Incorrect construction of a sentence with adverbial turnover. What are the mistakes in the use of gerunds and participles

Participles and participles, as well as participles, are a characteristic sign writing, first of all - official business and scientific style. IN oral speech they are rare. Moreover, it is not recommended to use gerunds in speech at all!

But since the participle is a book form, its use often causes difficulties.

When using gerunds and participles in speech, one should pay attention to a set of factors.

1. It should be remembered that the action expressed by the participle can only refer to the active subject.

For example, in one of his stories A.P. Chekhov cites an entry in the complaint book of the official Yarmonkin: Approaching this station and looking at nature through the window, my hat fell off. In addition to other speech and grammatical errors, this statement also contains an error in the use of gerunds. The subject of this sentence is a noun. hat. In accordance with the grammatical rules, it turns out that it was the hat that drove up to the station and admired the beauties of nature outside the window.
In order to correct the proposal in accordance with the norms, it is necessary to change the construction: convert the addition I have(it is it that is the subject of the action) into the subject: Pulling up to the station, I lost my hat.

An exception to this rule is gerunds, which refer to the infinitive expressing the action of another person:

His house was full of guests, ready to amuse his lordly idleness, sharing his noisy and sometimes violent amusements.(Pushkin).

In this case, the action of the participle dividing refers to addition guests and grammatically depends on the infinitive amuse.

It may not apply to the subject and turnover with words based on, since the form based on is no longer perceived as a gerund:

The calculation is based on average production rates.

2. Precisely because the action of the participle refers to the subject, the participles cannot be used in impersonal sentences, that is, where there is no acting subject expressed in the form of the nominative case.

For example: Returning home, I felt sad. Such a statement would be grammatically incorrect, since the action of the gerund returning refers to addition to me. To correct a sentence, it is necessary either to transform it so that the object becomes the subject (cf.: Returning home, I was sad), or replace the gerund with a verb-predicate or with subordinate clause(cf.: When I returned home, I was sad).

It is allowed, although not encouraged (!), the use of gerunds in those impersonal sentences that include the infinitive ( Returning home, you need to go to the bakery on the way).

3. For the above reason, it is not allowed to use the gerund in passive (passive) constructions, that is, in those sentences where the subject does not indicate the real subject (it is usually expressed by the addition in instrumental), but the action object.

The predicate in such sentences is usually expressed either passive participle(cf.: Soldier hit in the head by a grenade), or reflexive verb with the suffix -sya (cf.: House being built by workers). The following sentences are grammatically incorrect:

Leaving the encirclement, the fighter was wounded in the head; Finding the necessary funds, the house is being built by the workers of our trust.

To make such sentences correct, one must either replace participial to a synonymous construction, or convert a passive construction to an active one:

When leaving the environment the fighter was wounded by shrapnel in the head; When the fighter left the encirclement, he was wounded; Finding the necessary funds, the workers of our trust started building the house.

Wed: Arriving in the city of my childhood, I will definitely meet my school friends and my first teacher.

5. Participles usually cannot be combined as homogeneous members with other circumstances or with the predicate. Currently grammatically incorrect will be sentences that can be found in literature XIX century:

Pechorin, wrapped in an overcoat and pulling his hat over his eyes, tried to make his way to the door.(Lermontov); cavalry guards galloped, but still holding horses(L. Tolstoy).

Exceptions make up gerunds (most often in the form of a perfect form with the meaning of the state as a result of the previous action), which begin to acquire the features of an adverb. Usually these are the circumstances of the course of action. But they can only be homogeneous with circumstances that perform the same function in the sentence!

The lady sat down in a chair then sideways, then tucked legs(A.N. Tolstoy).

6. The place of the adverbial turnover in the sentence is relatively free. At the same time, there are certain tendencies in setting the participle before or after the predicate.

Before verb-predicate a gerund is usually put, which denotes an action preceding the action expressed by the verb-predicate:

Taking out a handkerchief, Sergey handed it to me.(Sergey first took out a handkerchief, and then handed it to me).

Before verb-predicate there is usually a gerund indicating the cause or condition of the action, since the cause or condition always precedes the effect:

Frightened, Tonya screamed.(Tonya screamed because she was frightened, and at first she was frightened, and then she screamed).

After verb-predicate usually put a gerund with the meaning of the subsequent action:

The horse fell, crushing my leg(First the horse fell, and then crushed my leg).

7. When using the gerund participle perfect or imperfect form it is necessary to take into account its semantic relationship with the verb-predicate and the form in which the verb stands.

gerund imperfect form usually used if the action expressed by the gerund coincides in time with the action expressed by the verb-predicate:

Smiling, she held out her hand to me; Smiling, she extended both hands towards me.

gerund perfect look indicates the action preceding the action expressed by the verb-predicate:

Smiling, she held out her hand to me.

When using the perfect and imperfect participles, word order and other factors should be taken into account. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to which of the actions is expressed by the participle and which by the verb-predicate. Otherwise, the sentence may become incorrect or inaccurate in terms of the meaning it expresses.

So, in the sentence: Approaching the river, the riders stopped the horses- there is a semantic inaccuracy. The imperfect gerund indicates the coincidence in time of two actions expressed by the verb and the gerund, but in reality the riders first drove up to the river and then stopped the horses. Therefore, it is more appropriate to use the perfect participle: Having approached the river, the riders stopped the horses.

Let's take another example: Newspapers report that Kent went mad after jumping out of a 20th floor window.. In this case, the verb should be replaced with a gerund, and the gerund with a verb ( Going crazy, Kent jumped out the window). Otherwise, the situation expressed in the proposal will be diametrically opposed to the one that was in reality. The perfective gerund indicates an action that precedes the action expressed by the verb-predicate. Therefore, if we leave the original construction ( Kent went crazy after jumping out of a 20th floor window), then we can decide that Kent first jumped out of the window and only then (in flight) went crazy. And this is nonsense!

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Slides captions:

USE OF GENERAL PARTICIPLES

The participial turnover cannot be used: In a sentence where the actions expressed by the predicate and the participle refer to different persons or objects: Approaching this station and looking at nature through the window, my hat flew off. In an impersonal sentence: Approaching the forest, I felt cold. In a passive construction: Having risen up the Volga, the barge will be unloaded at the berths of Nizhny Novgorod.

Check correct option 1. Having barely mastered the letter, .. A) in the third year of study at school, he entered our lives English language; B) already in the third grade we began to study English. 2. Climbing onto the roof of the barn, .. A) Pavel had a good view of the Leshchinsky garden; B) Pavka saw the Leshchinsky garden well.

Check the correct option 3. Looking at this picture, .. A) we involuntarily feel sadness; B) our hearts constrict involuntarily. 4. Living in a monastery,.. A) What dreams did Mtsyri pursue? B) What did Mtsyri dream about?

Answers 1b 2b 3A 4b

Check 1. Barely having mastered the letter, .. A) in the third year of study at school, English entered our lives; B) already in the third grade we began to study English. 2. Climbing onto the roof of the barn, .. A) Pavel had a good view of the Leshchinsky garden; B) Pavka saw the Leshchinsky garden well.

Check 3. Looking at this picture, .. A) we involuntarily feel sadness; B) our hearts constrict involuntarily. 4. Living in a monastery,.. A) What dreams did Mtsyri pursue? B) What did Mtsyri dream about?

Violation of the aspectual correlation of the verb and the gerund also leads to an error. Meeting with the grandmaster, the chess player won. Having met with the grandmaster, the chess player won.

Check the correct option 1. a) Reading, b) Reading ... an interesting article and marking desired material I always take notes. 2. a) Studying, b) Having studied ... the routes of the Caucasus, I will travel there in the summer.

Mark the correct option 3. a) Washing, b) After washing ... the linen, the hostess hung it on the balcony. 4. a) Summing up, b) Summing up ... the results of the audit, we can note the improvement in working conditions for employees of the enterprise.

Answers 1b 2b 3b 4a,b

Check 1. a) Reading, b) After reading ... an interesting article and marking the necessary material, I always make extracts. 2. a) Studying, b) Having studied ... the routes of the Caucasus, I will travel there in the summer.

Check 3. a) Washing, b) After washing ... the linen, the hostess hung it out on the balcony. 4. a) Summing up, b) Summing up ... the results of the audit, we can note the improvement in working conditions for employees of the enterprise.

Note the violations of the norms for the use of adverbial phrases 1. Finding himself outside the walls of the university, wandering along the street without any purpose, Raskolnikov develops a murder plan. 2. Plans are now being refined and adjusted, specifically relating to each district.

Note the violations of the norms for the use of adverbial phrases 3. Considering this and a number of other points, based on the Law on Shareholding, such a decision was made in Perm and the Perm region. 4. Looking at this branch of lilac, I remembered my childhood. 5. Thinking over my vacation plans, I will probably go to the Crimea in the summer.

Note violations of the norms for the use of adverbial phrases 6. Listening to Scriabin's music, we are not left with a sense of the composer's sincerity. 7. After reading this story, we observe the amazing freshness of the expressive means used by the author. 8. Having made a noise, the river calmed down, again lay down on the banks.

Answers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Check 1. Once outside the walls of the university, wandering around the street without any purpose, Raskolnikov hatches a murder plan. 2. Plans are now being refined and adjusted, specifically relating to each district.

Check 3. Considering this and a number of other points, based on the Law on corporatization, such a decision was made in Perm and the Perm region. 4. Looking at this branch of lilac, I remembered my childhood. 5. Thinking over my vacation plans, I will probably go to the Crimea in the summer.

Check 6. Listening to Scriabin's music, we are not left with a sense of the composer's sincerity. 7. After reading this story, we observe the amazing freshness of the expressive means used by the author. 8. Having made a noise, the river calmed down, again lay down on the banks.

Final test Mark violations of the norms of the use of participles

1. Having arrived at the station, the train was no longer visible. 2. The boat rushed off, silently and easily spinning among the ships. 3. Having taken the first place in the side tournament, the young chess player is invited to the main tournament. 4. I think that after graduating from the institute, my dream will come true.

5. The sun, hiding behind a narrow bluish cloud, gilds its edges. 6. While baking life-giving bread, people often starved to death right next to the oven. 7. Approaching the lake, we stopped the horses, jumped to the ground and, without thinking twice, rushed into the water.

Answers 1 3 4 7

Check 1. Having arrived at the station, the train was no longer visible. 2. The boat rushed off, silently and easily spinning among the ships. 3. Having taken the first place in the side tournament, the young chess player is invited to the main tournament. 4. I think that after graduating from the institute, my dream will come true.

Check 5. The sun, hiding behind a narrow bluish cloud, gilds its edges. 6. While baking life-giving bread, people often starved to death right next to the oven. 7. Approaching the lake, we stopped the horses, jumped to the ground and, without thinking twice, rushed into the water.

Homework in the Russian language for January.

How to get 5 points for task No. 7 of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language

When completing this task, you need to establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made. By the way, for this you can get 5 points. First you need to find sentences in which errors are made, and then establish a correspondence between sentences and grammatical errors.

1. The use of the case form of a noun with prepositions

All of the following prepositions can only be combined with the dative case of a noun:

* According to (who? what?) * Thanks to (who? what?) * Contrary to (who? what?) * Like (who? what?) * Contrary (who? what?)

* Also in the sentence there may be prepositions that combine with a noun in the genitive case: * to the best of (what?) * during (what?) * in continuation (what?) * due to (what?) * in conclusion (what?) * in the form of (what?) * because of (what?) * like (what?)

By (meaning "after") is used with P.p.: after the end of the movie.

With verbs expressing feelings, ON used with D.p .: homesick, cry for father.

REMEMBER: upon arrival, upon completion, upon arrival.

The preposition THANKS should not be used when we are talking about something negative. Can't say thanks bad weather we were late for the concert.

It is necessary to distinguish between constructions with words that are close in meaning, but require the use of different words. case forms:

worry (about whom?) about the daughter - worry (for whom?) for the daughter

to reproach (for what?) for weakness - to blame (for what?) for weakness

confidence (in what?) in victory - faith (in what?) in victory

Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

[unit] (?) pl.] - wrong

[pl.(?)pl.h] - correct

With relative pronoun who the predicate has only a form unit:

Example:[Everyone, (who stood

[Everyone, (who stood in the ranks), continued to be silent].

If the subject is expressed collective name noun (students, youth, teaching), then the predicate is used in the form singular: student body actively involved in the life of the city.

Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

An application is a definition expressed by a noun. Inconsistent applications are the names of newspapers, magazines, literary works, enterprises, etc. They are capitalized and enclosed in quotation marks.

Remember: * If the quotation marks are preceded by a generic name (book, newspaper, magazine, painting, etc.), the name in quotation marks must be in Im.p. For example, the novel "Oblomov" - in the novel "Oblomov"; the painting "February Blue" - in the painting "February Blue"; the song "Childhood" - in the song "Childhood".

* If there is no generic name before the quotation marks, the name in quotation marks is inflected. For example, in "Oblomov"; in Grabar's "February Blue"; in childhood".

Example: In the journal " New world This story was first published. (It is right)

4. Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members* One part of speech; * Relate to one word; * Answer one question; * They have the same shape.

Not only = , but also = .

Example: I not only draw, but also dance. (It is right)

The new article is not only published in newspapers, but also in glossy magazines. (It is not right)

I love reading and singing. (This is wrong) I love to read and sing. (That's right) I love reading and singing. (It is right)

Wrong construction offers from participle turnover

The action indicated by the adverbial phrase is performed by the same subject as the action indicated by the predicate.

Example: Leaving the shift, specialists check the equipment of the factory. (It is not right)

Leaving the shift, the specialists check the equipment of the factory. (It is right

The adverbial turnover most often cannot be used together with impersonal sentences, except when the action is expressed in words CAN, NECESSARY, NECESSARY, NECESSARY, SHOULD, WANT, RECOMMENDED, REQUIRED, NOT.

Example: Performing the task, you should rely on the rule. (It is right)

6. Violation in the construction of sentences with participial turnover X , |participial turnover|

If the sentence contains a participle, its form (ending) must agree with the noun being defined. To do this, we ask a question from the word being defined to the sacrament. For example, "there were a lot of guys (what?) who came to the forest." The end of the sacrament must coincide with the end of the question to it.

Example: When the sun rose from the sea, it illuminated the mountain peaks covered with snow. (It is not right)

When the sun rose from behind the sea, it illuminated the mountain peaks (what?) covered with snow. (It is right)

The participial turnover and the subordinate part of a complex sentence cannot act as homogeneous syntactic elements.

Example: The girl went up to the kitten lying near the terrace and who was brushing his fur. (It is not right)

When using gerunds and participles in speech, the following syntactic rules should be observed:

1. The action expressed by the participle can only refer to the subject.

For example, in one of his stories A.P. Chekhov cites an entry in the complaint book: Approaching this station and looking at nature through the window, my hat fell off. In addition to other speech and grammatical errors, this statement also contains an error in the use of gerunds. The subject of this sentence is a noun. hat. In accordance with the grammatical rules, it turns out that it was the hat that drove up to the station and admired the beauties of nature outside the window.

In order to correct the proposal in accordance with the norms, it is necessary to change the construction: convert the addition I have(it is it that is the subject of the action) into the subject: Pulling up to the station, I lost my hat.

An exception to this rule is gerunds, which refer to the infinitive expressing the action of another person:

His house was full of guests, ready to amuse his lordly idleness, sharing his noisy and sometimes violent amusements.(A.S. Pushkin).

In this case, the action of the participle dividing refers to addition guests and grammatically depends on the infinitive amuse.

May not refer to the subject and turnover with words based on, since the form proceeding from is no longer perceived as a gerund (this is a preposition):

The calculation is based on average production rates.

2. Precisely because the action of the participle refers to the subject, gerunds cannot be used in impersonal sentences, that is, where there is no acting subject expressed in the form of the nominative case.

For example: Returning home, I felt sad. Such a statement would be grammatically incorrect, since the action of the gerund returning refers to addition to me. To correct a sentence, you must either transform it so that the object becomes the subject ( Returning home, I was sad), or replace the gerund with a verb-predicate or a subordinate clause ( When I returned home, I was sad).

It is allowed, although not encouraged, to use gerunds in those impersonal sentences that include the infinitive ( Returning home, you need to go to the bakery on the way).

3. For the reason above the use of gerunds in passive (passive) constructions is not allowed, that is, in those sentences where the subject does not indicate the real subject (it is usually expressed by the addition in the instrumental case), but the object of the action.

The predicate in such sentences is usually expressed either by the passive participle ( Soldier hit in the head by a grenade), or a reflexive verb with the suffix -sya ( House being built by workers). The following sentences are grammatically incorrect: Leaving the encirclement, the fighter was wounded in the head; Finding the necessary funds, the house is being built by the workers of our trust.




To make such sentences correct, one must either replace the adverbial phrase with a synonymous construction, or convert the passive construction into an active one:

When leaving the environment the fighter was wounded by shrapnel in the head; When the fighter left the encirclement, he was wounded; Finding the necessary funds, the workers of our trust started building the house.

4. It is not recommended to use gerunds in sentences where the verb-predicate is in the future tense: Arriving in the city of my childhood, I will definitely meet my school friends and my first teacher.

5. Participles usually cannot be combined as homogeneous members with other circumstances or with the predicate.

Currently, sentences that can be found in the literature of the 19th century will be grammatically incorrect: Pechorin, wrapped in an overcoat and pulling his hat over his eyes, tried to make his way to the door.(M.Yu. Lermontov); cavalry guards galloped, but still holding horses(L.N. Tolstoy).

Exceptions make up gerunds (most often in the form of a perfect form with the meaning of the state as a result of the previous action), which begin to acquire the features of an adverb. Usually these are the circumstances of the course of action. But they can only be homogeneous with circumstances that perform the same function in the sentence: The lady sat down in a chair then sideways, then tucked legs(A.N. Tolstoy).

Note 1. The place of the adverbial turnover in the sentence is relatively free. At the same time, there are certain tendencies in setting the participle before or after the predicate.

Before verb-predicate a gerund is usually put, which denotes an action preceding the action expressed by the verb-predicate:

Taking out a handkerchief, Sergey handed it to me.(Sergey first took out a handkerchief, and then handed it to me).

Before verb-predicate there is usually a gerund indicating the cause or condition of the action, since the cause or condition always precedes the effect:

Frightened, Tonya screamed.(Tonya screamed because she was frightened, and at first she was frightened, and then she screamed).

After verb-predicate usually put a gerund with the meaning of the subsequent action:

The horse fell, crushing my leg(First the horse fell, and then crushed my leg).

Note 2. When using a perfect or imperfect participle, it is necessary to take into account its semantic relationship with the verb-predicate and the form in which the verb stands.

gerund imperfect form usually used if the action expressed by the gerund coincides in time with the action expressed by the verb-predicate:

Smiling, she held out her hand to me; Smiling, she extended both hands towards me.

gerund perfect look indicates the action preceding the action expressed by the verb-predicate:

Smiling, she held out her hand to me.

When using the perfect and imperfect participles, word order and other factors should be taken into account. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to which of the actions is expressed by the gerund and which by the verb-predicate. Otherwise, the sentence may become incorrect or inaccurate in terms of the meaning it expresses.

So, in the sentence: Approaching the river, the riders stopped the horses- there is a semantic inaccuracy. The imperfect gerund indicates the coincidence in time of two actions expressed by the verb and the gerund, but in reality the riders first drove up to the river and then stopped the horses. Therefore, it is more appropriate to use the perfect participle: Having approached the river, the riders stopped the horses.

One more example: Newspapers report that Kent went mad after jumping out of a 20th floor window.. In this case, the verb should be replaced with a gerund, and the gerund with a verb ( Going crazy, Kent jumped out the window). Otherwise, the situation expressed in the proposal will be diametrically opposed to the one that was in reality. The perfective gerund indicates an action that precedes the action expressed by the verb-predicate. Therefore, if we leave the original construction ( Kent went crazy after jumping out of a 20th floor window), then we can decide that Kent first jumped out of the window and only then (in flight) went crazy.

Exercises for the topic “The use of gerunds and gerunds»

Exercise 1. Fix it speech errors associated with the use of adverbial phrases.

1. After watching the film, the writer became even closer and dearer to me.

2. Listing the names of the dead at the end of the film, it is believed that they will not be forgotten.

3. Looking at such injustice, my heart bleeds.

4. Arriving at the site on the first day, we were immediately given a task.

5. Moving to the 9th grade, we have a new subject.

6. Reading a poem, one feels the power of each word.

7. Having lost her husband in the war, she had no desire to start a new family.

8. Standing at the door to the living room, I could clearly hear their conversation.

9. Having run away from home, the boy was found by the police.

10. Approaching the city, my hat fell off.

11. Without finishing school, Sergei had to work.

12. Using a calculator, the calculation is done correctly and easily.

13. Waking up, he was told that breakfast was served.

14. After reading the play, images of the characters clearly appeared before me.

15. Having finished the tour, lunch was waiting for us at the restaurant.

16. After the trial, the writer was sent to Siberia, staying there for many years.

Answers:

1. After watching the film, the writer became even closer and dearer to me.

2. When the names of the dead are listed at the end of the film, we believe that they will not be forgotten.

3. When I look at such injustice, my heart bleeds.

4. When we came to the site on the first day, we were immediately given a task.

5. When we moved to the 9th grade, we got a new subject.

6. Reading a poem, I feel the power of every word.

7. When she lost her husband in the war, she had no desire to start a new family.

8. Standing at the door to the living room, I clearly heard their conversation.

9. A boy who had run away from home was found by the police.

10. When I drove up to the city, my hat fell off.

11. Sergei, who did not finish school, had to work.

12. When using a calculator, the calculation is made correctly and easily.

13. After he woke up, he was told that breakfast was served.

14. After reading the play, images of characters clearly appeared in front of me.

15. After the end of the tour, we were waiting for lunch in a restaurant.

16. After the trial, the writer was sent to Siberia and stayed there for many years.

Exercise 2(for in-depth language learners). Find errors and inaccuracies in the use of gerunds and participles. Justify your answer. Correct the suggestions.

1. Reading "Thunderstorm" by A.N. Ostrovsky, before us are images of representatives of the "dark kingdom".

2. Going to her first ball, Natasha Rostova had a natural excitement.

3. Rereading M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom", every time I have a question, can there be two truths.

4. Raskolnikov cannot understand that by killing the old woman, the world will not change.

5. After driving 40 kilometers, to the left of the road, we began to see the buildings of the satellite city.

7. Master lived in basement, and every time he saw someone's feet, his heart skipped a beat.

8. Climbing up the barrow, Pierre could see the whole panorama of the battle.

9. Having risen to the top, not a single sound is heard from the valley.

10. Having started working on a dissertation, a friend no longer had time to play chess.

11. Everything stated in the monograph is very important, given the lack of time for a practical doctor.

12. Lost in the forest, the children were ready to indulge in despair.

Use of the adverbial turnover Rule: If the sentence begins with D.O., then the subject must follow, denoting actor, which also performs the main action ( expressed by the predicate), And additional action(expressed as a participle). the task

Example: Having received an initial home education in Moscow, Radishchev was enrolled in the St. Petersburg Corps of Pages. 2. this was enough for admission ... 3. Radishchev's further education took place abroad. 4. Twelve-year-old Radishchev entered the Corps of Pages. answer answer

I.Find the mistake and fix it.(answer).(answer) 1. Looking at this old photo, I remembered my youth. (answer). (answer) (answer) (answer) 2. Reading this poem A chill ran down my skin. (Answer) (Answer) (Answer) 3. Entering the house from the frost, I felt tired and hurried to undress and lie down. (Answer) (Answer) (Answer) 4. Using a calculator, the calculation is faster. (answer) (answer) Task 2

II. Find the mistake and fix it (answer) (answer) 1). Taking her by the hand, they went together. (answer). (answer) (answer) 2). Swimming in the sea always gave him great pleasure. (answer) (answer) (answer) 3). After reading the refutation in the newspaper, I even felt funny. (answer) (answer) (answer) 4). Hearing his mother's voice, his heart began to beat faster. (answer) (answer) (answer) 5). After lunch in a cafe, he headed to the station. (answer) (answer)