cutter decreases).

A few examples

Pantograph

Photo 1: machine for cutting letters.

Used for flat threads. Its design is based on geometric figure- parallelogram. One of the properties of this mechanism is that the nodal points describe equidistant curves during movement. Moreover, if the link is lengthened, then its end point will cover a greater distance. This property allows you to use the mechanism for scaling.

The photo shows that the total length with a copying tip at the end is about 2 times longer than the side of the parallelogram. This means that the mechanism is increasing. If you copy any figure with the tip, the cutter will reduce it by 2 times. This will reduce copier errors. Do not forget that the drawing or template is enlarged in this case.

To make a pantograph, you will need a purchased milling cutter and several dry boards. Apparently it doesn't get any cheaper.

Machine with a plane-parallel mechanism

Photo 2: contour milling

The scope is also contour milling.

Unlike a pantograph, a curvilinear trajectory is obtained by adding 2 mutually perpendicular movements. The 3rd axis is used to insert the cutter into the thickness of the part. The weight at the opposite end of the swing frame is designed to balance the system.

Pay attention to a small flaw in the design: it is better to install the load on a threaded stud in order to provide for the possibility of adjustment.

Volume Milling Machine

Photo 3: volumetric milling

In the lower part of the bed there are 2 swivel attachment points for the copier and the workpiece.

The milling head is mounted on a balanced oscillating frame, which moves along mutually perpendicular guides during operation.

Instead of linear bearings or sleeves, as in the previous device, roller carriages are used here. The advantage of the design is the open base, which facilitates the removal of chips.

duplicarver-2

Photo 4: machine for flat-relief and sculptural carving

Serial machine for flat-relief and sculptural carving. An example of simplicity: they say about such constructions - two sticks, two rolling pins. Has 5 controlled axes:

4 turns (side arms, swing frame, head, work tables);
transverse movement of the head.

Longitudinal movement is obtained by adding 2 turns: levers and frame. As a power head, a German milling cutter with a power of 500 W and a spindle speed of 10-30 thousand revolutions per minute is used. Easily carried by one person (weight - 28 kg).

duplicarver-3

Photo 5: processing of long volumetric threads

2 more guide rails have been added to the previous loom (additional linear axis), and the rotary working tables are arranged vertically. As a result, it became possible to process long volumetric threads.

Below are some drawings that may be useful when making a homemade device.

Drawing 1 - pantograph device

Drawing 2 - diagram of a milling cutter mounted on a pantograph

Drawing 3 - carriage for installing a router on a flat-copier

Video: presentation of a homemade copy machine

Do-it-yourself CNC copy machine - is it possible

All the devices discussed above have manual control, that is, despite the increase in productivity, the person remains chained to the mechanism. Such work is rather monotonous and tedious. In mass and large-scale production, copy-milling machines equipped with numerical control (CNC) are used. All work on such equipment is reduced to loading blanks and removing finished products. As an example, the photo shows a similar machine.

The copier differs from a conventional CNC milling machine in the presence of a programming system. A traditional CNC machine works from a control program compiled by the operator in a system, for example, ARTCAM, according to a 3-D model that is developed at the design stage by a design engineer. If the product was created by a sculptor or designer, it must first be digitized, that is, a 3-D model must be created. This work is done by a software engineer.

On a CNC copy machine control program generated by the system itself. When installing a copied product, an additional CNC attachment probes the part and creates its 3-dimensional model, according to which the control program is automatically generated. Given the high cost of components, the problems with acquiring a CNC system, making your own CNC copy machine is something out of the realm of fantasy. It’s easier to make a CNC milling machine (not a copy machine), although not everyone can handle it either.

For those who are going to start their own business, making wood crafts, as well as for professional cabinetmakers, a do-it-yourself copy machine will be of great help. It can be successfully used for the purpose of decorating a country estate, outbuildings, playgrounds and other facilities. Jewelry, it would seem, the work will be done effortlessly and with high quality.