"Golden Age" of Russian literature of the XIX century. XIX century - the "golden age" of Russian literature

The first half of the 19th century was the time of the formation and development of the norms of the modern Russian literary language, the increased interest of writers in folk traditions and folklore and the beginning of the publication of monuments of folk art.

So, in the 1830s, the writer, lexicographer and ethnographer V.I. Dahlem (1801-1872) published a collection of Russian fairy tales, a collection of "There were also fables", and in the 60s - "Proverbs of the Russian people", which included more than 30 thousand proverbs, sayings and jokes. In 1863-1864. four volumes of his main work, Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, were published.

The first reformer of Russian literature was N.M. Karamzin, A.S. also plays a big role in this. Pushkin. And although already in the XVIII century. we can talk about the existence of Russian masters of the word, only in the XIX century. the profession of writer appears. In the second half of the XIX century. there is a flourishing of the work of many writers who entered the history of not only Russian, but also world literature.

Various literary movements and schools contributed to the further development of literary genres. The dominant role at the beginning of the century belonged to the story, and at the end of the century - to the novel. Epistolary and memoir genres are being created. Interest in the inner experiences of a person increases; this finds expression in man in sentimentalism, and then in romanticism, which, like steel, takes shape at the beginning of the 19th century.

One of the main genres in the late XVIII - early XIX centuries. was romanticism. The emergence of romanticism in Russia is associated with the socio-ideological atmosphere of Russian life - a nationwide upsurge after Patriotic War 1812 by the formation of noble revolutionism, the aggravation of personal self-awareness. The poetry of the Decembrists is permeated with the pathos of love of freedom and struggle, the idea of ​​civil service to the fatherland: K.F. Ryleeva (1795-1826), V.K. Kuchelbeker (1797-1846), A.I. Odoevsky (1802-1839). The hero of Ryleyev's poems "Voinarovsky" and "Nalivaiko" is a tyrannical citizen with a tragic fate.

Lyceum, post-lyceum and “southern” lyrics by A.S. Pushkin (1799-1837), in which the personal pathos of the great poet was clearly expressed.

The romantic apotheosis of personality is also expressed in the early lyrics of Lermontov M.Yu. (1814-1841). Unprecedented intensity of emotions and intense introspection are the characteristic features of Lermontov's lyrical hero.

There was another direction in Russian poetry - elegiac. The poets of this direction were V.A. Zhukovsky (1783-1852), Batyushkov K.N. (1798-1831), N.M. Yazykov (1803-1846), E.A. Baratynsky (1800-1844). The work of these poets is imbued with dissatisfaction with the existing. Not believing in the possibility of social harmony, they sought to achieve harmony in the inner world of man.

An intermediate link between romanticism and realism was the poetry of A.V. Koltsov (1809-1842). Koltsov ponted the work and life of the peasants, opened the world of the peasant’s inner experiences to Russian lyrics, introduced the element of folk song into poetry (“Don’t make noise, rye”, “Mower”).

Poetry N.A. Nekrasova (1821-1878) is realistic and civic. The poet showed the joyless and dreary life of the Russian village and the amazing images of Russian women. His "muse of revenge and sorrow" is especially sensitive to injustice, human pain. Civic journalism was further developed in the work of the poets I.S. Nikitin (1824-1861), A.N. Pleshcheev (1828-1893).

Philosophical and love lyrics by F.I. Tyutcheva (1803-1873) is marked by a split soul and merciless introspection; penetrating lyrics, with a pronounced musical beginning of a psychological novel - in the verses of A.K. Tolstoy (1817-1875); in verses by A.A. Feta (real Name Shenshin, 1820-1892) - transience and variability of feelings; sensitive perception of nature and harmonious merging with it; musicality is distinguished by the works of Ya.P. Polonsky (1819-1899) and A.N. Apukhtin (1840-1893); subtle psychologism is characteristic of the poems of I.F. Annensky (1855-1909). In the landscape lyrics of A.N. Maykova (1812-1897) - high contemplation of ordinary Russian nature.

From the end of the 30s, the formation of realism begins, the founder of which is considered to be A.S. Pushkin. Pushkin is the ancestor of all new Russian literature. His poetic ("Eugene Onegin", "Ruslan and Lyudmila", "Prisoner of the Caucasus", "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai", poems, epigrams, fairy tales) and prose ("Tales of Belkin", "Arap of Peter the Great", "Dubrovsky", "Pikovaya Lady", "The Captain's Daughter"), the works are written in a language that is amazing in terms of ease, accuracy, grace and subtle irony. The scale and independence of his thinking, the gift to penetrate into other cultures and eras, the ability to raise and discuss the "eternal questions of being" - about death and immortality, love, freedom and moral duty, humility and his opposition to blind fate - all this predetermined his central position not only in Russian literature, but also in Russian culture as a whole.

The emergence of the "natural school" and critical realism is associated with the name of N.V. Gogol (1809-1852), whose work was characterized by a pronounced critical orientation, which was especially pronounced in the story "The Overcoat" with its theme of humiliation " little man". The grotesque beginning of the "Petersburg stories" ("The Nose", "Portrait") was developed in the comedy "The Government Inspector".

In the poem-novel "Dead Souls", ridicule of landowner Russia was combined with the pathos of the spiritual transformation of man, the creation of eternal human types.

The founder of Russian literary criticism V.G. Belinsky (1811-1848) preached the principles of realism, democracy, and nationality. Putting criticism of the existing reality at the forefront, he formulated the principles of the "natural school" - a realistic trend in Russian literature.

Pushkin's novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" Belinsky called "an encyclopedia of Russian life." This is a story about the era and human destinies. The realistic tendency was also expressed in Lermontov's novel A Hero of Our Time, marked by social reflection and psychological content.

In the novel by I.A. Goncharova (1812-1891) "Oblomov", the fate of the protagonist is revealed not only as a social phenomenon ("Oblomovism"), but also as a philosophical understanding of the Russian national character, a special moral path that resists the hustle and bustle of all-consuming "progress". As an essential collision of Russian life, “the conflict between “realism” and “romanticism” appears in the novel “An Ordinary History.”.

A remarkable master of the classical realistic novel was I.S. Turgenev (1818-1883). In the novels The Nest of Nobles, On the Eve, Fathers and Sons, Rudin, Smoke, Nov, Turgenev described the life and ideals of a new generation of raznochintsy intelligentsia of the 50s-70s of the nineteenth century, the conflict of "fathers ” and “children”, “going to the people”.

The pinnacle of critical realism was the work of L. N. Tolstoy (1828-1910). The long period of Russian life - from early nineteenth in. until the beginning of the twentieth century. - featured in his novels. In the epic "War and Peace" the writer recreates the life of various strata of Russian society in the war of 1812, the patriotic impulse of the people, the path of spiritual self-determination of the individual. The novel "Anna Karenina" is about the tragedy of a woman in the grip of a destructive "criminal" passion, about the destruction of family foundations, the novel "Resurrection" is an implacable criticism of the social order, the entire way of life of the "educated classes".

Master of the psychological novel F. M. Dostoevsky (1812-1881) in the works "Crime and Punishment", "The Brothers Karamazov", "Idiot", "Humiliated and Insulted", "Demons" through the image of "the depths of the human soul" revealed the most difficult personal and social conflicts of the transitional era in the life of Russia, showed the painful search for truth, God and harmony.

Magnificent examples of the satirical genre are the works of M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (1826-1889). The writer created a satirical image of the Russian bureaucracy as a product of the autocratic-feudal system (“Poshekhonskaya antiquity”, “Provincial essays”, “Pompadours and pompadours”.). In the “History of a City”, parodying official historiography, the writer created a gallery of grotesque images of city rulers; in the famous "Tales" in the images of " wise minnows"- the morals of a new class for Russia - the bourgeoisie. The socio-psychological novel "Lord Golovlevs" is about the spiritual and physical degradation of the nobility.

A new stage in the development of realism found its most striking expression in the work of A.P. Chekhov (1860-1904), the author of feuilletons, short humorous and "oppressive" stories, and innovative plays. The thought of the death of a person under the burden of dull everyday life was the leading motive in his short stories "The Man in the Case", "Ward No. 6".

A.P. Chekhov, a subtle psychologist, a master of subtext, combining humor and lyricism, wrote the plays "The Seagull", "Uncle Vanya", "Sister Shooting Range", "" The Cherry Orchard, imbued with a special disturbing atmosphere of foreboding of the coming catastrophe. The writer created a new structure of dramatic action, capable of including any manifestations of life, formed not by events and not by struggle. actors, but the development of key themes, moods, "undercurrent", irony and lyrical symbolism. Chekhov's plays had a significant impact on the development of domestic and world drama.

The development of the national theater is inextricably linked with literature. At the beginning of the century, the canons of classicism acted on the Russian stage with its inherent splendor, rhetoric, and plays with mythological plots prevailed in the repertoire. But already in the 20-30s, romanticism with a tragic theme prevailed. Actors V. A. Karatygin (1802-1853), P. S. Mochalov (1800-1848) created wonderful dramatic images in the Alexandria Theater.

Gradually, realistic traditions began to prevail in dramaturgy. This was facilitated by the dramaturgy of A. S. Griboedov (the comedy "Woe from Wit"), A. S. Pushkin (the drama "Boris Godunov"), N. V. Gogol (the comedy "The Inspector General").

These and other plays were staged at the Moscow Maly and St. Petersburg Alexandria theatres. Bright images were created in the small theater by an outstanding actor, a former serf M.S. Shchepkin (1788-1863), and in the Alexandrinsky Theater - the actor A.E. Martynov (1816-1860), the son of a serf.

In the second half of the 19th century, the Moscow Maly and St. Petersburg Alexandria theaters still remained the centers of theatrical life. Comedies and socio-psychological dramas by A.N. Ostrovsky (1823-1886). In his plays, Ostrovsky brought out a gallery of types - from petty tyrants seized with a passion for money - merchants, officials, landowners to numerous servants, hangers-on ("Our people - we will settle!", "Profitable place", "Thunderstorm", etc.). The playwright with great sympathy portrayed artisans, the working intelligentsia, poor philistines, provincial actors (“Dowry”, “Forest”, etc.). his comedies and socio-psychological plays laid the foundation for the national repertoire of the Russian theater.

The development of the reformed theater was greatly influenced by talented actors: actors of the Maly Theater Prov Sadovsky, Maria Yermolova, Alexander Sumbatov-Yuzhin, Alexander Lensky, actors of the Alexandria Theater Maria Savina, Vladimir Davydov, Konstantin Varlamov.

In the 1970s, private theater circles and theaters. At the initiative of A.N. Ostrovsky and N.G. Rubinstein (1835-1881), an Artistic Circle was created from talented youth, in 1872 the director and playwright A.F. Fedotov opened the People's Theater in Moscow. Later, the following were created: "Pushkin Theater" by the artist of the Moscow Maly Theater A.A. Brenko and the Russian Drama Theater by the entrepreneur F.A. Korsh.

In 1882, the monopoly of the "imperial" theaters was abolished, which had a positive impact on the development of provincial theaters, the foundation of private and "people's theaters".

In 1898 K.S. Stanislavsky and V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko opened the Moscow Art Theater (MKhT, MKhAT). Its founders set the goal "... to create the first reasonable, moral public theater ...".

CONCLUSION

The beginning of the 19th century is the time of the cultural and spiritual upsurge of Russia. The Patriotic War of 1812 accelerated the growth of the national identity of the Russian people, its consolidation. The growth of the national self-consciousness of the people during this period had a huge impact on the development of literature, fine arts, theater and music. The autocratic-feudal system with its estate policy held back the development of Russian culture. Children of non-noble origin received elementary education in parish schools. Gymnasiums were created for the children of nobles and officials, they gave the right to enter the university. In the first half of the 19th century, seven universities were formed in Russia. In addition to the existing Moscow University, Derpt, Vilna, Kazan, Kharkov, St. Petersburg and Kyiv universities were established. Higher government officials were trained in privileged educational institutions - lyceums. The book publishing and magazine and newspaper business continued to develop. In 1813 there were 55 state printing houses in the country. Buildings built in the style of classicism are distinguished by a clear and calm rhythm, well-balanced proportions. Foreign troupes and serf theaters continued to play an important role in the theatrical life of Russia. Shchepkin, Mochalov - actors. In those days, not everyone was aware of the true significance of his work. Charmingly talented Alyabyev, Varlamov, Gurilev enriched Russian music with charming romances. In the first half of the 19th century, Russian musical culture rose to an unprecedented height. A.S. Pushkin became a symbol of his era, when there was a rapid rise in the cultural development of Russia. Pushkin's time is called the "Golden Age" of Russian culture. Pushkin's sonorous lyre was taken over by M. Yu. Lermontov. The development of Russian culture in the first half of XIX century, ultimately, was determined by the economic and socio-political processes that took place in the life of the country. In addition, in the middle of the 19th century, the growing global significance of Russian culture was increasingly recognized.

In the nineteenth century for the first time, domestic science achieved great and serious success. The research of Russian scientists - mathematicians, physicists, chemists, biologists, astronomers, geographers - has made a significant contribution to the development of world scientific thought. Mathematics and natural sciences acquired particular importance in the 19th century. The schools of Russian scientific thought, created at that time, prepared the basis for the development domestic technology and technology of the twentieth century.

So, the 19th century - the "golden age of Russian culture" - is unique and multifaceted. Russian civilization of the nineteenth century. successfully bridged the gap between domestic and European traditions, while maintaining its originality. Domestic scientists have made a serious contribution to world scientific and technological progress and have become famous abroad.

It was a time of moral and philosophical search for freedom and justice. The class-noble culture gradually lost its monopoly positions; a new social stratum, the intelligentsia, came to the fore in Russia, and a unique oppositional culture of protest and dissent emerged. An important idea professed by the revolutionary intelligentsia was the idea of ​​self-sacrifice in the name of the people - up to accepting a painful death for them. The revolutionary ideology turned out to be attractive to the Russian people, and the 19th century left it as a legacy to the 20th century.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Allenov M. M., Evangulova O. S., Lifshits L. I. Russian art X-beginning of the XX century M., 1989.

2. Gurevich P.S. Philosophy of culture. M. Aspect press. !995. –589s.

3. Gurevich P.S. Culturology. - M.: Gardariki, 1999 - 533 p.

4. History of folk crafts. M., 1937 - 355 p.

5. Kondakov IV Introduction to the history of Russian culture. M., 1997 - 215 p.

6. Culture and art ancient Russia. Collection. M., 1969 - 105 p.

7. Cultural studies. History of world culture: Textbook for universities / Ed. BUT. Voskresenskaya - M.: UNITI-DANA, Unity, 2003 - 759 p.

8. The best essays on cultural studies / Comp. A. Kovalenko. Series "Bank of Abstracts". - Rostov-on-Don: "Phoenix", 2001 - 320 p.

9. Samokhvalova V.I. Culturology: Short Course lectures. - M .: Yurait - Publishing House, 2002 - 269 p.

10. Fofanov V.P. Social philosophy: towards a new research program // Humanities in Siberia. - 1996. - No. 1 565 p.

INTRODUCTION

1. CULTURAL AND PUBLIC LIFE IN RUSSIA IN THE 19TH CENTURY

2. TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION

3. XIX CENTURY: RUSSIAN SCIENCE IS GOING TO THE WORLD LEVEL

3.1. RUSSIAN MUSICAL CULTURE

3.2. PAINTING IN THE 19TH CENTURY: "ACADEMICIAN" AND "THE Wanderer"

3.3. ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING

3.4. "GOLDEN AGE" OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE

CONCLUSION

Kondakov IV Introduction to the history of Russian culture. M., 1997. p. 7

Gurevich P.S. Culturology.- M.: Gardariki, 1999 p. 268

Culturology. History of world culture: Textbook for universities / Ed. BUT. Voskresenskaya - M.: UNITI-DANA, Unity, 2003 p. 508

Samokhvalova V.I. Culturology: A short course of lectures. - M .: Yurait - Publishing House, 2002. p. 115

The best essays on cultural studies / Comp. A. Kovalenko. Series "Bank of Abstracts". - Rostov-on-Don: "Phoenix", 2001 p. 93

Culturology. History of world culture: Textbook for universities / Ed. BUT. Voskresenskaya - M.: UNITI-DANA, Unity, 2003 p. 509

Allenov M. M., Evangulova O. S., Lifshitz L. I. Russian art of the X-beginning of the XX century M., 1989. p.36

Fofanov V.P. Social philosophy: towards a new research program // Humanities in Siberia. - 1996. - No. 1. p. 348.

Gurevich P.S. Philosophy of culture. M. Aspect prss. !995. with. 115

History of folk crafts. M., 1937 - p.56.

Culture and art of ancient Russia. Collection. M., 1969 - p. 93.

Similar information.

Along with poetry, prose began to develop. The prose writers of the beginning of the century were influenced by the English historical novels of W. Scott, whose translations were very popular. The development of Russian prose of the 19th century began with prose works A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol. Pushkin, under the influence of English historical novels, creates the story "The Captain's Daughter", where the action takes place against the backdrop of grandiose historical events: during the time of the Pugachev rebellion. A.S. Pushkin did a tremendous job exploring this historical period. This work was largely political in nature and was directed to those in power. A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol identified the main artistic types that would be developed by writers throughout the 19th century. This is the artistic type of the “superfluous person”, an example of which is Eugene Onegin in the novel by A.S. Pushkin, and the so-called type of "little man", which is shown by N.V. Gogol in his story "The Overcoat", as well as A.S. Pushkin in the story "The Stationmaster".

The beginning of the 19th century was a time of cultural and spiritual upsurge in Russia.
A. S. Pushkin became a symbol of his era, when there was a rapid rise in the cultural development of Russia. Pushkin's time is called the "Golden Age" of Russian culture. In the first decades of the century, poetry was the leading genre in Russian literature. In the poems of the Decembrist poets Ryleev, Odoevsky, Kuchelbeker, the pathos of high citizenship sounds, the themes of the motherland and service to society were raised. After the defeat of the Decembrists, the mood of pessimism intensified in literature, but there was no decline in creativity. Pushkin is the creator of the Russian literary language. His poetry has become an enduring value in the development of not only Russian, but also world culture. He was a singer of freedom and a staunch patriot who condemned serfdom in his homeland. We can say that before Pushkin there was no literature in Russia, noteworthy Europe in depth and diversity equal to the amazing achievements of European creativity. In the works of the great poet, there is a highly patriotic pathos of love for the motherland and faith in its power, an echo of the events of the Patriotic War of 1812, a magnificent, truly sovereign image of the motherland. A. S. Pushkin is a brilliant poet, prose writer and playwright, publicist and historian. Everything that he created is classic examples of the Russian word and verse. The poet bequeathed to his descendants: “It is not only possible, but also necessary, to be proud of the glory of your ancestors ... Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes education from savagery...”
Even during the life of Pushkin, the writer N.V. Gogol began to gain wide popularity. Gogol's acquaintance with Pushkin took place in 1831, at the same time in St. Petersburg "Evenings on a Farm near Dekanka" came out in two parts. The first printed form of the Inspector General appeared in 1836.
In his works, the reconstruction of the truth of life was accompanied by merciless exposure of the autocratic Russian order.
Pushkin's sonorous lyre was taken over by M. Yu. Lermontov. The death of Pushkin revealed Lermontov to the Russian public in all the strength of his poetic talent. Creativity Lermontov proceeded during the years of the Nikolaev reaction. His poetry awakened the thought of the younger generation; the poet refused to accept the existing despotic orders. The poem "The Death of a Poet", which circulated in manuscripts and others poetic works aroused such hatred for the author from the crowd standing at the throne that the poet was not allowed to live ten years to the age of Pushkin.
The development of Russian culture in the first half of the 19th century was ultimately determined by the economic and sociopolitical processes that took place in the life of the country. In addition, in the middle of the 19th century, the growing global significance of Russian culture was increasingly recognized.

Literature, like any other work, allows a person to express his opinion, attitude to certain events, admiration or disappointment, emotions. The works of poets and writers of all times were influenced by events in society, political or economic changes. Previously, a frequent occurrence among creative natures was the expression of protest against arbitrariness. influential people through creativity.

Historically important events of the 19th century

At the beginning of the Golden Age of Russian literature, a new reform was carried out by Alexander I, the essence of which was to strengthen the feudal-absolutist policy that promoted the power of the bourgeoisie. This fact called the creators of thought to protest through his art. Starting with Pushkin and Tsvetaeva and ending with aspiring writers and poets, more and more works appeared that glorified freedom.

After a short period of time, the State Council was created, whose tasks included the centralization of laws and the uniformity of the norms of jurisdiction. And as a result, in 1861, serfdom was abolished and a course aimed at capitalism was adopted.

What is the Golden Age?

Why is the 19th century the golden age of Russian literature? The 19th century acquired this name due to its incredible flourishing and wealth of creative masterpieces. Some of the works of this time were distinguished by special courage and audacity. At the same time, sensual romanticism was at the peak of popularity. Without fear, serious topics were raised about the problems of society and political flaws, attention was focused on value factors and aesthetic norms. Never before has poetry had such an impact on society. Each person showed interest in the works and listened to what was said. It was at this time that it was especially popular even abroad.

Written in seemingly distant times remains relevant and popular today. Therefore, the 19th century is deservedly called the "Golden Age" of Russian literature.

Characteristics of the Golden Age

In the 19th century, literature again updated its format and style, and previously little-known directions began to develop. Creative innovations include:

• The transition from sentimentalism to romanticism, closely related to political themes. Affected this direction in particular poetry. Many beautiful love poems have come to light.
• Poets and writers have acquired the title of prophets. Thanks to works with philosophical overtones, filled with the reasoning of the creator, creativity had a strong influence on self-awareness and a person's view of the world around him. At the same time, people of art had a huge responsibility for their role as educators and teachers.
• The development of prose as a way of expressing thoughts. Prose writers were inspired by the novels of the foreign genius W. Scott and other English masterpieces and began to promote this trend in Russia as well. The idea was successful and took a significant place in the literature of the 19th century.
• Development of satirical works. In this way, the main shortcomings of social foundations were portrayed and emphasis was placed on human vices. Also, the use of an abstract and unusual grotesque manner in writing stories began, expressed in sometimes absurd situations, a combination of incongruous, ridiculing certain things and phenomena in a terrible form.
• Significant role of realistic works in the period of special crisis of serfdom. It was during this period of time that terrible and cruel events that really exist were often covered. Public attention was riveted to the problems of the poor strata of society and the lawlessness of power, the bourgeoisie.
• Decadence. After the completion of the revolution and changes in the political system, realism faded into the background. Creativity took the direction of mysticism and religiosity, the alleged future and future changes were touched upon. Over time, the works acquired a symbolic character.

Poetry of the Golden Age of Russian Literature, which does not leave anyone indifferent

A variety of genres and sharp socialist themes made more than one master of word and rhyme popular. The struggle for the rights of the oppressed and offended is reflected in the work of almost every writer. Creativity inspired an increasing number of people to revolt, gave confidence to actions.

Brilliant poets and prose writers of the 19th century

Due to the myriad of creative personalities in the Golden Age, the main idea of ​​the period will be considered using the example of the most famous of them.

• The genius of literature and the leader of the Golden Age of Russian literature is Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich. To this day, it is this poet who is considered the ancestor of the Russian literary word. He is a lyrical innovator and a talented rhymer. Pushkin for the first time ventured to mix different language styles and start experimenting with genres. Thanks to his work, classical realism was developed.

The masterpieces of the literary genius are dedicated to the surrounding world, phenomena, events, thoughts, human philosophy. And Pushkin himself became an inspiration for many people and aspiring poets of the Golden Age of Russian literature.

• Yevgeny Abramovich Baratynsky and Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky are known as the founders of romanticism in literature. Pushkin, as a poet, and other great writers grew up on their work.
• Mikhail Yurjevich Lermontov. The golden age of Russian literature knew him as a mystical poet with a broad soul and a deep inner world. His works are imbued with symbolism, secret subtext and philosophy, saturated with the experiences of the main characters, their thoughts and aspirations. A frequent theme was the problem of loneliness and spiritual imbalance. The main genres used are romanticism and realism.
• Alexei Nikolaevich Pleshcheev. Genius in revolutionary-democratic poems. Along with bold statements and calls to fight injustice, Pleshcheev was a talented translator of the work of popular foreign authors and the first person who began to create literature for children in Russia.
• Ivan Zakharovich Surikov. The idea of ​​"peasant" literature is peculiar to him. The poet himself, who comes from the people, helped to reveal the creative potential of other poorly educated and poor people.
• Ivan Savvich Nikitin. His art is varied and covers both social genres and lyrics. Nikitin's poems served as the basis for the songs.
• Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet is a representative of philosophical lyrics. An emotional and sensual poet who creates works filled with feelings and thoughts.
• Apollon Nikolaevich Maykov and Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy are the creators of masterpieces on historical themes. The first of the poets dedicated his work to Greece and Byzantium, and the second - Russian history.
• Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. A unique creator of his kind, representing the people's opinion in his works.
• Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev is a Russian poet, distinguished by a special dynamism and emotionality of his works. Despite the small volume of creations, he was able to perfectly reveal the insides of the protagonist, elevated above social concepts and foundations.

Almost forgotten, but no less talented poets and prose writers of the 19th century

Surnames such as Pushkin, Tyutchev, Nekrasov, Tolstoy are always well known, are studied at school and are still popular among amateurs. classical literature. But in the 19th century, no less skillful and interesting masters words that are not mentioned much in the 21st century. For those who want to expand their literary horizons, a list of writers of the Golden Age of Russian literature, little known in modern times, but talented, is provided:

• Grigory Nedetovsky, aka O. Forgotten, is a little-known author of collections with topics that reveal the life of the clergy. He lived in the family of a priest, and therefore adhered to the religious genre. The most famous work is the story "Mirages".
• Innokenty Omulevsky is the creator of the autobiographical novel "Step by Step", which touches upon important problems of society in the 19th century. The topic of psychology was often mentioned in his works, which made readers think about ordinary things that turned out to be not as simple as at first glance. For his work, Innokenty Omulevsky was even arrested.
• George Shilin. The writer who first publicized the subject of sick and oppressed people in social exile. The novel "Lepers" fully shows the experiences, sadness and severity of the existence of people with leprosy. His works are imbued with kindness and sympathy for the characters created on real examples.
• Ivan Kushchevsky is a Siberian author of works about "prosperous" people who are capable of any meanness and tricks to achieve goals and their own benefit. His work is aimed at revealing the psychology of hypocritical and vile people.
• Vasily Sleptsov is a writer who proved himself in the sixties of the 19th century. His works are based on his own observations and deep psychoanalysis of the situation. In novels and short stories, Sleptsov initially gives a superficial vision of what is happening, and then gradually reveals hidden moments that radically change the overall picture. The story "Hard Times" is one of the best brainchild of this writer.
• Vsevolod Garshin. The author of creations on military subjects, which touched upon the senselessness of war in general and its cruelty, the life of ordinary soldiers. Garshin himself also took part in several battles, after which his work subsided and consisted of rare everyday stories and children's fairy tales, such as "The Traveling Frog".

The best works of the "golden" period, which will not lose their significance for many more years

The golden age of Russian culture and literature was considered a period of true writing, rich in masterpieces of creativity. Many books were studied in educational institutions, many were constantly heard. The following masterpieces belong to the Golden Age of Russian literature:

• The book of Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace" belongs to the genre of the epic novel and describes the events taking place during the invasion of Napoleon. Many chapters and characters, each of which has its own story, the interweaving of storylines and multifaceted meaning raised this work to the highest level of fame.
• Fyodor Dostoyevsky "Crime and Punishment" This work belongs to the genre of socio-philosophical novels and tells about a student Rodion Raskolnikov, who, for the sake of profit, kills an old pawnbroker. The work is based on several draft versions of the author's stories.
• Fyodor Dostoyevsky "The Idiot" The most favorite author's own creation, which fully reflects his views on society. The novel qualitatively criticizes the mores of that time, for which the work gained popularity abroad and is included in the list of one hundred best books Book Club of Norway.
• The work "Dead Souls" by Nikolai Gogol was originally planned in three volumes, but the second volume was destroyed by the author, and the third remained only in unfulfilled plans. The poem is written in a mockingly satirical genre and fully shows human vices.
• The list of the most popular works could not do without "Eugene Onegin", written by Alexander Pushkin. The novel in poetic form reveals the hidden aspects of the life of the noble intelligentsia. Over your best job 19th century Pushkin worked for 7 years.
• Leo Tolstoy also wrote a masterpiece about the nobility. The novel "Anna Karenina" tells about the secret love of the main character for the attractive officer Vronsky. The work was printed in parts for 7 years.
• A Hero of Our Time is a classic novel with a unique plot. Mikhail Lermontov shows the main character at first from the side of other characters, and in the other part, the emphasis is on the feelings and inner experiences of Pechorin, he is unraveled as a person.
• The topic of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations, which is still relevant in our time, is described in Ivan Turgenev's novel Fathers and Sons. The protagonist- the nihilist Bazarov in the 19th century became the idol of youth and a subject for imitation.
• Another example of a high-quality satirical work of the 19th century is the verse comedy Woe from Wit, written by Alexander Griboyedov. In this creation, the life of the aristocratic elite is ridiculed.

Actual genres of literature

The 19th century is a period of great diversity various styles. The writers of the Golden Age of Russian literature experimented with their works, mixed genres, and some of them were open to Russian readers for the first time. Wide selection directions of creativity could not fail to please even the most captious lover to spend his leisure time reading a book.

Romanticism, sentimentalism, satire, realism and folk poem

Initially, as already mentioned, romanticism was in demand. The authors of this genre prioritized feelings over reason. Much attention was paid to the love experience of the characters. This genre is clearly visible in the works of Pushkin and the early works of Gogol. Romanticism itself was originally born in Germany, and after some time, gained popularity among Russian writers.

Simultaneously with romanticism at the beginning of the 19th century - the Golden Age of Russian literature - often wrote in This style aimed at awakening the feelings of readers and their spiritual response. One of the first writers to use this genre was Karamzin. Many authors have been inspired by his example.

Satirical prose is an integral part of the Golden Age. In the works of Gogol, one can fully realize the whole essence of the genre. Creations of a satirical nature were distinguished by criticism of stupidity and laziness, affected all strata of society, higher and lower, attention was focused on a low level spiritual development the poor.

In the middle of the 19th century - the Golden Age of Russian literature - romanticism and sentimentalism give way to realism. The most prominent representative of realistic novels is Dostoevsky. The creativity of realism shows the real problems of society as they are, and also touches on the dark sides of society and individuals individually.

To a lesser extent, but still relevant, the folk poem remained. Nekrasov in the 19th century pleased with his works in this genre. What is the worth of the poem “Who is living well in Russia?”, in which revolutionary, peasant and heroic genres are professionally combined.

The end of the history of the Golden Age of Russian literature

At the end of the 19th century, the history of literature was replenished with a myriad of various masterpieces. The variety of genres and styles of authors is interesting to read even after centuries. Despite the time difference in the books, which represent the literature of a great creative period, the characters, their types and actions resemble the people of today's society. Conflicts, injustice, the struggle for freedom have not gone away and are also found in modern times. What was written in the 19th century remained significant for an infinite period of time and has not lost its relevance to this day.

The 19th century is called the "Golden Age" of Russian poetry and the century of Russian literature on a global scale. It should not be forgotten that the literary leap that took place in the 19th century was prepared by the entire course of the literary process of the 17th and 18th centuries. The 19th century is the time of the formation of the Russian literary language, which took shape largely thanks to A.S. Pushkin.
But the 19th century began with the heyday of sentimentalism and the formation of romanticism. These literary trends found expression primarily in poetry. Poetic works of poets E.A. Baratynsky, K.N. Batyushkova, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.A. Feta, D.V. Davydova, N.M. Yazykov. Creativity F.I. Tyutchev's "Golden Age" of Russian poetry was completed. However, the central figure of this time was Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.
A.S. Pushkin began his ascent to the literary Olympus with the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" in 1920. And his novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" was called an encyclopedia of Russian life. Romantic poems by A.S. Pushkin's "The Bronze Horseman" (1833), "The Fountain of Bakhchisaray", "Gypsies" opened the era of Russian romanticism. Many poets and writers considered A. S. Pushkin their teacher and continued the traditions of creating literary works laid down by him. One of these poets was M.Yu. Lermontov. His romantic poem "Mtsyri", the poetic story "Demon", many romantic poems are known. Interestingly, Russian poetry of the 19th century was closely connected with the social and political life of the country. Poets tried to comprehend the idea of ​​their special purpose. The poet in Russia was considered a conductor of divine truth, a prophet. The poets urged the authorities to listen to their words. Vivid examples of understanding the role of the poet and influence on political life countries are poems by A.S. Pushkin "Prophet", ode "Liberty", "The Poet and the Crowd", a poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "On the Death of a Poet" and many others.
Along with poetry, prose began to develop. The prose writers of the beginning of the century were influenced by the English historical novels of W. Scott, whose translations were very popular. The development of Russian prose of the 19th century began with the prose works of A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol. Pushkin, under the influence of English historical novels, creates the story "The Captain's Daughter", where the action takes place against the backdrop of grandiose historical events: during the time of the Pugachev rebellion. A.S. Pushkin did a tremendous job exploring this historical period. This work was largely political in nature and was directed to those in power.
A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol identified the main artistic types that would be developed by writers throughout the 19th century. This is the artistic type of the “superfluous person”, an example of which is Eugene Onegin in the novel by A.S. Pushkin, and the so-called type of "little man", which is shown by N.V. Gogol in his story "The Overcoat", as well as A.S. Pushkin in the story "The Stationmaster".
Literature inherited its publicism and satirical character from the 18th century. In the prose poem N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls", the writer in a sharp satirical manner shows a swindler who buys up dead souls, various types of landowners who are the embodiment of various human vices (the influence of classicism affects). In the same plan, the comedy "The Inspector General" is sustained. The works of A. S. Pushkin are also full of satirical images. Literature continues to satirically depict Russian reality. The tendency to depict the vices and shortcomings of Russian society is a characteristic feature of all Russian classical literature. It can be traced in the works of almost all writers of the 19th century. At the same time, many writers implement the satirical trend in a grotesque form. Examples of grotesque satire are the works of N.V. Gogol "The Nose", M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "Gentlemen Golovlevs", "History of one city".
Since the middle of the 19th century, the formation of Russian realistic literature has been taking place, which is being created against the backdrop of a tense socio-political situation that developed in Russia during the reign of Nicholas I. A crisis in the serf system is brewing, and contradictions between the authorities and the common people are strong. There is a need to create a realistic literature that sharply reacts to the socio-political situation in the country. literary critic V.G. Belinsky marks a new realistic trend in literature. His position is being developed by N.A. Dobrolyubov, N.G. Chernyshevsky. A dispute arises between Westernizers and Slavophiles about the paths of Russia's historical development.
Writers turn to the socio-political problems of Russian reality. The genre of the realistic novel is developing. Their works are created by I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, I.A. Goncharov. Socio-political and philosophical problems prevail. Literature is distinguished by a special psychologism.
The development of poetry somewhat subsides. It is worth noting the poetic works of Nekrasov, who was the first to introduce social issues into poetry. His poem “Who is living well in Russia?” is known, as well as many poems, where the hard and hopeless life of the people is comprehended.
The literary process of the late 19th century discovered the names of N. S. Leskov, A.N. Ostrovsky A.P. Chekhov. The latter proved to be a master of the small literary genre- a story, and also an excellent playwright. Competitor A.P. Chekhov was Maxim Gorky.
The end of the 19th century was marked by the formation of pre-revolutionary sentiments. The realist tradition was beginning to fade. It was replaced by the so-called decadent literature, hallmarks which were mysticism, religiosity, as well as a premonition of changes in the socio-political life of the country. Subsequently, decadence grew into symbolism. This opens a new page in the history of Russian literature.