Cardinal numerals whole and collective. Numeral

Whole numbers are numerals denoting whole numbers and usually combined with countable nouns (three, forty-five, five hundred, etc.).

Whole numbers change in cases, having, as a rule, the endings of a single number - singular (like seven, twenty, forty, fifty) or plural (like four, two hundred, eight hundred). The numeral two changes not only by cases, but also by gender: the form two can be combined with masculine and neuter nouns (two tables, two windows), and if the noun is feminine, then this numeral is put in the form two (two desks) . The numeral one changes in cases, genders and numbers.

The declension of integer numbers is represented by several types:

two, three, four are classified as mixed declension, while noting that these numbers have some special inflections;
numerals from five to twenty, thirty and all ending in -ten are inclined according to the substantive III declension;
numerals two hundred, three hundred, four hundred and all are inclined to -hundreds according to the substantive I declension;
numerals forty, ninety, one hundred have two case forms: nominative case, coinciding with the accusative, and one form for all other cases (forty, ninety, one hundred).

In phrases with nouns, numerals behave as follows:

the numeral one agrees with the noun in gender, number and case;
in the nominative case (and in the accusative coinciding with it with inanimate nouns), it is the numeral that turns out to be the main word, requiring from the noun the form of the genitive case - either the singular (with the words three, four) or the plural (starting with five);
a special case is observed with the numeral two, where in the nominative case (and in the accusative case coinciding with it with inanimate nouns) we are dealing with the mutual subordination of one word to another, because the numeral requires the genitive singular from the noun, and the noun, in turn, controls the grammatical gender of the numeral (two boys, but two girls);
in other cases, the noun turns out to be the main word, requiring from the numeral agreement in the case;
numerals thousand, million, billion, trillion in phrases behave like nouns.

Fractional numbersare numerals denoting fractional numbers. They usually consist of two parts: the first part, naming the numerator of a fraction, is a cardinal number, the second part, naming the denominator, is most often an ordinal number (one fifth, two eighths), but it can also be a noun like a third, a quarter (one third , three quarters). Sometimes this category of words is understood quite broadly - as any name for fractional numbers, and then whole phrases can also be considered as fractional numbers, for example: five and a half, three point two. The fractional numerals also include the words one and a half / one and a half, one and a half hundred.

This group of numerals has case forms. When they are declined, both parts change: one second, one second, one second, etc.; three sevenths, three sevenths, three sevenths, three sevenths, etc. The numeral one and a half also has the form female one and a half and one form for indirect cases - one and a half.

A noun combined with a fractional numeral is put in the genitive case: two thirds of a circle, six tenths of a section.

Ordinals- these are numerals that name the serial number of the object in the count (eighth, twenty-fifth, two thousand and tenth). Formally, almost all ordinal numbers (except the first and second ones) are formed from the corresponding cardinal numbers: six -> sixth, thirty -> thirtieth, forty -> fortieth, etc.

In the academic tradition, unlike school textbooks, ordinal numbers are often considered as a kind of relative adjectives, since they denote a sign of an object that expresses a relation to a number. And in terms of its syntactic properties, this category of numerals coincides with adjectives: ordinal numbers are usually definitions or nominal part of the predicate and agree with nouns in gender, number and case.

Cardinal numbers- these are numerals, naming abstract numbers or the number of objects and answering the question how much? In some contexts, cardinal numbers can indicate the ordinal place of an object in counting: wagon ten, place twelve; house twenty-two, apartment five.

In a number of works, it is proposed to distinguish two types of cardinal numbers - definitely quantitative (two, ten, one hundred, etc.) and indefinitely quantitative (as many, how many, several, many, few, few, many). The second group of words in the school tradition is usually treated as pronouns. These words have features of both parts of speech, because they have the meaning of quantity (like numerals), but they do not specifically name this quantity, but only point to it (like pronouns). Quantitative numerals are divided into integer, fractional and collective.

Simple numbersare one-component numerals representing one word. They can be either non-derivative (three, forty, one hundred) or derivative (sixteen, twentieth).

Compound numbers- these are numerals that have more than one root in their composition (sixty, seven hundred, two hundred thousandth). In some works they are considered as a kind of simple numerals.

When declining complex numbers from fifty to eight-ten, as well as from two hundred to nine hundred, both parts change: seven-ten, seventy, seventy, etc .; four hundred, four hundred, four hundred, four hundred, etc.

Compound numbers- these are multicomponent numerals, consisting of several words, each of which is a simple or complex numeral (forty-eight, three tenths, two hundred and fifty-third).

In compound cardinal numbers, all the words that form them are declined: three hundred twenty-two, three hundred twenty-two, three hundred twenty-two, etc.; three eighths, three eighths, three eighths, etc. In compound ordinal numbers, only the last word is declined: three hundred and twenty-second, three hundred and twenty-second, three hundred and twenty-second, etc. material from the site

Collective numbers- these are numerals denoting the number of objects in their totality, as a whole. Unlike other categories of quantitative numerals, there are few collective words. The most common are two, three, four, five, six, seven; sometimes the pronominal word both / both are referred to this category. The numerals of this category cannot be the names of numbers, and they are not used in counting.

A feature of collective numerals is their use in colloquial rather than in literary speech, as well as their limited compatibility. Collective numbers can be combined:

with the names of male persons or with nouns of the general gender (two high school students, three hard workers), with female nouns only the word both occurs;
with the words of a person (meaning ‘people’), people, children, guys, little people, kids, kids (four kids, three suspicious faces);
with the names of the cubs (three kittens);
with nouns that have only the plural - pluralia tantum (two days, three points);
with nouns that name paired objects (two boots);
with personal pronouns (there were seven of us).

Didn't find what you were looking for? Use the search

On this page, material on the topics:

numerals four hundred simple or compound
numeral ordinal composition
on what basis do integer, fractional and collective cardinal numbers differ
decline ordinal number 874 in cases
collective noun in fairy tale titles

In Russian, the part of speech denoting the number of objects, quantity or order is called the numeral. This article describes in detail the features of numerals, their structure, case declension, meaning and main problems. For better assimilation material are illustrative examples.

Numerals in Russian

An independent part of speech that answers questions which the? How many? and denotes the number of items, the order or quantity is called numeral

Examples: fifth, eighth, seventeen, twenty five.

Different parts of speech can indicate the number, but only this part of speech can be written using numbers. (Five horses - five (5) horses).

The history of the emergence of the numeral system goes back to the distant past of the formation of the Proto-Indo-European language, where the tithe system was used.

Problems of numerals

In the Russian language of modernity, according to linguists, there is no clear concept of what verbal forms to refer to this part of speech. The fact is that by their origin they all belong to different foundations. Conventionally, all points of view can be divided into two main groups - the study of forms in a broad or narrow sense.

The structure of this part of speech

According to the composition, the following types are distinguished:

Simple numbers consist of one base and describe only one digit (four, eight, one).
Complex - describe two numbers that are combined into one word (twelve, fifteen, sixty).
Compounds - consist of several words that are written separately (one thousand eighty eight).

What are numbers for?

To designate (name) numbers - ten, forty-five, nineteen;

To indicate the subject quantity - five kittens, four apples;

To determine the counting order - seventh, second, twenty-first.

In the proposal, they can act as any member.

Case declension

The numeral as a part of speech has the category of case, and the words denoting the counting order change according to numbers and gender. Case declension has different kinds depending on the type of number. "Russian Grammar" from 1990 indicates the existence of two varieties - substantive and adjective.

Substantive:

five to ten and -twenty, -ten (six, seventeen, fifty);
numerals in -one hundred (two hundred, six hundred, etc.);
forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half hundred, one and a half.

Adjective are declined as adjectives and have two varieties:

Words two three four;
Words both, both and indefinitely quantitative (few, many, few, etc.).

When it changes case endings difficulties arise in the formation of word forms and their use in oral speech. Norma literary language is to change all parts of complex and compound forms (five hundred seventy-two rubles). For ordinal numbers of the compound form, there is a rule that provides for the change in such words of only the last part according to the principle of the adjective (one thousand nine hundred and sixty-one - in the year one thousand nine hundred and sixty-one.)

The numeral is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that denote numbers, the number of objects or the order of objects when counting and answer the question how many? or what?.

The numeral is a part of speech in which words are combined based on the commonality of their meaning - relation to number. Grammar signs numerals are heterogeneous and depend on which category in value the numeral belongs to.

Digits of numerals by value

Identify quantitative and ordinal numbers.

Cardinal numbers denote abstract numbers (five) and the number of objects (five tables) and answer the question how much?.

Cardinal numbers are whole (five), fractional (five-sevenths) and collective (five).

Integer cardinal numbers denote whole numbers or quantities. Integer cardinal numbers are combined with countable nouns, that is, with such nouns that denote objects that can be counted as pieces.

Fractional cardinal numbers denote fractional numbers or quantities and can be combined with both countable nouns (two-thirds of candy) and uncountable nouns (two-thirds of water), but cannot be combined with animate nouns.

Collective numerals denote the number of objects as a whole. The collective numerals include the words both, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. Collective numerals have limited compatibility; they do not combine with all nouns, but only with some:

1) with nouns that name males (two men); the numeral both is also combined with nouns denoting females (both women),

2) with nouns person, person, child (five people, persons, children),

3) with the names of animal cubs (seven kids),

4) with nouns that have only plural forms (two sledges); these nouns are combined mainly with the numerals two, three and four,

5) with nouns that name paired objects (two socks); two socks are two socks, and two socks are four socks, i.e. two pairs of socks,

6) with personal pronouns we, you, they (there weren't two of them).

Ordinal numbers indicate the order of objects when counting (first, second, fifth, one hundred and twenty-fifth) and answer the question which one?.

Digits of numerals by structure

According to the structure, simple and compound numerals are distinguished.

Simple numerals are one-component (two, two, second).

Compound numerals are not one-component, that is, they are written with spaces (fifty-five, five tenths, five thousand fifty-fifth).

Complexes 2 and 3 also highlight complex numbers that are one-component, but have two or more roots (five-hundred, five-and-hundred-thousandth). In complex 2, for some reason, this group also includes numerals ending in -15 (fifteen), in which the element -11 is not a second root, but a suffix.

Isolation of complex numbers in these educational complexes associated with methodological goals - teaching the declension of complex numbers with second roots - ten and -hundred (five-and-ten-i, five-and-hundred-Ø).

Nevertheless, it is more logical to subdivide numerals into two groups - simple (single-component) and compound (non-single-component). At the same time, both non-derivative numbers (five) and derivatives (fifteen, fifty) must be combined into a group of simple numbers.

Grammatical signs of cardinal numbers

The only "full-fledged" morphological feature of cardinal numbers is the case feature. Numerals do not have a morphological sign of a number (for the words one, thousand, million, billion, see below). The morphological sign of the gender is presented only in the numerals two, both, one and a half, and they have two generic forms opposed, one for the masculine and neuter (two tables, windows), the other for the feminine (two desks):

As we can see, in words two and one and a half gender differences appear only in I. p. and V. p., in the word both gender differences can be traced in all cases, and in I. p. and V. p. they are expressed by the ending, and in other cases - in the basis (if we accept such a division into morphemes, which is given in the table).

Changing numerals in cases is called declension. Numerals have special types of declension (called in linguistics numerative) and substantive types of declension.

The numerals two, three, four, forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half, one and a half hundred are inclined in a special way:

As we can see, the numerals three and four decline in the same way, and for the words forty-ninety, one hundred, one and a half and one and a half hundred, only two forms differ - one for I. p. and V. p., the other for R. p., D. p., T. p. and P. p.

The numerals five - twenty and thirty are inclined according to the III substantive declension, that is, like the word night, and the numeral eight has variable forms of T. p. - eight and eight.

For the numerals fifty - eighty and two hundred - nine hundred (i.e., the names of tens by -ten and hundreds by -hundreds), both parts are inclined: the first as the corresponding simple numeral, the second - according to the substantive declension.

Quantitative numerals are characterized by special compatibility with nouns.

Whole and collective numbers are combined with nouns in the following way: in I. p. (and V. p. with inanimate nouns) the numeral is the main word and controls the noun, requiring it to be placed in the R. p. of the singular (with the numbers two, three, four) or the plural (with the numbers five and beyond). In other cases, the noun is the main one, and the numeral agrees with it, for example:

two (I. p.) tables (R. p. unit)

two (R. p.) tables (R. p. pl.)

two (D. p.) tables (D. p. pl.)

two (T. p.) tables (T. p. pl.)

(about) two (P. p.) tables (P. p. pl.)

Fractional cardinal numbers always control the R. p. of a noun, and the number of this noun depends on the meaning of the construction, cf .: one second of candy - one second of candy.

In grammatical terms, the words one, thousand, million, billion, trillion and other names of large numbers stand out among cardinal numbers.

The word one changes according to gender, numbers and cases, in which it agrees with the noun (one table, one desk, one window, one sleigh). In a quantitative sense, the plural form of the word one is combined with nouns that have only the plural form. The word one is declined according to the mixed declension: in I. (V.) p. has substantive endings (one-Ø, one-a, one-o, one-and), in other cases - adjective endings. In other words, the numeral one behaves grammatically like a relative adjective.

The words thousand, million, billion, etc. have a constant morphological sign of the gender (the first thousand is a female gender, the first million is a male gender), they change in numbers and cases (the first thousand, first th thousand-Ø). These words are inclined according to substantive declensions (a thousand - I declension, a million, etc. - II declension). When combined with nouns, these words always control the noun, requiring it to be set in the form of R. p. pl. numbers:

I. p. thousand tons

R. p. thousand tons

D. p. thousand tons

V. p. thousand tons

T. p. thousand tons

P. p. (about) a thousand tons.

In other words, these words behave grammatically like nouns. Their assignment to numerals occurs only on the basis of their meaning.

In a sentence, the cardinal number, together with the noun to which it refers, is one member of the sentence:

I bought five books.

Grammatical signs of ordinal numbers

Grammatically ordinal numbers are similar to relative adjectives. Ordinal numbers change in gender, number, and case, and in all forms agree with the nouns they refer to. Ordinal numbers decline according to the adjectival declension (the word third is mixed: third-Ø, third-th, third-th, third-th, third-th). In compound ordinal numbers, only the last part is declined:

I. p. two thousand and two

R. p. two thousand and two

D. p. two thousand and two

V. p. two thousand and two

T. p. two thousand and two

P. p. (o) two thousand and two.

Which denotes the number, number and order of items. Answers the questions: how much? which the?

Numerals are divided into four lexical and grammatical categories: quantitative (two, fifty, two hundred, three hundred fifty one) And collective (both, two, five) - answer the question How many?, ordinal- answer the question which the? (first, second, hundredth), fractional (one fifth, three whole, two sevenths). Cardinal numbers include definite-quantitative and indefinite-quantitative numerals. The former denote a certain number of units ( two, four, fifteen, a hundred and fifty, two hundred), the second - an indefinite number of units; these include the words few, quite a few, many, a little, as well as pronominal numerals several, How many, any, some, so many.

Encyclopedic YouTube

1 / 5

Cardinal number- a numeral that answers the question "how much?", "how much?", "how many?" etc.

Cardinal numbers have two meanings.

Both definite-quantitative and indefinite-quantitative numerals have a quantitative-numerical value, represented by two particular values
- quantitative (quantity as a sign of an object: five heads, three chairs, ten days, some years) And
- numerical (abstract quantity, or number: four is divisible by two, three times ten is thirty; several is not any indefinite quantity: it can be three, five, ten, generally a little; oral speech).
Only definite quantitative numbers have a counting ordinal value: they name the ordinal place of an object, which, when counting stops, turns out to be the last in a series of homogeneous ones: house three(house, third in a row of houses, when the count is stopped, limited to three); wagon eight, place thirty five(place, last in the row, when the score is stopped, limited to 35 places).

Spelling of cardinal numbers in Russian

Simple (consist of one stem) for example: “one” (1), “two” (2), “three” (3), etc.
Complex (consisting of two bases) cardinal numbers are written together, for example: "eighteen" (18), "eighty" (80), "eight hundred" (800).
Compound (consisting of several words) cardinal numbers are written separately: "eighty-eight thousand eight hundred eighty-eight" (88888).

Spelling of numerals

1. Numerals from five to twenty and also "thirty" soft sign it is written at the end, and for numerals from "fifty" to "eighty" and from "five hundred" to "nine hundred" - in the middle of the word.

2. The numerals "ninety" and "one hundred" have the ending O in the nominative and accusative cases, and in the remaining cases - the ending A. ("spend a hundred rubles", "not enough a hundred rubles"). The numeral "forty" in the nominative and accusative cases has null ending, and in other cases - the ending A. ("he is not even forty years old"). In the nominative and accusative cases, the numeral "two hundred" has the ending And, and the numerals "three hundred" and "four hundred" have the ending A ("has existed for three hundred years").

3. Complex numbers (both quantitative and ordinal), consisting of two bases, are written together ("sixteen", "sixteenth", "nine hundred", "nine hundredth").

4. Compound numerals are written separately, having as many words as there are in the number of significant figures, not counting zeros (“five hundred twenty-three”, “five hundred twenty-third”). However, ordinal numbers ending in “-thousandth”, “-millionth”, “-billionth”, are written together (“one hundred thousandth”, “two hundred and thirty billionth”).

5. Fractional numerals are written separately (“three-fifths”, “three whole (and) one second”), but the numerals “two-half”, “three-half”, “four-half” are written together. The numerals “one and a half” and “one and a half hundred” have only two case forms: “one and a half” (“one and a half” in female), “one and a half hundred” for the nominative and accusative case and “one and a half”, “one and a half hundred” for all other cases without generic differences.

6. In compound quantitative numbers, all the words that form them are inclined (“two hundred fifty-six” - “two hundred and fifty-six”, “two hundred and fifty-six”), when declining fractional numbers, both parts also change (“three-fifths” - “three-fifths” - "three-fifths" - "three-fifths" - "about three-fifths").

7. But when declining a composite ordinal number, only the ending of the last component changes (“two hundred and fifty-sixth” - “two hundred and fifty-sixth” - “two hundred and fifty-sixth”).

8. The word "thousand" is inclined as a feminine noun to -A; the words "million" and "billion" are declined as nouns male with a stem into a consonant.

9. Please note: the numerals "both" (m. and cf. R.) and "both" (f. R.) decline differently: in the numeral "both" the basis for the declension is "wallpaper-" ("both" , “both”, “both”), and the numeral “both” has the basis “both-” (“both”, “both”, “both”).

10. Please note: with a mixed number, the noun is ruled by a fraction, and it is used in the genitive case of the singular: 1 2/3 m (“one whole and two thirds of a meter”).

Other types of numerals

Declension of nouns

In Russian, when declining quantitative names of numerals, all words and all parts change compound words, and when declining ordinal - only the last word: five hundred sixteen - heels ew one hundred and sixteen ew - five hundred sixteen th .

case	1	2	5	40	50	100	1000	300	both (both)
I.p.	one (first)	two (two)	five	Fourty	fifty	hundred	one thousand	three hundred	both (both)
R.p.	one (first)	two	five	magpie	fifty	one hundred	thousands	three hundred	both (both)
D.p.	one (first)	two	five	forty	fifty	one hundred	thousand	three hundred	both (both)
V.p.	one (first)	two (two)	five	Fourty	fifty	hundred	thousand	three hundred	both or both (both or both)
etc.	one (first)	two (two)	five	magpie	fifty	one hundred	thousand	three hundred	both (both)
P.p.	one (first)	two (two)	five	magpie	fifty	one hundred	thousand	three hundred	(about) both (both)

The noun is divided into many varieties. The main group can be considered quantitative - and they, in turn, can be conditionally divided into integer, fractional and collective.

Consider which words the quantitative group includes, in which cases we are talking about integers or fractions - and what numerals the collective variety unites.

Whole and fractional numbers

Capturing the essence of a quantitative group is very simple. As the name suggests, it combines words that indicate the number of objects or people. For example, "five", "twenty", "three hundred", "million".

Within a single group, words are divided into two categories.

Whole. If we are talking about a certain whole number - “twenty”, “three hundred”, “four hundred twenty-three” - then the word belongs to this group.
Fractional. As the name implies, the word should describe some a fractional number consisting of a numerator and a denominator. For example, fractional ones will be - “one whole seven tenths”, “three fourths”, “five eighths”. Distinctive feature- the fact that fractional numbers cannot be written in one word, they always represent a whole phrase. The only exception will be "one and a half".

How to tilt them correctly? This is a topic for a separate large article, but we will try to capture the essence.

Ordinary cardinal numbers, denoting a certain whole number, are declined by gender and case, as in singular, as well as in the plural. For example, if you take the numeral "one", then it will be inclined like this: "one" - "one" - "one" or "one" - "one" - "about one". Or, respectively, in plural- “one” - “one” - “one” - “one” or “one” - “one” - “about one”. IN feminine the endings change, the neuter gender "one" exists only in the nominative and accusative cases.
Another thing is if the numeral is fractional. In this case, its part responsible for the numerator is declined according to the rules for cardinal numbers, but the denominator is considered only in the plural and according to the rules of declension for ordinal numbers.

Collective numbers

It remains to briefly note one more group - collective numerals. These include the words "three", "five", "seven" and so on. In total, there are eleven such numerals, they are used together with nouns and characterize a certain number of similar creatures or objects - for example, "five students."