How is the predicate expressed in the sentence. Types of the predicate and ways of expressing it

Subject- this is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the question of the nominative case (who? what?).

Pay attention to the meaning (a) and the form of the expression (b) of the subject:

a) the subject is what is being said in a sentence (subject of speech);

b) the main form of expression of the subject - nominative(question who? what?).

Note!

To the question what? answers not only the nominative, but also the accusative case of the noun; nominative and accusative forms can also coincide. To distinguish between these cases, you can substitute a noun of the 1st declension (for example - book): nominative - book; accusative - book.

Wed: On the table lies pencil (book) - nominative case; I see a pencil(book) - accusative case.

Let's compare two sentences:

1. I did not sleep; 2. I didn't sleep.

They mean roughly the same thing in meaning. However, in the first sentence I did not sleep) has a subject, because there is a pronoun in the nominative case ( I), in the second sentence ( I couldn't sleep) there is no subject, because there is no pronoun in the nominative case ( to me- dative).

Ways of expressing the subject

A) Subject - one word:

The form	Examples
1. Name
1.1. Noun	eldest son(who?) left for the capital.
1.2. Pronoun	He(who?) left for the capital.
1.3. Adjective	Older(who?) left for the capital.
1.4. Participle	Raised(who?) the sword will die by the sword.
1.5. Numeral	Two(who?) left for the capital.
2. Infinitive (indefinite form of the verb)	Be in love(what?) - this is wonderful. Live(what?) - serve the motherland.
3. Invariable (significant or service) part of speech in the meaning of a noun
3.1. Adverb	It has come and the fateful day after tomorrow(what?).
3.2. Pretext	"IN"(what?) is a suggestion.
3.3. Union	"BUT"(what?) - antagonistic alliance.
3.4. Particle	"Not"(what?) verbs are written separately.
3.5. Interjection	Rushed from all sides "ay"(what?).
4. Indirect form of a name, conjugated form of a verb, sentence in the meaning of a noun	"Brother"(what?) - dative form of a noun. "Reading"(what?) - 1st person form of the present tense verb. "Do not forget yourself, do not worry, work moderately" (what?) - was his motto.

B) The subject is an integral, that is, syntactically indivisible phrase (main + dependent word):

The form	Meaning	Examples
1. Name in the nominative case (adverb) + name in the genitive case	quantitative value	Five chairs stood against the wall. A few chairs stood against the wall. Some of the chairs stood against the wall. There were many chairs against the wall.
2. Name in the nominative case + name in the genitive case with a preposition from	Selective meaning	Two of us will go to the capital. Each of us will go to the capital. Many of us will go to the capital.
3. Name in the nominative case + name in the instrumental case with the preposition c (only with the predicate - in the plural!)	Consistency value	Wed: Mother and son are going(plural) relax. Mother and son are going(units) relax.
4. Nouns beginning, middle, end+ noun in genitive case	Phase value	It was the end of September.
5. Noun + agreed name (phraseologism, terminological combination and phrase with metaphorical meaning)	The members of the phrase only in the aggregate express a single or inseparable concept in this context	The Milky Way spread across the sky. white flies(snowflakes) circled in the sky. A cap of blond curls swayed on his head.
6. Indefinite pronoun (from the basics who, what) + agreed name	undefined value	something unpleasant was in all its forms.

Note!

1) You can always ask questions to the subject who? what? , even if it does not change case by case.

2) Nominative case- the only case with which the subject can be expressed.

Note. The subject can be expressed in the indirect case if it indicates the approximate number of someone or something. Wed: thirty ships went out to sea. About thirty ships went out to sea. Over thirty ships went out to sea.

Subject Parsing Plan

Specify how the subject is expressed:

1. Single word: noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, participle in the nominative case; adverb or other invariable form in the meaning of a noun; infinitive.
2. Syntactically indivisible phrase (indicate the meaning and form of the main word).

Sample parsing

The lake seemed to be covered with ice(Prishvin).

Subject Lake expressed by a noun in the nominative case.

Around noon, a lot of round high clouds usually appear.(Turgenev).

Subject many clouds expressed by a syntactically indivisible (whole) phrase with a quantitative meaning; main word (noun) lots of) is in the nominative case.

In the dark, the bearded man stumbled on something(Sholokhov).

Subject bearded expressed by an adjective in the meaning of a noun in the nominative case.

But to pay for something, even the most necessary, suddenly two hundred, three hundred, five hundred rubles seemed to them almost suicide.(Goncharov).

Subject pay expressed in the infinitive.

It's been about an hour(Paustovsky).

Subject about an hour expressed by the indirect case of the noun hour with the preposition about and indicates the approximate amount of time.

The grammatical basis of the sentence. The concept of the main members of the proposal

The grammatical basis of a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.

The grammatical basis expresses the grammatical meanings of the sentence. They are connected with the meanings of moods and tense of the verb-predicate.

Troops move to the front.

(The action is actually happening and takes place in the present tense).

Yesterday he came to us.

(The action actually happened, but in the past tense).

Would you talk to your mother, Ivan!

(The action is not realized in reality, but desired by the speaker).

The subject and predicate are called the main members of the sentence, because all the minor members in the sentence directly or indirectly extend them.

We show the dependence of the minor terms on the main ones in the following diagram:

The astonished Varenukha silently handed him an urgent telegram..

The subject as a member of the sentence. Subject forms

The subject is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the questions of the nominative case who? or what?

The subject in Russian can be expressed in different ways, sometimes in "unusual" forms. The following table will help determine the correct subject.

The main ways of expressing the subject.

Part of speech in subject position
Noun in and. P.	Language reflects the soul of a people.
Pronoun in i. P.	He left. Who was there? It is right. This is my brother (when asked: who is this?) The house, which was barely standing, belonged to a forester. (Here, pay attention to the subject in the subordinate clause.) The sparks that flew from the fire seemed white. (Here, pay attention to the subject in the subordinate clause.) Someone has come. Everyone fell asleep.
Infinitive	Being honest is only half the battle. To understand means to sympathize. Smoking is injurious to health.
A combination of words (one of which is in I. p.)	We used to go there often. Two clouds float across the sky.
Combination of words without and. P.	It's been about an hour.

Predicate as a member of a sentence. Predicate types

The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject of a special connection and has a meaning expressed in questions, what does the subject of speech do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he? and etc.

The predicate in Russian is simple and compound. A simple (simple verbal) predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

Compound predicates are expressed in several words, one of them serves to connect with the subject, while the semantic load falls on the others. In other words, in compound predicates, lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.

(Verb was colonel

(Verb started serves to connect with the subject, on the word work the semantic load of the predicate falls.)

Among compound predicates, there are compound verbal and compound nominal predicates.

Learn more about predicate types. Simple verb predicate

A simple verbal predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

It can be expressed in the following forms of the verb:

The present and past tenses of the verb.
The future tense of the verb.
Forms of the conditional and imperative mood of the verb.

We emphasize that in the case of you will be expected tomorrow, the simple verb predicate is expressed by the compound form of the future tense of the verb wait.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate consists of two components - an auxiliary verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and an indefinite form of the verb that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here it began - this is an auxiliary verb, and gnaw is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

(Here I don’t want to - this is an auxiliary verb, and to offend is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

The role of an auxiliary verb can be a combination of some short adjectives (should, glad, ready, obliged, etc.) and a linking service verb to be in the form of one of the moods (in the present tense, this link is omitted).

(here the linkage will be omitted).

So, let's imagine the structure of the compound verbal predicate by the formula:

CONST. VERB SKAZ. = AUX. VERB + UNDETERMINATED THE FORM

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate consists of two components: a linking verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here the connective verb will become, and the nominal part is expressed by the adjective viscous.)

(Here the connective verb will be, and the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by the noun handball player.)

Let's represent the structure of the compound nominal predicate by the formula:

CONST. NAME. SKAZ. = LINK. VERB + NOMINAL PART

The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is expressed by the following parts of speech: noun, adjective (full and short, different forms of degrees of comparison), participle (full and short), numeral, pronoun, adverb, word of the category of state, verb in indefinite form.

In Russian, at least four main types of one-component sentences can be distinguished.

The main types of two-part sentences

Expression form of subject and predicate	Examples
The subject is expressed by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by a certain form of the verb.
The subject is expressed by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by a noun in the nominative case. In the past and future tense, a linking verb appears and the case in the predicate changes to instrumental.
The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate is also expressed by the indefinite form of the verb. Between the subject and the predicate, particles are possible, which means.
The subject is expressed by an indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate is expressed by an adverb.
The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate is expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a phrase based on it. In the past and future tense, a linking verb appears and the case in the predicate changes to instrumental.
The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by an indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it. A linking verb appears in the past and future tenses.
The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate is expressed by an adjective or participle (full or short) in the nominative case. In the past and future tense, a linking verb appears in the predicate.

Knowing the main types of two-part sentences, it is easier to find grammatical foundations in them.

The main types of one-part sentences

	Typical form and meaning
Nominative (naming) sentences	These are sentences where the main member is expressed by a noun or a noun pronoun in the nominative case. This main member is considered the subject and indicate that there is no predicate in the nominative sentence. Nominative sentences usually report that some phenomenon or object exists (has) in the present.	Large area in the city. Here is the bench.
Definitely personal suggestions	The predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of 1 or 2 persons. The ending of the verb in these cases clearly indicates the person and number of the pronoun (I, we, you, you). There is no need to use these pronouns as the subject.
Indefinitely personal sentences	The predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of the 3rd person plural (in the present and future tense) or in the plural form (in the past tense). In such sentences, the action itself is important, and the actor is either unknown or not important to the speaker, so the subject is absent in them.
impersonal proposals	These are sentences in which there is not and cannot be a subject, since they denote actions and states that are thought to occur “by themselves”, without the participation of an active agent. In form, these sentences are divided into two types: with a verbal predicate and with a predicate - the word of the state category. The verbal predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of the 3rd person singular (in the present and future tense) or in the form of the neuter singular (in the past tense). This role is usually played by impersonal verbs or verbs in impersonal use. The verb predicate can also be expressed in the indefinite form of the verb.	In order not to freeze she captured jacket.
	In addition, the predicate in an impersonal sentence can be the word no.	The owners are not at home.

Secondary members of the sentence: definition, addition, circumstance

All members of the sentence, except for the main ones, are called secondary.

Secondary members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis, but spread (explain) it. They can explain other secondary terms as well.

Let's demonstrate this with a diagram:

According to their meaning and role in the sentence, secondary members are divided into definition, addition and circumstance. These syntactic roles are identified by questions.

Valued (to what extent?) high- circumstance.

appreciated (what?) canvases- addition.

Canvases (whose?) his- definition.

Complement as a member of the proposal. Types of add-ons

The addition is a minor member of the sentence that answers the questions of indirect cases (i.e. all except the nominative) and designates the subject. The complement usually spreads the predicate, although it can also spread other members of the sentence.

I enjoy reading (what?) magazines. (Here the addition of the logs extends the predicate.)

Reading (what?) magazines is an exciting activity. (Here, the addition of logs propagates the subject.)

Supplements are most often expressed by nouns (or words in the function of nouns) and pronouns, but can also be represented by an indefinite form of the verb and phrases that are integral in meaning.

He shaved in the campaign (with what?) With a bayonet. (Here, the addition of a bayonet is expressed by a noun.)

This is understandable only to connoisseurs of (what?) Beauty. (Here the complement of the beautiful is expressed by the adjective as a noun.)

And I will ask you (about what?) to stay. (Here the object to remain is expressed in the indefinite form of the verb.)

He read (what?) many books. (Here, the addition of many books is expressed by a combination that is integral in meaning.)

Additions are either direct or indirect.

Direct objects are transitive verbs and denote the subject to which the action is directly directed. Direct objects are expressed in the accusative case without a preposition.

I don’t know when I will see my relatives now (v. p.).

These furnaces used to melt steel (vp).

All other additions are called indirect.

Play the piano (p. p.).

I put the bread on the table (c.p. with a pretext).

I was forbidden to worry (expressed in the indefinite form of the verb).

The main members of the proposal - subject and predicate.

Subject

Subject- this is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the predicate and answers the questions of the nominative case who? or what?

Ways of expressing the subject

Ways of expression	Examples
1. Noun in the nominative case (or other part of speech, used as a noun)	Blizzard moved up immediately. (N. Ostrovsky) Gathered discussed the agenda.
2. Pronoun in the nominative case	Every went to the room assigned to him. (A. Pushkin)
3. Indefinite form of the verb	Guard nature means protecting the Motherland. (K. Paustovsky)
4. Phraseologisms	Out in the field from small to large.
5. Own name	A wide strip, from edge to edge, stretched Milky Way. (V. Arseniev)
6. Syntactically complete phrase	Grandma and I went quietly to their attic. (M. Gorky)

Predicate

Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and answers questions what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? and etc.
The predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of one of the moods.
The predicate may be simple And composite.

A predicate expressed by one verb in the form of a mood is called simple verb predicate.
In a simple verbal predicate, lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word. The predicate expresses the nature of the movement; at the same time, verbs indicate a real action.

Composite a predicate is called in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
The compound predicate can be verbal And nominal. It consists of two parts: one part (copy) expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, the other (verbal and nominal) - the main lexical meaning of the predicate. Verbs are used as links to be and auxiliary verbs.

Compound verb a predicate is called, which consists of an auxiliary verb expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and an indefinite form of the verb expressing its main lexical meaning.
Auxiliary verbs express the meaning of the beginning, end, duration of an action, its desirability or possibility.
Combinations of some short adjectives ( should, glad, ready, obligated, able, intends etc.) and the service verb-bundle to be in the form of one of the inclinations.

Compound nominal a predicate is called, which consists of a linking verb expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part (adjective, noun, etc.) expressing its main lexical meaning.
The most commonly used is the linking verb. to be expressing only grammatical meanings.

Note:
The role of connectives can be verbs that have the meaning of movement, state: come, arrive, come back and etc.; sit, stand and etc.

Nominal part a compound predicate is expressed by an adjective, a noun, a short passive participle, etc.

Note:
The nominal part may include unions as, as if, as if, exactly, introducing into the predicate the meaning of comparison.

Predicate along with the subject, it is an element of the grammatical basis of the sentence. The predicate denotes the action that the subject performs, as well as its state or sign, therefore, the predicate answers questions what to do? what to do? what happens to the subject? what is the subject? what is he? who is he? As a rule, the predicate is expressed by a verb, but there are other ways of expressing it - a noun, adjective, pronoun, participle, etc.

The predicate of the Russian language is represented by three types - simple verbal predicate, compound verbal and compound nominal. In order to quickly and correctly determine the type of predicate in a particular case, it is necessary, firstly, to present a diagram of the composition of the predicate, and secondly, to be able to apply the theoretical scheme to specific language material. Consider the types of predicates, briefly characterize each of them and follow the implementation with an example.

1. Simple verbal predicate.

This is the simplest type of predicate - it is expressed by a verb in some mood. For example, he plays; would come early and others. Most often, this type is remembered according to the formula: one word in the predicate, which means that the predicate is a simple verb. It is not difficult to guess that this formula is erroneous: this type includes predicates, which include 2, 3 or even more words. For example:

He will for a long time recall about the past(the future is complex).

Let be stars forever illuminate your long, long winter journey(imperative mood).

He went out of his mind (phraseologism).

They are waited, waited And did not wait (repetition of one verb in different forms).

Springs waited, waited nature(repetition of the same verb forms).

Get offended don't get offended, but it will still be in my opinion(repetition of one verb with the particle not).

I'll go for a walk (a combination of different verbs in the same form).

2. Compound verb predicate.

This predicate is built according to the scheme: auxiliary verb + infinitive. All these elements must be present in the predicate so that we can call it a compound verb! Again, you should not think that this predicate consists of 2 components - there may be more.

He wants to enroll in the Institute.

I long could not with them meet.

You must learn.

He was a lover of fun.

I was unable to think about it.

Note that phase verbs most often act as an auxiliary element (those that denote the phase of action - start, continue, become, quit) or modal words ( must, must, wants).

3. Compound nominal predicate.

Such a predicate consists of a linking verb and a nominal part. The most common linking verb to be, but other links can also be found. The nominal part is expressed by an adjective. Noun, adverb, participle, pronoun, etc.

Weather was good.

The book is true friend.

He has character harder become.

Grass beveled.

Evening quiet.

Mistake was present.

Two by two - four.

This notebook my.

As you can see, determining the type of predicate is a simple task, you only need to know the material confidently and 100% and, most importantly, be able to navigate it.

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Compound nominal predicate- This is a predicate, which consists of two parts:

but) Main part - nominal part, which expresses the lexical meaning;

b) Auxiliary part- a linking verb in a conjugated form that expresses the grammatical feature of the predicate: tense and mood.

She was a singer. She became a singer.

Ways of expressing the main part of the compound nominal predicate.

The main part of the compound nominal predicate can be expressed in the following forms and parts of speech:

Here are the sounds of explosions seemed louder. You the kindest in the world.

3. Pronoun or phrase with the main word expressed by the pronoun:

It was something interesting. All happiness - your.

Her sister married behind my friend. They are were alert.

Note.

1) Participles and short forms of adjectives in a sentence are always part of a compound nominal predicate;

2) Even in cases where the predicate consists of one word - an adverb or a significant part of speech, then we still have a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective;

3) The nominative and instrumental case are the most common forms of the main part of the compound nominal predicate.