• History sources Ancient Greece
  • Sources on the history of Crete and Achaean Greece, II millennium BC. e.
  • Sources on the history of archaic and classical greece
    • Sources on the history of archaic and classical Greece - page 2
    • Sources on the history of archaic and classical Greece - page 3
    • Sources on the history of archaic and classical Greece - page 4
  • Sources on the history of Greece in the Hellenistic period
    • Sources on the history of Greece in the Hellenistic period - page 2
• Historiography of the history of Ancient Greece
  • The study of the history of ancient Greece in the XIX - early XX century.
    • The study of the history of ancient Greece in the XIX - early XX century. - page 2
  • Russian historiography of the 19th - early 20th centuries.
  • Foreign historiography of Ancient Greece of the XX century.
    • Foreign historiography of Ancient Greece of the XX century. - page 2
    • Foreign historiography of Ancient Greece of the XX century. - page 3
  • Foreign historiography of the 90s
    • Foreign historiography of the 90s - page 2
  • Domestic historiography of antiquity (1917-1990)
    • Domestic historiography of antiquity (1917-1990) - page 2
    • Domestic historiography of antiquity (1917-1990) - page 3
  • Domestic historiography of the 90s
• Civilization of Minoan Crete
  • Prerequisites for the formation of the state in Crete
  • First public entities
  • Creation of a united common Cretan state
    • Creation of a united common Cretan state - page 2
  • Religious views. royal power
  • Socio-economic relations
  • Cretan maritime power and its decline
• Achaean Greece in the 2nd millennium BC. e. Mycenaean civilization
  • Greece in the early Helladic period (until the end of the 3rd millennium BC).
  • Invasion of the Greek Achaeans. The formation of the first states
  • Formation of the Mycenaean civilization
    • Formation of the Mycenaean civilization - page 2
  • Socio-economic structure
  • Organization government controlled
  • Relationships of the Achaean kingdoms
    • Relations between the Achaean kingdoms - page 2
  • The decline of the Mycenaean civilization
  • Section Conclusion
• Homeric (prepolis) period. The decomposition of tribal relations and the creation of the preconditions for the polis system. XI-IX centuries BC e.
  • Features of the development of Homeric society
  • Socio-economic relations. Slavery
    • Socio-economic relations. Slavery - page 2
  • Tribal institutions and the Homeric policy
  • Property and social stratification
    • Property and social stratification - page 2
• Socio-economic development of Greece. Great Greek colonization
  • The state of the Greek economy
    • The state of the Greek economy - page 2
  • • social structure Greek society - page 2
  • Early or older tyranny
  • Great Greek colonization
    • Great Greek colonization - page 2
  • The birth of a new Greek culture
    • The birth of a new Greek culture - page 2
    • The birth of a new Greek culture - page 3
• Peloponnese in the VIII-VI centuries. BC e.
  • General conditions for development
  • Northern Peloponnese in the VIII-VI centuries. BC e.
    • Northern Peloponnese in the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. - page 2
    • Northern Peloponnese in the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. - page 3
  • Southern Peloponnese in the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. Early Sparta
    • Southern Peloponnese in the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. Early Sparta - page 2
    • Southern Peloponnese in the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. Early Sparta - page 3
• Formation of the polis system in Attica
  • Athens in the VIII-VII centuries. BC e.
  • Solon's reforms. Forming the foundations Athenian democracy
    • Solon's reforms. Shaping the foundations of Athenian democracy - page 2
  • The tyranny of Peisistratus and the Peisistratids in Athens (560-510 BC)
  • Legislation of Cleisthenes. Organization of polis democracy
• • Greek polis as a socio-political organism
    • Greek polis as a socio-political organism - page 2
    • Greek polis as a socio-political organism - page 3
• Greco-Persian Wars
  • Causes of the Greco-Persian Wars. Their periodization
  • Rebellion of Miletus and the Greek cities of Asia Minor
  • The first Persian invasions of Balkan Greece (492-490 BC)
    • The first Persian invasions of Balkan Greece (492-490 BC) - page 2
  • Campaign of Xerxes
    • Campaign of Xerxes - page 2
    • Campaign of Xerxes - page 3
  • Organization of the Delian Symmachy (First Athenian Maritime Union)
  • Growing tension between Athens and Sparta. Military expedition of Athens to Egypt and the end of the Greco-Persian wars
    • Growing tension between Athens and Sparta. The military expedition of Athens to Egypt and the end of the Greco-Persian wars - page 2
• Economy of Greece in V-IV centuries. BC e.
  • General features of the Greek economy
  • Position in agriculture
  • crafts
    • Crafts - page 2
    • Crafts - page 3
  • Trade
• The social structure of Greek society
  • The social structure of Greek society
  • Characteristics of classical slavery
    • Characteristics of classic bondage - page 2
    • Characteristics of classic bondage - page 3
  • ruling class
  • Position of free small producers
    • The position of free small producers - page 2
  • Layer of declassed elements
• Athenian democracy and Spartan oligarchy as political systems
  • General features. The concept of Athenian citizenship
  • People's Assembly in Athens
  • Council of 500 and the Areopagus
  • Elected officials
  • Jury trial - Helium
  • Social policy of Athenian democracy
• Government of Sparta
  • General features. People's Assembly (apella)
  • Gerussia and the College of Ephors
  • Institute of royal power. Military positions
  • The system of state education of the Spartans
• The internal political situation of Greece in the second half of the 5th century. BC e.
  • Characteristics of the Peloponnesian Union
  • First Athenian Maritime Union
    • First Athenian Maritime Union - page 2
    • First Athenian Maritime Union - page 3
  • Foreign policy Athenian maritime union in the 40-30s BC. e.
    • The foreign policy of the Athenian maritime union in the 40-30s BC. e. - page 2
• Peloponnesian War. 431-404 BC e.
  • Causes of the war
  • Archidamov's War 431-421 BC e.
    • Archidamov's War 431-421 BC e. - page 2
    • Archidamov's War 431-421 BC e. - page 3
  • The second period of the Peloponnesian War (415-404 BC)
    • The second period of the Peloponnesian War (415-404 BC) - page 2
    • The second period of the Peloponnesian War (415-404 BC) - page 3
• Greece in the first half of the 4th century BC e. Greek polis crisis
  • Socio-economic status
    • Socio-economic status - page 2
    • Socio-economic status - page 3
    • Socio-economic status - page 4
  • The increase in social tension in Greece IV century. BC e.
    • The increase in social tension in Greece IV century. BC e. - page 2
    • The increase in social tension in Greece IV century. BC e. - page 3
    • The increase in social tension in Greece IV century. BC e. - page 4
• Military and political situation in Greece. The crisis of the polis system of relations
  • Hegemony of Sparta in Greece (404-379 BC)
    • Hegemony of Sparta in Greece (404-379 BC) - page 2
    • Hegemony of Sparta in Greece (404-379 BC) - page 3
  • Second Athenian Maritime Union. Rise and hegemony of Thebes. (379-355 BC)
    • Second Athenian Maritime Union. Rise and hegemony of Thebes. (379-355 BC) - page 2
    • Second Athenian Maritime Union. Rise and hegemony of Thebes. (379-355 BC) - page 3
    • Second Athenian Maritime Union. Rise and hegemony of Thebes. (379-355 BC) - page 4

National Assembly in Athens

The main and decisive body of power in Athens was the People's Assembly. The National Assembly gathered all citizens, regardless of their property status, who lived in the city of Athens, Piraeus, Attica, and in other territories that were part of Athenian state(for example, the inhabitants of the islands). Women were not allowed to participate in political and public life.

The People's Assembly had broad powers. Here were accepted state laws, the declaration of war and the conclusion of peace, the results of negotiations with other states were approved, treaties with them were ratified. At the National Assembly, officials, magistrates of the Athenian state were elected, reports were discussed after their yearly administration, matters were decided on the food supply of the city, renting was controlled state property, lands and mines, the largest wills were approved.

It exercised control over the upbringing of young men preparing for civil rights. The competence of the People's Assembly was to carry out such an emergency measure to protect political system from the intrigues of noble persons, as ostracism, that is, the exile for 10 years of any person suspected of intending to overthrow the democratic system.

The most important business of the People's Assembly was the discussion and approval state budget, granting citizenship rights to foreigners, although this happened extremely rarely. It acted not only as the legislative body of its state, but also controlled the situation in the areas of management and administration.

The people's assembly in Athens met in strict certain deadlines: once every 9 days or 4 times in 36 days, and the entire annual activity consisted of 10 cycles. In order to streamline the work of the People's Assembly, each of them brought up its own important questions. For example, at the first stage, military, food, emergency declarations were discussed, and the correctness of the election of the relevant magistrates was checked. At the second stage, petitions on personal and public affairs were considered, etc. The agenda was preliminarily prepared and discussed by the Council, the chairmen of the meeting were elected for one day by lot.

The People's Assembly adopted a fairly democratic procedure for discussing the agenda. Every citizen could speak on the issue under discussion, but obscene behavior on the oratory platform was not allowed. Every Athenian citizen, regardless of his property status, had the right to submit a draft law for discussion, which could be adopted at the National Assembly. Athenian citizens, according to sources, actively participated in the consideration of all issues, they carefully checked the reports officials and especially the spending of public money.

Every Athenian magistrate, no matter how high his position, looked forward with fear to the day when he had to report to the assembly. Plutarch says that the most respected and most authoritative head of the Athenian state, the first strategist Pericles, prepared so carefully for a report to the citizens that for several days he did not allow anyone close to him.

Participation in the activities of the National Assembly developed the oratory skills of many Athenians, shaped their thinking, civic consciousness. Aristophanes in the comedy "Acharnians" well conveys the general atmosphere in the Athenian People's Assembly, shows how freely and boldly many issues were discussed there. Its hero - a peasant Dikeopolis, an Athenian citizen living in the village - decides to go to the next People's Assembly and seeks to conclude peace with the Spartans (the play reflects the war between Athens and Sparta).

Every Athenian citizen, including a poor person, had the right to participate in the work of the People's Assembly, but not all the poor could actually take part in quite numerous meetings, sometimes lasting all day. After all, they needed to feed their families, earn the necessary funds for this. In order to attract the lowest layer of Athenian citizenship to the work of the National Assembly, at the beginning of the 4th century BC. e. a law was passed (at the suggestion of Aguirria) establishing a reward for attending the National Assembly in the amount of 3 obols, an average wages an Athenian artisan per day.

However, despite Taken measures, far from all persons who had civil rights could take part in its work. After all, many citizens lived far from Athens, somewhere in Eleusis, Marathon or Cape Sounios, on islands such as Lemnos, Imbros or Skyros, and it was difficult for them to come to Athens.

Usually the regulars at public meetings were citizens living in Athens, Piraeus or their environs, so that out of a total number of citizens of 30-40 thousand, about 3-5 thousand people were usually present at the people's meetings. That is why, in order to solve especially important cases, for example, to carry out ostracism, a quorum of at least 6 thousand people was required, and this number was collected not without difficulty.

The main and decisive authority in Athens
was the People's Assembly. All citizens, regardless of their property status, who lived in the city of Athens, Piraeus, Attica, and other territories that were part of the Athenian state (for example, residents of the islands) gathered at the National Assembly. Women were not allowed to participate in political and public life.
The People's Assembly had broad powers. State laws were adopted here, the declaration of war and the conclusion of peace were approved, the results of negotiations with other states, treaties with them were ratified. At the National Assembly, officials, magistrates of the Athenian state were elected, reports were discussed after their annual administration, matters related to the food supply of the city were resolved, the leasing of state property, land and mines was controlled, and the largest wills were approved. It exercised control over the upbringing of young men preparing for civil rights. The competence of the People's Assembly was to carry out such an emergency measure to protect the state system from the intrigues of noble persons as ostracism, that is, the expulsion for 10 years of any person suspected of intending to overthrow the democratic system.
The most important business of the People's Assembly was the discussion and approval of the state budget, the granting of citizenship rights to foreigners, although this happened
rarely. It acted not only as the legislative body of its state, but also controlled the situation in the areas of management and administration.
The people's assembly in Athens met on strictly defined dates: once every 9 days or 4 times in 36 days, and the entire annual activity consisted of 10 cycles. In order to streamline the work of the People's Assembly, each of them brought up its own important questions. For example, at the first stage, military, food, emergency declarations were discussed, and the correctness of the election of the relevant magistrates was checked. At the second stage, petitions on personal and public affairs were considered, etc. The agenda was preliminarily prepared and discussed by the Council, the chairmen of the meeting were elected for one day by lot.

The People's Assembly adopted a fairly democratic procedure for discussing the agenda. Every citizen could speak on the issue under discussion, but obscene behavior on the oratory platform was not allowed. Every Athenian citizen, regardless of his property status, had the right to submit a draft law for discussion, which could be adopted at the National Assembly. Athenian citizens, according to sources, actively participated in the consideration of all issues, they carefully checked the reports of officials and especially the spending of public money. Every Athenian magistrate, no matter how high

no matter what position he occupied, he waited with fear for the day when he had to report at the meeting. Plutarch says that the most respected and most authoritative head of the Athenian state, the first strategist Pericles, prepared so carefully for a report to the citizens that for several days he did not allow anyone close to him. Participation in the activities of the National Assembly developed the oratory skills of many Athenians, shaped their thinking, civic consciousness. Aristophanes in the comedy "Acharnians" well conveys the general atmosphere in the Athenian People's Assembly, shows how freely and boldly many issues were discussed there. His hero-peasant Dikeopolis, an Athenian citizen living in the village, decides to go to the next National Assembly and seeks to conclude peace with the Spartans (the play reflects the war between Athens and Sparta).
Every Athenian citizen, including a poor person, had the right to participate in the work of the People's Assembly, but not all the poor could actually take part in quite numerous meetings, sometimes lasting all day. After all, they needed to feed their families, earn the necessary funds for this. In order to attract the lowest layer of Athenian citizenship to the work of the National Assembly, at the beginning of the 4th century BC. e. A law was passed (at the suggestion of Aguirrius) establishing a reward for attending the National Assembly in the amount of 3 obols, the average wage of an Athenian artisan per day.
However, despite the measures taken, not all persons who had civil rights could take part in its work. After all, many citizens lived far from Athens, somewhere in Eleusis, Marathon or Cape Sounios, on islands such as Lemnos, Imbros or Skyros, and it was difficult for them to come to Athens. Usually the habitues of popular meetings were citizens living in Athens, Piraeus or their vicinity.
so that out of a total number of citizens of 30-40 thousand, usually about 3-5 thousand people were present in the people's assemblies. That is why, in order to solve especially important cases, for example, to carry out ostracism, a quorum of at least 6 thousand people was required, and this number was collected not without difficulty.

Pericles was an outstanding statesman and politician, a true patriot and an unsurpassed orator. During his reign, he was able to turn Athens into a prosperous policy.

The grateful inhabitants of Athens called their ruler the envoy of Zeus and were re-elected to the highest position 15 times. Unlike its predecessors, the main goal of its state activity Pericles made an increase in the welfare of the townspeople and care for them. Pericles was able to establish a true full-fledged democracy in Athens.

The reign of Pericles in Athens: the assembly of the people

To make the governing bodies more transparent, Pericles established a popular assembly, whose members were all men who had reached the age of 20.

At the meeting, which was held once a week, new laws were adopted and all the problematic aspects of society were discussed. Every member of the assembly had the right to express his opinion.

So that the poorest sections of the population could also take part in the meeting, Pericles paid them a sum for attending, which they could earn for that day, working in the fields or in the workshops.

To eradicate corruption in the judiciary, Pericles introduced a system in which the judge last moment did not know what case would be considered. Any citizen of Athens who has reached the age of 30 could become a judge.

Women under Pericles had absolutely no political rights, just like visiting residents. However, this was not caused by the personal motives of Pericles, but by the foundations that the time dictated.

Cultural development of citizens

Pericles also did not forget about the cultural development of the townspeople. Very often in Athens various competitions and mass festivities were held. The theater of Athens enjoyed special respect. The townspeople who did not have the financial opportunity to visit the theater, Pericles gave them money for this from his personal funds.

To provide permanent job inhabitants of Athens, Pericles initiated the construction of temples and public buildings. This not only made it possible for ordinary people to earn money, but over time turned Athens into a city with amazing architecture.

According to historical sources, some loaders and shepherds who worked on the construction, having gained experience in this matter, eventually became famous architects.

Development of the fleet and trade

Pericles was also able to strengthen the fleet of Athens, thus turning the city into a powerful center of trade in the Mediterranean. The fleet of Athens could resist the pirates and eventually completely destroyed them.

Due to his softness and diplomacy, Pericles did not unleash wars with neighboring states and did not actually colonize other lands, although the power of the fleet provided him with such an opportunity.

All the forces of the ruler were consolidated primarily to improve the life of Athens themselves.

Athens under Pericles reached unprecedented heights of economic, intellectual and political development. Thanks to his liberal democratic policy, he was able not only to make Athens a major cultural and political center ancient Greek world, but also enter world history as the father of democracy, a fighter for the rights and freedoms of people.

The popular assembly-ekklesia was an institution of important state-political decisions. By tradition and by law, all full-fledged citizens of the policy, assigned to the dema (in the 5th-4th centuries BC, there were about 40-50 thousand of them), over 20 years old (after leaving the obligatory military service). In reality, however, two numerical quotas were established: 1) a large one of 6 thousand citizens, when making the most important decisions, 2) a small one - 1/10 of the qualification list, when making ordinary decisions in the assembly. Basically, the Athenian demos participated in the ecclesia - artisans, merchants, and to a lesser extent, the landowners of Athens.

Slaves, meteks (foreigners who settled in Athens), women (even free ones) did not have political rights and therefore did not participate in public meetings. However, despite the measures taken, not all persons who had civil rights could take part in its work. After all, many citizens lived far from Athens, somewhere in Eleusis, Marathon or Cape Sounios, on islands such as Lemnos, Imbros or Skyros, and it was difficult for them to come to Athens. Usually the regulars at public meetings were citizens living in Athens, Piraeus or their environs, so that out of a total number of citizens of 40-50 thousand, usually about 3-5 thousand people were present at the people's meetings. That is why the number of 6 thousand people gathered not without difficulty to solve especially important cases.

The presence of a qualified majority (6 thousand people) was required to resolve three issues: ostracism, sanctions for changing laws, and transferring the rights of the policy to a new magistrate. The meeting did not bind itself to a single decision: there could be repeated votes on the same issue, the cancellation of the previous vote. The voting was carried out by a show of hands, and only in especially important cases, by balloting with pebbles.

Procedure

The people's assembly in Athens met on strictly defined dates: once every 9 days or 4 times in 36 days, and the entire annual activity consisted of 10 cycles. In order to streamline the work of the People's Assembly, each of them brought up its own important questions. One of the meetings of each month was considered the main one: it checked the activities of officials, resolved issues of supplying the city with food, etc. The main meeting of the sixth month decided on the issue of ostracism. Meetings were held in the theater or in the town square. They started early in the morning and continued throughout the day. If the issue was delayed, the meeting could be continued the next day.

The People's Assembly adopted a fairly democratic procedure for discussing the agenda. Every citizen could speak on the issue under discussion, but obscene behavior on the oratory platform was not allowed. Every Athenian citizen, regardless of his property status, had the right to submit a draft law for discussion, which could be adopted at the National Assembly.

Athenian citizens, according to sources, actively participated in the consideration of all issues, they carefully checked the reports of officials and especially the spending of public money. Every Athenian magistrate, no matter how high his position, looked forward with fear to the day when he had to report to the assembly. The time of speech in the people's assembly was not limited; the speaker was only forbidden to repeat himself, evade the topic, make offensive expressions - for these violations, the chairman of the meeting could fine the speaker 50 drachmas. Oratory was considered one of the essential qualities of a statesman. AT real life leading role professional politicians (demagogues) who expressed interests played in the assembly. Participation in the activities of the National Assembly developed the oratory skills of many Athenians, shaped their thinking, civic consciousness. ruling elites. The discussion of the bill ended with a vote by show of hands (cheirotonia). At the end of the voting, the chairman announced the results of the vote. Decision recorded and archived. The most important decisions were cut out on wooden planks or stone slabs and exhibited in the acropolis. Closed voting (through clay shards, colored stones, black beans and white color etc.) was carried out when passing judgments, as well as when deciding on the issue of ostracism.

Competence

The main function of the people's assemblies is legislation. The competence of the meeting was to consider any issues - from international affairs to private requests. State laws were adopted here, issues of war and peace with foreign powers were considered, officials were elected and their reports were heard, problems of using state property (land and mines) were solved, issues of supplying the city with food were resolved, the state budget was discussed and approved, control was exercised over the education of young people. , civil rights were granted to foreigners, etc.

Of particular importance were the rights of the People's Assembly to protect the fundamental laws. For this purpose, a special collegium for the protection of laws (nomofilaks) was established, which received its powers directly from the National Assembly. It was a special body of "custodians of the laws" that oversaw the strict implementation of Athenian laws by all state bodies. In addition, any member of the People's Assembly could speak in the ekklesia with extraordinary statements about state crimes, including written complaints against persons who made proposals to the people's assembly that violated public laws. The institute of "complaint against illegality" protected the inviolability of the fundamental laws from attempts to change or restrict them to the detriment of the rights of the people by means of legislative acts. According to Russian researchers, the right of every Athenian citizen to file complaints about illegalities has become the true, main pillar of the Athenian democratic constitution.

The acts of the assembly were divided into laws that create general rules, and on decisions concerning particular issues (psephisms). Each of those present could take part in the work of the meeting. The author of the bill (and it could formally be any Athenian citizen) was subject to criminal liability (up to the death penalty) in cases where his proposal was recognized as illegal. The accusation of the illegality of the new resolution ("complaint about illegal") could be put forward by any citizen within a whole year after the adoption of this document. The Athenians themselves considered this right to be one of the fundamental foundations of their statehood, since it nullified any attempts to revise the Athenian constitution in an anti-democratic spirit.

Ostracism

popular assembly Athenian ostracism

AT general view the definition of ostracism can be formulated as follows: it is a form of legal exile (usually for 10 years), by voting citizens in the popular assembly with potsherds, pursuing the goal not of punishing a certain offense, but of eliminating an individual citizen whose presence in the state was politically dangerous or undesirable. To the conditions for the existence of the Athenian policy of the 5th century. BC. the position of K. Marx, which characterizes the class struggle between citizens, is fully applicable: "... the class struggle took place only within a privileged minority, between the free rich and the free poor, while the huge productive mass of the population, the slaves, served only as a passive pedestal for these fighters" . Having a noticeable impact both on the socio-political struggle and on the alignment of political forces in Athens as a whole, the operation of the law on ostracism coincided with the Persian aggression, the "fiftieth anniversary", the flowering of the Athenian slave-owning democracy and the first half of the Peloponnesian War. The heyday of the classical civilization of the Viennese state was associated not only with brilliant achievements in the field of material and spiritual life, but also with the powerful in its destructive force, the ever-increasing and strengthening contradiction between the polis and personal principles. Being an expression of the collective will of the citizens of the policy, the decisions of the octracophoria (the process of voting with shards) had the force of a universally binding law. This manifested the most important political principle underlying the polis organization - the principle of subordination of the minority to the majority, the individual-collective. Any Athenian who occupied the highest position in the community could find himself outside Attica with little or no fault on his part, on the grounds that a certain majority of his fellow citizens desired it. Thus, exile by ostracism is a convincing example of the realization by the policy of the right of supreme control over the behavior and fate of individual citizens.

Athenian state in the VIII-IV centuries BC

2.1. National Assembly in Athens

The main and decisive body of power in Athens was the People's Assembly. All citizens, regardless of their property status, who lived in the city of Athens, Piraeus, Attica, and other territories that were part of the Athenian state (for example, residents of the islands) gathered at the National Assembly. Women were not allowed to participate in political and public life.

The People's Assembly had broad powers. State laws were adopted here, the declaration of war and the conclusion of peace were approved, the results of negotiations with other states, treaties with them were ratified. At the National Assembly, officials, magistrates of the Athenian state were elected, reports were discussed after their annual administration, matters related to the food supply of the city were resolved, the leasing of state property, land and mines was controlled, and the largest wills were approved. It exercised control over the upbringing of young men preparing for civil rights.

In the competence of N.S. included the holding of such an emergency measure to protect the state system from the intrigues of noble persons as ostracism, i.e. expulsion for 10 years of any person suspected of intending to overthrow the democratic system.

The most important thing N.S. there was a discussion and approval of the state budget, the granting of citizenship to foreigners, although this happened extremely rarely. It acted not only as the legislative body of its state, but also controlled the situation in the areas of management and administration.

N.S. in Athens, it was collected on strictly defined dates: once every 9 days or 4 times in 36 days, and the entire annual activity consisted of 10 cycles. In order to streamline the work of N.S., each of them brought up its own important questions. For example, at the first stage, military, food, emergency declarations were discussed, and the correctness of the election of the relevant magistrates was checked. At the second stage, petitions on personal and public affairs were considered, etc. The agenda was previously prepared and discussed by the Council, the chairmen of the meeting were elected for one day by lot.

In N.S. a rather democratic procedure for discussing the agenda was adopted. Every citizen could speak on the issue under discussion, but obscene behavior on the oratory platform was not allowed. Every Athenian citizen, regardless of his property status, had the right to submit a draft law for discussion, which could be adopted by N.S. . Athenian citizens actively participated in the consideration of all issues, they carefully checked the reports of officials and especially the spending of public money.

Participate in the work of N.S. every Athenian citizen, including the poor, had the right, but not all the poor could really take part in quite numerous meetings, sometimes lasting all day. After all, they needed to feed their families, earn the necessary funds for this. To involve N.S. the lowest layer of Athenian citizenship, at the beginning of the 4th century BC. a law was passed (at the suggestion of Aguirria) establishing a reward for visiting N.S. in the amount of 3 obols, the average wage of an Athenian craftsman per day.

However, despite the measures taken, not all persons who had civil rights could take part in its work. After all, many citizens lived far from Athens, and it was difficult for them to come there. Usually the regulars at public meetings were citizens living in Athens, Piraeus or their environs, so that out of a total number of citizens of 30 - 40 thousand, usually about 3 - 5 thousand people were present at the people's meetings. That is why a quorum of at least 6,000 people was required to resolve particularly important matters, and this number was collected not without difficulty.

Bolshevization of Russia (1917-1921): the formation of a one-party system, economic experiments, a new foreign policy doctrine

History gave the All-Russian Constituent Assembly only one day of life - January 5, 1918. Exhausted by the tense expectation of its opening, and then many hours of fierce debate ...

IN AND. Sreznevsky - a prominent scholar in the field of literary criticism and history, philologist, paleographer, specialist in the field of handwritten books

Along with handwritten materials, Sreznevsky collected in the fund of the Manuscript Department and printed materials relating to the history of the revolutionary liberation movement in Russia. Prohibited literature has been received by the Library before. Known...

State and Law of Ancient Greece

The formation of the Athenian state is associated with the name of the Greek hero Theseus, who united four tribes. The city became the focus of people belonging to tribes, clans, phratries...

Provincial and county assemblies were representative bodies nobility society...

Noble corporations in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

The nobility deputy assembly included the provincial marshal of the nobility and one representative from the county, elected for three years. It considered materials and reports for the upcoming provincial assembly ...

By the beginning of the 20th century, 4 primary schools: 3 zemstvo and one parochial. In 1900 he studied at the zemstvo school in Gainy. 44 boys and 20 girls. In 1903 in the Gainskaya volost, the Imass elementary school appeared ...

The history of the development of education in the Gainsky district

60s - 80s The 20th century is considered the period of the highest development of industrial and agricultural production and cultural construction in the Gainsk region. New settlements, logging volumes have increased sharply ...

Russian history

Political parties and the idea of ​​a Constituent Assembly. July Crisis...

The beginning of the period of interest to us in the history of Ancient Athens was marked by the Greco-Persian wars, in which the Greek warriors and the Greek political system showed themselves perfectly. However...

Culture and politics in Athens in the 5th century. BC.

As in other areas of life, in the culture of the 5th century. BC e. there is a combination traditional features dating back to the archaic and even earlier eras, and completely different, generated by new phenomena in the socio-economic and political spheres ...

Features of the management of the Russian state on different stages its development

Vemche (common Slavic; from the Slavic "v? t" - advice) - a national assembly in ancient and medieval Russia to discuss common affairs and directly address pressing issues of public ...

The upbringing and education of children and youth in Athens was given great importance. At the same time, the Athenians sought to combine the mental, moral, aesthetic and physical development person, because they considered him ideal ...

Physical education system in Athens

heyday physical culture Athens falls on the VI - the beginning of the IV centuries. BC. To exercise the functions of power in a city-state living by craft and trade in a slave-owning democracy, much more sophisticated means were required ...

Spartan polis

supreme body power in Sparta was considered the People's Assembly - apella - actually deprived legislature and did not play a significant role in political life countries. It was convened by decision of officials ...

The formation of the Soviet state

On October 27, 1917, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee at its first meeting decided to hold elections in constituent Assembly on November 12, 1917, appointed by the Provisional Government. The elections were held according to lists drawn up even before the revolution. For example...