Homework in the Russian language for January.

How to get 5 points for task No. 7 of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language

When completing this task, you need to establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made. By the way, for this you can get 5 points. First you need to find sentences in which errors are made, and then establish a correspondence between sentences and grammatical errors.

1. The use of the case form of a noun with prepositions

All of the following prepositions can only be combined with the dative case of a noun:

* According to (who? what?) * Thanks to (who? what?) * Contrary to (who? what?) * Like (who? what?) * Contrary (who? what?)

* Also in the sentence there may be prepositions that combine with a noun in the genitive case: * to the best of (what?) * during (what?) * in continuation (what?) * due to (what?) * in conclusion (what?) * in the form of (what?) * because of (what?) * like (what?)

By (meaning "after") is used with P.p.: after the end of the movie.

With verbs expressing feelings, ON used with D.p .: homesick, cry for father.

REMEMBER: upon arrival, upon completion, upon arrival.

The preposition THANKS should not be used when talking about something negative. You can not say: Due to bad weather, we were late for the concert.

It is necessary to distinguish between constructions with words that are close in meaning, but require the use of different case forms:

worry (about whom?) about the daughter - worry (for whom?) for the daughter

to reproach (for what?) for weakness - to blame (for what?) for weakness

confidence (in what?) in victory - faith (in what?) in victory

Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

[unit] (?) pl.] - wrong

[pl.(?)pl.h] - correct

With relative pronoun who the predicate has only a form unit:

Example:[Everyone, (who stood

[Everyone, (who stood in the ranks), continued to be silent].

If the subject is expressed by a collective noun (students, youth, teachers), then the predicate is used in the singular form: student body actively involved in the life of the city.

Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

An application is a definition expressed by a noun. Inconsistent applications are the names of newspapers, magazines, literary works, enterprises, etc. They are capitalized and enclosed in quotation marks.

Remember: * If the quotation marks are preceded by a generic name (book, newspaper, magazine, painting, etc.), the name in quotation marks must be in Im.p. For example, the novel "Oblomov" - in the novel "Oblomov"; the painting "February Blue" - in the painting "February Blue"; the song "Childhood" - in the song "Childhood".

* If there is no generic name before the quotation marks, the name in quotation marks is inflected. For example, in "Oblomov"; in Grabar's "February Blue"; in childhood".

Example: This story was first published in the Novy Mir magazine. (It is right)

4. Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members* One part of speech; * Relate to one word; * Answer one question; * They have the same shape.

Not only = , but also = .

Example: I not only draw, but also dance. (It is right)

The new article is not only published in newspapers, but also in glossy magazines. (It is not right)

I love reading and singing. (This is wrong) I love to read and sing. (That's right) I love reading and singing. (It is right)

Incorrect sentence construction with adverbial turnover

The action indicated by the adverbial phrase is performed by the same subject as the action indicated by the predicate.

Example: Leaving the shift, specialists check the equipment of the factory. (It is not right)

Leaving the shift, the specialists check the equipment of the factory. (It is right

The adverbial turnover most often cannot be used together with impersonal sentences, except when the action is expressed in words CAN, NECESSARY, NECESSARY, NECESSARY, SHOULD, WANT, RECOMMENDED, REQUIRED, NOT.

Example: Performing the task, you should rely on the rule. (It is right)

6. Violation in the construction of sentences with participial turnover X , |participial turnover|

If the sentence contains a participle, its form (ending) must agree with the noun being defined. To do this, we ask a question from the word being defined to the sacrament. For example, "there were a lot of guys (what?) who came to the forest." The end of the sacrament must coincide with the end of the question to it.

Example: When the sun rose from the sea, it illuminated the mountain peaks covered with snow. (It is not right)

When the sun rose from behind the sea, it illuminated the mountain peaks (what?) covered with snow. (It is right)

The participial turnover and the subordinate part of a complex sentence cannot act as homogeneous syntactic elements.

Example: The girl went up to the kitten lying near the terrace and who was brushing his fur. (It is not right)

Participles and participial phrases, as well as participial phrases, are a characteristic sign of written speech, first of all, of an official business and scientific style. They are rare in spoken language. Moreover, it is not recommended to use gerunds in speech at all!

But since the participle is a book form, its use often causes difficulties.

When using gerunds and participles in speech, one should pay attention to a set of factors.

1. It should be remembered that the action expressed by the participle can only refer to the active subject.

For example, in one of his stories A.P. Chekhov cites an entry in the complaint book of the official Yarmonkin: Approaching this station and looking at nature through the window, my hat fell off. In addition to other speech and grammatical errors, this statement also contains an error in the use of gerunds. The subject of this sentence is a noun. hat. In accordance with the grammatical rules, it turns out that it was the hat that drove up to the station and admired the beauties of nature outside the window.
In order to correct the proposal in accordance with the norms, it is necessary to change the construction: convert the addition I have(it is it that is the subject of the action) into the subject: Pulling up to the station, I lost my hat.

An exception to this rule is gerunds, which refer to the infinitive expressing the action of another person:

His house was full of guests, ready to amuse his lordly idleness, sharing his noisy and sometimes violent amusements.(Pushkin).

In this case, the action of the participle dividing refers to addition guests and grammatically depends on the infinitive amuse.

It may not apply to the subject and turnover with words based on, since the form based on is no longer perceived as a gerund:

The calculation is based on average production rates.

2. Precisely because the action of the participle refers to the subject, gerunds cannot be used in impersonal sentences, that is, where there is no active subject expressed in the form of the nominative case.

For example: Returning home, I felt sad. Such a statement would be grammatically incorrect, since the action of the gerund returning refers to addition to me. To correct a sentence, it is necessary either to transform it so that the object becomes the subject (cf.: Returning home, I was sad), or replace the participle with a verb-predicate or a subordinate clause (cf.: When I returned home, I was sad).

It is allowed, although not encouraged (!), the use of gerunds in those impersonal sentences that include the infinitive ( Returning home, you need to go to the bakery on the way).

3. For the above reason, the use of the participle in passive (passive) constructions is not allowed, that is, in those sentences where the subject does not indicate the real subject (it is usually expressed by the addition in the instrumental case), but the object of the action.

The predicate in such sentences is usually expressed either by a passive participle (cf.: Soldier hit in the head by a grenade), or a reflexive verb with the suffix -sya (cf.: House being built by workers). The following sentences are grammatically incorrect:

Leaving the encirclement, the fighter was wounded in the head; Finding the necessary funds, the house is being built by the workers of our trust.

To make such sentences correct, one must either replace the adverbial phrase with a synonymous construction, or convert the passive construction into an active one:

When leaving the environment the fighter was wounded by shrapnel in the head; When the fighter left the encirclement, he was wounded; Finding the necessary funds, the workers of our trust started building the house.

Wed: Arriving in the city of my childhood, I will definitely meet my school friends and my first teacher.

5. Participles usually cannot be combined as homogeneous members with other circumstances or with the predicate. Currently, sentences that can be found in the literature of the 19th century will be grammatically incorrect:

Pechorin, wrapped in an overcoat and pulling his hat over his eyes, tried to make his way to the door.(Lermontov); cavalry guards galloped, but still holding horses(L. Tolstoy).

Exceptions make up gerunds (most often in the form of a perfect form with the meaning of the state as a result of the previous action), which begin to acquire the features of an adverb. Usually these are the circumstances of the course of action. But they can only be homogeneous with circumstances that perform the same function in the sentence!

The lady sat down in a chair then sideways, then tucked legs(A.N. Tolstoy).

6. The place of the adverbial turnover in the sentence is relatively free. At the same time, there are certain tendencies in setting the participle before or after the predicate.

Before verb-predicate a gerund is usually put, which denotes an action preceding the action expressed by the verb-predicate:

Taking out a handkerchief, Sergey handed it to me.(Sergey first took out a handkerchief, and then handed it to me).

Before verb-predicate usually there is also a gerund indicating the cause or condition of the action, since the cause or condition always precedes the effect:

Frightened, Tonya screamed.(Tonya screamed because she was frightened, and at first she was frightened, and then she screamed).

After verb-predicate usually put a gerund with the meaning of the subsequent action:

The horse fell, crushing my leg(First the horse fell, and then crushed my leg).

7. When using a perfect or imperfect participle, it is necessary to take into account its semantic relationship with the verb-predicate and the form in which the verb stands.

gerund imperfect form usually used if the action expressed by the gerund coincides in time with the action expressed by the verb-predicate:

Smiling, she held out her hand to me; Smiling, she extended both hands towards me.

gerund perfect look indicates the action preceding the action expressed by the verb-predicate:

Smiling, she held out her hand to me.

When using the perfect and imperfect participles, word order and other factors should be taken into account. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to which of the actions is expressed by the participle and which by the verb-predicate. Otherwise, the sentence may become incorrect or inaccurate in terms of the meaning it expresses.

So, in the sentence: Approaching the river, the riders stopped the horses- there is a semantic inaccuracy. The imperfect gerund indicates the coincidence in time of two actions expressed by the verb and the gerund, but in reality the riders first drove up to the river and then stopped the horses. Therefore, it is more appropriate to use the perfect participle: Having approached the river, the riders stopped the horses.

Let's take another example: Newspapers report that Kent went mad after jumping out of a 20th floor window.. In this case, the verb should be replaced with a gerund, and the gerund with a verb ( Going crazy, Kent jumped out the window). Otherwise, the situation expressed in the proposal will be diametrically opposed to the one that was in reality. The perfective gerund indicates an action that precedes the action expressed by the verb-predicate. Therefore, if we leave the original construction ( Kent went crazy after jumping out of a 20th floor window), then we can decide that Kent first jumped out of the window and only then (in flight) went crazy. And this is nonsense!

Hello dear editors!
A teacher from Dubna (Moscow region) Okhlopkova Marina Yurievna is writing to you. I work in the senior classes of secondary school No. 4 and in preparatory courses at the International University of Nature, Society and Man "Dubna". We have to analyze a lot both the written works of high school students and the tests of applicants. I would like to talk about one type of speech errors and how I work with the guys to ensure that they do not exist.

M.Yu. OKHLOPKOVA,
school number 4,
Dubna,
Moscow region

About one common mistake - the incorrect use of adverbial phrases

Where can such a mistake be made?

1) In an essay;
2) in the presentation;
3) in the test (tests often include tasks on the culture of speech).

First you need to “realize” the mistake, i.e. understand why you can't say that. I explain it in the following way. Let's analyze an example (see diagram).

Explanations for the scheme

gerund is a special form of the verb that denotes an additional action. And if there is an additional action, then there must be a word that denotes the main action. Most often, such a word is a predicate. In addition, the subject must name the producer of two actions - both the main and the additional. If this requirement is not met, then an erroneous expression is obtained.

Let us analyze the main types of errors in the use of adverbial phrases.

1. * Approaching this room, strange sounds were heard outside the door.

The main action is performed by sounds (sounds rang out). An additional action is performed by another subject (for example, is he or I). Hence, the fallacy of the proposal is that two actions (main and additional) have different producers. You can fix it like this: When I approached this room, I heard that strange sounds were heard outside the door..

2. *When I went outside, I felt cold.

This sentence is impersonal, it cannot have a subject. This means that there is no subject of action (the subject of the action is indicated by the addition to me). In such sentences, the participle must not be used. You can fix it like this: When I went outside, I became cold.

In impersonal sentences, you can use the adverbial turnover if the main member is expressed by the infinitive: Settling down for the night, you should choose a place drier. There is no subject in this sentence. But the main and additional actions (“choose” and “settling down”) have the same subject of action (“ you choose" and " you settle down").

3. *Arriving in Moscow, the car will be unloaded.

This sentence is a passive construction. This means that the producer of the action expressed by the predicate and the producer of the action expressed by the gerund do not match. The subject calls an object main action and subject action called adverb. Simply put, a car will arrive in Moscow, and someone will unload it, and not the car itself. You can fix it like this: When the car arrives in Moscow, it will be unloaded.

Participial turnover most often refers to the predicate. But sometimes it can also refer to other members of the sentence, expressed by the infinitive, participle or other participle. The main condition for the correct construction of sentences is still the same: the main action and the additional action must have the same subject.

She asked to arrange a meeting, after calling Andrey.
(The one she asked will be the one who will negotiate and call - the same person.)

Lying on the couch, arms spread wide, he hummed softly.
(He was lying on the couch and he spread his arms.)

Talking all this time without raising her voice, she suddenly began to smoke.
(She spoke and she did not raise her voice.)

Training exercises

Exercise 1. Complete the sentence by choosing the correct continuation. Explain your choice.

BUT. Having passed the exams...

1) ...we were sent immediately to practice.
2) ... it immediately became easy for us.
3) ... we went to rest.

B. Seeing this terrible beast so close...

1) ... I was scared.
2) ... I got scared.
3) ...her piercing cry was heard.

(Tasks of this type can be found in collections for preparing for the exam, for example: Educational and training materials for preparing for the Unified State Exam. Russian language / V.I. Kapinos, L.I. Puchkova. M .: Intellect-Center, 2003. )

Task 2. Choose from these sentences those in which mistakes were made in the use of adverbial phrases. Explain why it can't be said.

1. We haven’t seen Pavel for a long time, but after visiting Moscow, I decided to call him.

2. Then he is appointed director, working in this position for a year and a half.

3. Not having walked even a kilometer, he found that the path was overgrown with grass.

4. Approaching the house, I became scared at the thought that something could happen there.

5. Having undergone a major operation, the soldier was saved.

6. Having a good certificate, good physical training, there were no problems with entering the university.

7. I had to work in difficult conditions, not having a single day of free rest for many weeks.

8. Reading a newspaper article, she had a desire to write to the author of the rubric.

9. After reading the manuscript, it seemed to the editor that it needed serious revision.

Task 3. Edit these offers.

1. Having become acquainted with the poem, sadness remained in my heart, but at the same time hope.

2. At present, when reading the poems of modern poets, each of them has its own lyrical hero.

3. Most importantly, the guys understood that while arranging social life in their schools, we need active and cheerful leaders.

4. An avalanche of feelings captured her without having time to figure out her chosen one.

5. But, seeing a different Tatyana, feelings flare up in him.

6. Returning from the world of poetry, he needed time to get used to the real world again.

Answers to task 3

1. The subject does not name the subject of the additional action expressed by the participle (sadness and hope did not get acquainted with the poem).

This poem left sadness in my heart, but at the same time hope.

2. The subject does not name the subject of the additional action (the lyrical hero did not read the verses of modern poets). In addition, the sentence is unsuccessful, even if the adverbial turnover is used correctly, because. the fact that “every poem has its own lyrical hero” is already obvious.

3. It is known that the meaning of the sentence depends on the arrangement of punctuation marks (a classic example: Execution cannot be pardoned). In this case, from the point of view of punctuation, all punctuation marks are correct, but it is this arrangement of characters that leads to a speech error: the adverbial phrase is used in an impersonal sentence. To correct the error, it is enough to arrange the signs in a different way:

The most important thing, the guys realized, while arranging social life in their schools: we need active and cheerful leaders.

4. The main and additional actions have different subjects.

She had not yet had time to figure out her chosen one, as an avalanche of feelings captured her.

5. The same as in sentence number 4.

He saw Tatyana. He develops feelings for her.

6. The adverbial turnover in an impersonal sentence is not used.

It took time for him to return from the world of poetry to reality..

The following books can help you with this topic:

1. Golub I.B. Exercises in the style of the Russian language. Moscow: Rolf, 1999.

2. Milovidova I. We check our literacy. Tests. M .: Iris, 1995. (Examples of erroneous sentences, their corrected versions, a brief explanation are given.)

3. Steinberg L.Ya. 1000 questions and answers. Russian language: Textbook for applicants to universities. M .: Book house "University", 1999. (Examples of erroneous sentences are given, comments on them.)

When using gerunds and participles in speech, the following syntactic norms should be observed:

1. The action expressed by the participle can only refer to the subject.

For example, in one of his stories A.P. Chekhov cites an entry in the complaint book: Approaching this station and looking at nature through the window, my hat fell off. In addition to other speech and grammatical errors, this statement also contains an error in the use of gerunds. The subject of this sentence is a noun. hat. In accordance with the grammatical rules, it turns out that it was the hat that drove up to the station and admired the beauties of nature outside the window.

In order to correct the proposal in accordance with the norms, it is necessary to change the construction: convert the addition I have(it is it that is the subject of the action) into the subject: Pulling up to the station, I lost my hat.

An exception to this rule is gerunds, which refer to the infinitive expressing the action of another person:

His house was full of guests, ready to amuse his lordly idleness, sharing his noisy and sometimes violent amusements.(A.S. Pushkin).

In this case, the action of the participle dividing refers to addition guests and grammatically depends on the infinitive amuse.

May not refer to the subject and turnover with words based on, since the form proceeding from is no longer perceived as a gerund (this is a preposition):

The calculation is based on average production rates.

2. Precisely because the action of the participle refers to the subject, gerunds cannot be used in impersonal sentences, that is, where there is no acting subject expressed in the form of the nominative case.

For example: Returning home, I felt sad. Such a statement would be grammatically incorrect, since the action of the gerund returning refers to addition to me. To correct a sentence, you must either transform it so that the object becomes the subject ( Returning home, I was sad), or replace the gerund with a verb-predicate or a subordinate clause ( When I returned home, I was sad).

It is allowed, although not encouraged, to use gerunds in those impersonal sentences that include the infinitive ( Returning home, you need to go to the bakery on the way).

3. For the reason above the use of gerunds in passive (passive) constructions is not allowed, that is, in those sentences where the subject does not indicate the real subject (it is usually expressed by the addition in the instrumental case), but the object of the action.

The predicate in such sentences is usually expressed either by the passive participle ( Soldier hit in the head by a grenade), or a reflexive verb with the suffix -sya ( House being built by workers). The following sentences are grammatically incorrect: Leaving the encirclement, the fighter was wounded in the head; Finding the necessary funds, the house is being built by the workers of our trust.




To make such sentences correct, one must either replace the adverbial phrase with a synonymous construction, or convert the passive construction into an active one:

When leaving the environment the fighter was wounded by shrapnel in the head; When the fighter left the encirclement, he was wounded; Finding the necessary funds, the workers of our trust started building the house.

4. It is not recommended to use gerunds in sentences where the verb-predicate is in the future tense: Arriving in the city of my childhood, I will definitely meet my school friends and my first teacher.

5. Participles usually cannot be combined as homogeneous members with other circumstances or with the predicate.

Currently, sentences that can be found in the literature of the 19th century will be grammatically incorrect: Pechorin, wrapped in an overcoat and pulling his hat over his eyes, tried to make his way to the door.(M.Yu. Lermontov); cavalry guards galloped, but still holding horses(L.N. Tolstoy).

Exceptions make up gerunds (most often in the form of a perfect form with the meaning of the state as a result of the previous action), which begin to acquire the features of an adverb. Usually these are the circumstances of the course of action. But they can only be homogeneous with circumstances that perform the same function in the sentence: The lady sat down in a chair then sideways, then tucked legs(A.N. Tolstoy).

Note 1. The place of the adverbial turnover in the sentence is relatively free. At the same time, there are certain tendencies in setting the participle before or after the predicate.

Before verb-predicate a gerund is usually put, which denotes an action preceding the action expressed by the verb-predicate:

Taking out a handkerchief, Sergey handed it to me.(Sergey first took out a handkerchief, and then handed it to me).

Before verb-predicate usually there is also a gerund indicating the cause or condition of the action, since the cause or condition always precedes the effect:

Frightened, Tonya screamed.(Tonya screamed because she was frightened, and at first she was frightened, and then she screamed).

After verb-predicate usually put a gerund with the meaning of the subsequent action:

The horse fell, crushing my leg(First the horse fell, and then crushed my leg).

Note 2. When using a perfect or imperfect participle, it is necessary to take into account its semantic relationship with the verb-predicate and the form in which the verb stands.

gerund imperfect form usually used if the action expressed by the gerund coincides in time with the action expressed by the verb-predicate:

Smiling, she held out her hand to me; Smiling, she extended both hands towards me.

gerund perfect look indicates the action preceding the action expressed by the verb-predicate:

Smiling, she held out her hand to me.

When using the perfect and imperfect participles, word order and other factors should be taken into account. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to which of the actions is expressed by the participle and which by the verb-predicate. Otherwise, the sentence may become incorrect or inaccurate in terms of the meaning it expresses.

So, in the sentence: Approaching the river, the riders stopped the horses- there is a semantic inaccuracy. The imperfect gerund indicates the coincidence in time of two actions expressed by the verb and the gerund, but in reality the riders first drove up to the river and then stopped the horses. Therefore, it is more appropriate to use the perfect participle: Having approached the river, the riders stopped the horses.

One more example: Newspapers report that Kent went mad after jumping out of a 20th floor window.. In this case, the verb should be replaced with a gerund, and the gerund with a verb ( Going crazy, Kent jumped out the window). Otherwise, the situation expressed in the proposal will be diametrically opposed to the one that was in reality. The perfective gerund indicates an action that precedes the action expressed by the verb-predicate. Therefore, if we leave the original construction ( Kent went crazy after jumping out of a 20th floor window), then we can decide that Kent first jumped out of the window and only then (in flight) went crazy.

Exercises for the topic “The use of gerunds and gerunds»

Exercise 1. Correct the speech errors associated with the use of adverbial phrases.

1. After watching the film, the writer became even closer and dearer to me.

2. Listing the names of the dead at the end of the film, it is believed that they will not be forgotten.

3. Looking at such injustice, my heart bleeds.

4. Arriving at the site on the first day, we were immediately given a task.

5. Moving to the 9th grade, we have a new subject.

6. Reading a poem, one feels the power of each word.

7. Having lost her husband in the war, she had no desire to start a new family.

8. Standing at the door to the living room, I could clearly hear their conversation.

9. Having run away from home, the boy was found by the police.

10. Approaching the city, my hat flew off.

11. Without finishing school, Sergei had to work.

12. Using a calculator, the calculation is done correctly and easily.

13. Waking up, he was told that breakfast was served.

14. After reading the play, images of the characters clearly appeared before me.

15. Having finished the tour, lunch was waiting for us at the restaurant.

16. After the trial, the writer was sent to Siberia, staying there for many years.

Answers:

1. After watching the film, the writer became even closer and dearer to me.

2. When the names of the dead are listed at the end of the film, we believe that they will not be forgotten.

3. When I look at such injustice, my heart bleeds.

4. When we came to the site on the first day, we were immediately given a task.

5. When we moved to the 9th grade, we got a new subject.

6. Reading a poem, I feel the power of every word.

7. When she lost her husband in the war, she had no desire to start a new family.

8. Standing at the door to the living room, I clearly heard their conversation.

9. A boy who had run away from home was found by the police.

10. When I drove up to the city, my hat fell off.

11. Sergei, who did not finish school, had to work.

12. When using a calculator, the calculation is made correctly and easily.

13. After he woke up, he was told that breakfast was served.

14. After reading the play, images of characters clearly appeared in front of me.

15. After the end of the tour, we were waiting for lunch in a restaurant.

16. After the trial, the writer was sent to Siberia and stayed there for many years.

Exercise 2(for in-depth language learners). Find errors and inaccuracies in the use of gerunds and participles. Justify your answer. Correct the suggestions.

1. Reading "Thunderstorm" by A.N. Ostrovsky, before us are images of representatives of the "dark kingdom".

2. Going to her first ball, Natasha Rostova had a natural excitement.

3. Rereading M. Gorky's play "At the Bottom", every time I have a question, can there be two truths.

4. Raskolnikov cannot understand that by killing the old woman, the world will not change.

5. After driving 40 kilometers, to the left of the road, we began to see the buildings of the satellite city.

7. The master lived in the basement, and every time he saw someone's feet, his heart sank.

8. Climbing up the barrow, Pierre could see the whole panorama of the battle.

9. Having risen to the top, not a single sound is heard from the valley.

10. Having started working on a dissertation, a friend no longer had time to play chess.

11. Everything stated in the monograph is very important, given the lack of time for a practical doctor.

12. Lost in the forest, the children were ready to indulge in despair.

11 question Syntactic norms

Syntax norms regulate the construction and use of phrases and sentences.

Syntactic rules govern the following:

The use of adverbial phrases

Management norms

Approval norms

Construction of sentences with adverbial turnover

The gerund participle denotes an additional action, and if there is a gerund in the sentence, then there must be a predicate verb denoting the main action.

When using the adverbial phrase in a sentence, remember that:

1) the main action, expressed by the verb-predicate, and the additional action, expressed by the gerund, refer to the same person or object

often the adverbial turnover is used in a one-part definite-personal sentence (where the subject is easily restored)

2) it is possible to use a participial phrase in an impersonal sentence with an infinitive

Participial turnoverDO NOT usein the following cases:

1) if the action expressed by the verb-predicate and the action expressed by the gerund belong to different persons (objects)):

2) if there is no infinitive in the impersonal sentence, to which the adverbial turnover could refer, but there is a combination of a verb with a pronoun or a noun in the role of an object:

3) if the adverbial turnover refers to passive participles, because in this case, the subject of the action expressed by the predicate and the subject of the action indicated by the gerund do not match:

Norms of coordination and management

The norms of coordination and management often let us down, or rather, we often distort them, despite their seeming accessibility.

Coordination

Agreement is a purely grammatical connection (as opposed to control): knowing the form of the main word, you can name the form of the dependent word without referring to the lexical meaning of any of the components of the connection

Agreement is a weak link (as opposed to control), since there are no such main words that would always require dependents that agree with them as a necessary condition for their use. However, this does not exclude the existence of cases where the dependent is necessarily

The main word in agreement is considered to be the one whose form is determined solely by the meaning conveyed in the statement; the form of the dependent is also chosen in accordance with the form of the main. However, in some combinations (cf. Russian student boy), this criterion does not allow us to distinguish between the main and dependent elements, and they are distinguished solely from semantic considerations.

Consent may be complete or incomplete. With incomplete agreement, the assimilation of the dependent word to the main one does not occur in all the categories of the same name they have: for example, in combination with cardinal numbers (two large tables, two large books), the adjective of large agrees with nouns only in the case, not agreeing in number, and the numeral two agrees with nouns in gender but not in case.

Usually, in the descriptions of the grammars of languages, agreement is presented as a coincidence of grammatical meanings (or their certain elements, for example, case, number, gender) of a noun and a word associated with it. However, this is not the only way to describe it: for example, traditional Estonian grammar contains a rule that in Estonian, with a noun in the accompanying case, the adjective is used in the genitive case. There is also a variant of consideration of agreement, in which the grammeme common to the communication components is declared to be a characteristic not of individual word forms, but of the component containing them as a whole.

Control

Management is a type of subordinating relationship, in which, in order to express certain semantic relations, the main word requires the formulation of a dependent word (noun) in a certain case, with or without a preposition. For example, the verb to see requires putting the noun into wine. without a preposition, if this noun names an object that they see: to see a forest, a performance, etc. The main thing is the word, the form of which is chosen only at the request of the meaning necessary for this act of communication, and the dependent is the word, the form to -rogo is already predetermined not only by the needs of a given meaning, but also by the main word. Therefore, the main word can be put in any inflectional forms inherent in it, and the choice of inflectional forms of the dependent word is determined by the main word and those semantic relationships in which the main and dependent words are located between themselves, cf. etc.) forest.

If, when agreeing (see), it is enough to know only the grammatical form of the main word and you do not need to know anything about its lexical meaning in order to name the form of the dependent word, also not knowing anything about its lexical meaning (for example, an adjective is a definition with a noun in it. n. masculine gender singular will certainly be put in the same forms as the noun: strong wind), then with W., first of all, you need to know the lexical and grammatical meaning of the main word in order to determine the form of the dependent, cf .: do business (creative p.), but to do business (vin. p.). Consequently, U. by its nature is a lexico-grammatical connection, in contrast to agreement - a purely grammatical connection.

There are strong and weak U. Strong U. is due to the fact that the main word has such lexical and grammatical properties that it requires a dependent word that is in certain semantic relationships with the main one, cf .: wrote a letter, left the forest. With weak U., the dependent word is not obligatory for the main: the main word can be used in a sentence without the dependent: I read this book in the library - I read this book. The number of strongly controlled dependent words is strictly specified by the lexico-grammatical meaning of the main word.

The main word in phrases with the connection U. can be a verb (read a newspaper) t noun (train movement, a glass of milk, director’s order, award decree), adjective (angry with his son, full of nobility), adverb (alone with nature)